Ǧ ʹͲͲ͵ǦʹͲͲͶǤ ǡǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǯ Ǧ ͳͺͷͲǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤ ǡ Ǥ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǡǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ i ǡ ǡ ǤǤ ǡ ǢǤǤ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǣ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ ǡǯ ǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǡ ǣǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǦǤǡ ǡ ii ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǣ Ǣ Ǥ ǡǢ Ǥ ǡǤ ǡǢ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ ǡ Ǧ Ǣ Ǣ ǢǦ Ǣ Ƭ ǢǢ Ǣ Ǣǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ ǢǢǤ Ǣ ǡ ǡǡǢ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǣǡ ǢǤǡǢ iii ǡǡǤǤǢ ǡ Ǣǡ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ ǢǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǤ ǤȄ Ȅ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ iv Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ȃ Ǥ Ǧ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ DzdzǤ ǡ ͳͺͷͲǣǡ ǡǤ v ǯǡ Ǥ Ǥǡǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻͲͲǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻʹͲ Ǥ ǡǤ ǡ ǦǦ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ vi ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ DzdzǤ ͳͺͷͲǡ ǦǤ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡȋ ȌǤ Dzǡdz ǡ Ǥ Dzdz ǡ Ǥ ǫ ǫ vii ǡ ǫ Ǧ Ǥǡ Ǥǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡǣ ǫ ǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ viii Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡǦǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧǡ ǡǦǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ix ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǣ Ǥ ǣ ǥǥǥǥǥ ͳ ǣ ǫǥǥǥǤǤ ͳ͹ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͳͺ ǣ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ʹͷ Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͵ͷ Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͻͳ ǣ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͻͷ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͲͳ Ǥ ͳͲ͹ Ǧǡǣ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͳͳͳ ǣ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳʹ͵ ǯ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳ͵͵ ǣ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͶͷ x Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͷ͹ ǯǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳ͸Ͳ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͳͺ͸ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͻͶ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ʹͳ͹ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ʹʹͶ Ǥ ǣ ʹͷʹ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͵͵Ͷ xi ͳǤ ǡGeological and Mineralogical Account of the Mining Districts in the State of Georgia—western part of N. Carolina and in East Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ʹǦ͵ ͳͲ ʹǤ ǤǡGeological Map of the State of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ͻ ͳͶ ͵Ǥ Ǥǡͳͺ͵ͻǡSection of the State of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͵ͻ ͳͶ ͶǤ ǡǡǡǡͳ͹ͻ͹ ʹͲ ͷǤ ǤǤǡPlan of the City of KnoxvilleǡTennessee, ͳͺͷͷ ʹͺ ͸Ǥ ǤǤǤGeological Map of the State of Tennessee Prepared with Reference to the Development of the Mineral & Agricultural Resources of the Stateǡͳͺͷͷ ͵͹ ͹Ǥ ǤǤǡGeological Map of Tennesseeǡͳͺ͸ͻ Ͷͷ ͺǤ ǡEconomic Geology: Tennessee-North Carolina, Knoxville SheetǡͳͺͻͷͷͶ ͻǤǡ ǡͳͻͳͳ͸͵ ͳͲǤ ǡǤMarble Belt of Knoxville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶ ͸ͺ ͳͳǤ ǡǤMarble Belt of Friendsville and VicinityǡͳͻʹͶ ͸ͻ ͳʹǤ Dzǡdzǡͳͳ͹ ͳ͵Ǥ Dz ǡdzǡ ͳͳͺ ͳͶǤ Dzǣ ǡdz ǡͳͳͺ ͳͷǤ ǤǡEast Tennessee North of Loudonǡͳͺ͸Ͷ ʹͲͺ ͳ͸Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡǡǡͳͺ͹ͳǦ͹ͶʹͶʹ xii ͳ͹Ǥ Ǧǡ ǡ ʹ͸ͳ ͳͺǤ ǡ ǡǡǡͳͻ͵͵ ͵ʹʹ ͳͻǤ ǡ ǡͳͻͶͳ ͵ʹͻ ʹͲǤ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͶͲ͵͵Ͳ ʹͳǤ ǡ ǡ ȋ ȌǡͳͻͶͳȋ ǤǤȌǡͳͻ͹ͺ ͵͵ͳ xiii ͳ ǣ ǡǡǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǡǤ Ǣǡ Ǥ ǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ȄȋͳͺͳͻȌͳ ǡǯͳͺͳͺ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ 1 Elias Cornelius, “On the Geology, Minerology, Scenery and Curiosities of Parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and the Alabama and Mississippi Territories, &c. with Miscellaneous Remarks, in a letter to the Editor,” American Journal of Science 1, no. 3 (1819): 214. ʹ ǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǯǡ ǡǡ DzǦdzDz Ǥdz ǡǡǡ ǡ Dzǥ Ǥdzʹ ǯ Ǥʹ ͳͺͳͶǡ ǡ Ǥ ǣDzǤ ǡǤdz͵ ǤAmerican Journal of ScienceͳͺͳͻǤͶ 2 [J.D. Clifford], The Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, a Monthly Publication, Devoted to Literature and Science 2, no. 6 (1820): 323. 3Cora Bales Sevier and Nancy S. Madden. Sevier Family History (Washington, D.C.: Kaufmann Printing Co., 1961), 21; Diary Entry by John Sevier, 2 May 1814, Sevier Letters and Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 4John H. Kain, “Remarks on the Minerology and Geology of the Northwestern* part of the State of Virginia, and the Eastern part of the State of Tennessee” American Journal of Science I, no. 1 (1818):60-67; John H. Kain, “An Account of Several Ancient Mounds, and of Two Caves, in East Tennessee,” American Journal of Science 1, no. 4 ͵ ǡ Ǥǡ ͳͺͳ͸ǡ ǡ Ǥͷ ǯ ǯ ǡ ǡDzdz DzdzǤ͸ ǡ Ǥ (1819): 428-430. Kain is describing what is now the northeastern portion of West Virginia and southwestern portion of Virginia in this paper. 5 James X. Corgan, Geology in Antebellum Tennessee: Bulletin 85 (Nashville: Tennessee Division of Geology, 2002), 57; Kain’s second contribution to the Journal is the earliest published documentation of Tennessee archaeology. In it, he speculated that the paintings he had seen in East Tennessee caves were created by Cherokee Indians. Bobby Braly and Shannon Koerner, “A History of Archaeology in Tennessee, Chapter II,” http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/research/TennesseeArchaeology/index.html [accessed 24 April 2011] 6 Maclure published geological maps of the continental United States in 1809, 1811, 1817, and 1818. Geological historian James X. Corgan does not believe he ever came to Tennessee, while geologist L.C. Glenn, who wrote a history of Tennessee’s geologists in 1912, believed he might have visited East Tennessee. Nonetheless, Maclure’s classification system, which drew on that of eighteenth century German scientist A. G. Werner, influenced those who created early geologic maps of Tennessee.The oldest to youngest classification: primary or primitive (crystalline rocks) to transitional (tilted sedimentary rocks) to secondary (flat-lying sedimentary rocks) to tertiary (compacted sediments) can be seen in Troost’s maps as well as in Safford’s 1855 map. Corgan, op. cit., 21-23; L.C. Glenn, “The Growth of Our Knowledge of Tennessee Geology,” Resources of Tennessee 2, no. 5 (1912): 169. Ͷ Dz ǡ ǡǤ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥdz͹ ͳͺʹ͵ǡ ǡ Dz ǡdz ǣ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡ ǤǤ ǯǡ Ǥ ǤǯǤǤ ǡǤ ǯǤǯǤ Ǥǡ ǡǤ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥͺ Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee ȋͳͺʹ͵Ȍ Ǥͳͺʹͺ ǡ ǡ 7 Kain, “Remarks on the Minerology,” 61-62. 8 John Haywood, The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823; reprint Kingsport: F.M. Hill-Books, 1973), 12-13. Could the Cain referred to be related to John H. Kain? ͷ Ǥͻ ǡ ǡ ͳͺʹ͹ǡ ǯ ǤͳͲ ǯ ǯ Ǥͳͳ ǡǡ ͳͺʹͺǤͳʹͳͺ͵͹ǡ ǡ ǡǡǡǡ ǡ ǡǡ 9 Gerard Troost, “Address Delivered Before the Legislature of Tennessee, at Nashville,” Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences 4, no. 4 (1831): 491-507. Troost’s introductory paragraph mentions that many of the people he encountered while traveling through the state thought he was searching for gold. 10James X.