Narrativa Femenina Contemporánea China Y Española. Xu Xiaobin Y Almudena Grandes

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Narrativa Femenina Contemporánea China Y Española. Xu Xiaobin Y Almudena Grandes UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Narrativa femenina contemporánea china y española. Xu Xiaobin y Almudena Grandes MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Zhili Zhao Director Epícteto José Díaz Navarro Madrid © Zhili Zhao, 2020 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL NARRATIVA FEMENINA CONTEMPORÁNEA CHINA Y ESPAÑOLA. XU XIAOBIN Y ALMUDENA GRANDES MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR ZHILI ZHAO DIRECTOR DR. EPICTETO JOSÉ DÍAZ NAVARRO UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL NARRATIVA FEMENINA CONTEMPORÁNEA CHINA Y ESPAÑOLA. XU XIAOBIN Y ALMUDENA GRANDES MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR ZHILI ZHAO DIRECTOR Dr. EPICTETO JOSÉ DÍAZ NAVARRO Madrid, 2020 Agradecimientos Al China Scholarship Council por su financiación. A mi estimado director Epicteto por su ayuda inestimable e incondicional durante estos años en especial, por haber aceptado dirigir esta tesis. A mi familia y a todos mis amigos por su ilimitado apoyo espiritual. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ABSTRACT INTRODUCCIÓN CAPÍTULO I. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN ENTRE OCCIDENTE Y CHINA Y SUS REFLEXIONES 1.1PRIMERA ETAPA: PERIODO ANTERIOR A 1840 1.2. SEGUNDA ETAPA: PERIODO DE 1840 A 1949 1.3 TERCERA ETAPA: DE 1949 A LA ACTUALIDAD 1.4 REFLEXIÓN CAPITULO II. CONSIDERACIÓN PRELIMINAR 2.1 DEFINICIÓN DE LA TEORÍA LITERARIA Y SUS CARACTERÍSTICAS 2.2 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN DE LA HISTORIA DE LITERATURA CHINA 2.3 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN DE LA CRÍTICA DE LA LITERATURA CHINA 2.4 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN DE LA TEORÍA DE LITERATURA CHINA 2.5 REFLEXIÓN Y POSIBLES DIFICULTADES EN EL ESTUDIO DE LA TEORÍA DE LITERATURA CHINA 2.6 OTRAS CONTINGENCIAS: TEORÍA DEL POTENCIAL DE LI 2.7 CRÍTICA INDIRECTA A LA TEORÍA DEL POTENCIAL DE LI 2.8 UNA VISIÓN MÁS ALLÁ CAPÍTULO III. ESTUDIO DE LA NARRATIVA DE XU XIAOBIN 3.1 INTRODUCCIÓN DE LA AUTORA XU XIAOBIN 3.2 PRINCIPALES CRÍTICAS DE LA NARRATIVA DE XU XIAOBIN 3.3 ESTUDIOS PRINCIPALES DE LA NARRATIVA DE XU XIAOBIN 3.4 OBRAS TEMPRANAS DE XIAOBIN XU: UNA AUTORA ANÓNIMA EN EL CAMINO AL ROMANTICISMO 3.7.1.1. El amplio significado de los números, la luz y la riqueza de la cultura tradicional: nueve regresa a cero. CAPÍTULO IV ESTUDIO DE LA NARRATIVA DE ALMUDENA GRANDES CONCLUSIÓN BIBLIOGRAFÍA APÉNDICE ARBITRARIO Resumen Título: Narrativa femenina contemporánea china y española. Xu Xiaobin y Almudena grandes Las obras seleccionadas para la presente investigación son las de Xu Xiaobin (1953- ) y Almudena Grandes (1960- ), dos de las más importantes escritoras en sus respectivos países. Sin embargo, debido a la falta de traducciones de sus libros, las escritoras no son tan conocidas en el otro país como en el suyo propio. Según los datos que hemos revisado en los corpus académicos, vemos que el estudio comparativo de las dos escritoras no se ha llevado a cabo y, por lo tanto, intentaremos paliar este vacío. Al mencionar una mujer escritora, se suele asociar el término feminismo. En china, este término es una palabra impulsada por la investigadora feminista Zhu Hong en 1981 a través de la traducción de obras feministas estadounidenses. La publicación de las monografías feministas traducidas en China, como por ejemplo El segundo sexo de Simone Beauvouir y Feminist Literary Theory editado por Mary Eagleton, han tenido un gran impacto en la forma de pensar de las mujeres contemporáneas. Aparte de la influencia extranjera, gracias a la mejora y la generalización de la formación educativa femenina en las últimas décadas del siglo pasado, se ha revertido la situación vigente en el pasado en que no se daba importancia a las voces y a los roles sociales de las mujeres. Las mujeres empiezan a ser conscientes de su propio género e identidad. La cuestión femenina se ha convertido tanto en una cuestión social como en un objeto de estudio considerable en las ramas de las ciencias humanas y las artes. Por otra parte, no debemos olvidar que la oposición entre la tradición y la modernidad, entre conservadurismo y vanguardia, entre la realidad y la imaginación, entre el sujeto y el objeto, y muchos otros temas humanistas que siguen siendo el centro de la cuestión femenina. Es decir, frente a la experiencia y las lecciones de la historia de nuestros antepasados, frente al impacto de la novedad en nuestra cognición tradicional, así como frente a una serie de dilemas vitales eternos y comunes tales como el amor y el deseo, la vida y la muerte o las ganancias y pérdidas, las mujeres también están buscando su propia respuesta. Sin embargo, las dos escritoras que estudiamos no son feministas radicales, sino igualitarias. Mediante la composición de los personajes expresan la atención a la formación, la educación, la salud psicológica, la esperanza y otros temas vitales antes mencionados, tanto para las mujeres como para hombres. Por todo ello, el principal objetivo de la presente tesis es analizar, aunque sea parcialmente, la narrativa de ambas escritoras en busca de su respuesta a esos temas vitales. Utilizaremos en nuestro estudio un análisis literario detenido (lo que se ha denominado “close reading”), un enfoque comparatista sin olvidar la dimensión histórica de las obras. Se utilizarán el análisis literario y de análisis histórico para recopilar varios materiales relacionados con el presente trabajo y proporcionar referencias bibliografías, así como para justificar los argumentos propuestos. Se usará el método de análisis comparativo para analizar las similitudes y diferencias entre las obras seleccionadas de forma detallada, para que quienes estén interesados en las obras literarias de ambos países puedan seguir en esta línea de investigación. Esta tesis se basa en un esquema clásico. En el primer capítulo, desde una perspectiva macroscópica e histórica, se examina la relación entre China y Occidente. En el segundo capítulo, se analiza la cuestión actual de la teoría literaria en China y su similitud en España. El tercer capítulo, desde un enfoque narratológico, estudia el personaje, el tiempo, el espacio y otros fenómenos literarios en la narrativa de Xu (1989-2018). El cuarto capítulo, también desde la narratología, estudia la narrativa de Almudena Grandes (1989-2005), a la vez, basándose en las similitudes en las condiciones históricas y en los fenómenos literarios, analizando los rasgos particulares y comunes en la narrativa de ambas escritoras. Mediante este análisis comparativo, concluimos que sí encontramos los rasgos comunes y particulares en la narrativa de ambas autoras, así como las respuestas distintas y similares a dichos temas. Palabra claves: Xu Xiaobin Almudena Grandes Narrativa femenina contemporánea Literatura comparada Abstract Title: Chinese and Spanish narrative female contemporary. Xu Xiaobin and Almudena Grandes The works selected for this research are those of Xu Xiaobin (1953- ) and Almudena Grandes (1960- ), two of the most important writers in their respective countries. However, due to the lack of translations of their works, the two authors are not as well known in the other country as in their native country. According to the data that we have reviewed in the academic corpus, we see that the comparative study of the two writers has not been carried out extensively. Thus we will try to fill this gap in the research. When mentioning a female writer, the concept is usually associated with the term of feminism. In China, this term was first introduced by the feminist researcher Zhu Hong in 1981 through the translation of American feminist works. The publication of feminist monographs translated in China, such as The Second Sex by Simone Beauvouir and Feminist Literary Theory edited by Mary Eagleton, has had a great impact on the way of thinking of contemporary women. Apart from the foreign influence, and thanks to the improvement and generalization of female education in the last decades of the last century, women's voices and social roles have improved. Women have started to be aware of their own gender and identity. The female question has become both a social issue and a considerable object of study in the area of Human Sciences and Arts. On the other hand, we need to bear in mind that the opposition between tradition and modernity, conservatism and avant-garde, reality and imagination, the subject and the object, and many other humanistic themes remain at the center of the feminine question. When facing with the experience and lessons of the history of our ancestors, with the impact of novelty on our traditional cognition, as well as with a series of eternal, common and vital dilemmas, such as love and desire, life and death, women are also looking for their own answer. However, the two writers are not radical feminists, but egalitarians. Through the composition of the characters they pay attention to education, mental health, hope and other vital issues mentioned above, not only for women but also for men. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze, though partially, the narrative of both writers in search of their response to these vital issues. In our study we will use literary analysis from a comparative view. Literary analysis and historical analysis will be used to compile various materials related to the present work and to provide bibliographic references, as well as to justify the proposed arguments. The comparative analysis method will be used to analyze the similarities and differences between the selected works in detail so that other literary researchers interested in the literary works of both countries can continue in this line of research. This thesis is based on a classical scheme. In the first chapter, from a macroscopic and historical perspective, we examine the relationship between China and the West. In the second chapter, we analyze the current issue of literary theory in China and its similarity in Spain.
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