Šlaus-Et-Al.-2016--Rijeka---Trg-Pul

PUL VELE CRIKVE

ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA RIJEČKOG KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNOG I RANONOVOVJEKOVNOG GROBLJA

PUL VELE CRIKVE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RIJEKA’S LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST MEDIEVAL CEMETERY TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Izdavač / Editore Grad Rijeka u suradnji s Hrvatskim restauratorskim zavodom Città di Fiume in collaborazione con l’Istituto Croato di Restauro Grad Rijeka Za izdavača / Per l’editore mr.sc. Vojko Obersnel Ferdinand Meder

Urednici / Redazione Nikolina Radić Štivić mr.sc. Luka Bekić

Recenzenti / Recensori red.prof.dr. Marin Zaninović red.prof.ddr. Mitija Guštin

Prijevod na talijanski i korektura / Traduzione italiana e correzione bozze Danijela Bilić Rojnić Gianna Fioranti - Franinović Cinzia Boljun

Lektor za hrvatski jezik / Lettura del testo croato Maša Plešković

Sva korištena dokumentacija prikupljena je i izrađena tijekom arheoloških istraživanja u sklopu projekta Riječki principij Grada Rijeke provedenog u suradnji s Hrvatskim restauratorskim zavodom 2007. godine.

Tutta la documentazione usata è stata raccolta ed elaborata durante gli scavi archeologici nell’ambito del progetto Principia fiumani realizzato nel 2007 in collaborazione con l’Istituto Croato di Restauro.

Dizajn i prijelom / Design grafico e impaginazione Sanjin Kunić

Tisak / Stampa Denona d.o.o.

Naklada / Tiratura 500

Ova knjiga je tiskana sredstvima Grada Rijeke. La presente monografia è uscita dalle stampe grazie al sostegno finanziario della Città di Fiume.

CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Sveučilišne knjižnice Rijeka pod brojem 120214021

ISBN 978-953-7466-13-8

4 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

PUL VELE CRIKVE ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA RIJEČKOG KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNOG I RANONOVOVJEKOVNOG GROBLJA

PUL VELE CRIKVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RIJEKA’S LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST MEDIEVAL CEMETERY

Rijeka, 2016.

5 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA PROSTORNE CJELINE TRGA PUL VELE CRIKVE U RIJECI

KNJIGA II – SREDNJOVJEKOVNO I NOVOVJEKOVNO RAZDOBLJE

SADRŽAJ

FLUMEN SANCTI VITI...... Andrej Janeš Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod OSTACI SREDNJOVJEKOVNE I NOVOVJEKOVNE ARHITEKTURE NA TRGU PUL VELE CRIKVE I DIJELU UŽARSKE ULICE...... Andrej Janeš Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNO I NOVOVJEKOVNO GROBLJE UZ CRKVU UZNESENJA BLAŽENE DJEVICE MARIJE U RIJECI...... Ana Azinović Bebek, Andrej Janeš Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNA, NOVOVJEKOVNA I MODERNA KERAMIKA...... Josip Višnjić Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod KERAMIČKE LULE...... Luka Bekić Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod SREDNJOVJEKOVNI I NOVOVJEKOVNI STAKLENI NALAZI...... Ivica Pleština Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod NUMIZMATIČKI NALAZI SREDNJEGA I NOVOGA VIJEKA TE MODERNOGA DOBA...... Luka Bekić Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA LJUDSKIH KOŠTANIH OSTATAKA S NALAZIŠTA RIJEKA – TRG PUL VELE CRIKVE...... Prof. dr. sc. Mario Šlaus, Dr. sc. Mario Novak, Željka Bedić, Vlasta Vyroubal Odsjek za arheologiju Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti

6 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ARHEOZOOLOŠKA ANALIZA, SREDNJI I RANI NOVI VIJEK...... Tajana Trbojević Vukičević Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju ZAKLJUČAK...... Josip Višnjić Služba za arheološku baštinu Hrvatski restauratorski zavod LITERATURA......

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PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

CONTENTS

FLUMEN SANCTI VITI...... Andrej Janeš Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute THE REMAINS OF MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE ON PUL VELE CRIKVE SQUARE AND A SECTION OF UŽARSKA STREET...... Andrej Janeš Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL CEMETERY AT THE CHURCH OF THE ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN RIJEKA...... Ana Azinović Bebek, Andrej Janeš Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute LATE MEDIEVAL, POST MEDIEVAL AND CONTEMPORARY CERAMICS...... Josip Višnjić Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute CLAY SMOKING PIPES...... Luka Bekić Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL GLASS FINDS...... Ivica Pleština Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute NUMISMATIC FINDS FROM THE MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS AND THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD...... Luka Bekić Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BONE REMAINS FROM THE RIJEKA - TRG PUL VELE CRIKVE SITE...... Prof. dr. sc. Mario Šlaus, Dr. sc. Mario Novak, Željka Bedić, Vlasta Vyroubal Department of Archaeology Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

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ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, OF THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS...... Tajana Trbojević Vukičević Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb CONCLUSIONS...... Josip Višnjić Division for Archaeological Heritage Croatian Conservation Institute LITERATURE......

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

TXT HR TXT ENG

mr. sc. Vojko Obersnel mr. sc. Vojko Obersnel gradonačelnik Grada Rijeke sindaco della Città di Fiume

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TXT HR TXT ENG

Ferdinand Meder

Ferdinand Meder Direttore dell’Istituto Croato di Restauro ravnatelj Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda

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FLUMEN SANCTI VITI

Andrej Janeš Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Service

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

FLUMEN SANCTI VITI FLUMEN SANCTI VITI

Povijest Rijeke u srednjem i novom The History of Rijeka in the Medieval vijeku and Post Medieval Periods Pisani su podaci o Tarsatici u prvim stoljećima Written data concerning Tarsatica in the first srednjega vijeka oskudni. Ime se pojavljuje u centuries of the Medieval period is scarce. The Analima Karla Velikoga kroničara Einharda koji name appears in The Life of Charles the Great spominje Tharsatica, Liburniae civitas kraj koje (Vita Karoli Magni) by the chronicler Einhard, je poginuo furlanski markgrof Erih (ŽIC 1998, who mentions Tharsatica, Liburniae civitas near 13; KLEN 1988, 69). Taj događaj mnogi povje- which the Friulian duke Eric was killed (ŽIC sničari drže razlogom uništenja toga liburnij- 1998, 13; KLEN 1988, 69). The event is taken by skog grada. Franačka je vojska u znak odmazde many historians as the reason for the destruction porušila i spalila grad na jednome od svojih po- of this Liburnian city. In retaliation the Frankish hoda na istok. Arheološki su tragovi na područ- army razed and burned the city on one of its east- ju riječkoga starog grada iz 8. stoljeća nepoznati. ern campaigns. Archaeological traces in the area Vrlo je vjerojatno da se izraz „apud Tharsaticam“ of Rijeka’s old town core from the 8th century ili „iuxta Tharsaticam“ odnosi na boj Franaka i are unknown. It is very likely that the expressions Slavena u blizini toga grada koji je već otprije bio “apud Tharsaticam” or “iuxta Tharsaticam” refer u ruševinama (KLEN 1988, 69-70). Slavensku to a battle between the Franks and Slavs near a prisutnost na ovim prostorima dokazuju vino- city that already lay in ruins (KLEN 1988, 69- dolske nekropole u Velom Dolu kod Križišća i 70). A Slavic presence in this area is attested Gorica kod Stranča od 8. stoljeća (MATEJČIĆ to by the Vinodol necropoleis at Veli Dol near 1971; CETINIĆ 1998). Križišće and at Gorica near Stranča from the 8th century (MATEJČIĆ 1971; CETINIĆ 1998). Drugi spomen Tarsatike vezan je za povelju rimsko-njemačkoga cara Otona III. kojom je akvi- Another citing of Tarsatica is related to a charter lejskome patrijarhu dodijelio neke istarske i li- issued in the year 996 by Holy Roman Emperor burnijske biskupije, a među njima i tarsatičku, iz Otto III whereby he granted some Istrian and 996. Godine (KLEN 1988, 70). S obzirom na to Liburnian dioceses to the Aquileian patriarch, da takva biskupija ranije, a ni kasnije, nije posto- among them Tarsatica (KLEN 1988, 70). Given jala, taj se podatak mora uzeti kao nepouzdan. that such a diocese did not exist previously or Kao i u prethodnome slučaju, ti podaci nemaju subsequently, this data must be considered un- potvrdu u arheološkim nalazima. reliable. As in the previous case, this data has no confirmation in archaeological finds. Prostor Tarsatike i njezine okolice prolazi kroz burna razdoblja koja prate franačko-bizantske The broader Tarsatica area passed through a tur- ratove, naseljavanje Slavena, stvaranje hrvatskih bulent period accompanied by Frankish-Byzan- kneževina i kasnijega jedinstvenog kraljevstva tine wars, the settlement of Slavs, the formation te ujedinjenja potonjega s Ugarskom. Unatoč of the Croatian dukedoms and the subsequent činjenici da nije postojala tarsatička biskupija, united Croatian kingdom and its later unifica- iz povelja cara Otona III. vidimo da su budu- tion with the Hungarian crown. In spite of the

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će riječke zemlje dodijeljene carevu savezniku, fact that there was no Tarsatican diocese, we see akvilejskome patrijarhu, koji ih daje u feud grofu from the charter issued by Otto III that the future Devinskom. Točan datum prelaska riječkih ze- Rijeka lands were granted to an imperial ally, the malja grofovima Devinskim i dalje je nepoznat. Aquileian patriarch, who granted them as a feu- Zahvaljujući svojim posjedima na Krasu i Mera- dal holding to the Count of Devin. The exact date niji (kako se zvala srednjovjekovna Liburnija), of the transfer of the Rijeka lands to the Devin grofovi se Devinski bogate naplaćivanjem pore- Counts remains unknown. Thanks to their hold- za i trošarina trgovcima koji su prolazili njiho- ings at Kras and Merania (as Medieval Liburnia vim posjedima. Naselje na ušću Rječine poka- was referred to), the Counts of Devin accrued zalo se pogodnim da ugrabe plodove koje bi im wealth by levying taxes and duties on merchants donijela i pomorska trgovina. Naselje na Rječini passing through their holdings. The settlement novim se imenom prvi put spominje u zaključku at the mouth of the Rječina River proved favour- mletačkoga Velikog vijeća 1281. god. kao „Flu- able in acquiring wealth from maritime com- men sancti Viti“ (KLEN 1988, 74-75). Reka ili merce. The settlement on the Rječina River is first Rika, kako je zove lokalno stanovništvo, polako mentioned by its new name in the conclusions of se razvija kao manji trgovački centar Kvarnera the Venetian Great Council of 1281 as “Flumen preko kojega roba iz Dalmacije te obližnjih kvar- sancti Viti” (KLEN 1988, 74-75). Reka or Rika, nerskih otoka odlazi na sjever, preko Krasa u as it is referred to by the local inhabitants, slowly Kranjsku i Štajersku. Posebno se cijenila sol koja developed as a small centre of commerce in the je dolazila s otoka Paga. U gradu se razvija i obrt, Kvarner Bay through which goods from Dalma- ali su i dalje glavne privredne grane poljoprivre- tia and the nearby Kvarner islands were transport- da i stočarstvo. Devinski gospodari ipak vladaju ed northwards, via Kras to Carniola and Styria. Slika 1. Izgled Rijeke na gradom kao feudalnim posjedom, određuju po- Particularly valued was the salt shipped from the Klobučarićevu nacrtu iz 1579. god. rez, daće od mesa i kruha, pristojbe na ulasku u island of Pag. Artisanship also developed in the Figure 1. Rijeka as it appears on grad, sudske pristojbe te carinu na uvezenu robu city, but agriculture and cattle breeding remained Klobučarić’s 1579 drawing. (ŽIC 1998, 14). the chief branches of the economy. The Devin masters ruled the city as a feudal holding, setting the taxes, excises in meats and bread, fees paid upon entry into the city, court fees and custom duties on imported goods (ŽIC 1998, 14).

A key date in this period of the development of Rijeka is the founding of an Augustine monastery and church dedicated to St. Jerome in 1315, encouraged by Count Hugon IV. In the 14th century Rijeka acquired the typical appearance of a Medieval city, encircled by walls dominated by a castle to the northern side. The Augustine monastery was situated in the western section of the city, while the eastern side was dominated by the collegiate church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

To the west of Rijeka, in Istria, the Pazin duke- dom developed under the Counts of Gorica with whom the Devin counts were linked by family ties and, through them, with the Hab- sburgs. On the cliffs to the east of the Rječina River the neighbouring family of the Dukes of

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Kao važan datum u tome razdoblju Rijeke je i Krk built the castle of Trsat. In 1336 the Devins osnivanje augustinskoga samostana s crkvom sv. lost Rijeka to Bartol Duke of Krk. At the same Jeronima 1315. god. koju je potakao grof Hugon time the Devins turned to the Habsburgs, whom IV. U 14. stoljeću Rijeka poprima izgled klasič- they assisted in the war against Venice in 1369. noga srednjovjekovnog grada opasanog zidina- During that war the Venetians attacked Mera- ma kojim dominira kaštel na sjevernoj strani. nia, with the greatest damage inflicted against Na zapadu grada smjestio se augustinski samo- the city on the Rječina River (ŽIC 1998, 15). stan, dok je istočnom stranom grada dominirala Two years later Hugon VI of Devin was once Zborna crkva Uznesenja Marijina. again the ruler of Rijeka.

U tom je razdoblju na zapadu Rijeke, u Istri, sta- Hugon VI was the most powerful of the Devin sala Pazinska knežija pod Goričkim grofovima counts, but also the end of his line. Indicative of s kojima su Devinski bili povezani obiteljskim his political power was the fact that he was mar- vezama te preko njih i s Habsburgovcima. Na grave of Treviso, the feudal lord of Pordenone, litici, na istočnoj strani Rječine, susjedna obitelj the city of Trieste and the Austrian holdings in knezova Krčkih sagradila je kaštel Trsat. Godine Istria and Carinthia, and that he held lands in 1336. Devinci gube Rijeku od strane krčkoga Carniola and Styria. With the death of his son kneza Bartola. U isto se vrijeme Devinci okreću Rambert in 1399 the Devin holdings were be- Habsburzima kojima pomažu u ratu s Veneci- queathed to the Walsee family that was at the jom 1369. godine. U tom ratu Mlečani su na- time, along with the counts of Celje, the most pali i Meraniju pri čemu je najviše stradao grad powerful family in the lands held by the Habs- na Rječini (ŽIC 1998, 15). Dvije godine kasnije burg archduke (ŽIC 1998, 16). Hugon VI. Devinski ponovno se naziva gospo- darom Rijeke. The chief benefit from the new feudal lord came in the sense of a gradual improvement in securi- Hugon VI. bio je najjači devinski grof, no isto- ty and stability. The political alliances of the new vremeno se s njim ugasila njihova loza. O nje- masters allowed for commercial ties with Carin- govoj snazi govori to da je bio markgrof Trevisa, thia and Carniola and even with southern Italy, upravitelj feuda Pordenone, grada Trsta, austrij- and even began to defy the Venetian dominance ske Istre i Koruške te je imao posjede u Kranjskoj of the Adriatic. Mediterranean products such as i Štajerskoj. Smrću njegova sina Ramberta 1399., oil, wine and grain arrived from the Middle East devinski posjedi oporučno prelaze u vlast obite- and Dalmatia and were transported northward lji Walsee koja je u to vrijeme, uz celjske grofove, via Rijeka, while Carniolan iron was imported najjača obitelj u zemljama habsburškoga nadvoj- via Rijeka to Ancona for the needs of the Papal vode (ŽIC 1998, 16). States. This economic upswing in the 15th century led to an influx of new inhabitants to the Glavna korist od novoga feudalnog gospodara city on the Rječina River. The development of došla je u vidu postupne sigurnosti i stabilnosti. overseas commerce saw the concurrent devel- Veze novih gospodara omogućuju građenje tr- opment of shipbuilding. A local government govačkih veza s Koruškom i Kranjskom pa čak developed similar to that of the Dalmatian com- i s južnom Italijom, a počinje prkositi mletačkoj munes, but still under the watchful eye of the nadmoći na Jadranu. Mediteranski proizvodi, feudal master, represented by a captain. It is thus ulje, vino i žito, dolazili su s Bliskoga istoka i referred to in Latin documents as a terra, rather Dalmacije te preko Rijeke išli na sjever, dok je than civitas (FEST 1913, 13). The 15th century kranjsko željezo izvoženo preko Rijeke u An- municipal structure is known to us from the conu, za potrebe papinske države. Zahvaljujući Liber Civilium, a collection of official records ovomu privrednom usponu u 15. stoljeću dola- put down by imperial clerk Antonio de Reno zi do priljeva ljudi u grad na Rječini. Razvojem from 1436 to 1461 (FEST 1913, 5). In the year prekomorske trgovine započinje se razvijati i bro- 1444 Count Rambert Walsee granted the city

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dogradnja. Grad je dobio samoupravu, sličnu dal- the privilege of a fair day. On that day all com- matinskim komunama, ali je i dalje bio pod bud- mercial goods were exempt from taxation. nim okom feudalnoga gospodara kojega je zastu- pao kapetan. Tako ga latinski spisi nazivaju terra, Most of the edifices in the city were built of stone. a ne civitas (FEST 1913, 13). Gradski je ustroj u The use of this construction material allowed 15. stoljeću poznat iz tzv. Liber Civilium, skupu for the erection of multi-storey houses suitable službenih zapisa koje je zapisao carski pisar Anto- to the limited space within the city ramparts. It nio de Reno između 1436. i 1461. godine (FEST is, however, known that there were gardens and 1913, 5). Godine 1444. grof Rambert Walsee fields within the walls and a large number of sta- dodjeljuje gradu pravo na sajmeni dan. Toga dana bles in the Gomila area (FEST 1913, 56). sva je trgovačka roba oslobođena poreza. In the second half of the 15th century Rijeka Većina je objekata u gradu bila izgrađena od had a modest three thousand inhabitants. The kamena. Upotreba toga građevinskog materija- majority of the population was Croatian, while la omogućila je gradnju višekatnih kuća, čemu the priests bore exclusively Croatian names. The je pridonijela skučenost prostora omeđenoga thriving economy led to an influx of settlers, gradskim bedemima. Unatoč tome poznato je most from neighbouring Italy. The strong eco- da su se unutar zidina nalazili vrtovi i njive, a nomic base of the new arrivals resulted in the na području Gomile i poveći broj staja (FEST Italian language taking the leading role in the 1913, 56). city as is evident from all city records written in this language (FEST 1913, 104). U razdoblju druge polovice 15. stoljeća Rijeka je imala skromnih 3000 stanovnika. Većina je sta- In the Church’s partition of holdings Rijeka fell novništva bila hrvatska, dok je svećenstvo bilo under the diocese of Pula, which was the cause isključivo sastavljeno od hrvatskih imena. Eko- of frequent quarrels given that the bishop of nomski je uspon doveo do priljeva stanovništva, Pula was a Venetian subject. većinom iz susjedne Italije. Jaka ekonomska baza In 1465 Count Wolfgang Walsee bequeathed pridošlica rezultirala je time da je talijanski jezik the city of Rijeka, along with Kastav, Veprinac, postao glavni jezik grada što je vidljivo iz svih Mošćenice and Gotnik, to Holy Roman Emper- gradskih spisa napisanih tim jezikom (FEST or Friedrich III. Along with the neighbouring 1913, 104). regions the emperor united Rijeka, in terms of U crkvenoj je diobi posjeda Rijeka pripala pulskoj its administration, with Carniola. This afforded biskupiji što je znalo dovoditi do čestih nesuglasica Rijeka an even broader economic sphere and budući da je pulski biskup bio mletački podanik. the interests of Rijeka are rendered subordinate to the global interests of the emperor (KLEN Godine 1465. grof Wolfgang Walsee u oporuci 1988, 106). ostavlja grad Rijeku, uz Kastav, Veprinac, Mo- šćenice i Gotnik, rimsko-njemačkome caru Fri- The fall of Bosnia to the Ottoman Turks in 1463 edrichu III. Zajedno sa susjednim krajevima car dealt a massive blow to this burgeoning econo- Rijeku u administrativnome pogledu ujedinjuje my. From 1468 on Turkish military detachments s Kranjskom. Rijeka time dobiva još šire gospo- launched incursions and pillaging of the Rijeka darsko zaleđe te se riječki interesi podređuju ca- hinterland. The situation further worsened with revim globalnim interesima (KLEN 1988, 106). the outbreak of war between Emperor Friedrich and Hungarian-Croatian King Matija Korvin Velik udarac tomu ekonomskom usponu zadaje (Matthias Corvinus) from 1477 to 1488. It all pad Bosne 1463. god. u ruke Osmanlija. Počevši led to a drop in commerce that, for this nascent od 1468. god. turske čete počinju upadati i ha- economy, constituted a serious setback. The em- račiti riječkim zaleđem. Situacija se nastavlja po- peror, namely, shifted the export of iron to the goršavati izbijanjem rata između cara Friedricha safer port of Trieste. The sombre state of affairs

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i ugarsko-hrvatskoga kralja Matije Korvina, at the end of the 15th century was further black- 1477. – 1488. Sve to uzrokovalo je pad trgovine ened by an epidemic of the plague in 1477. The koji je za, ionako ne odveć jaku, riječku ekono- situation improved in 1487 when imperial troops miju predstavljao ozbiljan udarac. Naime, car je seized nearby Trsat from which the Captains of skrenuo izvoz željeza u sigurniju tršćansku luku. Rijeka frequently collected feudal revenues. But U crnu sliku s kraja 15. stoljeća uklopila se i epi- this good fortune was short-lived as 1493 saw the demija kuge 1477. godine. Situacija se popravila catastrophic defeat of the Ban’s (Viceroy’s) army 1487. god. kad su carske trupe zauzele obližnji on Krbava Field which opened the doors wide to Trsat od kojega su riječki kapetani često uzimali Turkish incursions into Lika, Gorski Kotar and feudalne prihode. Ali ta je sreća bila kratka vije- Carniola, i.e. the broader Rijeka hinterland. ka jer je 1493. god. uslijedio katastrofalan poraz banske vojske na Krbavskome polju što je Turci- Concurrently the Serenissima always endeav- ma širom otvorilo vrata Like, Gorskoga kotara i oured to hinder Rijeka’s commercial expan- Kranjske, odnosno širega riječkog zaleđa. sion. Expanding its own territories in Istria, the Kvarner islands and Dalmatia, Venice succeeded Paralelno s tim riječku je trgovačku ekspanziju in dominating the entire Adriatic Sea. The great- cijelo vrijeme nastojala zakočiti Serenissima. Ši- est calamity related to Venice to strike Rijeka reći svoj teritorij u Istri, kvarnerskim otocima i came in the early 16th century. As a Habsburg Dalmaciji, Venecija je uspjela ovladati cijelim possession, Rijeka was impacted by global politi- Jadranskim morem. Najveća nesreća, vezana uz cal trends. In 1500 Emperor Maximilian I took Veneciju, pogodila je Rijeku početkom 16. sto- possession of Gorica County giving him even ljeća. Rijeka je kao posjed Habsburgovaca bila greater access to the Adriatic Sea. The Venetian upletena u tokove svjetske politike. Car Maksi- restrictions on maritime commerce in the waters milijan I. 1500. godine prisvojio je goričku gro- off the Habsburg ports of Trieste and Rijeka led foviju koja mu je otvorila još veći izlaz na Jadran- to tension between the Signoria and Vienna. The sko more. Mletačko ograničavanje pomorstva emperor soon found himself embroiled in the ispred habsburških luka Trsta i Rijeke dovelo Italian wars and supported Pope Julius II in the je do napetosti između Signorie i Beča. Car se dispute with Venice over the cities of Romagna. ubrzo umiješao u talijanske ratove te podržao In response on 27 May 1508 a Venetian crew un- papu Julija II. u sporu s Venecijom oko grado- der the command of Girolamo Contarini seized va u Romagni. Kao odgovor na to 27. svibnja Rijeka without firing a single shot (GIGANTE 1508. mletačka posada pod zapovjedništvom 1918, 9). Venetian troops were successful on Girolama Contarinija zauzima Rijeku bez ispa- other fronts as well, taking Gorica County and ljenoga hica (GIGANTE 1918, 9). Mletačke su Istria. An anti-Venetian coalition was quickly trupe bile uspješne i na drugim frontama te tako forged—the League of Cambrai—that included zauzele Goričku grofoviju i Istru. Ubrzo je stvo- the Pope, the Emperor, France, Spain and the rena velika protumletačka koalicija pape, cara, Duchy of Ferrara. Parallel to military opera- Francuske, Španjolske i ferarskoga vojvodstva, tions in Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy and Istria tzv. Cambraiska liga. Paralelno s vojnim ope- the companies of the Captain of Senj Andrija racijama u Romagni, Venetu, Lombardiji i Istri Bot seized Rijeka and surrendered it to the Em- čete senjskoga kapetana Andrije Bota osvajaju pire. The Venetian retaliation was swift—a fleet Rijeku te je predaju Carstvu. Nije se dugo čekalo commanded by General Angelo Trevisan bom- na uzvratni udar. Mletačka flota pod zapovjed- barded Rijeka and took it by storm. Two days ništvom generala Angela Trevisana bombardira of burning and looting ensued leaving the city Rijeku te je na juriš osvaja. Nakon dvodnevnoga in ruins. Even the collegiate church was burned paleža i pljačke grad je ostavljen u ruševinama. on the occasion, and its valued reliquaries car- Čak je i Zborna crkva tom prilikom zapaljena, ried off to Venice (GIGANTE 1918, 14-16). In a vrijedne relikvije odnesene su u Veneciju (GI- spite of the devastation the city recovered, and GANTE 1918, 14-16). Grad se unatoč devasta- even retaliated—attacks by brigantines from

23 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ciji oporavio te čak uzvratio, bilježe se napadi ri- Rijeka against Venetian ships are recorded, and ječkih brigantina na mletačke brodove, ugrožen even the Venetian holdings on the island of Cres je i Cres. Po nalogu dužda Leonarda Loredana were threatened. At the order of Doge Leonardo krčki je providur izveo napad na Rijeku te je Loredan, the Providur of Krk launched an at- bombardirao 1511. godine. tack against Rijeka, bombing it in 1511.

Grad se ponovno oporavlja, a car mu odobrava The city recovered again, and the Emperor grant- održavanje dvaju sajmova s uobičajenim povla- ed it the right to hold two fairs with the custom- sticama. Godine 1530. car Ferdinand I. potpi- ary privileges. In 1530 Emperor Ferdinand I suje prvi gradski statut, napravljen po uzoru na signed the city’s first Statutes, modelled after that tršćanski. Riječka trgovina unatoč teškim vreme- of Trieste. In spite of the hard times Rijeka’s com- nima preživljava, a djelomice zahvaljujući potpo- mercial activity weathered the storm, thanks in ri pridošlim uskocima. U gradu je ustanovljeno part to its support of the new Uskok arrivals. A „Senjsko skladište“ 1522. god. za opskrbu Pri- “Senj warehouse” is established in 1522 for the morske krajine (KLEN 1988, 117). Riječka po- supply of the Primorska Krajina (Primorje mili- moć uskocima dovela je do novih trzavica s Ve- tary frontier) (KLEN 1988, 117). The assistance necijom, čiju su trgovačku flotu uskoci redovito Rijeka provided to the Uskoks and their frequent pljačkali. Venecija je uvela blokadu riječke obale raids against the Venetian merchant marine led što je rezultiralo protjerivanjem uskoka iz grada to new friction with Venice. Venice initiated a 1597. Taj je čin doveo do uskočke osvete prili- maritime blockade of the port of Rijeka resulting kom koje su uskoci zaplijenili skelu preko Rječine in the expulsion of the Uskoks from the city in te prijetili napadom na sam grad. Ta prijetnja je 1597. This in turn led to an Uskok reprisal dur- otklonjena drugom. Naime, odred od 80 uskoka ing which the Uskoks commandeered the ferry sudjelovao je u odbijanju mletačkoga napada na that crossed the Rječina River and threatened grad 1599. godine (GIGANTE 1918, 67). Na- to attack the city itself. This threat was however stavak uskočkih napada na mletačko brodovlje i countered by another. An eighty-strong Uskok dalje je izazivao odgovor lagunarske Republike. company participated, namely, in repulsing a Tako krajem 1614. tri mletačke galije s 2000 voj- Venetian attack against the city in 1599 (GI- nika uništavaju okolicu Rijeke, Kastva i Opatije GANTE 1918, 67). The persistent Uskok aste spaljuju Lovran. Rat s Carstvom neizbježan je saults against Venetian ships met with continued te izbija 1615. godine (GIGANTE 1918, 76). counterattacks launched by the lagoon Republic. Uskočki rat završava 1618. god. seobom uskoka Thus, in late 1614, three Venetian galleys carry- u unutrašnjost, na Žumberak i istočnu Istru. U ing two thousands soldiers devastated the area to teško doba Rijeka nije bila pošteđena nove around Rijeka, Kastav and Opatija and burned epidemije kuge koja je izbila na ljeto 1599. god., Lovran. War with the empire was inevitable and a uzroke je imala u vrlo slabim higijenskim uvje- broke out in 1615 (GIGANTE 1918, 76). The tima unutar gradskih zidina (GIGANTE 1918, Uskok War ended in 1618 with the migration 142-143). Kuga je odnijela 300 života, gotovo of the Uskoks to the interior—to Žumberak osminu gradskoga stanovništva. and eastern Istria. This period saw yet another outbreak of the plague in Rijeka in the summer Pod upravom kapetana Stefana della Rovere Ri- of 1599 caused by the very poor sanitary condi- jeka doživljava novi uspon. Novi kapetan provo- tions within the city walls (GIGANTE 1918, di reformu gradske uprave te obnavlja obrambe- 142-143). The plague took three hundred lives, ni sustav. U to vrijeme u Rijeku dolaze i isusovci almost an eighth of the city’s population. koji unapređuju prosvjetno-kulturni život te grade novu gradsku katedralu, posvećenu grad- Rijeka’s fortunes improved under the admin- skome patronu sv. Vidu. Dugo se Rijeka borila istration of Captain Stefano della Rovere. The s frankopanskim Bakrom za prednost u trgovi- new imperial captain undertook a reform of the ni, borbu koju je većim dijelom gubila, većinom city administration and overhauled the defensive

24 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

zbog visokih carinskih stopa (KLEN 1988, system. The Jesuits also arrived in the city during 122). Stanje se popravilo nakon 1670. god. i this period, introducing improvements in the oduzimanja posjeda Zrinskih i Frankopana od education system and cultural life of the city and strane austrijske carske komore. Godine 1666. undertaking the construction of a new cathedral car Leopold I. osnovao je „Commerzcollegium“ dedicated to the city’s patron Saint Vitus. Rije- (Trgovinski kolegij) čija je zadaća bila jačanje ka’s long rivalry with the nearby Frankopan-held izvoza te kontrola uvoza u Carstvo. Kao nagra- port of Bakar for the upper hand in commerce da za dugotrajnu privrženost grada vladajućoj was for the most part in Bakar’s favour, largely dinastiji, car Leopold I. daruje Rijeci grb 1659. as a result of high customs rates (KLEN 1988, godine. Riječka trgovina dobiva nov zamah zau- 122). The situation improved after the Austrian stavljanjem turskih upada onkraj Vojne krajine, Imperial Chamber’s 1670 seizure of the Zrinski pogotovo nakon njihova poraza kod Beča 1683. and Frankopan lands. In 1666 Emperor Leopold I founded the Commerzcollegium (a chamber of Početkom 18. stoljeća izbija rat za španjolsku commerce) the mission of which was to bolster baštinu (1701. – 1713.) u koji je upleteno i Car- exports and control imports into the Empire. stvo sa svojim britanskim, nizozemskim, savoj- In recognition of the city’s enduring loyalty to skim, pruskim i portugalskim saveznicima pro- the ruling dynasty Emperor Leopold I granted tiv koalicije Francuske, Španjolske i Bavarske. Na Rijeka a coat of arms in 1659. Rijeka’s trade saw samome početku rata, 1701. godine, francuska a new burgeoning with the end of Turkish inje flota bombardirala Rijeku u pokušaju prekida cursions into the Military Frontier, in particular opskrbe carske vojske. U vrijeme novoga rata s following their defeat at Vienna in 1683. Osmanlijama car Karlo VI. ugovorom s Vene- cijom omogućio je svojim brodovima slobodnu War broke out over the Spanish Succession in plovidbu Jadranom (ŽIC 1998, 46). Takav do- the early 18th century (1701 to 1713) that in- govor Rijeci dodatno otvara trgovačke moguć- volved the Empire and its British, Dutch, Savoy, nosti. Jak poticaj trgovini daje i austrijsko-turski Prussian and Portuguese allies against a coali- ugovor o slobodnoj trgovini nakon mira u Poža- tion of France, Spain and Bavaria. The French revcu 1718. god., a carskim dekretom proširuje fleet bombed Rijeka at the very onset of the war, se područje na koje se mogu naseljavati stranci, in 1701, in an attempt to cut off the supply of a uključivao je i područje Rijeke (KLEN 1988, the imperial army. During the new war with 136). Karlo VI. 1719. god. proglašava Rijeku the Ottomans Emperor Charles VI gained free slobodnom lukom. Riječki je ekonomski uzrast navigation of the Adriatic for his ships through bio sporiji od susjednoga Trsta koji su Habsbur- a treaty with Venice (ŽIC 1998, 46). This agree- govci više podupirali, kao bolje rješenje za kon- ment further expanded Rijeka’s opportunities trolu mletačke trgovine. Unatoč tomu u gradu se to conduct trade. Another strong boost to com- razvija brodogradnja za usluge Carske privilegi- merce came from the Austro-Turkish free trade rane orijentalne kompanije. Pod Karlovom su se agreement following the Peace signed in 1718 vladavinom Rijeka i okolica počeli bolje povezi- at Požarevac (Treaty of Passarowitz), while an vati s unutrašnjošću gradnjom Karolinške ceste imperial decree expanded the areas in which prema Karlovcu. foreigners could settle to include Rijeka (KLEN 1988, 136). In 1719 Charles VI declared Rijeka Za vladavine carice Marije Terezije Rijeka do- a free port. Rijeka’s economic growth lagged biva veću pomoć u razvoju, uvrštena je u tzv. behind that of neighbouring Trieste, which the Trgovačku provinciju (Commercien Ober-Direc- Habsburgs supported with greater vigour as a torium) koja je obuhvaćala sve luke od Akvileje better solution to the control of Venetian trade. do Karlobaga, a bila je pod izravnom kontrolom Nevertheless the city saw the development of Beča. Godine 1750. osnovana je Glavna trgovač- shipbuilding to service the Imperial Privileged ka kompanija Trsta i Rijeke, sa sjedištem u Tr- Oriental Company. Under the rule of Charles, stu koje je kasnije preseljeno u Rijeku. To je bila Rijeka and its environs gained improved access

25 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

odluka carice da ojača gospodarstvo Austrijskog to the interior with the construction of the Car- primorja te je povlastica za osnivanjem kompa- olingian Road to Karlovac. nije dodijeljena nizozemskim trgovcima. During the reign of Empress Maria Theresa Rije- Kao velika kočnica riječkoj privredi pokazao se ka received greater assistance in its development niz potresa koji su pogodili grad u razdoblju od and was included in a commercial province 1750. do 1754. godine. Nije bilo ljudskih žrtava, (Commercien Ober-Directorium) that included ali je materijalna šteta bila poveća. all of the ports from Aquileia to Karlobag and was under the direct control of Vienna. A su- U upravnome smislu Rijeku je carica pripojila preme trading company for Trieste and Rijeka Ugarskoj. Car Josip II. uvrstio je 1776. god. po- was founded in 1750, with its base in Trieste dručje Rijeke u novoosnovanu Severinsku župa- but later moved to Rijeka. There was also the niju koja je bila dio Hrvatske. Godine 1785. no- decision of the Empress to bolster the economy vom carevom odlukom raspuštene su županije, of the Austrian littoral and her grant to Dutch a Hrvatska i Mađarska podijeljene su u okruge. traders to establish companies. Riječki je okrug tako ušao u sastav nove uprav- no-političke cjeline Ugarskoga primorja (KLEN A series of earthquakes in the period from 1750 1988, 151). Značajan događaj u gradskoj povi- to 1754 proved to be a massive brake on the de- jesti ukidanje je isusovačkoga reda 1773. god., velopment of Rijeka’s economy. There were no reda koji je doprinio kulturnome razvoju grada. human casualties, but the material damage was Carskom uredbom 1788. god. raspušten je i extensive. augustinski samostan. U oba su slučaja sve ne- kretnine i sva dobra završila na dražbi i bila ra- In terms of its administration the Empress an- sprodana (ŽIC 1988, 54). Dekretom cara Josipa nexed Rijeka to Hungary. In 1776 Emperor 1775. god. gradska se vrata više nisu noću zatva- Joseph II included Rijeka in the newly formed rala kako bi se olakšala komunikacija. Još ranije, Severin County, part of Croatia. In 1785 a new 1768. godine, odlučilo se da se obrambeni jarak imperial decision dissolved the counties and di- pretvori u kanal i prekrije, da bi 1781. stupila na vided Croatia and Hungary into districts. The snagu carska odluka o rušenju gradskih bedema. Rijeka District was made a part of the admin- Na mjestu bedema grade se nove stambene zgra- istrative-political Hungarian Littoral (KLEN de u baroknome i klasicističkome stilu. 1988, 151). Another significant event in the city’s history was the 1773 dissolution of the Jes- Došlo je i do promjene u crkvenoj vlasti. Rijeka uit Order—the Order had contributed greatly je, naime, 1784. god. prešla iz pulske u senjsko- to the cultural development of the city. An im- modrušku biskupiju. perial decree of 1788 also dissolved the Augus- tine monastery. In both cases all of the real estate Krajem 18. stoljeća broj stanovnika Rijeke raste, and assets were auctioned off (ŽIC 1988, 54). A u grad dolaze i stanovnici Trsta u bijegu pred na- 1775 decree issued by Emperor Joseph ordered dirućom francuskom vojskom. Sam grad Fran- the city gates no longer be closed at night to fa- cuzi osvajaju 1797. god., ali ga drže nakratko te cilitate communication. An earlier decision, in ga vraćaju Austriji. Porazom austrijske vojske kod 1768, saw the defensive moat converted into a Wagrama 1809. god. te mirom u Schönbrunnu canal and covered, followed by a 1781 imperial Napoleon dobiva teritorije Koruške, Kranjske i decision to demolish the city ramparts. New res- Hrvatske te ih organizira u Ilirske provincije. U idential buildings in the baroque and classicist Rijeku je smještena posada od 8000 francuskih styles were erected in place of the ramparts. vojnika. Teško stanje koje je tada vladalo na eu- ropskome kontinentu, zahvaćenom stalnim ra- There were also changes in the Church adminis- tovanjem, nije zaobišlo ni Rijeku. Rijeka je, kao i tration. In 1784 Rijeka was, namely, transferred ostatak Ilirskih provincija, morala podnositi teš- from the Pula diocese to the Diocese of Senj ke ekonomske terete Napoleonovih kampanja and Modruš.

26 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

po Europi, a tome je dodatno „pomogla“ kon- Rijeka’s population grew in the late 18th cen- tinentalna blokada britanske trgovine. Takva tury, including inhabitants of Trieste fleeing the situacija dovodi do uspona krijumčara, a među advancing French army. The city itself was taken njima je profitirao i jedan Riječanin, A. L. Ada- by the French in 1797, but they only held it for mić (KLEN 1988, 168). Nakon Napoleonova a short period before returning it to Austrian poraza u Rusiji 1812. god. započinje protunapad control. With the defeat of the Austrian army at protunapoleonovske koalicije. Tako 1813. god. Wagram in 1809 and the Treaty of Schönbrunn završava francuska uprava nad Rijekom kad u Napoleon received the territories of Carinthia, grad ulaze krajiške čete generala Nugenta. Nedu- Carniola and Croatia, which he organised as the go prije toga događaja britanska je eskadra bom- Illyrian Provinces. A contingent of eight thou- bardiranjem istjerala slabašnu francusku posadu sand French troops was stationed at Rijeka. The te opljačkala grad (KLEN 1988, 171). dire conditions prevalent across the entire Eu- ropean continent—ravaged by constant war— Pripajanjem Habsburškoj monarhiji Rijeka ulazi equally affected Rijeka. Like the rest of the Il- u sastav Ugarske s mađarskim guvernerom. Go- lyrian provinces, Rijeka too was subjected to the dine 1848. mijenja se situacija kad su postrojbe difficult economic burden of the Napoleonic hrvatskoga bana Josipa Jelačića pripojile Rijeku campaigns across Europe, further exacerbated by Hrvatskoj u čijem sastavu ostaje do hrvatsko- the continental blockade of British commerce. ugarske nagodbe 1868. god. kada je opet pripo- This situation expedited the rise of smugglers— jena Ugarskoj. U razdoblju prve ugarske uprave profiting from the situation among these was a Rijeka gospodarski zaostaje za Trstom zbog fa- native of Rijeka, A. L. Adamić (KLEN 1988, voriziranja potonjega od strane centralne vlade. 168). Napoleon’s 1812 defeat in Russia was fol- Veliki gospodarski i ekonomski procvat, praćen i lowed by the counteroffensive of an anti-Napo- kulturnim, doživjet će grad na Rječini u doba dru- leonic coalition. The French administration of ge ugarske uprave (1868. – 1918.) kao glavna luka Rijeka thus ended in 1813 with the entry into jedne polovice velike Podunavske Monarhije. the city of the Frontier troops led by General Nugent. A British squadron bombed the city not long before Nugent’s arrival—the British forced out a weak French company and looted the city (KLEN 1988, 171).

With its annexation to the Habsburg monarchy Rijeka was made a part of Hungary and given a Hungarian governor. The situation changed in 1848 when the army led by Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić joined Rijeka to Croatia, where it remained up to the Croatian-Hungarian Settle- ment of 1868, when it was once again annexed to Hungary. During the first Hungarian administration Rijeka’s economy lagged behind that of Trieste as a result of the favoured position the latter enjoyed before the central government. The city on the Rječina River would see its great economic and cultural boom during the second Hungarian administration (1868 – 1918) as the chief maritime port of one half of the great Danubian Monarchy.

27 Dio pronađenih kamenih projektila Some of the stone projectiles found OSTACI SREDNJOVJEKOVNE I NOVOVJEKOVNE ARHITEKTURE NA TRGU PUL VELE CRIKVE I DIJELU UŽARSKE ULICE

THE REMAINS OF MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE ON PUL VELE CRIKVE SQUARE AND A SECTION OF UŽARSKA STREET

Andrej Janeš Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Service

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

OSTACI SREDNJOVJEKOVNE THE REMAINS OF MEDIEVAL I NOVOVJEKOVNE AND POST MEDIEVAL ARHITEKTURE NA TRGU ARCHITECTURE ON PUL PUL VELE CRIKVE I DIJELU VELE CRIKVE SQUARE AND A UŽARSKE ULICE SECTION OF UŽARSKA STREET

Za razliku od bogatih arhitektonskih ostataka iz In comparison to the wealth of architectural re- razdoblja antike i ranoga kršćanstva, arhitekton- mains from the Roman and early Christian peri- ski ostaci srednjega i novoga vijeka na Trgu pul od, the architectural remains from the Medieval Vele crikve i dijela Užarske ulice (sl. 1) daleko su and Post Medieval periods at Pul Vele Crikve skromniji. Možemo ih podijeliti u dvije skupine. Square and a section of Užarska Street (Fig. 1) Prvoj pripadaju ostaci građevina dok u drugu ula- are significantly more modest. We can divide ze ostaci prvoga riječkoga komunalnog sustava. them into two groups. The first includes the remains of edifices while the second is comprised Sjeverno od zvonika Zborne crkve nađeni su of the first municipal utility system in Rijeka. ostaci kapele koja je bila prislonjena na njega. Dva paralelna zida orijentirana sjever – jug zi- Remains were discovered of a chapel to the dani su grubo, ali solidno klesanim kamenom, north and resting against the bell tower of the vezani žbukom (SJ 848 i SJ 849) (sl. 3). Spojeni collegiate church. Two parallel walls (SU 848 su zidom, koji je okomit na njih (SJ 877), smjera and SU 849), running from north to south, istok – zapad. Vjerojatno je izgrađen u isto vrije- are built of coarsely but solidly dressed stone, me kao i zidovi SJ 848 i SJ 849 te u neko kasnije bound with mortar (Fig. 3). They are connected doba porušen do temelja koji su ležali na antič- to a wall, perpendicular to them (SU 877), run-

Plan istraženih novovjekovnih arhitektonskih struktura Plan of the researched Post Medieval architectural structures.

31 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ning from east to west. They were likely built at the same time as walls SU 848 and SU 849 and were, at some later point in time, demolished to their foundations, which lay on a Roman period flooring, damaging—in the process—the mosaic flooring of the early Christian basilica. After the demolition of wall SU 877, the chapel was extended, with the north wall of the basilica serving as its foundation. Kobler, as do later authors, speaks of the chapel of St. Anthony the Abbot at this location (KOBLER 1996, 258; FEST 1913, 73; VIEZZOLI 1936, 130; TOR- COLETTI 1932, 15). This chapel was demolished in 1720. After the demolition the space previously occupied by the chapel was used for burials. The construction of the chapel is unknown, but we can say that it precedes the end of the 16th century. On Klobučarić’s depiction from 1579 a small structure is shown along the northern wall of the bell tower. This shows us that the chapel has Medieval roots and was very Ostaci kapele sv. Antuna Opata koj podnici i pritom oštetili mozaički pod sta- likely expanded in the 17th century. The remains of the chapel of rokršćanske bazilike. Nakon rušenja zida SJ 877 St. Anthony the Abbot. kapela je produžena, a za temelje je iskorišten sje- To the south side of the bell tower stood the verni zid bazilike. Kobler, kao i kasniji autori, na chapel of Sts. Cosmas and Damian, demol- ovome mjestu spominju kapelu sv. Antuna Opa- ished in 1722. According to G. Kobler it rested ta (KOBLER 1996, 258; FEST 1913, 73; VIE- against the bell tower (KOBLER 1996, 258). ZZOLI 1936, 130; TORCOLETTI 1932, 15). No concrete architectural remains were found Ta je kapela srušena 1720. Nakon rušenja pro- during the research at the location. The remains stor te kapele korišten je za ukopavanje. Gradnja of architecture were, however, found nearby— kapele je nepoznata, ali možemo ustvrditi da je walls SU 673, SU 703, SU 736 and SU 784, for starija od kraja 16. stoljeća. Na Klobučarićevu which it can be presumed that they belonged prikazu iz 1579. ucrtan je omanji objekt uz sje- to the cited chapel. They are built of irregular verni zid zvonika. Taj nam prikaz pokazuje da je blocks of stone bound with mortar. The weak kapela srednjovjekovnih korijena vrlo vjerojatno foundations indicate a small structure, i.e. the širena tijekom 17. stoljeća. chapel. Both chapels were demolished to make way for the expansion of the municipal cemetery S južne se strane zvonika nalazila kapela sv. Kuz- (POGLAJEN 1931, 129). me i Damjana, srušena 1722. Prema G. Kobleru bila je prislonjena na zvonik (KOBLER 1996, Two walls, SU 260 and SU 270, were found 258). Prilikom istraživanja na tome mjestu nisu alongside the large ossuary structure. Consider- pronađeni nikakvi konkretni arhitektonski osta- ing that it is evident that the large ossuary was ci. Ipak, u blizini se naišlo na ostatke arhitekture, built onto wall SU 260 we arrive at the conclu- zidove SJ 673, SJ 703, SJ 736 i SJ 784, za koje se sion that structure 1 is older than the large os- može pretpostaviti da su pripadali navedenoj ka- suary. These are massive walls, and the stone is peli. Građeni su od nepravilnih blokova kame- bound with firm mortar. Structure 1, like the nja vezanih žbukom. Slabo temeljenje upućuje large ossuary, was destroyed to its south side with na to da se radilo o manjemu objektu tj. kapeli. the installation of sewage conduits. In the 1766 plans by engineer Penk (Fig. 2) we see the south

32 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Obje su kapele srušene zbog širenja gradskoga sides of structure 1 and the large ossuary to its groblja (POGLAJEN 1931, 129). west leaning against the enclosing wall that surrounded the cemetery. We find a record of the Dva zida, SJ 260 i SJ 270, nađena su uz objekt purpose of structure 1 in the records of the city velike kosturnice. S obzirom na to da se vidi da archives as cited by Viezzoli. As a rule, a person je velika kosturnica dograđena na zid SJ 260 could not be interred until forty-eight hours had dolazimo do zaključka da je objekt 1 stariji od passed from the moment of death. The bodies of velike kosturnice. Ti su zidovi masivno građeni, the deceased were displayed in their homes, with a kamenje je zaliveno čvrstom žbukom. Objekt a house built alongside the cemetery to serve the 1, kao i velika kosturnica, uništen je s južne stra- indigent for this purpose (VIEZZOLI 1936, ne gradnjom kanalizacijske cijevi. Iz plana inže- 112). Following the cessation of interments in njera Penka iz 1766. god. (sl. 2) vidi se objekt 1 the urban core, structure 1 lost its function and i velika kosturnica zapadno od njega kako su s was torn down to make way for the construction južne strane prislonjeni na ogradu koja je okru- of a residential structure to its east. Structure 1 živala groblje. Namjenu objekta 1 možemo naći was very likely built in the 17th century and de- u zapisima gradskoga arhiva koje nam donosi molished in the 19th. Viezzoli. Po pravilu, osoba nakon smrti nije mogla biti ukopana 48 sati. Tijela pokojnika bila su The remains of residential structures were discovered at the boundary areas of the site. A flooring of brick was discovered at the western side of the site (SU 525) that was subsequently Prostorna cjelina trga Pul Vele Crikve i dijela Užarske ulice na repaired (SU 537). This flooring belonged to an planu Rijeke iz 1766. g. edifice that was placed much closer to the bell The spatial unit of Pul Vele Crikve tower than the building housing the current Square and a section of Užarska Kosi Toranj café. The position of this edifice is Street on a 1766 map of Rijeka. visible on 18th century city plans. An identical brick flooring (SU 963) was discovered along the northern perimeter of the site linked to wall SU 951 and, running perpendicular to it, wall SU 941 (Fig. 4). The remains of the flooring and walls constituted the far southwestern corner of the building of the former Benedictine monastery founded in 1663 (OSTOJIĆ 1963, 143). The nearby church of St. Roch was also a part of the monastery complex—all of the structures were demolished in the first third of the 20th century as decrepit and the monastery was moved to a new location.

The area to the south of the church was always bordered by residential structures. In tako izlagana u njihovim kućama, a za siromašne Klobučarić’s depiction of the city from the late stanovnike izgrađena je kuća uz groblje koja je 16th century this was the site of small houses imala tu svrhu (VIEZZOLI 1936, 112). Nakon with fenced gardens. The remains of one such obustave ukopa u urbanoj jezgri objekt 1 izgu- possible structure were discovered across the bio je svoju funkciju te je porušen zbog gradnje way from the southwestern corner of the colle- stambene zgrade istočno od nje. Objekt 1 izgra- giate church. The discovered walls (SU 58, SU đen je vrlo vjerojatno tijekom 17. stoljeća, a sru- 60, SU 68 and SU 72) are related to the archi- šen u 19. stoljeću. tectural remains discovered in the late 1960s

33 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Ostaci samostana Ostaci stambenih objekata nađeni su na rubnim benediktinki sv. Roka područjima nalazišta. Na zapadnoj strani nalazi- The remains of the Benedictine šta otkrivena je podnica od opeka (SJ 525) koja monastery of St. Roch. je naknadno popravljana (SJ 537). Ta je podnica pripadala zgradi koja je bila postavljena zvoniku puno bliže negoli današnja zgrada kafića „Kosi toranj“. Taj je položaj zgrada vidljiv i na plano- vima grada iz 18. stoljeća. Uz je sjeverni rub na- lazišta pronađena identična podnica od opeka (SJ 963) koja je vezana uz zid SJ 951 i na njega okomit zid SJ 941 (sl. 4). Ostaci podnice i zidova pripadali su krajnjemu jugozapadnom kutu zgrade nekadašnjega samostana benediktinki osnovanoga 1663. (OSOTJIĆ 1963, 143). Sa- mostanu je pripadala i obližnja crkva sv. Roka, a svi objekti porušeni su u prvoj trećini 20. stolje- ća zbog dotrajalosti, a samostan je preseljen.

Prostor južno od crkve uvijek je bio omeđen stambenim objektima. Na Klobučarićevu prikazu grada s kraja 16. stoljeća taj dio pripada manjim kućama s ograđenim vrtovima. Ostaci jednoga takvoga mogućeg objekta pronađeni su (MATEJČIĆ, 1968) (Fig. 5). It is difficult to preko puta jugozapadnoga kuta Zborne crkve. postulate the exact purpose of this structure. The Nađeni zidovi (SJ 58, SJ 60, SJ 68 i SJ 72) na- floor plan distribution of the walls is atypical of Ostaci možebitnog dovezuju se na arhitekturne ostatke nađene kra- the residential buildings found in littoral areas. srednjovjekovnog objekta prilikom This narrow rectangular structure has one paral- istraživanja 1968. g. jem 1960-ih godina (MATEJČIĆ, 1968) (sl. 5). Teško je govoriti o točnoj namjeni toga objek- lel wall to both sides giving it the appearance of The remains of a possible Medieval ta. Tlocrtna dispozicija zidova atipična je za a structure with a rectangular apse of sorts. The structure during the 1968 research urban architecture of the Romanesque and later campaign. stambene objekte koji se javljaju u primorskim periods, namely, saw the appearance of structures with a wine cellar or stable on the ground floor and a residential area on the first storey or with a developed system of hearths, chimney and ventilation hoods (MOHOROVIČIĆ 1973, 66). The floor plan of the discovered structure deviates even from the single-room plebeian architecture of the northern Adriatic islands (MOHOROVIČIĆ 1973, 64-66). Openings were found on walls SU 60 and SU 68 delimited by stone slabs, while an arch structure (SU 128) was identified on wall SU 72. Their purpose remains unknown, although it could be postulated that these apertures allowed for the unimpeded flow of the Lešnjak Creek towards the Rječina River. This would have prevented the flooding of the aboveground sections of the house. In early depictions of Rijeka (16th and 17th century) we see small structures that can be identified as sin-

34 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

krajevima. Uski pravokutni objekt ima s obje gle-storey, but for which the internal disposition strane po jedan paralelan zid čime dobiva izgled cannot be determined. During the Renaissance objekta sa svojevrsnom pravokutnom apsidom. and baroque periods Rijeka had rare examples of Naime, u gradskoj arhitekturi romanike i kasni- the kind of multiple-storey residential architec- jih razdoblja pojavljuju se objekti s konobom ili ture present in Dalmatian communes from the stajom u prizemlju i stambenim dijelom na katu 13th century on (PLOSNIĆ ŠKARIĆ 2007). ili s razvijenim sustavom ognjišta, dimnjakom i napom (MOHOROVIČIĆ 1973, 66). Otkri- The foundation of this structure within the hy- veni objekt svojim tlocrtom odstupa čak i od pocaust of the Roman thermae and the nearby jednoprostorne pučke arhitekture poznate sa finds of transenna and stone plastic with early sjevernojadranskih otoka (MOHOROVIČIĆ Christian motifs opens the possibility that it 1973, 64-66). Na zidovima SJ 60 i SJ 68 nađeni was somehow related to the nearby basilica. Un- su otvori ograđeni kamenim pločama, dok je na fortunately, the possible connection or context zidu SJ 72 uočena lučna konstrukcija (SJ 128). that would shed light on this part of the site was Njihova namjena ostaje nepoznata iako se može permanently destroyed by the installation of pretpostaviti da se radi o otvorima koji su omo- sewage conduits in Užarska Street. The lack of gućavali nesmetan protok vode potoka Lešnjaka data on Medieval finds from the research con- prema Rječini. Time se sprječavalo plavljenje ducted from 1967 to 1968 in no way assists us nadzemnih dijelova kuće. Na ranijim prikazima in the precise dating or even definition of this Rijeke (16. i 17. st.) vidljivi su manji objekti za structure. koje se može utvrditi da su bili prizemni, ali je Something interesting was discovered during nemoguće ustvrditi kakva je njihova unutarnja the research of the site of the former city ram- podjela. Rijeka je u renesansnome i baroknome parts—both Roman and Medieval. A stone razdoblju imala rijetku višekatnu stambenu arhi- vaulted structure was discovered at the edge of tekturu kakvu poznaju dalmatinske komune još Pogled na ostatke novovjekovne the excavations that we can identify as a cesspit presvođene crne jame od 13. st. (PLOSNIĆ ŠKARIĆ 2007). from the first municipal utility system in Rijeka A view of the remains of a Post Temeljenje ovoga objekta unutar hipokau- (Fig. 6). It is known from the archival data that Medieval vaulted cesspit. sta antičkih termi te obližnji nalazi tranzena i kamene plastike s ranokršćanskim motivima otvaraju mogućnost da je bio nekako povezan s obližnjom bazilikom. Nažalost, mogući spoj ili kontekst koji bi nam osvijetlio taj dio lokaliteta trajno je uništen polaganjem kanalizacijske cijevi u Užarskoj ulici. Nedostatak podataka iz istraživanja 1967. – 1968. o srednjovjekovnim nalazima nimalo nam ne pomaže o točnoj dataciji pa čak i definiciji toga objekta.

Prilikom istraživanja dijela gdje su se nekad nalazili gradski bedemi, kako antički, tako i srednjovjekovni, otkrivena je jedna zanimljivost. Na rubu iskopa otkrivena je kamena nadsvođena konstrukcija za koju se može ustvrditi da je crna jama koja pripada prvomu komunalnom sustavu Rijeke (sl. 6). Po arhivskim je podacima poznato da su bedemi rušeni nakon carske odluke 1781. te su na njihovu potezu građene stambene kuće. Na temelju toga moglo bi se pretpostaviti da je

35 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

crna jama pripadala jednoj od tih kuća. Nalazi the ramparts were demolished following the Im- keramičkoga materijala 16. i 17. st. ipak upuću- perial decision of 1781 to build residential hous- ju na moguću raniju dataciju te crne jame1. To es in their place. Based on this can be presumed bi značilo da je jama bila djelomično ukopana that the cesspit belonged to one of these edifices. u temelje gradskoga bedema čime su oslabljeni. Finds of ceramic material from the 16th and Pronađeni obližnji ostaci arhitekture vrlo vjero- 17th century, however, indicate a possible ear- jatno pripadaju antičkomu obrambenom sklopu lier dating of this cesspit1. That would mean that dok je srednjovjekovni bio pomaknut k Rječini the pit was partially dug into the foundations of i položaju kule sv. Marije otkrivenoj prilikom the city ramparts, which would have weakened radova na obližnjemu Trgu bana Josipa Jelačića. them. The architectural remains found nearby Na zapadnome rubu trga zabilježeni su ostaci very likely were a part of the Roman defensive crne jame koja je imala drvenu konstrukciju od complex while the Medieval complex shifted koje su se očuvala četiri potporna kolca. U za- towards the Rječina River and the position of puni su nađeni ostaci glaziranih tava datiranih u St. Mary’s Tower (kula Svete Marije) discovered 17. i 18. st. te keramičkih lula s kraja 18. i prve during work on the nearby Ban Josip Jelačić polovice 19. st.2 Po mišljenju L. Bekića radilo bi Square. The remains of a cesspit were registered se o crnoj jami kakve gostionice koja se nalazila at the western perimeter of the square that had a na mjestu današnjega kafića „Kosi toranj“. Sličan wooden structure, four support posts of which sustav crnih jama otkriven je i prilikom istraživa- have been preserved. Remains of glazed pans nja obližnjega Trga Jurja Klovića, koje su doduše dated to the 17th and 18th century and ceramic smoking pipes from the late 18th and first half of the 19th century were found in its fill.2 L. Ostaci kanalizacijskog sustava Bekić suggests that this was the cesspit of a tav- s kraja 19. st. ern that was located at the site of the present day The remains of the late 19th century Kosi Toranj café. A similar system of cesspits was sewage conduit system. discovered during the research conducted at the nearby Juraj Klović Square—dated, however, to the somewhat later period of the 19th and first half of the 20th century (VIŠNJIĆ 2009, 304).

Cesspits were soon replaced by the sewage conduit system introduced to Rijeka in 1882 (PRIKRIL, KOLACIO 1953, 190). The canals were built of stone or brick and covered with flagstones (Fig. 7). Canals SU 559, 583 and 644 emptied into the larger canal SU 643 to the west of the bell tower, while the remains of canal SU 226, running from east to west, were discovered in the far eastern section of Užarska Street. It is evident from the above cited that the sewage system followed the course of the Lešnjak Creek, which leads to the channel of the Rječina

1 See the chapter by J. Višnjić on Medieval, Post 1 O srednjovjekovnoj, novovjekovnoj i modernoj Medieval and Contemporary pottery. keramici pogledati poglavlje J. Višnjića. 2 See footnote 1 with reference to the pottery and 2 O keramici vidi bilj.1, o lulama vidi poglavlje L. the chapter by L. Bekić with reference to smoking Bekića. pipes.

36 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

datirane u nešto kasnije razdoblje 19. i prve po- River to the east. An identical sewage system lovice 20. stoljeća (VIŠNJIĆ 2009, 304). was discovered in the area of Juraj Klović Square (VIŠNJIĆ 2009, 305). Crne jame ubrzo zamjenjuje kanalizacijski sustav koji je u Rijeku uveden 1882. godine (PRI- Medieval and Post Medieval remains are scarce KRIL, KOLACIO 1953, 190). Kanali su građe- in the researched area because it had an almost ni od kamena ili opeke te su prekrivani kamenim identical function then as it does now—that of pločama (sl. 7). Kanali SJ 559, 583 i 644 ulije- a public square or of a municipal cemetery. The vaju se u veći kanal SJ 643 zapadno od zvonika, modest architectural finds show the development dok su u krajnjemu istočnom dijelu Užarske of the urban core at its periphery and the rhythm ulice nađeni ostaci kanala SJ 226, smjera istok – at which buildings approached and moved away zapad. Iz navedenoga se vidi da je kanalizacijski from the central structure in this space—the sustav pratio tok potoka Lešnjaka koji vodi ka church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin koritu Rječine, na istoku. Identični kanalizacij- Mary and accompanying bell tower—from the ski sustav otkriven je i na području Trga Jurja 14th century to the present day. Klovića (VIŠNJIĆ 2009, 305).

Ostaci srednjega i novoga vijeka na istraženo- me prostoru rijetki su zato što je imao gotovo jednaku funkciju kao i danas – trga tj. prostora gradskoga groblja. Skromni arhitektonski nalazi pokazuju razvoj urbane jezgre na periferiji te cjeline, ritam kojim su se zgrade približavale i odmicale od središnjega objekta toga prostora, crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije i zvonika, od 14. stoljeća do danas.

KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNO I NOVOVJEKOVNO GROBLJE UZ CRKVU UZNESENJA BLAŽENE DJEVICE MARIJE U RIJECI

THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL CEMETERY AT THE CHURCH OF THE ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN RIJEKA

Ana Azinović Bebek Andrej Janeš Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Service

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNO I THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND NOVOVJEKOVNO GROBLJE UZ POST MEDIEVAL CEMETERY CRKVU UZNESENJA BLAŽENE AT THE CHURCH OF THE DJEVICE MARIJE U RIJECI ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN RIJEKA

ANALIZA GROBLJA ANALYSIS OF THE GRAVES U kršćanstvu je postao običaj da se umrli ukopa- Among Christians became a custom for the vaju u posvećenu zemlju zbog vjere u život po- dead to be buried in consecrated ground because slije smrti. Tijekom povijesti Crkva je postavila of the belief in life after death. Throughout his- stroga pravila glede lokacije i uređenja groblja. tory the Church instituted strict rules with re- Groblja su morala biti organizirana oko župnih gard to the location and organisation of graves. crkava, a u slučaju da je takva crkva bila daleko, Graves had to be organised in the fold of par- gradile su se posebne cemeterijalne crkve. Kr- ish churches and, when such church was too far šćansko groblje je tako uređeno kao jasno ogra- away, special cemeterial churches were erected. đen i posvećen prostor uz crkvu. Za razliku od The Christian grave is thus arranged as a clearly antičkih običaja, kršćanska groblja su bila orga- demarcated and consecrated area alongside a nizirana unutar samih naselja što je bilo u skladu church. Unlike the customs of the antiquity, s vjerom u zagrobni život i uskrsnućem tijela. Christian graves were organised within settle- To je povezivalo pokojnike sa zajednicom živih, ments, which was in accordance with the belief koja je molila za njih i pripremala se za ponovno in life beyond the grave and the resurrection of sjedinjenje s njima u zagrobnom životu (PRE- the body. This bound the deceased in a commu- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 91) nity with the living, who prayed for them and prepared for their reunification with them in the U Rijeci nije bilo ništa drugačije. Prostornu cje- afterlife (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 91). linu trga Pul Vele crikve i dijela Užarske ulice dobrim je dijelom zauzimalo gradsko groblje, koje It was no different in Rijeka. Much of the area se razvilo oko Zborne crkve Uznesenja Blažene of Pul Vele Crikve Square and a part of Užarska Djevice Marije. Dio preminulih se pokopavao u Street was occupied by the municipal cemetery, crkvama u društvenim i obiteljskim grobnicama, which developed around the collegiate church a dio oko Zborne crkve koji se nazivao grobljem of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. (KOBLER 1996, 279). Prije 1773. g. nije bilo Some of the deceased were interred in churches groblja van gradskih bedema. Dok su se pripad- in communal or family tombs, and some around nici crkvenih redova pokapali unutar svojih cr- the collegiate church, which was referred to as kava, a kanonici unutar Zborne crkve, ostali su the cemetery (KOBLER 1996, 279). Prior to ukapani uz Zbornu crkvu. Izvori navode plaća- 1773 there were no cemeteries outside the city nje određene pristojbine za ukopna mjesta iza ramparts. While members of the religious orders pobočnih oltara. Mjesto na istočnoj strani, iza were interred within their churches, and canons crkve, je bilo rezervirano za siromašne koji nisu within the collegiate church, others were buried mogli platiti ukop. Na Klobučarićevom prikazu alongside it. Sources cite the payment of fees for iz 1579. g. prostor omeđen ogradom sezao je do burial places behind the lateral altars. The east- zvonika crkve te se u to doba nije pokopavalo ern side, behind the church, was reserved for na prostoru sjeverno od crkve i zvonika. Prostor the indigent who could not pay for a burial. In južno od crkve je bio poželjnije mjesto za ukop Klobučarić’s depiction from 1579 the area bor- od sjeverne strane (DEMO 2007, 50). Iz kasni- dered by a fence reached the church belfry and,

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at the time, there were no burials in the area to the north of the church and belfry. The area to the south of the church was a more desirable place for burial than the northern side (DEMO 2007, 50). From later depictions of the city, in the 17th century, one can observe the expansion of the cemetery in that direction, likely brought about by the growing population of Rijeka.

During the archaeological research the area to the south and west of the collegiate church was investigated and 153 grave contexts were discovered (fig. 1). Research has shown the extent of the devastation to the city cemetery caused by municipal works. The southern perimeter of the cemetery, together with the southern wall of the large ossuary, was destroyed by the construction and, later on, repairs of sewage pipes in Užarska Street. The area to the west of the belfry has been systematically devastated by the installa- Slika 1 – pogled na dio istraženog jih prikaza grada, iz 17. st., vidljivo je i širenje tion of telephony and telecommunication cables groblja južno od crkve Uznesenja groblja u tom smjeru, vjerojatno uvjetovano po- in the 1930s, the installation of natural gas pipes Blažene Djevice Marije (foto: J. većanjem broja stanovnika Rijeke. and the construction of a bank building in the Višnjić) 1970s. Figure 1 – View of a section of the Prilikom arheoloških iskopavanja istražen je researched cemetery to the south prostor južno i zapadno od Zborne crkve, a pro- of the church of the Assumption of nađeno je 153 grobne cjeline (sl. 1). Istraživanja the Blessed Virgin Mary (photo: J. The orientation of the graves Višnjić) su pokazala koliko je gradsko groblje uništeno komunalnim radovima. Južni rub groblja, za- Most of the graves were oriented along the west- jedno s južnim zidom velike kosturnice, uništen east axis, with the head facing westwards. This je gradnjom i kasnijim popravcima kanalizacij- orientation of the deceased is related to the belief ske cijevi u Užarskoj ulici. Prostor zapadno od in the second coming of Christ at the end of the zvonika sustavno je uništavan polaganjem tele- world when the bodies of the dead would rise. fonskih i telekomunikacijskih kablova 30-ih go- With their heads to the west the deceased would dina 20. stoljeća, postavljanjem plinske cijevi te be able to see Christ rising in the east. This ritual izgradnjom objekta banke 70-ih godina prošlog was very strictly adhered to in the Medieval pe- stoljeća. riod, up to the 17th century when the ritual was altered and there was no strict requirement that the burial be with the head of the deceased to Orijentacija grobova the west. Most graves at the cemetery in Rijeka follow the orientation of the church, which had Većina grobova bila je orijentirana u smjeru za- a slight deviation from the ideal west-east orien- pad – istok, s glavom položenom na zapad. Ta- tation. A grave’s position was further influenced kva orijentacija pokojnika je povezana s vjerova- by the place of burial. The most desirable place njem u ponovni dolazak Krista na kraju svijeta was near the consecrated altar of the church, fol- kada će tijela umrlih ustati. S glavom na zapadu lowed by the lateral chapels. The loosening of re- pokojnik je bio u mogućnosti vidjeti Krista koji strictions pertaining to the orientation of graves bi se pojavio prvo na istoku. Ovog rituala su se led to the denser distribution of burials along pridržavali vrlo strogo tijekom srednjeg vijeka the walls of the church from the Late Medieval do 17. st. kada je ritual izmijenjen te se nije stro-

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go zahtijevao ukop pokojnika s glavom na zapa- period onwards. Deviations from the standard POTPIS TABLICE du. Većina grobova na riječkom groblju prati ori- orientation appear far less frequently (Table 1). ISPOD ILI IZNAD jentaciju crkve koja ima mali otklon od idealnog Deviations during burial can be explained by smjera zapad – istok. Na položaj groba je dodat- the limitations presented by the architecture of TABLICE ILI PORED no utjecalo i mjesto ukopa. Najpoželjnije mje- the Roman thermal complex and of the early ILI BRIŠEM??? sto je bilo uz posvećeni oltar crkve, za njim su Christian basilica. This is best illustrated by the SAMO PRVE DVIJE slijedile bočne kapelice. Ublažavanje restrikcija examples of graves 22, 32, 40 and 44, which are IMAJU NAZIV oko orijentacije grobova dovelo je često do gu- oriented along the north-south axis. Their exca- šćeg rasporeda ukopa uz zidove crkve od kasnog vation revealed a wall of the thermae, SU 367, srednjeg vijeka na dalje. Otkloni od standardne built along the same axis. Graves found to the orijentacije pojavljuju se u daleko manjem broju north of the belfry (graves 108, 109, 116, 117, (Tablica 1). Otklon prilikom ukopavanja može 118, 126 and 128) are also oriented along the se obrazložiti ograničenjima koja je predstav- north-south axis, which is determined by the Tablica 1. orijenatcija grobova ljala arhitektura antičkog tremalnog kompleksa remains of the former chapel of St Anthony the Table 1. Grave orientation i starokršćanske bazilike. To je najbolje vidljivo Abbot. kod grobova 22, 32, 40 i 44 koji su orijentirani u smjeru sjever – jug. Njihovim odstranjivanjem Table 1. Grave orientation naišlo se na zid termi SJ 367 koji je izgrađen u Slika 8 – primjer grobova oštećenih istom smjeru. Grobovi pronađeni sjeverno od Grave orientation Number Percentage sukcesivnim ukopavanjem zvonika (grobovi 108, 109, 116, 117, 118, 126 i izgradnjom komunalne West - East 136 88,89 % infrastrukture (foto: A. Janeš) i 128) su također orijenitirani u smjeru sjever – East - West 7 4,58 % jug što je uvjetovano ostacima nekadašnje kapele Figure 8 – An example of graves North - South 6 3,92 % damaged by successive interments sv. Antuna Opata. and the construction of municipal South - North 4 2,61 % infrastructure (photo: A. Janeš) Tablica 1. orijenatcija grobova

Orijentacija groba Broj Postotak Zapad - istok 136 88,89 % Istok - Zapad 7 4,58 % Sjever - Jug 6 3,92 % Jug - Sjever 4 2,61 %

Očuvanost grobova Većina je grobova, iako nađena in situ, bila dra- stično oštećena, što komunalnim intervencija- ma, što kasnijim ukopavanjima. Grobovi 2 i 3 oštećeni su prilikom gradnje zgrade jugoistočno od Zborne crkve (Užarska ulica, k.br.2). Prili- kom toga grob 2 je u potpunosti poremećen te su kosti tog pokojnika nađene rastresene na bolje očuvanom kosturu iz groba 3. Prilikom postav- ljanja cijevi u jugoistočnom dijelu groblja u nizu su oštećeni grobovi 51, 53, 54, 55 i 89 (sl. 8). Niz grobova pred ulazom u crkvu također je oštećen, čak i uništen gradnjom kanalizacijske cijevi (sl. 4). Karakterističan primjer oštećenja grobova

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Slika 9 – prilikom pokopavanja The state of preservation of the graves grob 142 uništio grob 143 (foto: A. Janeš) Most of the graves, although found in situ, were Figure 9 – Destruction of grave drastically damaged, both by municipal works 143 during interment in grave 142 and by subsequent burials. Graves 2 and 3 were (photo: A. Janeš) damaged during the construction of a building to the southeast of the collegiate church (No. 2 Užarska Street). Grave 2 was thoroughly disturbed at the time, and the bones of the deceased were found scattered on the better preserved skeleton in grave 3. During the installation of pipes in the southeastern section of the cemetery the line of graves 51, 53, 54, 55 and 89 (fig. 8) were damaged. A row of graves in front of the entrance to the church was also damaged, even destroyed by construction work for the installation of sewage conduits (fig. 4). A characteristic example of the devastation of graves during successive burials was registered at grave 143, the right side of which was destroyed during the interment of the deceased in grave 142 (fig. 9). A great number of damaged graves were discovered in the cemetery—the result of the prolonged use of this restricted space as a place of burial. We know from sources that the area Slika 3 – grob 88, očuvan u cijelosti, 16./17. st. (foto: A. Janeš) adjacent to the collegiate church was the only municipal cemetery and that the interment of Figure 3 – Grave 88, preserved in its entirety, 16th/17th century (photo: the majority of the city’s population was done in A. Janeš) this limited space (KOBLER 1996, 279). Another cause of the damage to graves by new burials lies in the poor marking of older graves. The majority of Medieval graves were marked by wooden crosses that were not replaced upon their decay. In the Late Medieval period cemeteries were often used as open public spaces on which to stage fairs, games and other social events. That this was the case is evident from the provisions of church councils from the 14th and 15th centuries that forbade these activities in cemeteries (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 91). Cemeteries lost this role during the Enlight- enment with the introduction of standards of hygiene. The installation of permanent markers on graves became common in the 18th century, the forerunners of present day gravestones (PODPEČAN 2006, 20, 22). Possibly indicative of the presence of these grave markers at the cemetery in Rijeka is the undisturbed succession

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prilikom sukcesivnog ukopavanja je zabilježen kod groba 143 čiju je desnu stranu uništio ukop pokojnika u grob 142 (sl. 9). Na području groblja se naišlo na velik broj oštećenih grobova što predstavlja rezultat dugotrajnog korištenja ovog skučenog prostora kao mjesta ukopa. Iz izvora se zna da je prostor uz Zbornu crkvu bio jedino gradsko groblje te se na tom malom prostoru vršio ukop većine gradske populacije (KOBLER 1996, 279).

Uzrok oštećenja grobova novim ukopima leži i u slaboj označenosti starijih grobova. Većina srednjovjekovnih grobova bila je označena drvenim križevima, a nakon njihovog propadanja nisu nadomještani novima. Groblja su u kasnom srednjem vijeku bila često korištena kao otvoreni javni prostor na kojem su se odvijali sajmovi, igre i drugi društveni događaji. Da su se takve stvari događale pokazuju nam i odredbe crkvenih koncila iz 14. i 15. stoljeća koje su zabra- njivale takve aktivnosti na prostorima groblja (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 91). Takvu ulogu je groblje izgubilo tek u doba prosvjetitljestva uvođenjem higijenskih normi. U 18. stoljeću se of burials at graves 78 and 88 and at 150 and Slika 4 – grob 103, sredina 18. st., 149. Graves 78 and 150 were dug on graves 88 djelomično uništen izgradnjom uvriježilo postavljanje trajnijih oznaka na grobo- gradskih komunalnih instalacija vima, preteče današnjih nadgrobnih spomenika (fig. 3) and 149 without damaging them. krajem 19. i početkom 20. st. (foto: (PODPEČAN 2006, 20, 22). Na postojanje A. kakvih nadgrobnih oznaka na riječkom groblju Figure 4 – Grave 103, mid 18th mogli bi ukazivati neporemećeni sukcesivni Method of burial century, partially destroyed by the ukopi grobova 78 i 88 te 150 i 149. Grobovi 78 construction of municipal utility Most of the deceased were interred in simple installations in the late 19th and i 150 su ukopani na grobove 88 (sl. 3) i 149 bez earthen graves (fig. 4). The contours of the graves early 20th century (photo: A. Janeš) da su ih oštetili. themselves could not be discerned, having been destroyed by the constant use of the burial space. For interment in simple grave pits the bodies of Način ukopavanja the deceased were wrapped in fabric. At the ex- Većina pokojnika ukopavana je u jednostavne ample of grave 32 we see that the deceased were zemljane rake (sl. 4). Obrise ukopa samih gro- sometimes interred in small grave pits. For this bova bilo je nemoguće uočiti pošto su uništeni burial the head of the deceased woman was tilt- stalnom uporabom prostora za ukope. Prilikom ed forward such that the chin is in contact with ukopavanja u jednostavne rake tijelo pokojnika the chest and the shoulders are raised. Smaller bilo je umotano u tkaninu. Na primjeru groba grave pits were the result of the dense arrange- 32 vidi se da su pokojnici ponekad bili ukapani u ment of older graves. dimenzijama manje rake. Pri ovom ukopu glava Some of the deceased were interred in wooden pokojnice je pomaknuta naprijed tako da bra- coffins. Iron nails were found alongside skeletal dom dodiruje prsni koš, a ramena su podignuta. remains in seventeen cases. This is certainly not Manje rake su bile uvjetovane gustim raspore- the final number of coffin burials given the large dom starijih grobova. number of iron nails found in the grave layer

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that very likely are from decayed coffins. The remains of the wooden planks of coffins were found in the fills of graves 137 and 144.

Walled graves are built from the late 15th century and were used for the burial of several deceased persons. There are two structures in the area of the collegiate church that we can charac- terise as walled graves: graves 6 (fig. 10) and 93. Grave 6 is constructed of undressed stone, with the inside face of the wall smoothed with plaster (fig. 11). The building method is related to grave 5 (ossuary) to the northern side. Two skeletal remains were found in the grave in situ, skeletons SU 357 and SU 496. The remainder of the tomb was filled with the bones disturbed by the inter- Slika 10 - Ukop SJ 357 u grobu 6, ment of these two. In the case of skeleton SU 357 15./16. st. (foto: A. Janeš) the bones of the previous burial were arranged Figure 10 – Burial SU 357 in grave along the walls of the tomb, for the most part at 6, 15th/16th century (photo: A. the feet and head. There are four consoles on the Janeš) inside of the tomb that held in place the stone Neki pokojnici su bili ukapani u drvenim ljeso- lid removed during the burial of the deceased to vima. U 17 slučajeva uz kosture su pronađeni že- whom bones SU 357 belonged. Identically built ljezni čavli. Ovo sigurno nije konačan broj uko- walled graves were recently discovered in Zadar pa u ljesovima pošto je u sloju groblja pronađen at St Dominic’s church (JURIĆ 2008, 414). velik broj željeznih čavala koji vrlo vjerojatno Coins issued for Salzburg Archbishop Johann II potječu iz raspalih ljesova. U zapunama grobova von Reisberg from the first half of the 15th cen- 137 i 144 nađeni su ostaci drvenih dasaka lijesa. tury were discovered in the structure of the wall of grave 6. The coins found their way into the Od kraja 15. st. počinju se graditi zidane grob- grave during its construction in the mid or sec- nice u koje je ukopavano nekoliko pokojnika. ond half of the 15th century. Grave 6 is aligned Na prostoru groblja uz Zbornu crkvu dvije with the altar of the Heart of Jesus inside the col- strukture možemo okarakterizirati kao zida- legiate church. On that section of the wall, on ne grobnice: grobove 6 (sl. 10) i 93. Grob 6 je the outside face, G. Kobler mentions a chapel grobnica napravljena od nepravilnog kamenja, dedicated to St Bernardine (SUŠANJ 2002, a s unutarnje strane površina zidova je zaglađe- 11). It is first mentioned in 1534 with a note na žbukom (sl. 11). Načinom zidanja vezana je that it was the site of the Nikolić family tomb s grobom 5 (kosturnicom) na sjevernoj strani. (KOBLER 1996, 258). Given that grave 6 is the U samoj grobnici pronađena su dva kostura in only family tomb to the south of the church we situ, kosturi SJ 357 i SJ 496. Ostatak grobnice je are left with the conclusion that this is in fact bio zapunjen kostima poremećenih ukopom ova the tomb of the Rijeka family. The chapel of St dva. Kod kostura SJ 357 kosti prijašnjih ukopa Bernardine was demolished in 1802 and the al- su bile složene uz zidove grobnice, većinom uz tar transferred to the nearby church of the Holy noge i glavu. S unutarnje strane grobnice nalaze Spirit (Svetog Duha) (KOBLER 1996, 258). se četiri konzole koje su držale kameni poklopac koji je uklonjen prilikom ukopa pokojnika ko- One skeletal remain, SU 801, was found in situ jem pripadaju kosti SJ 357. Identično izgrađene in grave 93 (fig. 15) along with which, in the fill zidane grobnice nedavno su otkrivene u Zadru of the grave, we also found the bones of the de- kod crkve sv. Dominika (JURIĆ 2008, 414). ceased previously interred moved to the north

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side of the tomb. This tomb is shallower than grave 6 as it lies on the mosaic in the southern nave of the early Christian basilica. In its construction the builders of the tomb used the south wall of the basilica as the south wall of the tomb. A coin issued for Venetian Doge Antonio Priuli in the first half of the 17th century was found in the grave fill.

The construction of family walled tombs is confirmed at two cemeteries in Dalmatia; Galovac – Crkvina and Sveti Juraj at Putalj. Family tombs at Crkvina are approximately dated, as is the entire necropolis, from the 9th to 16th century (BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 132), while at Putalj they appear in the later overall horizon of the Late Slika 11 – pogled na očišćenu Medieval period (BURIĆ 2001, 214). zidanu grobnicu (grob 6) obitelji Nikolić (foto: M. Zaccaria) In the case of grave 37 the space between the Figure 11 – View of the cleaned southern wall of the ossuary (grave 36) (SU walled tomb (grave 6) of the Nikolić 350) and the two walls of the Roman thermae family (photo: M. Zacircaria) U zidnoj strukutri groba 6 pronađen je novac (SU 318 and SU 319A) were used. The space salzburškog nadbiskupa Johanna II Reisberga iz was not used as a classic tomb but rather as a prve polovice 15. st. Novac je završio u grobnici bordered area where interment was conducted prilikom njene gradnje sredinom ili u drugoj po- without any particular order, as indicated by the lovici 15. st. Grob 6 se nalazi u ravnini s oltarom poorly preserved and intermingled skeletons. Srca Isusova koji se nalazi unutar Zborne crkve. A row of six walled ossuaries was built along Na tom dijelu zida, s vanjske strane, G.Kobler the southern wall of the collegiate church. The spominje kapelicu sv. Bernardina (SUŠANJ growing population and the high rate of mortal- 2002, 11). Prvi se put spominje godine 1534. s napomenom kako se tu nalazi grobnica obitelji Nikolić (KOBLER 1996, 258). S obzirom da je Slika 15 – konstrukcija groba 93 dograđena na južni zid grob 6 jedina obiteljka grobnica južno od crkve starokršćanske bazilike, dno nameće nam se zaključak da se radi o grobnici te grobnice činio antički mozaik (foto: riječke obitelji. Kapela sv. Bernardina srušena je I. Pleština) 1802. g., a oltar je preseljen u obližnju crkvu sv. Figure 15 – The structure of grave Duha (KOBLER 1996, 258). 93 built onto the southern side of the early Christian basilica: a U grobu 93 (sl. 15) pronađen je jedan kostur Roman mosaic forms the base of the in grave (photo: I. Pleština) situ, SJ 801, dok su uz njega u zapuni groba na- đene kosti prethodno ukopanih pokojnika koje su bile pomaknute na sjevernu stranu grobnice. Ova grobnica je plića od groba 6 pošto je nale- gla na mozaik u južnom brodu starokršćanske bazilike. Graditelji su prilikom gradnje grobnice iskoristili južni zid bazilike za južni zid same grobnice. U zapuni groba nađen je novac mle- tačkog dužda Antonija Priulija iz prve polovice 17. st.

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ity near the end of the Medieval period became a problem for cramped municipal cemeteries across Europe. The renewed excavation of the cemetery area emerged as a solution, with the extracted bones deposited in purpose-built ossuaries (lat. carnarium, ossuarium). Late Medie- val customs allowed for the transfer and deposit of the remains of the deceased in these ossuaries, on the condition that they were located on consecrated land (DEMO 2007, 35). These ossuaries were most often constructed along the southern walls of churches (PODPEČAN 2006, 26). Five ossuaries (graves 5, 21 (fig. 12), 36, 83 and 87) were built of undressed stone and bound with mortar. All are of rectangular form. The easternmost ossuary (grave 71) is, unlike the others, built of brick (fig. 13). During the Slika 12 – konstrukcija kosturnice Gradnja obiteljskih zidanih grobnica potvrđena construction the builders had to remove parts (groba 21), vidljivi ostaci antičke je na dva dalmatinska groblja, Crkvina – Galo- of the walls of the Roman thermae. The fills of arhitekture oštećeni gradnjom ove vac i sv. Juraj na Putalju. Obiteljske grobnice na the ossuaries included a large number of dislo- kosturnice (foto: A. Janeš) Crkvini su okvirno datirane, kao i cijela nekro- cated bones. Grave 71 is different in this respect. Figure 12 – The structure of an pola, od 9. do 16. st. (BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 132), Found in its fill, along with bones, were well pre- ossuary (grave 21): visible remains served human skulls (fig. 14). In graves 5, 21 and of Roman architecture damaged dok se na Putalju pojavljuju u mlađem ukopnom during the construction of this horizontu kasnog srednjeg vijeka (BURIĆ 71 we found consoles for lids on their southern ossuary (photo: A. Janeš) 2001, 214). walls. To the north side we can only presume their existence as that side of the ossuary was U slučaju groba 37 za ukopavanje je iskorišten destroyed when the foundations of the church prostor između južnog zida kosturnice (grob were secured. Walled tombs without lids were 36) (SJ 350) i dvaju zidova antičkih termi (SJ also found at the cemetery of St George’s (Sveti 318 i SJ 319A). Prostor nije korišten kao kla- Juraj) church at Radun near Kaštel Stari, dated sična grobnica već kao omeđeno mjesto gdje se by finds of Venetian coinage to the 17th century ukopavalo bez nekog reda na što ukazuju slabo (OREB 1983, 200). The specimens at Rijeka are očuvani i ispremješani kosturi. certainly older: a 14th century Denar issued by Slavonian Ban Stjepan IV Babonić was found in Uz južni zid Zborne crkve u nizu je sagrađeno grave 36, while in grave 5 we found a coin issued šest zidanih kosturnica. Rast stanovništva i vi- by Emperor Ferdinand II from the 16th to 17th soka smrtnost krajem srednjeg vijeka postale su century. Based on the numismatic finds we can problem za skučena gradska groblja diljem Eu- date the construction of the ossuary to the 15th rope. Kao rješenje se nametnulo novo prekopa- century, and they were likely used on several oc- vanje prostora groblja, a izvađene kosti su pohra- casions up to the 17th century. njivane u za tu namjenu izgrađene kosturnice ili osuarije (lat. carnarium, ossuarium). Kasnosred- The remains of a large ossuary were discovered njovjekovni običaj je dopuštao da se posmrtni on the southern perimeter of the cemetery in ostaci prenesu i pohrane u takve kosturnice, uz the interior of which the remains of about seven uvjet da su se nalazile na posvećenom zemljištu hundred deceased persons were found (fig. 16). (DEMO 2007, 35). Takve kosturnice su najče- Its southern wall was abutted to the cemetery šće građene uz južni dio crkve (PODPEČAN enclosure wall, but this section was destroyed 2006, 26). Pet kosturnica (grob 5, 21 (sl. 12), during the installation of canalisation conduits. 36, 83 i 87) izgrađeno je od kamena lomljenca The 1766 plans of engineer Penk confirm this

48 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

i povezano žbukom. Sve su pravokutnog oblika. Najistočnija kosturnica (grob 71) je napravljena, za razliku od ostalih, od opeka (sl. 13). Prilikom gradnje graditelji su morali djelomično odstra- niti dijelove zidova antičkih termi. U zapunama kosturnica nađene su velike količine dislociranih kosti. Grob 71 se i u tome razlikuje. U zapuni su, uz kosti, nađene dobro očuvane ljudske lubanje (sl. 14). U grobovima 5, 21 i 71 su nađene konzole za poklopce na njihovim južnim zidovima. Na sjevernoj strani ih možemo samo pretpostaviti pošto je ta strana kosturnica uništena prilikom učvršćivanja temelja crkve. Zidane grobnice bez poklopaca nađene su i na groblju kod hypothesis. This ossuary was built at some point Slika 13 – kosturnica (grob 71) crkve sv. Jurja od Raduna kod Kaštel-Starog, a in the second third of the 18th century. We can izgrađena od cigli, pogled na južnu datirane su nalazima mletačkog novca u 17. st. see that it existed in 1766, and the remains of stranu (foto: A. Janeš) (OREB 1983, 200). Riječki primjerci su sigur- tombstones from 1667 and 1694 were found in- Figure 13 – An ossuary (grave 71) side it, along with 17th century Venetian coins, constructed of brick: view of the no stariji: u grobu 36 nađen je denar slavonskog south side (photo: A. Janeš) bana Stjepana IV Babonića iz 14. st., dok je u which allows us to approximate the time of the grobu 5 pronađen novac cara Ferdinanda II iz construction of this ossuary. A new, larger, os- 16./17. st. Po numizmatičkim nalazima gradnju suary was built because of the cramped condi- kosturnica možemo smjestiti u 15. st., a korište- tions in the cemetery and the small capacity of ne su vrlo vjerojatno u više navrata do u 17. st. the older ossuaries along the southern wall of the collegiate church. It was dug into the ground, Na južnom rubu groblja otkriveni su ostaci velike which largely destroyed Roman thermae wall kosturnice u čijoj su unutrašnjosti nađeni ostaci SU 318. Walls SU 272 and SU 313 were raised približno 700 pokojnika (sl. 16). Svojim južnim above the excavated pit. Wall SU 272 abuts with zidom bila je prislonjena uz ogradu groblja, ali je wall SU 260 to its eastern side. The large ossuary taj dio uništen polaganjem kanalizacijske cijevi. was annexed to older structure 1 that stood to its Plan inžinjera Penka iz 1766. g. potvrđuje ovu eastern side. The walls of the ossuary were built pretpostavku. Ova kosturnica je sagrađena neg- of stone and partially of brick and were not well dje u drugoj trećini 18. st. Vidimo da je postojala founded. The poor foundations of this structure 1766. g., a u njenoj unutrašnjosti su nađeni osta- are justified by its role as an ossuary, rather than ci nadgrobnih ploča iz 1667. i 1694. g. te mletač- a residential or commercial structure. Slika 14 – nalazi ljudskih lubanja u ki novci 17. st., što nam omogućuje pobliže vre- kosturnici g71 (foto: A. Janeš) menski odrediti gradnju kosturnice. Nova, veća The oldest interments of the 13th and 15th cen- Figure 14 – Finds of human skulls kosturnica je izgrađena zbog skučenosti prostora tury were registered in the area to the south of in an ossuary (grave 71) (photo: A. groblja, ali i malih kapaciteta starijih kosturnica the church in the area of and around the former Janeš) uz južni zid Zborne crkve. Ukopana je u tlo čime je dobrim dijelom uništen zid antičkih termi SJ 318. Nad iskopanom rupom su podignuti zidovi SJ 272 i SJ 313. Zid SJ 272 je prislonjen na zid SJ 260 sa svoje istočne strane. Velika kosturnica je dograđena na stariji objekt 1 koji je stajao s njene istočne strane. Zidovi kosturnice su građeni od kamena i djelomično opeke te loše temeljeni. Slabo temeljenje objekta je opravdano njenom ulogom kosturnice, a ne kakvog stambenog ili radnog objekta.

49 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

frigidarium. The depth of the pools protected them from subsequent burials. In the 15th century the density of internments saw a row of six ossuaries built alongside the church where bones were deposited, with burials continued in the same space. Although preserved burials older than the 17th century were not found to the west of the church, finds of coins from the 13th to 16th century1 indicate the use of this area for interments prior to the 17th century. We can account for the absence of older graves in this area by the small depth of burials as a result of the mosaic flooring of the early Christian basilica (fig. 5). It is very likely that the older graves were Slika 16 – ostaci pokojnika u velikoj Najstariji ukopi 13. do 15 st. zabilježeni su na destroyed—the bones transferred to the nearby kosturnici (foto: A. Janeš) prostoru južno od crkve na prostoru i oko neka- ossuary—and were replaced by 17th century in- Figure 16 – The remains of the dašnjeg frigidarija. Dubina bazena ih je sačuvala terments. As a result of the ever increasing den- deceased in the large ossuary od kasnijih ukopa. U 15. st. zbog zgusnutosti sity of burials a large ossuary was constructed in (photo: A. Janeš) ukopa gradi se niz od šest kosturnice uz crkvu the 18th century along the southern perimeter gdje su položene kosti, a na istom prostoru se na- of the cemetery, but by the end of the first quar- stavilo s ukopavanjima. Iako nisu nađeni očuvani ter of the 18th century the cemetery has expand- ukopi zapadno od crkve stariji od 17. stoljeća, na- ed to the north of the belfry where burials were lazi novca od 13. do 16. st.1 ukazuju na korištenje performed up to 1773. ovog prostora za ukope i prije 17. stoljeća. Ne- dostatak starijih grobova u ovom dijelu možemo objasniti malom dubinom ukopa uvjetovanom The positions of skeletons in the graves mozaičkim podovima starokršćanske bazilike (sl. 5). Vrlo je vjerojatno da su stariji grobovi uni- The deceased were laid in graves on their backs šteni te kosti preseljene u obližnje kosturnice, a with extended legs. The arm positions are di- nadomjestili su ih ukopi od 17. st. Zbog sve veće verse, and in a little under half of the graves gustoće ukopa početkom 18. st. gradi se velika could not be determined. kosturnica uz južni rub groblja, ali se već krajem Arms extended alongside the body of the de- prve četvrtine 18. st. groblje širi sjeverno od zvo- ceased are chronologically the oldest arm posi- nika gdje se ukopavalo do 1773. g. tion also appearing at other Medieval cemeteries. At many Croatian cemeteries this position is characteristic of early Croatian burials from Položaj kostura u grobovima the 9th to 11th century period. D. Jelovina con- Pokojnici su polagani u grobove na leđa s ispru- siders this arm position to be a ritual derived ženim nogama. Položaj ruku je raznolik, a u malo from the pre-Christian period that was contin- manje od polovice grobova on se nije niti mogao ued following Christianisation (BOŽEK 1995, odrediti. 59). During the High Medieval period this arm position was still in use as is evident at the cem- Ruke ispružene uz tijelo pokojnika kronološki etery at Putalj (BURIĆ 2001, 205). Most of the je najstariji položaj ruku koji se pojavljuje i na deceased of the deepest burial horizon at Opa-

1 Točniji podaci o numizmatičkim nalazima s ovog 1 See more precise data on the numismatic finds from lokaliteta u poglavlju L. Bekića this site in the chapter by L. Bekić.

50 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

drugim srednjovjekovnim grobljima. U velikom tovina, dated to the early 14th century, had their broju hrvatskih grobalja taj položaj je karakteri- arms laid alongside the body (DEMO 2007, 37). stika starohrvatskih ukopa iz razdoblja od 9. do At the majority of the graves of the Romanesque 11. st. Za ovaj položaj ruku D. Jelovina je drži phase of the church of St Bartholomew (Sveti kako se radi o ritualu iz predkršćanskog doba Jernej) in Šentjernej the arms are also placed koji se nastavio nakon kristijanizacije (BOŽEK alongside the body (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 1995, 59). U razvijenom srednjem vijeku ovaj 56). This arm position can be associated to the položaj ruku je i dalje korišten kao što je vidlji- wrapping of the deceased in fabric as it would be vo na putaljskom groblju (BURIĆ 2001, 205). more difficult to wrap the deceased if the arms Većina pokojnika najdubljeg horizonta ukopa- were bent (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 92). vanja, koji je datiran u početak 14. st., na Opa- tovini je imalo ruke položene uz tijelo (DEMO K. Predovnik interprets the shifting of the arm 2007, 37). Kod većine grobova iz romaničke position towards the upper areas of the body faze crkve sv. Jerneja u Šentjerneju ruke su ta- (pelvis, abdomen and chest) as the ritual of pray- kođer polagane uz tijelo (PREDOVNIK et al. ing (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 92). The arms of 2008, 56). Ovakav položaj ruku može se pove- the deceased were placed in the prayer position zati s umatanjem pokojnika u tkaninu jer bi ju so that their body might be at peace and pray teže umotali oko pokojnika sa savijenim rukama awaiting reunion with the soul. This arm posi- (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 92). tion appears in the High Medieval period and became popular in the Late Medieval period. Pomicanje položaja ruku prema gornjim dijelo- That this is a later form of burial is evident from vima tijela (zdijelica, trbuh i prsa) K. Predovnik the fact that this arm position is entirely absent tumači kao ritual molitve (PREDOVNIK et al. in early Croatian cemeteries, while we do find it 2008, 92). Pokojniku su ruke stavljane u položaj at cemeteries with longer burial periods in Dal- Slika 5 – grob 108, 18. st., položen molitve da i njegovo tijelo miruje i moli čekajući matia: Galovac-Crkvina, Begovača, Sveti Spas at na antički mozaik, u narteksu ponovno sjedinjenje s dušom. Ovakav položaj Vrh Rika and Sveti Juraj at Putalj (BELOŠEVIĆ starokršćanske bazilike (foto: A. ruku pojavljuje se u razvijenom srednjem vije- 1993, JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, Janeš) ku te prelazi u modu tijekom kasnog srednjeg JAKŠIĆ 1996, BURIĆ 2001). Examples from Figure 5 – Grave 108, 18th century, vijeka. Da se radi o mlađem obliku ukopavanja Opatovina in Zagreb from the mid 14th to 16th placed over Roman mosaic, in pokazuje podatak da je taj položaj ruku u pot- century (DEMO 2007, 37), from the cemetery the narthex of the early Christian basilica (photo: A. Janeš) punosti izostao sa starohrvatskih groblja dok ga at Maljkovo from the 12th to 15th century nalazimo na grobljima dužeg trajanja ukopava- (JELOVINA 1960, 258), at the church of Sveti nja u Dalmaciji: Galovac – Crkvini, Begovača, Jernej in Šentjernej in the Gothic and baroque sv. Spas na Vrh Rici, sv. Juraj kod Putalja (BE- phase (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 56) and at the LOŠEVIĆ 1993, JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ cemetery of Holy Spirit Hospital in Konstanz 1981, JAKŠIĆ 1996, BURIĆ 2001). Primjeri iz from the early 13th to early 19th century (BER- Opatovine u Zagrebu, od sredine 14. do 16. st. SZIN 1999, 133-134) indicate that this burial (DEMO 2007, 37), iz groblja kod Maljkova, od ritual was widespread across all of Europe from 12. do 15. st. (JELOVINA 1960, 258), u crkvi the Late Medieval period onwards. A given arm sv. Jerneja u Šentjerneju, gotička i barokna faza position indicates a given practice in the prepa- (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 56) te iz groblja ration of the body for burial, but individual špitala sv. Duha u Konstanzi, od početka 13. variations cannot, for the moment, be more pre- do početka 19. st. (BERSZIN 1999, 133-134) cisely temporally determined nor more precisely pokazuju da je takav ritus ukopa bio raširen po interpreted. cijeloj Europi od kasnog srednjeg vijeka dalje. Određeni položaj ruku pokazuje na određenu praksu kod pripreme tijela za ukop, ali pojedine varijante za sada nije moguće točnije vremenski opredijeliti niti točnije interpretirati.

51 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tablica 2. položaj ruku pokojnika Položaj ruku Broj Postotak Arm position Number Percentage na trbuhu obje 25 16,34 % On the Table 2. The positions of Both 25 16.34 % the arms of the deceased desna 9 5,88 % abdomen lijeva 8 5,22 % Right 9 5.88 % Left 8 5.22 % ukupno 42 27,45 % na zdjelici obje 3 1,96 % Total 42 27.45 % desna 4 2,61 % On the pelvis Both 3 1.96 % lijeva 5 3,27 % Right 4 2.61 % Left 5 3.27 % ukupno 12 7,84 % na prsima obje 2 1,31 % Total 12 7.84 % desna 2 1,31 % On the chest Both 2 1.31 % lijeva 5 3,27 % Right 2 1.31 % Left 5 3.27 % ukupno 9 5,88 % uz tijelo obje 4 2,61 % Total 9 5.88 % Alongside the desna 2 1,31 % Both 4 2.61 % body ukupno 6 3,92 % Right 2 1.31 % D na trbuhu, Kombinacija 6 3,92 % L na zdjelici Total 6 3.92 % D na prsima, R on the 3 1,96 % abdomen, L na trbuhu Combinations 6 3.92 % L on the D na trbuhu, 2 1,31 % pelvis L na prsima R on the D uz tijelo, L chest, L 1 0,65 % 3 1.96 % na trbuhu on the D uz tijelo, L abdomen 1 0,65 % na zdjelici R on the D na zdjelici, abdomen, 1 0,65 % 2 1.31 % L na nozi L on the neodredivo 70 45,75 % chest R alongside the body, 1 0.65 % L on the abdomen R alongside the body, 1 0.65 % L on the pelvis R on the pelvis, L on 1 0.65 % the leg Undetermined 70 45.75 %

52 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

NABOŽNI PREDMETI DEVOTIONAL OBJECTS

Medaljice Devotional medals Zavjetne medaljice na licu ili naličju imaju pri- Votive medals bear the image of a saint, Jesus kaze nekoga sveca, Isusa Krista ili Majke Božje, Christ or the Mother of God, the crucifix or a odnosno raspela ili neke crkve. Nazivaju se još i church on the obverse or reverse. They are also religiozne, vjerničke, svetačke, prošteničke ili na- referred to as religious, worshipper’s, saint’s, božne medaljice. U većini slučajeva u dokumen- pilgrimage or devotional medals. In most cases taciji arheoloških istraživanja one prolaze neza- they are unnoticed or unpublished in documen- pažene ili neobjavljene, unatoč tomu što mogu tation from archaeological research, in spite of biti izvanredno važne zbog svoga kulturno-po- potentially being exceptionally important in vijesnog ili dokumentacijskog značaja, kako za terms of their cultural, historical and documen- neki kraj, tako i za kulturnu povijest u cjelini. tary significance, both for a given region and for Medaljice kao spomen hodočašća nalazimo po cultural history as a whole. We find devotional čitavoj Europi. Rijetko se nalaze u zbirkama obi- medals as mementos of a pilgrimage across all of telji čiji je predak donio sebi ili ukućanima taj Europe. We rarely find them in the collections spomen i sredstvo zaštite – najčešće ih nalazimo of families whose predecessor brought this me- u grobovima jer su vlasnici medaljica s njima bi- mento and safeguard for themselves or the mem- vali i sahranjeni (DOBRINIĆ 2001, 224). bers of their household—they are most often found in graves as these devotional medals were Medaljica je nabožan predmet, obično ovalno- interred along with their owners (DOBRINIĆ ga oblika, s naglašenim simboličnim značenjem 2001, 224). koji neki vjernici nose ili čuvaju kao oblik osobi- te pobožnosti. Hodočasnici u sveta mjesta prvi Devotional medals are devotional objects, usual- su počeli nabavljati spomen-predmete kojima ly of oval form, with an emphasised symbolic sig- su kasnije mogli dokazati svoju nazočnost na nificance, worn by worshippers on their person posjećenim mjestima, osobito na grobovima i or kept as a form of particular piety. Pilgrims to crkvama mučenika i ostalih svetaca, u prvome holy places first began procuring memorial ob- redu Majke Božje. Medaljice s izrazitom religi- jects with which they might later prove that they oznom namjenom počele su se širiti tijekom 15. had visited these sites, in particular to the graves stoljeća. U povodu održavanja jubilejskih svetih and churches of martyrs and other saints, above godina u Rimu su se počele kovati komemora- all the Mother of God. Medals of particularly tivne medalje, pa je tako poznato da je 1475. religious purpose began to spread in the 15th godine u optjecaju bila posebna medalja koja je century. The minting of commemorative med- hodočasnika podsjećala na taj događaj2. Te su se als began in Rome for the celebrations of jubilee medalje obično blagoslivljale i uskoro su postale holy years, and it is known that a special medal povezane s posebnim oprostima. Iz toga se obi- was in circulation in 1475 as a memento for pil- čaja kod katolika razvio običaj nošenja prigod- grims to the event2. These medals were custom- nih medaljica s likom svetaca, najčešće Majke arily consecrated and were soon associated with Božje. Uskoro se kod nekih bratovština počeo ši- special absolutions. It was from this practice that riti običaj zamjenjivanja škapulara3 prikladnijom the custom of wearing commemorative medals with the images of saints, usually the Mother of God, developed among Catholics. The custom

2 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10111b.htm 3 Škapular je u srednjemu vijeku bio poseban dio kratke gornje odjeće, bez rukava, otvoren s obje strane, koji je osim ramena pokrivao sprijeda 2 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10111b.htm

53 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

medaljicom koja se lakše mogla objesiti o vrat ili of replacing the scapular3 with a more suitable čuvati na drugome mjestu. devotional medal that could with greater ease be worn around the neck or kept in some other Religijske medaljice kakve poznajemo danas place soon spread among confraternities. javljaju se u 16. stoljeću, kada se javlja i običaj posvećivanja i blagoslivljanja medalja. Taj se obi- Religious medals as we know them today čaj pripisuje papi Piju V. Od početnih prikaza emerged in the 16th century concurrent with Majke Božje ili Isusa Krista broj tema i prikaza the emergence of the custom of consecrating brzo je rastao pa postaju učestali prikazi iz Kri- and blessing devotional medals. This practice stova života, prikazi raznih svetaca, itd. Treba has been attributed to Pope Pius V. From the biti oprezan i ne zamijeniti katoličke medaljice initial depictions of the Mother of God and s magijskim zaštitama i amuletima. Medaljica je Jesus Christ the number of themes and depic- simbol koji podsjeća vjernika na njegovu vjeru i tions quickly grew and depictions of the life of obveze. Takav podsjetnik približava ga Bogu ili Christ and of various saints and the like become Kristu kroz posrednika prikazanoga na medalji- more frequent. One ought to be cautious and ci. Vjernik ne očekuje pomoć od medaljice, već not confuse Catholic devotional medals with od Boga kojemu je posvećena. magic protections and amulets. The devotional medal is a symbol that reminds the worshipper Kod opisa medaljica nailazimo na određene po- of his or her faith and obligations. This reminder teškoće jer nazivlje nije ujednačeno. Problem je i brings him or her closer to God or Christ by way u (ne)razlikovanju termina „medalja“, „medalji- of the intermediary depicted on the devotional ca“ i „medaljon“ koje razni autori upotrebljavaju medal. The worshipper does not expect aid from bez potrebne distinkcije. Medalje i medaljoni the medal, but from the God to which it is dedi- obično su veći, izrađeni od plemenitih metala za cated. posebne prilike i ne nose se oko vrata. When describing devotional medals we face cer- Kod opisa medaljica prvenstveno je važno odre- tain difficulties brought on by the lack of uni- diti koja je strana lice, a koja naličje. Kada je na formity in the terminology. Another problem jednoj strani prikazan svetac, a na drugoj crkva stems from the (lack of ) differentiation between ili kakav simbol, onda je lice uvijek ona strana the terms “medal” (medalja), “[devotional] gdje je prikazan svetac. Marija se uvijek, zbog svoje uloge u kršćanskome svijetu, prikazuje na licu, osim kada se na medaljici nalaze Isus i Ma- rija – tada je na licu Isus. Kada je riječ o redov- 3 In the Medieval period the scapular was a separate ničkim medaljicama, lice se također razvrstava part of short upper garments, without sleeves and open on both sides, that covered the shoulders and, to the front, the chest, and, to the back, the back right down to the kidneys. For protection against inclement weather a hood could be incorporated. It prsa, a straga leđa sve do bubrega. Radi zaštite od got the name scapular from the Latin term for the nevremena znali su mu dodati i kapuljaču. Ime shoulder scapulae, as it was worn over the shoulder. škapular dobio je od latinskoga naziva za ramena The scapular is, in fact, the upper garment section scapulae, jer se nosio preko ramena. Škapular je, worn by many monastic orders: Benedictines, zapravo, komad gornje odjeće što je nose mnogi Cistercians, the Premonstratensians and Carmelites. redovnici: benediktinci, cisterciti, premonstratenzi, The symbolic scapular, consisting of small pieces of karmelićani. Simbolički škapular, koji se sastoji canvas, was first worn later by lay people as a sign od komadića platna, počeli su kasnije nositi i of participation in the privileges and entitlements svjetovnjaci kao znak sudjelovanja u povlasticama i of individual monastic orders. The best known of zaslugama pojedinih redova. Najpoznatiji je od tih these is the Carmel scapular worn by Carmelites as škapulara karmelski koji nose kao zalog posebne a pledge of the special protection of the Mother of zaštite Majke Božje u prvome redu karmelićani God, and by many other worshippers around the i karmelićanke, a onda i mnogi vjernici u svijetu world who thus become participants in the spiritual koji na taj način postaju dionicima duhovnih wealth of the Carmelite order. http://www.katolici. dobara karmelskoga reda. http://www.katolici.org/ org/katekizam.php?action=c_vidi&id=12706 katekizam.php?action=c_vidi&id=12706

54 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

prema hijerarhiji, odnosno ugledu i poštovanju medal” (medaljica) and “medallion” (medaljon) u određenome redu (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK used by various authors without the necessary 2007a, 49). Tako je Franjo Asiški uvijek na prvo- distinction. Medals and medallions are usually me mjestu kod franjevaca, a njega po rangu slije- larger, fabricated of precious metals for special di Antun Padovanski. Kod isusovaca je Ignacije occasions and are not worn around the neck. Lojola uvijek ispred drugih, njega slijedi Franjo Ksaverski, pa Alojzije Gonzaga itd. Sv. Dominik In describing devotional medals it is above all prvi je kod dominikanaca. Ponekad se dogodi da important to determine which side is the ob- se na medaljici nalaze dva sveca za koje ne može- verse, and which the reverse. When a saint is demo pouzdano odrediti koji bi bio „glavni“. Tada picted on one side, and a church or other symbol je obično na licu onaj koji je popularniji u našim on the other, then the obverse is always the side krajevima ili ima barem kakav oltar u crkvi ili on which the saint is depicted. Mary is always, kraju njezina nalaza. because of her role in the Christian world, depicted on the obverse, with the exception being Svetačke medaljice izrađuju se kovanjem, lijeva- when both Jesus and Mary are depicted on the njem, mogu biti emajlirane ili gravirane, u sku- devotional medal—then the obverse contains pljoj ili jeftinijoj izvedbi, nose se oko vrata i oba- the image of Jesus. When the devotional med- vezni su dio krunice (MIRNIK 1996, 361-381). als are those of the monastic orders, the obverse Medaljice se izrađuju od zlata i srebra za bogati- is also classified based on hierarchy, i.e. the emi- je, a običan siromašan puk kupuje skromne, sit- nence and reverence within a given monastic ne, mjedene, kositrene ili željezne medaljice koje order (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 49). Thus nisu zato manje čašćene (MIRNIK 1992, 501). Francis of Assisi always has precedence among Franciscans, followed in rank by Anthony of Lijevane medaljice rade se tako da se izradi po- Padua. Among the Jesuits Ignatius Loyola always zitiv u vosku, drvu ili kamenu, zatim se pozitiv has precedence, followed by Francis Xavier, then utisne u glineni kalup, spoje se dvije polovice Aloysius Gonzaga and so forth. St Dominic has kalupa te se u njih potom ulijeva tekući metal. precedence among the Dominicans. It does hap- Konture se potom cizeliraju. Tim je načinom pen at times that a devotional medal bears the moguće izraditi tek manji broj medaljica, ali se images of two saints for who we cannot say with otvara velika mogućnost kombinacija lica i na- certainty which is the “principal.” In these cases ličja. Takve su medaljice teže i čvršće. the obverse is customarily the side depicting the Kod kovanja je najprije potrebno izraditi negativ saint with greater popularity in our lands or that, u željeznim pečatima, što je svakako zahtjevnije at least, has an altar dedicated to their person in nego izrada pozitiva u vosku za lijevanje. Tako a church or the region in which it is found. se kovanje isplati samo kod izrade velikoga broja Saint’s medals are fabricated by minting and medaljica, a njegova je prednost što ne zahtijeva casting, they may be enamelled or engraved, of kasniju dodatnu obradu. Od antike postoji komore costly or inexpensive fabrication—they vanje čekićem, ali taj način izrade nije prikladan are worn around the neck and are an essential za veće primjerke kao ni za medaljice bogatoga part of a rosary (MIRNIK 1996, 361-381). De- reljefa. Od 16. stoljeća u Francuskoj se koristi votional medals are fabricated of gold and silver tzv. „Balancier“, sprava za kovanje (sl. 17), a slič- for the wealthy, while common indigent people ne sprave koriste se i u Nürnbergu, Kremnitzu, purchased modest, small, brass, tin or iron devo- Salzburgu i Beču od samoga početka 18. stoljeća tional medals that are not, as a result, less hon- (FASSBINDER 2003, 31). oured (MIRNIK 1992, 501).

Medaljice se izrađuju i kovanjem na valjku (takve Cast devotional medals are fabricated by the su medaljice lagano svinute), što ih datira najra- creation of a positive in wax, wood or stone, nije na kraj 17. stoljeća. Poznata je takva kovnica whereupon a clay mould is pressed into the u Salzburgu iz kasnoga 17. stoljeća. Okvirno se

55 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Slika 17 - Balancier, sprava positive image. The two halves of a mould are za kovanje iz 16. stoljeća then joined and molten metal is poured into it. (FASSBINDER 2003,31) The contours are then enchased. This method Figure 17 – A 16th century provides for the fabrication of a very limited Balancier minting machine (FASSBINDER 2003.31) number of devotional medals, but it does create significant possibilities to combine obverse and reverse sides. These devotional medals are both heavier and firmer.

When minting, a negative must first be fabricated as an iron stamp, which is certainly more demanding that the fabrication of a positive image in wax for casting. Thus minting is feasible only for the production of a large number of devotional medals, while its advantage is in that it does not require subsequent further processing. Hammer minting has existed since the classical antiquity, but this method is not suitable for large specimens nor for devotional medals with lavish relief. The Balancier minting machine was in use in France from the 16th century (fig. 17), with similar devices in use in Nurnberg, Krem- nitz, Salzburg and Vienna from the dawn of the 18th century (FASSBINDER 2003, 31).

Devotional medals are also fabricated by roller minting (these devotional medals being slightly drži da je dominantan način izrade do 17. stolje- curved), which dates them to at the earliest the ća lijevanje, a od 17. stoljeća kovanje. end of the 17th century. We know of one such Od 16. i 17. stoljeća za najznačajnija prošteništa mint in Salzburg from the late 17th century. The u Europi kuju se u rimskoj kovnici kvalitetnije tentative opinion is that the dominant method medaljice, što se vidi iz natpisa ROMA u odsječ- of fabrication up to the 17th century was cast- ku na prednjoj strani, u sredini dolje. Iz 17. i 18. ing, with minting coming to the fore from the stoljeća poznati su nam neki članovi medaljerske 17th century onwards. obitelji Hamerani koja je kovala rimske meda- Quality devotional medals are struck at mints ljice: Alberto, Giovanni, Ermenegildo, Ottone, in Rome from the 16th and 17th centuries for Gioacchino ml. Sa sigurnošću se može tvrditi da the major pilgrimage destinations in Europe, su neki kalupi bili u upotrebi kroz mnoga deset- evident from the inscription ROMA in the ex- ljeća (MIRNIK 1992, 501). ergue on the obverse, below the centre. From Osim rimske kovnice, Přibil razlikuje i češku i the 17th and 18th centuries we know of some njemačku kovnicu. Medaljice rađene u Češkoj members of the medallist family of Hamerani obilježava dubok reljef i vlastita umjetnička in- who minted devotional medals in Rome: Alber- terpretacija svetačkih likova, za razliku od nje- to, Giovanni, Ermenegildo, Ottone and Gioac- mačkih, koje su često kovane na tankome bron- chino the younger. It can be said with certainty čanom limu s obje strane ili pak spojene iz dvaju that some moulds were in use over many decades brončanih limova metalnim okovom. Obilježje (MIRNIK 1992, 501). su njemačkih majstora i medaljice neobičnih Besides the mints in Rome, Přibil differentiates oblika, primjerice srcolike te medaljice od sta- between the Czech and German mints. Devo-

56 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

kla, emajla i sl. Oba graverska pravca izvorište tional medals fabricated in Bohemia are charac- imaju u rimskome. U Češkoj su mnoge medalji- terised by a deep relief and the personal interpre- ce rađene prema predlošku salzburških majsto- tation of the images of saints, unlike those from ra Petera i Paula Seela. Karakterističan je za te Germany, often struck on both sides in thin medaljice bogati floralni ukras na rubnoj traci i bronze sheet or as two sheets of bronze joined plitka graverska tehnika slična crtanju. Naravno, by metal riveting. Also characteristic of the Ger- u hodočasničkim mjestima nalaze se i medaljice man master craftsmen are devotional medals of rimske kovnice, no one su tražene za bogatiji sloj unusual forms—cordiform, for example—and hodočasnika (PŘIBIL 1931, 95). devotional medals of glass, enamel and the like. Both engraving traditions have their source in Može se nagađati o postojanju lokalnih radio- Rome. In Bohemia many devotional medals nica za izradu medaljica, križeva i krunica koje were made after the models of Salzburg master su se radile za potrebe hodočasnika, ali onda ih craftsmen Peter and Paul Seel. Characteristic of treba tražiti u Rijeci ili Mariji Bistrici. these devotional medals are lavish floral decora- Možda je i u Zagrebu postojala radionica za po- tions on the margin band and a shallow engrav- trebe sjeverne Hrvatske, ali o tome za sada nema ing technique similar to drawing. The pilgrim- potvrda. Jer kao što rimska kovnica radi za po- age sites did, of course, also have the devotional trebe cijele Europe, tako je i moguća zagrebačka medals minted in Rome, but these were sought mogla izrađivati medaljice za potrebe sjeverne by the wealthier strata of pilgrims (PŘIBIL Hrvatske. Više podataka moći će se dobiti op- 1931, 95). sežnijim objavljivanjem ovakvoga materijala. One could postulate the existence of local work- U Sloveniji je D. Knez usustavio zbirku Na- shops for the fabrication of devotional medals, rodnoga muzeja Slovenije te zaključio da su crosses and rosaries manufactured for pilgrims, slovenske medaljice kovane najčešće u Njemač- but they ought to be sought for in Rijeka or koj (bavarski Diessen još uvijek čuva predloške Marija Bistrica. za brezjanske medaljice) i u Sloveniji (KNEZ A workshop may have existed in Zagreb cover- 2001, 20). ing northern Croatia, but there is currently no Josip Brunšmid prvi je u Hrvatskoj shvatio važ- confirmation for one. Just as the mint in Rome nost medaljica. Sustavno ih je prikupljao za nu- manufactured for all of Europe, so too is it possi- mizmatičku zbirku Arheološkoga muzeja u Za- ble that a Zagreb workshop could have fabricate grebu. Osim njega valja navesti još Gjuru Cattija, devotional medals for northern Croatia. More Josipa Berbera, Dragutina Mandla i Ivana Mirni- frequent comprehensive publication pertaining ka, kao i brojne numizmatičare koji su do prije to this type of material would certainly provide petnaestak godina nerijetko jedini u Hrvatskoj more data. objavljivali medaljice u stručnim numizmatič- In Slovenia D. Knez has systematised a collec- kim časopisima. tion at the National Museum of Slovenia and U hrvatskoj literaturi nailazimo na nekoliko čla- concluded that Slovenian devotional medals naka koji se bave svetačkim medaljicama: MIR- were most often minted in Germany (there are NIK 1992, 1996; BOŽEK 1997; CETINIĆ still templates for the Brezje devotional medals DOBRINIĆ 1998; DOBRINIĆ 2001, 2008; in Bavaria’s Diessen) and in Slovenia (KNEZ DOBRINIĆ CETINIĆ 2001; KRNJAK 2001, 20). 2004, 2008; BELAJ 2006; AZINOVIĆ BE- Josip Brunšmid was the first in Croatia to grasp BEK 2007, 2009, 2009a, 2010). Strana literatu- the importance of devotional medals. He col- ra već odavno ima usustavljenu takvu građu: lected them systematically for the numismatic collection of the Archaeological Museum in Za- greb. Along with him we should note the work

57 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

FASSBINDER 2003; PEUSS 1982; PŘIBIL of Gjuro Catti, Josip Berber, Dragutin Mandl 1931; KNEZ 2001; GRÜNEWALD 2001. and Ivan Mirnik, and that of many numismatists who, up to some fifteen years ago, were often the Na groblju oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevi- only people to publish data on devotional med- ce Marije ukupno je pronađeno 335 medaljica als in specialised numismatic journals. uglavnom dobro očuvanih i jedan brevar4 u dijelovima. Od toga je samo 45 medaljica i jedan In Croatian literature we find a number of articles brevar5 iz grobova, a ostalo su nalazi u kontekstu treating the subject of saint’s medals by MIRNIK groblja. U kosturnicama su nađene još 24 me- 1992, 1996; BOŽEK 1997; CETINIĆ daljice. Medaljice s istraženoga groblja može- DOBRINIĆ 1998; DOBRINIĆ 2001, 2008; mo podijeliti prema obliku u nekoliko skupina: DOBRINIĆ CETINIĆ 2001; KRNJAK 2004, ovalne (152), osmerokutne (58), okrugle (81), 2008; BELAJ 2006; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK srcolike (sedam), romboidne (tri), vitičaste (dvi- 2007, 2009, 2009a, 2010). In foreign literature je) te ostale koje zbog loše očuvanosti nije bilo this material has long ago been systematised by FASSBINDER 2003; PEUSS 1982; PŘIBIL 1931; KNEZ 2001; GRÜNEWALD 2001.

A total of three hundred thirty-five devotional 4 Brevar (lat. littera brevis – kratko pismo, njem. Breverl) – riječ je o kvadratnoj kutijici od medals were collected at the cemetery around brončanoga lima koja u sebi sadrži razne zazive the church of the Assumption of the Blessed i blagoslove – tekstove iz Biblije i molitvenika Virgin Mary, for the most part well preserved, (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 398). Najčešće su ti 4 predmeti rađeni od kože, metala, drva, kartona ili and one breverl in sections. Of that only for- brokata. Ponekad sadržava i sličice svetaca, najčešće franjevačkoga reda, tekstove egzorcizma i sl. Brevar se nosio na razne načine – u kožnoj ili platnenoj vrećici, nekad ušiven u odjeću ili pak u metalnim kutijicama oko vrata, ruke ili ispod ramena. Brevari su uvijek bili čvrsto zatvoreni i osobi koja 4 Breverl (brevar) (lat. littera brevis – brief letter, ih je nosila nije bio poznat sadržaj unutrašnjosti Germ. Breverl) – this is a small quadrate box of (KIERDORF-TRAUT 1977, 14). Služili su kao bronze plate containing various invocations and amulet protiv raznih opasnosti, za ljubav, protiv blessings—passages from the Bible and prayer nevremena, vještica i demona. Često ih se smatra books (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 398). These nekom vrstom „kućne“ ili „putne“ apoteke, tipične objects are most frequently fabricated of leather, za narodnu medicinu koja rado miješa religioznost, metal, wood, paperboard or brocket. It may travarstvo i magiju (BEITL 1983, 28). Nekada se also contain images of saints, most often of the u brevarima zna naći i osušenih ljekovitih trava, Franciscan order, the texts of exorcisms and the crvenih trakica (u narodnome vjerovanju crvena like. The breverl was worn in various fashions—in boja odvraća vještice i demone), komadića drva a small leather or canvas bag, sometimes sewn into ili poludragoga kamenja (VALENTINITSCH, clothing or in small metal boxes around the neck, SCHWARZKOGLER 1987, 80). Braunneck ih arm or under the shoulder. Breverls were always datira u 30-e godine 18. stoljeća te prema motivima shut firmly and the person carrying it did not now i ukrasima smješta njihovu izradu u određene what it contained (KIERDORF-TRAUT 1977, bavarske franjevačke samostane (BRAUNNECK 14). They served as amulets to ward off various 1979, 300-301). Rasprostranjeni su u južnoj dangers, for love, to protect from inclement Njemačkoj, Austriji i Švicarskoj. weather, and against witches and demons. They 5 Lektorica Ozana Ramljak, prof. sugerirala je are often considered a form of “household” or sufiksalnu tvorbu nove riječi prema latinskome “travel” pharmacy, typical of the folk medicine korijenu (naziv breverl dolazi od lat. naziva za that is wont to mix religion, herbalism and magic kratka pisma – epistula brevis): riječi latinskog (BEITL 1983, 28). Breverls are known to contain korijena imaju prednost pred tuđicama ostalih dried medicinal herbs, red ribbons (the folk belief jezika, na njih se dodaje sufiksi -ir, -er, -ar, pa tako being that the colour red will turn away witches dobivamo tri varijante: brevir – za brevijar se u and demons), bits of wood or semi-precious stones Dalmaciji kaže brevir pa tako nije prikladan naziv, (VALENTINITSCH, SCHWARZKOGLER brever – najviše tuđica tvori se sa sufiksom -er, 1987, 80). Braunneck dates them to the 1730s and, možemo povući analogiju s riječju pleter, te brevar based on the motifs and decorations, attributes – s -ar se obično označavaju muške osobe koje nešto their fabrication to various Bavarian Franciscan rade, ali i tuđice. Brevar je najbolja varijanta jer se monasteries (BRAUNNECK 1979, 300-301). po svojoj tvorbi i obliku nalazi u krugu srodnih They are widespread in southern Germany, Austria riječi kao škapular i relikvijar. and Switzerland.

58 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

moguće razvrstati (32). Neke od medaljica se- ty-five devotional medals and one breverl5 are kundarno su bušene, što sugerira dugu uporabu, from graves, while others were found in the ali i lošu kvalitetu izrade. Njih 116 načinjeno je context of the cemetery. A further twenty-four od brončanoga lima, a 215 od lijevane bronce. devotional medals were found in the ossuaries. Neke se odlikuju prekrasnim plastičnim visokim We can divide the devotional medals in the re- reljefom, a neke pak minucioznim crtežom i flo- searched cemetery by form into several groups: ralnim ukrasom na brončanome limu. Možemo oval (152), octagonal (58), round (81), cordi- izdvojiti nekoliko tipoloških skupina medaljica. form (seven), rhomboid (three), scrolling (two) Dominiraju, kao što je i očekivano, medaljice s and others that could not be classified because prikazom Marije Loretske (72) i sv. Benedikta of their poor state of preservation (32). Some of (64). Skupinu svetačkih medaljica čini 59 ko- the devotional medals have secondary perfora- mada medaljica iz kojih 16 možemo izdvojiti u tions, which suggest a long period of use, and zasebnu skupinu isusovačkih medaljica. Marija a poor quality of manufacture. One hundred se u raznim kombinacijama javlja na 44 meda- sixteen are fabricated of bronze plate and two ljice te na još 25 kao zaštitnica nekoga hodoča- hundred fifteen of cast bronze, some are charac- sničkog mjesta. Posebnu skupinu od njih čine 34 terised by stunning plastic high relief, others by trsatske i riječke medaljice. Medaljica s prikazom meticulous drawings and floral decorations on Isusa i Marije ima 19, raznih osam, a neprepo- bronze plate. We can identify several typologi- znatljivih deset. cal groups of devotional medals. The dominant group, as expected, are devotional medals with the likeness of Mary of Loreto (72) and St Ben- Sv. Benedikt edict (64). The group of saint’s medals includes fifty-nine devotional medals from which we can Sv. Benedikt omiljen je svetac zaštitnik u 17. single out sixteen into a separate group of Jesuit stoljeću. Naime, Benedikt je, između ostaloga, devotional medals. Mary appears in various zaštitnik od kuge, a ona je kod nas vrlo česta u combinations on forty-four devotional medals to vrijeme. U Europi kuga jenjava u 17. stolje- and on a further twenty-five as a protector of a ću, no u hrvatskim krajevima opasnost i dalje pilgrimage site. A special group includes thirty- prijeti iz Turskoga Carstva, tako da su se lazareti four devotional medals from Trsat and Rijeka. i sanitarni kordon počeli premještati s morske strane k dalmatinskome zaleđu, odnosno, u kontinentalnome dijelu, duž granica Vojne krajine (BUKLIJAŠ 2002, 90-94.) Između ostaloga, 5 Language editor Ozana Ramljak suggested the smatralo se da je kuga neka vrsta kazne za ne- suffixal formation of the new word based on the poslušne vjernike, pa je svetac zaštitnik mogao Latin root (the term breverl comes from the Latin imati utjecaja na Božju pomoć, makar preko me- term for a brief letter—epistula brevis): words with Latin roots have precedence before loan words from daljice. Uz štit sv. Benedikta veže se i Zaharijin other languages, and the suffixes -ir, -er and -ar are zaziv ili blagoslov. Zaharijin blagoslov pripisuje appended to them giving us three variations: brevir se raznim osobama tog imena, a najviše se spo- – in the dialect of the Dalmatia region a breviary (brevijar) is referred to as a “brevir” making this an minje Papa Zaharija (714. – 752.). Dokazano je inappropriate term; brever – the greatest number da se taj natpis počinje javljati na medaljicama of loan words are formed with the –er suffix and sredinom 17. stoljeća. Javlja se najčešće u obliku we can draw an analogy with pleter [plait]; and brevar – the -ar suffix normally denotes a male kartuše, a svako slovo i križ predstavljaju cjelovit person performing a particular activity [like the –er odlomak iz evanđelja ili psalma6. Namijenjen je suffix in English], and loan words.Brevar is the best obrani od kuge. variation as its formation and form place it in the sphere of related words such as scapular (škapular) and reliquary (relikvijar).

6 Zaharijin blagoslov sastoji se od ukupno 72 slova, uz koja dolazi 12 križeva. Broj 72 simbolizira, prema

59 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Medaljice sv. Benedikta najčešće su medaljice There are nineteen devotional medals with the 17. i 18. stoljeća. Dolaze u raznim oblicima i likeness of Jesus and Mary, a further eight of kombinacijama. Sv. Benedikt obično je prika- various types and ten unidentifiable. zan kao bradati stariji muškarac od kraja 16. do druge trećine 18. stoljeća, a u 18. i 19. stoljeću kao mlađi muškarac bez brade (FASSBINDER St Benedict 2003, 231). U narodu je prisutno vjerovanje da osim od kuge štiti i od čaranja, vještica, uroka, St Benedict is the favoured patron saint of the sotone, pomaže u poboljšanju uroda, uzgoju sto- 17th century. Benedict is namely, among other ke i sl. Medaljica s njegovim likom stavljala se i u things, a protector from the plague, which was temelje kuća, zakapala na polja, bila je univerzal- very frequent in our lands at the time. In Eu- na zaštita svega i od svega. Na njemačkome go- rope the plague subsided in the 17th century, vornom području zovu je i Benediktov pfennig but in Croatian lands the threat persists from (BRAUNNECK 1979, 295). the Ottoman Empire, such that the lazarettes and sanitary cordons were shifted from the Dal- S. Fassbinder napravio je tipologiju i klasifikaciju matian seaboard to its hinterland, i.e. the con- medaljica sv. Benedikta za područje jugozapad- tinental area, along the borders of the Military ne Njemačke. Pobrojio je ukupno 21 glavni tip s Frontier (BUKLIJAŠ 2002, 90-94). It was held, po nekoliko podtipova ovisno o načinu na koji je among other things, that the plague was a sort prikazan sv. Benedikt, o prikazu na naličju i sve- of punishment for disobedient Christians, and cu koji se pojavljuje uz sv. Benedikta na medaljici a patron saint might intercede and gain God’s te obliku medaljice (FASSBINDER 2003, 239- succour, by way of the devotional medal. Zach- 243). Riječke medaljice sv. Benedikta većinom ary’s invocation or blessing is associated with se mogu uklopiti u Fassbinderovu tipologiju7. the shield of St Benedict. Zachary’s blessing is Tako Fassbinderov tip 1 predstavlja medaljica s attributed to various persons bearing the name, likom sv. Benedikta na licu i benediktovim šti- most frequently Pope Zachary (714 – 752). It tom8 na naličju. Takve datira u zadnju trećinu has been demonstrated that this inscription first 17. stoljeća do prve polovice 18. stoljeća. U Rije- appears on devotional medals in the mid 17th ci je 39 medaljica podtip 1A (ovalne medaljice), century. It appears most often in the form of a cartouche, and each letter and cross represent an excerpt from the Gospel or psalms6. Its purpose is to offer protection from the plague.

biblijsko-kabalističkom učenju, 72 Božja imena i The St Benedict devotional medal is the most oblika, a broj 12 mogao bi biti broj 12 apostola. +Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS IHS MRA frequent medal of the 17th and 18th century. GM, tri strelice u dnu natpisa simboliziraju tri zavjeta It comes in various forms and combinations. St redovništva – siromaštvo, poslušnost i čistoću. Benedict is usually portrayed as a bearded older 7 Iako se medaljice lako mogu uklopiti u tu podjelu, ipak postoje razlike koje Fassbinder nije evidentirao. man from the late 16th to the second third of Naime, sv. Benedikt ponekad je prikazan sa štapom the 18th century, and in the 18th and 19th cen- s križem u lijevoj, a ponekad u desnoj ruci. Isto tako turies as a younger, beardless man (FASSBIND- postoje razlike i kod prikaza s biskupskim štapom. Također možemo pratiti i razlike u natpisu na pojedinim tipovima. Bezbroj je varijanti i razlika što je i očekivano s obzirom na omiljenost i široku primjenu ovih medaljica. 6 Zachary’s blessing consists of a total of 72 letters 8 Benediktov štit: oko greda križa: C.S.P.B. – accompanied by 12 crosses. The number 72 Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti; u križu, patibulum: symbolises, based on Biblical-Cabbalistic teaching, C.S.S.M.L. – Crux Sacra sit mihi lux; u križu, the 72 names and forms of God, while the number antena: N.D.S.M.D. – Non draco sit mihi dux; 12 could denote the twelve apostles. u traci oko križa, daje oblik štita: I.H.S. – Iesus +Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS IHS MRA hominum salvator; V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. GM, three arrows on the bottom of the inscription – Vade retro satanas nunqam suade mihi vana sunt symbolise the three vows of monastic life—poverty, mala quae libas ipse venena bibas. obedience and purity.

60 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

13 podtip 1Ab (osmerokutne). Osam9 medaljica ER 2003, 231). The folk belief is that, besides pripada podtipu 1B (donja polovica prikaza sv. protecting from the plague, it also protects from Benedikta prekrivena je štitom sa Zaharijinim spells, witches, curses and Satan, and aids in im- blagoslovom), a jedna je medaljica kombina- proving crops, the breeding of cattle and the like. cija podtipa 1A i tipa 2 (takve na naličju imaju Devotional medals with his likeness were placed samo Zaharijin blagoslov). Dvije se medaljice ne in the foundations of houses, buried in fields—it uklapaju u Fassbinderovu tipologiju. Radi se o was a universal protection of everything from jednoj romboidnoj i jednoj vitičastoj medaljici. everything. In German-speaking areas it is re- Romboidne s prikazom sv. Benedikta do sada još ferred to as Benedict’s Pfennig (BRAUNNECK nisu objavljene u dostupnoj literaturi. Vitičaste 1979, 295). Knez datira u 16. i 17. stoljeće (KNEZ 2001, 40-41), a Azinović Bebek u 17. stoljeće (AZI- S. Fassbinder has created a typology and clas- NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 245). sification of St Benedict devotional medals for southwest Germany. He has counted a total of Sve su medaljice osim jedne rađene kovanjem. twenty-one chief types, each with several sub- Neke od njih rađene su u istoj seriji te su gotovo types depending on the way in which St Ben- jednake (T.1.5 i PN 934, zatim PN 615, 628A edict is depicted, on the depiction on the reverse i 628B, 882, dok T.1.11 ima isto naličje kao and the saint that appears along with St Ben- spomenute četiri, zatim PN 759 i 842, a najza- edict on the devotional medal and the form of nimljivija skupina identičnih medaljica kao da the medal (FASSBINDER 2003, 239-243). The je rađena po uzoru na T.1.1310 – T.1.12, PN St Benedict devotional medals in Rijeka large- 841, 662, 921). Sv. Benedikt, štit sv. Benedikta ly correspond with the Fassbinder typology7. i Zaharijin blagoslov javljaju se i kao prikaz na Thus Fassbinder’s type 1 is a devotional medal naličju medaljica s prikazom riječkoga raspela11 i with the image of St Benedict on the obverse Majke Božje Trsatske12 te jednoj medaljici s pri- and Benedict’s shield8 on the reverse. These he kazom sv. Jurja na licu. Knez datira medaljice sv. dates from the last third of the 17th century to Benedikta od 15. do 20. stoljeća bez detaljnije the first half of the 18th century. In Rijeka we podjele (KNEZ 2001, 28). Drugi autori uglav- find thirty-nine devotional medals of the 1A nom se ograničavaju na 17. i 18. stoljeće13. sub-type (oval devotional medals) and thirteen of the 1Ab sub-type (octagonal). Eight9 devo-

7 Although the devotional medals easily correspond with this division, there are, nevertheless, differences that Fassbinder did not record. St Benedict is, namely, sometimes depicted with a staff topped with a cross in the left hand, and sometimes in the right. There are also differences among the depictions with the bishop’s crozier. We can also 9 Od toga su 4 ovalne, a 4 osmerokutne. Fassbinder see differences in the inscriptions on individual ne radi distinkciju prema obliku ovoga podtipa. types. There are countless variations and differences, which is to be expected given the popularity and 10 Medaljica je signirana GM. Radi se o Georgu widespread use of these devotional medals. Messenlechneru, salzburškome kultnom majstoru medaljeru. Isti autor potpisuje još jednu takvu 8 Benedict’s shield: in the angles formed by the medaljicu, ali manju PN 898. http://www. crossbeam: C.S.P.B. – Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti; muenzversand.at/literaturverzeichnis/ in the cross, patibulum: C.S.S.M.L. – Crux Sacra sit mihi lux; in the cross, antenna: N.D.S.M.D. – 11 Samo na jednome primjerku. Non draco sit mihi dux; in the margin band around 12 Radi se od 10 velikih ovalnih medaljica od the cross, giving the form of a shield: I.H.S. – Iesus brončanoga lima i 12 osmerokutnih manjih hominum salvator; V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. medaljica od brončanoga lima s prikazom – Vade retro satanas nunqam suade mihi vana sunt čudotvorne slike Majke Božje Trsatske na licu. mala quae libas ipse venena bibas. 13 Vidi popis literature na kraju poglavlja MEDALJICE. 9 Of this four are oval and four octagonal. Fassbinder

61 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TIP – BENEDIKT BROJ tional medals are of the 1B sub-type (the lower lice/naličje half of the depiction of St Benedict is covered by a shield with Zachary’s blessing), and one de- T.1. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, PN 111, 121A, 139, votional medal is a combination of sub-type 1A 143, 171A, 392, 477, 615, 628A, 628B, 630B, 647, 662, sv. Benedikt / štit sv. and type 2 (these have only Zachary’s blessing 676 (gr 93), 677 (gr 93), 685, 697, 759, 793, 797, 807A, Benedikta – ovalne on the reverse). Two devotional medals do not 841, 842, 882, 897, 898, 912 (gr 141), 921, 936, SJ 846B, SJ 846C, SJ 1002 correspond with the Fassbinder typology. These are one rhomboid and one scrolled devotional sv. Benedikt / štit sv. T.1.3, 6, 7, 8, 9, PN 779, 859, 878, 799, 757, 108, 888A medal. Rhomboid medals with a depiction of St Benedikta – osmerokutne (gr 134), SJ 846A Benedict have not to date been published in the sv. Benedikt / štit sv. available literature. The scrolled form medals are T.1,18 (romboidna), PN 807B (vitičasta) Benedikta – ostale dated by Knez to the 16th and 17th centuries (KNEZ 2001, 40-41), and by Azinović Bebek to sv. Benedikt, Zaharijin zaziv the 17th century (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, u štitu / štit sv. Benedikta – T.1.5, PN 221, 865, 943 (gr 5) osmerokutne 245). All but one of the devotional medals were fabri- sv. Benedikt / Zaharijin zaziv T.1.4 cated by minting. Some were made in the same series and are almost identical (T.1.5 and SF sv. Benedikt, Zaharijin zaziv u štitu / štit sv. Benedikta – T.1.1, 2, PN 910, 958 934, then SF 615, 628A and 628B, 882, while ovalne T.1.11 has the same reverse as the cited four, then SF 759 and 842, and the most interesting group of identical devotional medals appear as if made with T.1.1310 as their model – T.1.12, SF 841, 662, 921). St Benedict, the shield of St Benedict and Zachary’s blessing appear as the depiction on the reverse of a devotional medal with an image of the Rijeka crucifix11 and the TYPE – BENEDICT NUMBER 12 obverse/reverse Mother of God of Trsat and on one medal with the depiction of St George on the obverse. T.1. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, SF 111, 121A, 139, 143, Knez dates the St Benedict devotional medals 171A, 392, 477, 615, 628A, 628B, 630B, 647, 662, 676 St Benedict / shield of St from the 15th to 20th century without a more (gr 93), 677 (gr 93), 685, 697, 759, 793, 797, 807A, 841, Benedict – oval detailed subdivision (KNEZ 2001, 28). Other 842, 882, 897, 898, 912 (gr 141), 921, 936, SU 846B, SU authors for the most part limit their dating to 846C, SU 1002 the 17th to 18th century13. St Benedict / shield of St T.1.3, 6, 7, 8, 9, SF 779, 859, 878, 799, 757, 108, 888A Benedict – octagonal (gr. 134), SU 846A

St Benedict / shield of St T.1.18 (rhomboid), SF 807B (scrolled) does not make a distinction based on the form of Benedict – other this sub-type. St Benedict, Zachary's 10 The devotional medal is signed GM. This is Georg Messenlechner, a legendary master medallist from invocation in the shield T.1.5, SF 221, 865, 943 (gr. 5) Salzburg. The same master signed another similar, / shield of St Benedict – but smaller devotional medal, SF 898. http://www. octagonal muenzversand.at/literaturverzeichnis/ 11 Only on one specimen. St Benedict / Zachary's T.1.4 invocation 12 These are ten large oval devotional medals of bronze plate and twelve octagonal smaller devotional St Benedict, Zachary's medals of bronze plate with a depiction of the miraculous painting of the Mother of God of Trsat invocation in the shield / T.1.1, 2, SF 910, 958 on the obverse. shield of St Benedict – oval 13 See the bibliography.

62 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Sveci Saints Fenomen svetaca nije isključivo vezan samo za The phenomenon of saints is not associated katoličku crkvu. Većina religija i konfesija po- only with the Catholic church. The majority znaje i priznaje određeni oblik ili način štovanja of religions and confessions know and recog- svetih osoba. Pod pojmom sveci obuhvaćene su nise a certain form or method of worshipping sve osobe, osim Marije i Isusa, kojima je iskaziva- holy persons. The term “saints” here includes all no liturgijsko ili religijsko štovanje. Katolička cr- people, with the exception of Mary and Jesus, kva dozvoljava štovanja svetaca sve dok je jasno towards which liturgical or religious worship kako je Bog jedini koji uslišava molitve. Među- is expressed. The Catholic church permits the tim, puk često u svakodnevici zaziva razne svece worship of saints as long as it is clear that God is ne promišljajući o dubljemu značenju svojih po- the only one who answers prayers. People, how- stupaka. Tako je svakome svecu pripisana neka ever, in everyday life often beseech various saints zaštitna uloga. Razlikujemo zaštitnike određe- without considering the deeper significance of nih stanja (zdravlje, bolest, opasnost, nevrijeme, their actions. Thus each saint is attributed a pro- nesreće i sl.) te onih osobnoga ili geografskoga tective role. We differentiate among protectors značenja (redovi, poslovi, gradovi, zemlje, dina- in terms of certain states (health, illness, danger, stije, bratstva i sl.)14. inclement weather, misfortune and so forth) and those of personal or geographic significance Na groblju oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevi- (monastic orders, jobs, cities, countries, dynas- ce Marije pronađeno je 59 medaljica s različitim ties, fraternities and so forth)14. prikazima svetaca. Među njima je najbrojnija skupina od 16 medaljica s prikazima isusovačkih Fifty-nine devotional medals were found around svetaca. Ostale svece koji se pojavljuju možemo the church of the Assumption of the Blessed svrstati u obje glavne skupine svetaca po njiho- Virgin Mary bearing various depictions of voj zaštitnoj funkciji. Imamo svetaca zaštitnika saints. The most numerous group among these određenih stanja (sv. Peregrin – maligne bole- is one of sixteen medals with depictions of Jesuit sti), bratovština (sv. Mihael), redova (sv. Franjo saints. We can classify the other saints that ap- – franjevci, sv. Ramon Peñafort – dominikanci, pear on these medals based on their protective sv. Josip Leonese – kapucini), gradova (sv. Ve- function. We have saints that protect in terms nancije iz Camerina, sv. tri kralja – Köln), itd. of various states (St Peregrine – malignant dis- Često su te medaljice nošene kao uspomena na ease), confraternities (St Michael), monastic hodočašće u mjesto u kojem se određeni svetac orders (St Francis – Franciscans, St Raymond of štovao, ali su nošene i zbog njezine ili njegove Penyafort – Dominicans, St Joseph of Leonesse zaštitne uloge. Najbrojnije su medaljice sv. An- – Capuchins), cities (St Venantius of Camerino, tuna Padovanskog (11), franjevačkoga sveca koji The Three Magi – Cologne) and so forth. These se najčešće prikazuje s djetetom Isusom u jednoj devotional medals were often worn as a memen- ruci i ljiljanom u drugoj. Dolazi u kombina- to of a pilgrimage to a place where a given saint is ciji s raznim svecima: sv. Franjom Asiškim, sv. worshiped, but they were also worn on account Osvaldom15, sv. Mihaelom, sv. Valentinom, sv. of their protective role. The most numerous are Josipom te prikazom sv. Euharistije i raspelom sa devotional medals dedicated to St Anthony of Padua (eleven); a Franciscan saint most often depicted with the infant Jesus in one arm and a

14 Ponekad su razlozi zašto je neki svetac zaštitnik baš nekoga određenog stanja zanimljivi i pomalo čudni – npr. sv. Ivan Krstitelj kojemu je Herod dao odrezati glavu zaštitnik je protiv glavobolje. 14 The reasons why a given saint is protector against a 15 Kombinacija sv. Antun / sv. Osvald pojavljuje se tri particular state are often interesting and somewhat puta (T.9.13, PN 129, 954) i sve tri lijevane su iz strange—for example St John the Baptist, who istoga kalupa. Herod had decapitated, protects against headaches.

63 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

zazivom protiv nevremena. Četiri puta pojavlju- lily in the other. He is also depicted in combina- je se sv. Karlo Boromejski16, (u kombinaciji sa sv. tion with other saints: St Francis of Assisi, St Os- Tomom Akvinskim (2), Franciskom Rimskom i wald15, St Michael, St Valentine, St Joseph and raspelom) te sv. tri kralja17. Po tri puta javljaju se the image of the Holy Eucharist and the crucifix medaljice bratovštine sv. Mihaela, medaljice sv. with an invocation against inclement weather. St Mihaela (uz sv. Jurja, sv. Leonarda i anđela čuva- Carlo Borromeo16 appears four times (in com- ra) te sv. Ivana Nepomuka18 (uz sv. Peregrina, sv. bination with St Thomas Aquinas (twice), St Obitelj i jednu neprepoznatljivu) i anđela čuva- Frances of Rome and the crucifix) and the Three ra (uz sv. Huberta19 dva puta i jednu sv. Feliksa Magi17. There are three each of devotional med- i Adaukta). Dva puta se na licu javljaju sv. Juraj als of the Confraternity of St Michael, medals (uz sv. Martina i križ sv. Benedikta sa Zahariji- of St Michael (with St George, St Leonard and nim zazivom), sv. Ana podučava Mariju (uz sv. a guardian angel) and of St John of Nepomuk18 Franju20 i sv. Judu Kirijaka) te sv. Kajetano (uz (along with St Peregrine, the Holy Family and sv. Irenu i sv. Andriju Avelina). Još se javljaju sv. one unidentifiable) and guardian angels (along Brigita, sv. Venancije iz Camerina, sv. Petar, sv. with St Hubert19 twice and one with Sts Felix Pavao, sv. Barbara, sv. Jeronim i sv. Fidelis21. and Adauctus). St George appears twice on the obverse (along with St Martin and St Benedict’s cross with Zachary’s invocation), as does St Anne instructing the Virgin Mary (along with St Francis20 and St Judas Cyriacus) and St Ca-

16 Za vrijeme pošasti kuge u Milanu u 16. stoljeću zauzimao se za bolesne. http://saints.sqpn.com/ saint-charles-borromeo/ 15 The combination of St Anthony / St Oswald 17 Ove medaljice na licu imaju prikaz poklonstva appears three times (T.9.13, SF 129, 954) and all triju kraljeva, a na naličju tekst na latinskome ili three are cast from the same mould. njemačkome. Vjerojatno su nabavljene za vrijeme 16 He interceded on behalf of the sick when the hodočašća u Köln u kojem se časte sv. tri kralja. Uvijek plague struck Milan in the 16th century. http:// su vodoravno položenoga osmerokutnog oblika. saints.sqpn.com/saint-charles-borromeo/ 18 Sv. Ivana Nepomuka najčešće se prikazuje na naličju 17 These devotional medals have a depiction of the medaljica iz hodočasničkoga mjesta Mariazell. Adoration of the Magi on the obverse and a text 19 Ove medaljice T.7.13 i 14 imaju identičan prikaz in Latin or German on the reverse. They were sv. Huberta na naličju, ali je prikaz anđela čuvara na probably procured during a pilgrimage to Cologne licu različit. Obje medaljice rađene su lijevanjem, where the Three Kings are worshipped. They are međutim, nisu ni istoga oblika ni težine. To da im je always of horizontally placed octagonal form. naličje jednakoga prikaza možemo tumačiti očitim 18 St John of Nepomuk is most often portrayed on postojanjem radionice koja može spajati različite the reverse of devotional medals from the Mariazell kalupe i prikaze. Vjerojatno se radi o samostanu pilgrimage site. Saint Hubert u Ardenima, hodočasničkome mjestu 19 Devotional medals T.7.13 and 14 have an identical čašćenja sv. Huberta. Samostani su prvi veliki depiction of St Hubert on the reverse, but the proizvođači hodočasničkih „suvenira“. depiction of the Guardian Angel on the obverse is 20 Ova je medaljica T.8.10 izuzetno zanimljiva different. Both devotional medals were fabricated zbog tipfelera koji se omakao majstoru. Naime, by casting but are not of the same form or weight. natpis na naličju glasi: S FRANECSCO O P N, a The fact that the obverse bears an identical trebalo bi pisati: S FRANCESCO O P N. Ova je depiction can be attributed to the evident existence medaljica vrlo slična medaljici T.9.1 (sv. Antun / sv. of workshops able to join different moulds and Franjo). Sasvim se lako iščitava isti rad, reljef, slova depictions. This is likely the monastery of Saint – ukratko, radio ih je isti majstor, ali je nažalost Hubert in the Ardennes, a pilgrimage site were St nepotpisan. Ove dvije medaljice najljepši su nalaz Hubert was honoured. Monasteries are the first te im rijetko koja medaljica može konkurirati major producers of pilgrimage “souvenirs.” ljepotom i kvalitetom izrade. 20 Devotional medal T.8.10 is very interesting because 21 Medaljica T.9.6 s prikazom sv. Fidelisa / sv. Josipa od of a typographical error made by the master Leonese vjerojatno je izdana za njihovu kanonizaciju craftsman. The inscription on the reverse, namely, 1746.g. Običaj je da se za kanonizaciju određenoga reads: S FRANECSCO O P N, while it should sveca u optjecaj puštaju medaljice na njihov spomen. read: S FRANCESCO O P N. This devotional Tako je vjerojatno učinio i papa Benedikt XIV. koji je medal is very similar to devotional medal T.9.1 (St kanonizirao tu dvojicu svetaca. Anthony / St Francis). It is quite easy to read the

64 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Te su medaljice uglavnom lijevane (samo je njih jetan (along with St Irene and St Andrew Avel- devet izrađeno od brončanoga lima), vrlo fine lino). St Bridget, St Venantius of Camerino, St izrade, visokoga reljefa. Začuđuje kako samo Peter, St Paul, St Barbara, St Jerome and St Fi- jedna ima natpis ROMA (sv. Mihael / sv. Leo- delis21 also appear. nard, T.8.4), a signirana nije nijedna. These devotional medals are for the most part cast (only nine are fabricated in bronze plate), Isusovci of very fine manufacture and high relief. It is surprising that only one bears the inscription Omiljeni su isusovački sveci na medaljicama sv. ROMA (St Michael / St Leonard, T.8.4) and Franjo Ksaverski, sv. Ignacije Lojola i sv. Aloj- that none are signed. zije Gonzaga, a pojavljuju se još i sv. Stanislav Kostka, sv. Franjo Borgia i sv. Ivan Franjo Regis. Najčešće su u kombinaciji sv. Ignacije Lojola i sv. Jesuits Franjo Ksaverski (šest puta). Sv. Ignacije Lojola dolazi još u kombinaciji s Alojzijem Gonzagom, The most popular Jesuit saints on devotional Franjom Borgiom te sv. Josipom koji nije isuso- medals are St Francis Xavier, St Ignatius of Loy- vački svetac. Također ga nalazimo na medaljica- ola and St Aloysius Gonzaga, while the other ma s prikazom riječkoga raspela (tri puta). Te su saints that appear are St Stanislaus Kostka, St medaljice sve odljev istoga kalupa (T.15.3, PN Francis Borgia and St Jean-François Régis. The 963, 996A). Alojzije Gonzaga pojavljuje se u most frequently appearing in combination are kombinaciji sa sv. Stanislavom Kostkom četiri St Ignatius of Loyola and St Francis Xavier (six puta. Od toga su dvije medaljice (T.10.12 i PN times). St Ignatius of Loyola also appears in com- 173) odljev istoga kalupa od čega je PN 173 bination with St Aloysius Gonzaga, St Francis puno lošiji i lakši. Razlog može biti upotreba Borgia and St Joseph, who is not a Jesuit saint. lošije legure bronce ili to što odljev nije rađen We also find him on devotional medals with a iz originalnoga kalupa već kao otisak medaljice depiction of the Rijeka crucifix (three times). T.10.12. Sv. Ivan Franjo Regis javlja se u kombi- These devotional medals are all cast from the naciji sa sv. Franjom Ksaverskim, ali i uz Mariju same mould (T.15.3, SF 963, 996A). St Aloysius na licu medaljice T.3.5. Uz medaljice sv. Marije Gonzaga appears in combination with St Stani- Loretske javljaju se sv. Franjo Ksaverski i sv. Aloj- slaus Kostka four times. Of that, two devotional zije Gonzaga po jednom. Medaljice s prikazom medals (T.10.12 i SF 173) are cast from the isusovačkih svetaca relativno je jednostavno da- same mould, of which SF 173 is of much poorer tirati. Obično nam je poznata godina njihove quality and lighter. The reason might lie in the kanonizacije22, koja tako postaje terminus post utilisation of a poorer bronze alloy or that the quem. Isusovci se uvijek prikazuju u isusovačkoj cast was not made from the original mould, but odori, često s plaštem i uvijek uz raspelo. Ignacije rather as a print of devotional medal T.10.12. Lojola prikazuje se s knjigom Reda u ruci, a Fra- njo Ksaverski često kao misionar ili hodočasnik, dok je u 18. stoljeću omiljen prikaz umiranja sv. same workmanship, relief, lettering—in short it was Franje. crafted by the same master, but is, unfortunately, not signed. These two devotional medals are the most beautiful of these finds and there are few devotional medals that can compare to them in terms of beauty and quality of fabrication. 21 Devotional medal T.9.6 with a depiction of St Fidelis / St Joseph of Leonesse was likely issued for their canonisation in the year 1746. The custom was that a devotional medal was placed in circulation 22 Franjo Ksaverski 1622., Ignacije Lojola 1622., for the canonisation of a given saint in their Alojzije Gonzaga 1726., Stanislav Kostka 1726., memory. This was likely also done by Pope Benedict Ivan Franjo Regis 1737. XIV, who canonised these two saints.

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TIP – SVECI BROJ St Jean-François Régis appears in combination lice/naličje with St Francis Xavier, and with Mary on the sv. Juraj / sv. Martin T.8.1 obverse of devotional medal T.3.5. On the devotional medals of St Mary of Loreto we find sv. Juraj / štit sv. Benedikta i Zaharijin zaziv PN 771A one appearance each of St Francis Xavier and St sv. Mihael / sv. Juraj T.8.2 Aloysius Gonzaga. Devotional medals depict- sv. Mihael / sv. Leonard T.8.4 ing Jesuit saints are relatively easy to date. We sv. Mihael / Anđeo čuvar PN 187A (gr 38) usually know the date of their canonisation22, Bratovština sv. Mihaela T.8.3, 7, 8 which thus becomes a terminus post quem. Jesu- its are always depicted in Jesuit garb, often with Anđeo čuvar / sv. Feliks i Adaukt PN 261 a mantle and always with the crucifix. St Ignatius Anđeo čuvar / sv. Hubert PN 616, 725 of Loyola is depicted with the Constitutions of Poklonstvo tri kralja / natpis na latinskom T.9.10, PN 247 the Society in hand, and St Francis Xavier fre- Poklonstvo tri kralja / natpis na njemačkom T.9.11, PN 742 (gr 100) quently as a missionary or pilgrim, while in the sv. Ana i mala Marija / sv. Juda Kirijak biskup T.8.5 18th century the favoured image was the death sv. Ana i mala Marija / sv. Franjo u ekstazi T.8.10 of St Francis. sv. Antun / sv. Mihael PN 719 sv. Antun / stigmatizacija sv. Franje T.8.6 sv. Antun / sv. Franjo Asiškiz T.9.1 sv. Antun / sv. Osvald T.9.13, PN 129, 954 sv. Antun / sv. Valentin T.8.9 sv. Antun / sv. Josip T.9.2 sv. Antun / Monstranca T.9.14 sv. Antun / raspelo sa zazivom protiv nevremena T.8.12 sv. Kajetano / sv. Irena T.9.3 sv. Kajetano / sv. Andrija Avelin T.9.4 sv. Karlo Boromjeski / sv. Augustin T.9.18 sv. Karlo Boromjeski / sv. Toma Akvinski T.9.9 sv. Karlo Boromjeski / sv. Franciska Rimska T.10.3 sv. Karlo Boromjeski / raspelo T.9.20 sv. Franjo Saleški / sv. Tomas Villanova T.9.8 sv. Ivan Nepomuk / sv. Peregrin T.8.11 sv. Ivan Nepomuk / sv. Obitelj PN 916 sv. Ivan Nepomuk / nečitljivo T.9.15 sv. Venancije iz Camerina / sv. Brigita T.9.12 stigmatizacija sv. Franje / Navještenje Marijino T.9.7 sv. Petar / sv. Pavao T.9.19 sv. Petar / sv. Ramon Peñafort T.9.17 sv. Jeronim / sv. Barbara T.9.5 sv. Fidelin / sv. Josip Leonese T.9.6

22 St Francis Xavier 1622, St Ignatius of Loyola 1622, St Aloysius Gonzaga 1726, Stanislaus Kostka 1726, Jean-François Régis 1737.

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TYPE – SAINTS NUMBER TIP – ISUSOVCI BROJ obverse/reverse lice/naličje St George / St Martin T.8.1 sv. Ignacije Lojola / T.10.1,8,10,14, St George / shield of St Benedict and Zachary's invocation SF 771A sv. Franjo Ksaverski PN989(gr151) St Michael / St George T.8.2 sv. Ignacije Lojola / umiranje sv. Franje T.10.2 St Michael / St Leonard T.8.4 Ksaverskog St Michael / Guardian angel SF 187A (gr. 38) sv. Ignacije Lojola / T.10.6 Confraternity of St Michael T.8.3, 7, 8 sv. Alojzije Gonzaga Guardian angel / Sts Felix and Adauctus SF 261 sv. Ignacije Lojola / T.10.11 Guardian angel / St Hubert SF 616, 725 sv. Josip Adoration of the Magi / Inscription in Latin T.9.10, SF 247 sv. Ignacije Lojola / T.10.9 T.9.11, SF 742 sv. Franjo Borgia Adoration of the Magi / Inscription in German (gr. 100) sv. Franjo Ksaverski / T.10.4 St Anne and the infant Mary / St Judas Cyriacus the Bishop T.8.5 sv. Ivan Franjo Regis sv. Ivan Franjo Regis / St Anne and the infant Mary / The Ecstasy of St Francis T.8.10 PN 637 scenska slika, nečitljiva St Anthony / St Michael SF 719 sv. Alojzije Gonzaga / St Anthony / The Stigmatization of St Francis T.8.6 T.10.7, 12, 13, PN 173 sv. Stanislav Kostka St Anthony / St Francis Assisi T.9.1 sv. Franjo Ksaverski / T.10.5 St Anthony / St Oswald T.9.13, SF 129, 954 monogram IHS St Anthony / St Valentine T.8.9 St Anthony / St Joseph T.9.2 St Anthony / Monstrance T.9.14 St Anthony / Crucifix with an invocation against inclement weather T.8.12 TYPE – JESUITS NUMBER St Cajetan / St Irene T.9.3 obverse/reverse St Cajetan / St Andrew Avellino T.9.4 St Ignatius of Loyola / St T.10.1.8.10.14, St Carlo Borromeo / St Augustine T.9.18 Francis Xavier SF 989 (gr. 151) St Ignatius of Loyola / the St Carlo Borromeo / St Thomas Aquinas T.9.9 T.10.2 death of St Francis Xavier St Carlo Borromeo / St Frances of Rome T.10.3 St Ignatius of Loyola / St St Carlo Borromeo / Crucifix T.9.20 T.10.6 Aloysius Gonzaga St Francis de Sales / St Thomas of Villanova T.9.8 St Ignatius of Loyola / St T.10.11 St John of Nepomuk / St Peregrine T.8.11 Joseph St John of Nepomuk / the Holy Family SF 916 St Ignatius of Loyola / St T.10.9 St John of Nepomuk / illegible T.9.15 Francis Borgia St Francis Xavier / St St Venantius of Camerino / St Bridget T.9.12 T.10.4 Jean-François Régis The Stigmatization of St Francis / Annunciation to the Blessed T.9.7 St Jean-François Régis / Virgin Mary SF 637 scene, illegible St Peter / St Paul T.9.19 St Aloysius Gonzaga / St St Peter / St Raymond of Penyafort T.9.17 T.10.7, 12, 13, SF 173 Stanislaus Kostka St Jerome / St Barbara T.9.5 St Francis Xavier / IHS T.10.5 St Fidelis / St Joseph of Leonesse T.9.6 monogram

67 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Isus i Marija Jesus and Mary Medaljice s likom Isusa i Marije javljaju se 11 Devotional medals with the depiction of Jesus puta, a one vezane isključivo uz Isusa sedam and Mary appear eleven times, while those re- puta. lated only to Jesus appear seven times.

Svaka od medaljica koja na sebi ima neki od Each of the devotional medals that bears any of simbola vezanih uz Isusa, kao što je ΧΡ, IHS ili the symbols associated with Jesus, such as ΧΡ, raspelo, može biti posvećena Isusu ili biti usko IHS or the crucifix, can be dedicated to Jesus povezana s njim. Međutim, u ovoj se skupini or closely related to him. Included among this nalaze medaljice koje na sebi imaju figuralan group of finds, however, are devotional medals prikaz Krista te ga štuju u Njegovoj muci ili sla- that bear a figural depiction of Christ and wor- vi. Tako se na 5 medaljica javljaju i na licu i na ship him in his passion or glory. Thus on five de- naličju simboli arma Christi. Radi se o oružju i votional medals we find thearma Christi on both oruđu kojim je Krist bio mučen, a predstavljaju the obverse and reverse. These are the weapons elemente prisjećanja na muku. Medaljice s pri- and instruments with which Christ was tortured kazom arma Christi imale su ulogu prisjećanja that represent elements of the remembrance of i ozdravljanja, štitile su od iznenadne smrti i ču- his passion. Devotional medals with a depiction vale kod poroda23. Simboli arma Christi rado su of the arma Christi had the role of reminding se stavljali na krunice, a popularnost im traje sve and healing, protected from sudden death and do Prvoga svjetskog rata kada su ih bavarski voj- safeguarding in childbirth23. Thearma Christi nici nosili uz sebe (FASSBINDER 2003, 272). symbols were frequently placed on the rosary, Prikazi ECCE HOMO (uz sv. Franju) i ECCE and their popularity endured up to World War LIGNUM (uz čudotvornu hostiju) neposredno I when Bavarian soldiers carried them on their su vezani uz Evanđelje i liturgiju. Naime, u Evan- person (FASSBINDER 2003, 272). Depictions đelju po Ivanu (Iv 19, 4-5) 24 Pilat perući sa sebe of ECCE HOMO (along with St Francis) and krivicu izvodi Isusa i govori: Evo čovjeka! Od ECCE LIGNUM (along with the miraculous prijelaza s 15. na 16. stoljeće to postaje omiljena Host) are directly related to the Gospels and the tema u umjetnosti, a u baroku se prikaz ograniča- liturgy. In the Gospel according to John (Iv 19, va na portret. Predstavlja se s trnovom krunom, 4-5)24, namely, Pontius Pilate, washes his hands purpurnim plaštem, žezlom i lancima. Prikaz to absolve himself of guilt, brings forth Jesus ECCE LIGNUM veže se za liturgijsku antifonu and exclaims: Behold the man! At the turn of Velikoga petka. Obred počinje celebrantovim the 15th to 16th century this become a popu- predstavljanjem križa okupljenoj zajednici: „Evo lar topic in art, and during the baroque period drvo Križa, na kom je visio Spas svijeta!“25. Ta the depiction is limited to a portrait. It is rep- je medaljica datirana 1699. godinom na naličju. resented with the crown of thorns, the purple mantle, the sceptre and chains. The depiction of ECCE LIGNUM is associated with the liturgical antiphony of Good Friday. The ritual opens 23 Medaljice s prikazom arma Christi omiljene su i kod protestanata (FASSBINDER 2003, 272). 24 A Pilat ponovno iziđe i reče im: „Evo vam ga izvodim da znate: ne nalazim na njemu nikakve krivice.“ 5 Iziđe tada Isus s trnovim vijencem, 23 Devotional medals depicting the arma Christi are u grimiznom plaštu. A Pilat im kaže: „Evo popular among Protestants (FASSBINDER 2003, čovjeka!“ http://www.hbk.hr/biblija/pregled. 272). php?odabir=Niv 24 Pilate then went out again, and said to them, 25 Ecce lignum crucis in quo salus mundi pependit... “Behold, I am bringing Him out to you, that you Venite adoremus. Evo drvo križa na kojemu je visio may know that I find no fault in Him.” Then Jesus Spas svijeta. Današnji obred Velikoga petka razvio came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the se od onoga koji su već u 4. stoljeću uveli kršćani purple robe. And Pilate said to them, “Behold Jeruzalema nakon što je carica Jelena Križarica 320. the Man!” http://www.hbk.hr/biblija/pregled. pronašla zagubljenu relikviju križa Kristova. Kršćani php?odabir=Niv

68 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Radi se o medaljici kojom se častio spomen na with the celebrant’s presentation of the cross to 500 godina čudotvorne hostije. the gathered community: “Behold the wood of the Cross on which hung the Saviour of the Isus i Marija prikazuju se na medaljicama por- world!”25 This devotional medal is dated on the tretno u profilu četiri puta uz natpis, a sedam reverse in the year 1699. This devotional medal puta bez natpisa. Natpis S A LVA T O R MVNDI was made in honour of 500 years of the miracu- označava Krista kao spasitelja svijeta, a SOLE lous Host. CLARIOR označava ga sjajnijim od sunca. Ma- rija se naziva MATER IESV CHRISTI, Majka Jesus and Mary are depicted on devotional med- Isusa Krista, ili PVLCHRA VT LVNA – lijepa als in portrait form in profile four times with kao Mjesec. Prikazi su vrlo slični. Marija je uvijek an inscription, and seven times without one. s velom i svetokrugom, a Isus s plaštem, sveto- The inscriptionS A LVA T O R MVNDI denotes krugom i ponekad trnovom krunom. Christ and the saviour of the world, while SOLE CLARIOR denotes him as more brilliant than Te su medaljice, sve osim jedne, rađene lijeva- the sun. Mary is referred to as MATER IESV njem u kalupu. Vrlo su kvalitetne izrade. CHRISTI, the mother of Jesus Christ, or as PV- LCHRA VT LVNA, as beautiful as the moon. The depictions are very similar. Mary is always with veil and nimbus, and Jesus with the mantle, nimbus and sometimes the crown of thorns.

These devotional medals, all but one, were fabricated by mould casting. They are of very high quality manufacture.

25 Ecce lignum crucis in quo salus mundi pependit... Venite adoremus (Behold the wood of the Cross on which hung the Saviour of the world… Come let us worship). The present ritual of Good Friday developed from the ritual that had already been introduced in the 4th century by the Christians of Jerusalem after Empress St Helena of Constantinople in 320 found the lost relics of the True Cross. The Christians of Jerusalem Jeruzalema počeli su se od tada skupljati toga began to gather on Golgotha from that time on dana popodne na Golgoti na bogoslužje riječi pri the afternoon of the day to hear the Liturgy of the kojemu se čitala muka Isusova. http://www.vatican. Word at which the Passion of the Christ is read. va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/ april/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030418_via- speeches/2003/april/documents/hf_jp-ii_ crucis_en.html spe_20030418_via-crucis_en.html

69 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TIP – ISUS / MARIJA BROJ TYPE – JESUS / MARY - NUMBER lice/naličje obverse/reverse T.5.8, T.6.7, 8, T.5.8, T.6.7, 8, 10, Isus / Marija – bez natpisa Jesus / Mary – no inscription 10, 11, 13, T.7.1 11, 13, T.7.1 Isus – Salvator Mundi / Marija Jesus – Salvator Mundi / T.6.12 T.6.12 – Pulchra ut Luna Mary – Pulchra ut Luna Isus – Salvator Mundi / Marija T.6.5 Jesus – Salvator Mundi / T.6.5 Mary Isus – Salvator Mundi / Marija T.6.6 – Mater Iesu Christi Jesus – Salvator Mundi / T.6.6 Mary – Mater Iesu Christi Isus – Sole Clarior / Marija – T.7.2 Pulchra ut Luna Jesus – Sole Clarior / Mary – T.7.2 Pulchra ut Luna ECCE HOMO / sv. Franjo T.5.12 ECCE HOMO / St Francis T.5.12 ECCE LIGNUM / Hostia T.5.10 Miraculosa ECCE LIGNUM / Hostia T.5.10 Isus i Marija / raspelo sa Miraculosa T.5.11 zazivom protiv nevremena Jesus and Mary / crucifix T.5.3, T.6.1, 2, with invocation against T.5.11 arma Christi 3, 4 inclement weather arma Christi T.5.3, T.6.1, 2, 3, 4

Razno Various U ovu je skupinu ubrojeno osam medaljica koje This group includes eight devotional medals su vrlo vjerojatno proizvod rimske kovnice te su that are very likely the product of the mint in izdane za neki događaj. Tako su tri medaljice iz- Rome and were issued to mark an event. Three dane za kanonizaciju 1622. godine (T.6.9, T.7.9 devotional medals were issued for the canonisa- i 10 – sve s natpisom ROMA), a njih pet za ju- tion in 1622 (T.6.9, T.7.9 and 10 – all with the bilej. Papa Grgur XV. kanonizirao je 22. ožujka inscription ROMA), and five for the jubilee. On 1622. godine pet svetaca. Radi se o sv. Ignaciju 22 March 1622 Pope Gregory XV canonised Lojoli, sv. Franji Ksaverskome, sv. Tereziji Avil- five saints. These were St Ignatius of Loyola, St skoj, sv. Izidoru Madridskome i sv. Filipu Neriju. Francis Xavier, St Teresa of Avila, St Isidore of Obično su prikazana dva na licu, tri na naličju, Madrid and St Philip Neri. Usually two are de- a ponekad svih pet na naličju. Od 1450. godi- picted on the obverse and three on the reverse, ne jubilej se prati kovanjem medalja i medaljica. and sometimes all five on the reverse. From the Dvije medaljice imaju upisanu godinu 1600. year 1450 on, the jubilee is accompanied by the (T.7. 4 i 5)26, a jedna 1700. godinu (T.7.6)27. Još minting of medals and devotional medals. Two dvije medaljice (T7.3 i 8)28 pripadaju toj skupi- devotional medals are inscribed with the year ni po prikazima, međutim nemaju godinu pa ne 1600 (T.7. 4 and 5)26, and one with the year možemo biti sigurni o kojemu se jubileju radi. 1700 (T.7.6)27. Another two devotional medals (T7.3 and 8)28 are of this group based on the

26 T.7.5 Svete stube / sv. Petar i sv. Pavao, T.7.4 Svete stube / sv. Petar i sv. Pavao 26 T.7.5 The Holy Stairs / St Peter and St Paul, T.7.4 27 T.7.6 Sveta stube / sv. Petar The Holy Staircase / St Peter and St Paul 28 T.7.8 Sveta vrata / raspelo sa zazivom protiv 27 T.7.6 The Holy Stairs / St Peter nevremena, T.7.3 sv. Petar i sv. Pavo pokraj Svetih 28 T.7.8 The Holy Door / crucifix with invocation stuba / raspelo sa zazivom protiv nevremena against inclement weather, T.7.3 St Peter and St

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Najčešći su prikaz na takvim medaljicama Sveta depictions, but lack the year and we cannot be vrata29 u kombinaciji sa sv. Petrom i/ili Pavlom certain of which jubilee they mark. The most ili Svete stube30. Sve su lijevane i vrlo fine izrade. frequent depiction on these devotional medals is the Holy Door29 in combination with St Peter and/or St Paul or the Holy Stairs30. All are cast and of very fine manufacture.

TIP – RAZNO BROJ TYPE – VARIOUS NUMBER lice/naličje obverse/reverse T.6.9, The canonisation of 1622 T.6.9, T.7.9, 10 kanonizacija 1622. god. T.7.9, 10 The jubilee of 1600 – the Holy T.7.4, 5 jubilej 1600. – Svete stube T.7.4, 5 Stairs sv. Petar i sv. Pavao – Svete stube / T.7.3 St Peter and St Paul – the Holy raspelo sa zazivom protiv nevremena Stairs / crucifix with invocation T.7.3 Jubilej 1700. – Svete stube / sv. Petar T.7.6 against inclement weather Sveta vrata / raspelo sa zazivom protiv T.7.8 The jubilee of 1700 – the Holy nevremena T.7.6 Stairs / St Peter The Holy Door / crucifix with invocation against inclement T.7.8 weather

Paul by the Holy Stairs / crucifix with invocation against inclement weather 29 The Holy Door is to the right side of the antechamber to St Peter’s basilica, and is opened only on jubilee years. They were first opened in 1423, but at that time it was the door of the basilica of St John Lateran that was opened. From 1500 to 29 Sveta vrata nalaze se s desne strane predvorja bazilike 1975 the door (in St Peter’s basilica) is walled up— sv. Petra, a otvaraju se samo u jubilejskim godinama. at the start of a jubilee year the Pope usually gives Prvi su put otvorena 1423. god., ali tada su otvarana the sign with a golden hammer to bring this wall vrata bazilike sv. Ivana Lateranskoga. Od 1500. do down, and at the end of the year gives a sign with a 1975. vrata se (u bazilici sv. Petra) zazidavaju – Papa mason’s trowel that the wall is to be erected again. obično početkom jubilejske godine daje zlatnim The last such ritual was performed in the year 2000 čekićem znak za rušenje toga zida, a na završetku (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a.51). godine zidarskom žlicom daje znak za ponovno 30 The Holy Stairs lead to theSancta Sanctorum podizanje zida. Zadnji put obred se vršio 2000. chapel (where the rarest relics of the Christian godine (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a,51). world are kept), the old papal chapel dedicated 30 Svete stube vode prema kapeli Sancta Sanctorum to St Lawrence and are part of the old Lateran (čuva najrjeđe relikvije kršćanskoga svijeta), staroj complex. They consist of twenty-eight marble steps papinskoj kapeli posvećenoj sv. Lovri i dio su staroga which are alleged to have been transported from lateranskog kompleksa. Sastoje se od 28 mramornih Jerusalem to Rome in the 4th century by St Helena stuba za koje kažu da ih je sv. Jelena Križarica u 4. of Constantinople. These were the steps Jesus stoljeću prenijela iz Jeruzalema u Rim. Po njima je walked on from the praetorium to Pilate. During do pretorija k Pilatu kročio Isus. U srednjemu vijeku the Medieval period they were known as the Scala znana su kao Scala Pilati (Pilatove stube). U novije Pilati (Pilate’s stairs). They have recently been vrijeme prekrivena su drvenim stepenicama jer se po encased in wood steps as they can only be ascended njima može isključivo klečeći do vrha. http://www. in kneeling position. http://www.newadvent.org/ newadvent.org/cathen/13505a.htm cathen/13505a.htm

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Marijanske medaljice Marian devotional medals Marija se na medaljicama pojavljuje najčešće. U The image of Mary is the one that appears most Rijeci je od 335 medaljica čak 186 puta prisut- often on devotional medals. In Rijeka Mary ap- na Marija, a od toga je na 175 Marija nositeljica pears on as many as one hundred eighty-six of pobožnosti. Razloge takvoj omiljenosti Marije a total of three hundred thirty-five devotional među pukom ne treba preduboko tražiti. Vrije- medals, of which on one hundred seventy-five me o kojemu govorimo svoje utočište i nade po- Mary is the object of piety. We do not need to laže u Roditeljicu Krista31. Časti je revnim mo- delve too deep to find the reasons for the pop- ljenjem krunice na koju rado vješa baš medaljice ularity of Mary among the common people. s njezinim likom. Obilazi hodočasnička mjesta The people of the time in question found their u nadi za okajanjem i iskupljenjem grijeha. Ma- sanctuary and hope in the Mother of Christ31. rija je na takvome putu zagovornica, pomoćnica The common people honour her with fervent i čuvarica. U pučkoj pobožnosti Marija ni danas prayer of the rosary to which they frequently af- nije izgubila svoje središnje mjesto. Dovoljno se fix devotional medals bearing her likeness. They sjetiti u kolikome broju puk posjećuje Mariju Tr- visit pilgrimage sites in the hope of repentance satsku, Mariju Bistricu ili Međugorje. and atonement for their sins. On these journeys Mary is their advocate, helper and protector. In Medaljice s prikazom Marije na licu podijeljene popular devotion Mary has to this day retained su u više skupina. Jednu čine hodočasničke me- her central role. It suffices to recall the great daljice, posebnu skupinu čine trsatske i riječke numbers in which the common people visit medaljice te medaljice s prikazom Marije ne Mary of Trsat, Marija Bistrica or Međugorje. nužno vezane uz neko hodočasničko mjesto. Devotional medals with depictions of Mary on the obverse are divided into several groups. One Marija consists of pilgrimage devotional medals, another group covers Trsat and Rijeka devotional Marija kao Kraljica sv. krunice javlja se na 11 medaljica. Prikazuje se obično kao kraljica na tronu ili oblaku, u plaštu s velom, pruža krunicu jednom rukom, a u drugoj drži dijete Isusa koji 31 After the Battle of Lepanto the Dominican’s također pruža krunicu. Najčešće su takve meda- dedicated increasing effort to spreading the ljice dio krunice. Na naličju je pet puta prikazan devotion of Our Lady’s Rosary as a means of salvation and Christian perseverance in the face of the dangers of Protestantism and Islam. They founded confraternities of the Holy Rosary, erected churches and raised altars in honour of the 31 Nakon bitke kod Lepanta dominikanci se sve više Queen of the Rosary and wrote works about the posvećuju širenju Gospine krunice kao spasonosnome rosary. The first such confraternity was founded sredstvu kršćanske ustrajnosti pred opasnosti on 8 September 1475 at the Dominican church protestantizma i islamizma. Osnivaju bratovštine sv. in Cologne by James Sprenger. The Dominicans krunice, grade crkve i podižu oltare na čast Gospi od had previously also founded confraternities or Ružarija, pišu djela o krunici. Prvu bratovštinu 8. rujna societies at monasteries dedicated to spreading the 1475. u dominikanskoj crkvi u Kölnu osniva Jakov worship of the Mother of God, and associations of Sprenger. I prije su pri samostanima dominikanci this type exist in Croatia in Zadar and Dubrovnik. osnivali bratstva ili društva za širenje štovanja Majke The worship of the Queen of the Rosary is among Božje, a takve udruge postoje i u nas, u Zadru i the most widespread cults in the Dalmatia region. Dubrovniku. Štovanje Gospe od Ružarija svrstava The devotion of the Queen of the Rosary saw a se u najraširenije kultove u Dalmaciji. Pobožnost robust renewal after the war for Cyprus and the Gospe od Ružarija doživljava snažnu obnovu nakon Battle of Lepanto in 1571 when a Holy League ciparskoga rata i bitke kod Lepanta 1571. god. gdje armada defeated the Turkish fleet, which marked je saveznička armada pobijedila tursku flotu, što je the decline in Turkish power in occupied Europe označilo opadanje turske moći u okupiranoj Europi i and the rise of the Catholic church. Since then uspon Katoličke crkve. Od tada se 7. listopada slavi kao October 7th has been celebrated as the feast day of blagdan Bl. Djevice Marije od Krunice (PRIJATELJ the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Rosary (PRIJATELJ PAVIČIĆ 1998, 49). PAVIČIĆ 1998, 49).

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sv. Dominik32, tri puta sv. Antun te po jednom medals and another devotional medals with a sv. Osvald, sv. Pio V.33 i križ bratovštine Sirolo. likeness of Mary not necessarily associated with Medaljice s prikazom sv. Antuna i Kraljice sv. a given pilgrimage site. krunice PN 105A i T.4.6 rađene su iz istoga kalupa. Medaljica T.4.2 ima natpis ROMA, a T.4.14 potpisana je RA. Marija od sedam ža- Mary losti nađena je na osam medaljica. Prikazana je obično u sjedećemu položaju s rukama prekriže- Mary appears as the Queen of the Rosary on nima na prsima, a kroz grudi joj prolazi sedam eleven devotional medals. She is usually depict- mačeva (obično tri lijevo, četiri desno), obučena ed as a queen enthroned or on a cloud, mantled je u plašt i veo, a često ima i svetokrug od sedam with a veil, offering the rosary with one hand, zvijezda. Na naličju se pojavljuje sv. Peregrin, and holding the infant Jesus in another. In these zaštitnik od tumora, arkanđeo Rafael, stigmati- depictions the infant Jesus also offers the rosary. zacija sv. Franje, zatim prikaz polaganja u grob These devotional medals are most often parts of i prikaz Uskrsnuća iz groba. Na dvije medaljice a rosary. On the reverse we find a depiction of 32 Marija od sedam žalosti drži još i škapular u ruci, St Dominic five times, St Anthony three times 33 dok su na naličju sv. Josip i sv. Antun. Lice obiju and one each of St Oswald, St Pius V and the medaljica (T.3.12 i 13) rađeno je iz istoga odlje- cross of the Sirolo confraternity. Devotional va34. Marija od brda Karmel ili škapularska Ma- medals with the likeness of St Anthony and the rija pojavljuje se pet puta. Iznenađuje tako mali Queen of the Rosary SF 105A and T.4.6 were broj pronađenih medaljica posvećenih Mariji od fabricated from the same mould. Devotional brda Karmel jer je u crkvi postojala bratovština medal T.4.2 bears the ROMA inscription, while Bijelih pod nazivom Gospa od Karmela35 (KO- T.4.14 is signed RA. Our Lady of the Seven Sor- BLER 1995, 272-273). Prikazuje se kao Marija rows was found on eight devotional medals. She Hodegetria36, Marija grli dijete Isusa i pokazuje is usually depicted in the sitting position with arms crossed over the chest, with seven swords passing through her chest (usually three to the left and four to the right), wearing a mantle and 32 Sv. Dominik osnivač je pobožnosti krunice. veil and frequently with a nimbus consisting of Dominikanci su najgorljiviji promicatelji seven stars. On the reverse we find St Peregrine, pobožnosti sv. krunice. Često se sv. Dominik protector against tumours, the archangel Raph- prikazuje s krunicom u rukama. http://www. newadvent.org/cathen/05106a.htm ael, the Stigmatization of St Francis, followed 33 Papa Pio V. u buli Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the depiction of the laying of Christ in the iz 1569. god. ističe da se krunica ili psaltir Bl. tomb and the Resurrection from the tomb. On Djevice Marije ubraja među najbolje načine molitve i razmatranja koji su dostupni svima (BIŠKUP two devotional medals Our Lady of the Seven 2001, 621). Papa Pio V. bio je dominikanac. Sorrows also holds a scapular in her hand, with 34 Ovaj podatak ide u prilog tvrdnji o postojanju St Joseph and St Anthony on the reverse. The radionice za izradu medaljica u Rijeci u to doba. obverse of both devotional medals (T.3.12 i 13) Naime, kako su na te dvije medaljice lice i naličje različiti, morala su postojati najmanje tri kalupa te majstor koji ih je znao povezati i prilagoditi željama i potrebama vjernika u Rijeci. Tim više što ovo nije jedinstven primjer. U gotovo svakoj skupini medaljica nailazimo na slične situacije. 32 St Dominic is the founder of the devotion of 35 Bratovština Confraternitas B. Mariae de Bianchi the rosary. The Dominicans are the most fervent primala je muške i ženske članove. Središte kulta bio promoters of the devotion of the Holy Rosary. St je oltar Gospe od Karmelskoga brijega u Zbornoj Dominic is often portrayed with rosary in hand. crkvi (crkva UBDM), a zajednička grobnica kod http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05106a.htm oltara sv. Petra, iza oltara gospe Karmelske te još 33 In the 1596 bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices jedna uz zvonik. Ne zna se točno vrijeme osnutka, ali Pope Pius V notes that the rosary or Psalter of the je postojala 1614. god. (KOBLER 1995, 272-273). Blessed Virgin Mary is among the best methods 36 Marija Hodegetria (grč. Οδηγήτρια – ona koja of prayer and reflection accessible to all (BIŠKUP pokazuje put) prikazuje se s djetetom Isusom 2001, 621). Pope Pius V was a Dominican.

73 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

na njega rukom, a nju krune dva anđela. Dva were made from the same cast34. Mary of Mount puta prikazana je sa škapularom. Karmelićani su Carmel or Mary with the Scapular appears five bili promicatelji štovanja škapularske pobožno- times. The small number of devotional medals sti te su rado uz Mariju od brda Karmel prika- discovered that are dedicated to Mary of Mount zivali i škapular. Na dvjema medaljicama naličje Carmel comes as a surprise as there was a White tvori petero kanoniziranih 1622. god., a na osta- Confraternity of Our Lady of Carmel at the lim primjercima nailazimo na sv. Elizabetu37, sv. church35 (KOBLER 1995, 272-273). She is de- Tomu Akvinskoga i sv. Anđela Karmelićanina38. picted as the Virgin Mary Hodegetria36, where Dvije medaljice (T.3.8 i PN 702) rađene su iz Mary, crowned by two angels, holds the infant istoga kalupa, na licu imaju prikaz Pietà, a na Jesus and points at him with her hand. She is de- naličju sv. Ivana Krstitelja kako krsti Isusa. Ovaj picted twice with the scapular. The Carmelites prikaz Pietà zanimljiv je jer Isusa prikazuje kao promoted the worship of the scapular devotions mladića u krilu Majke, dok je puno češće pri- and frequently depicted the scapular along with kazan kao odrastao čovjek. Krunjenje Marijino Mary of Mount Carmel. On two devotional također je prikazano na dvjema medaljicama medals the reverse includes the five canonised in (PN 96 i T.5.2) i obje na naličju imaju prikaz the year 1622, while on other specimens we find arma Christi, a Navještenje Marijino jednom uz St Elizabeth37, St Thomas Aquinas and St Ange- sv. Karla Boromejskoga (T.5.4) i jednom uz sti- lus Carmelite38. Two devotional medals (T.3.8 gmatizaciju sv. Franje (T.9.7). Bezgrešna Djevica and SF 702) were made from the same mould, prikazana je četiri puta i uvijek sa sv. Euharisti- with a depiction of the Pietà on the obverse, and jom. Bezgrešna se prikazuje stojeći na polumjesecu, sa svetokrugom od zvijezda, glavom lagano pognutom i rukama sklopljenim na prsima. Sv. Euharistija prikazuje se kao hostija (često s mo- 34 This information supports the hypothesis of the existence of a workshop for the fabrication of nogramom IHS) koja izlazi iz kaleža. Za uspo- devotional medals in Rijeka at the time. Since, stavljanje štovanja sv. Euharistije, Tijela i Krvi namely, the obverse and reverse of these two Kristove važno je 17. i 18. stoljeće. Takav prikaz devotional medals are different, there must have been at least moulds and a master craftsman who označuje Kristovu žrtvu na križu. knew how to connect them and adapt them to the wishes of worshippers in Rijeka. All the more so Marijin monogram, zajedno s Isusovim mo- as this is not a unique specimen. We find similar nogramom, omiljen je prikaz na isusovačkim situations in almost every group of devotional medals. medaljicama. Dvije medaljice s Isusovim mono- 35 TheConfraternitas B. Mariae de Bianchi accepted gramom rađene su iz istoga kalupa (T.5.9 i PN both men and women. The cult was centred around 696), na naličju imaju prikaz Marije Hodegetrie the altar of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the ili (blaga – Isus i Marija prikazuju se slju- collegiate church (church of the Assumption of the Elouse Blessed Virgin Mary) and their common graves bljenih obraza). Ostali prikazi Marije svrstani u were located at the altar dedicated to St Peter, ovu skupinu nisu se mogli povezati niti s jednim behind the altar of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and another one along the bell tower. The exact date of hodočasničkim mjestom, a ni uobičajenim pri- its founding is unknown, but it was in existence in the year 1614 (KOBLER 1995, 272-273). 36 Mary Hodegetria (gr. Οδηγήτρια – she who shows the way) is depicted holding the infant Jesus at her side and pointing to him as the source of salvation u naručju, pokazuje rukom na njega kao izvor for mankind. This is the way in which, for example, spasenja čovječanstva. Tako se prikazuje npr. Crna the Black Madonna of Częstochowe, Mother of Madona iz Częstochowe, Majka Božja Trsatska i God of Trsat and numerous icons of the eastern na brojnim ikonama istočne crkve. http://www. church portray her. http://www.diocese-oregon. diocese-oregon.org/iconography/hodegetria.htm org/iconography/hodegetria.htm 37 Elizabeta, portugalska kraljica, kanonizirana 37 Elizabeth, queen of Portugal, was canonised in je 1625. god. http://www.newadvent.org/ 1625 (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05391a. cathen/05391a.htm Ova je medaljica nastala htm). This devotional medal was likely made for her vjerojatno za njezinu kanonizaciju. canonisation. 38 Obojica su karmelićanski sveci. 38 Both are Carmelite saints.

74 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

kazima Marije na medaljicama. Razlog tomu je St John the Baptist on the reverse baptising Je- često loše očuvan prikaz ili natpis što onemogu- sus. This depiction of the Pietà is interesting as ćava točnu interpretaciju. Njihov opis dan je u it depicts Jesus as a youth cradled by the Mother, katalogu nalaza, a kombinacije na medaljicama while the Pietà much more frequently depicts u tabeli koja slijedi. Sve su medaljice lijevane, him as an adult. The Coronation of Mary is also osim dvije koje su rađene od brončanoga lima depicted on two devotional medals (SF 96 and (T.5.18 i PN 968). Natpis ROMA nalazimo na T.5.2) with both bearing a depiction of the arma tri primjerka (T.4.1, 2, 11), dok je jedan (T.4.14) Christi on the reverse, and the Annunciation to potpisan RA. the Blessed Virgin Mary once with St Carlo Bor- romeo (T.5.4) and once with the Stigmatization of St Francis (T.9.7). The Immaculate Virgin is depicted four times and always with the Holy Eucharist. The Immaculate Virgin is depicted standing on a crescent moon, with a nimbus of stars, her head slightly tilted and hands clasped on the chest. The Holy Eucharist is depicted as the Host (frequently with the IHS monogram) protruding from the grail. The 17th and 18th centuries are key to the establishment of the worship of the Holy Eucharist, the Body and Blood of Christ. The depiction denotes Christ’s sacrifice on the cross.

Mary’s monogram, together with Jesus’ monogram, is a favoured depiction on Jesuit devotional medals. Two devotional medals with Je- sus’ monogram were fabricated from the same mould (T.5.9 and SF 696), and bear a depiction of Mary Hodegetria or Elousa (“Virgin of Ten- derness”—the infant Jesus and Mary are depicted cheek to cheek) on the reverse. Other depictions of Mary included in this group could not be associated with any of the pilgrimage sites, or the customary depictions of Mary on devotional medals. The reason for this is frequently a poor level of preservation of the depiction or inscription, preventing a correct interpretation. They are described in the catalogue of finds, and their combinations on the following table of devotional medals. All of these devotional medals are cast, with the exception of two fabricated of bronze plate (T.5.18 and SF 968). We find the inscription ROMA on three specimens (T.4.1, 2, 11), while one (T.4.14) is signed RA.

75 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TIP - MARIJA BROJ TYPE - MARY NUMBER lice/naličje obverse/reverse Marija od sedam žalosti / sv. Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows / T.3.10, 14 T.3.10, 14 Peregrin St Peregrine Marija od sedam žalosti / Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows / T.3.7 T.3.7 polaganje Isusa u grob Jesus is laid in the tomb Marija od sedam žalosti / Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows / T.4.1 T.4.1 Uskrsnuće iz groba Resurrection from the grave Marija od sedam žalosti / sv. Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows / T.3.11 T.3.11 Rafael St Raphael Marija od sedam žalosti / Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows / T.3.9 T.3.9 stigmatizacija sv. Franje The Stigmatization of St Francis Marija od sedam žalosti sa Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows T.3.12 T.3.12 škapularom / sv. Josip with scapular / St Joseph Marija od sedam žalosti Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows sa škapularom / sv. Antun T.3.13 with scapular / St Anthony of T.3.13 Padovanski Padua Pietà / sv. Ivan Krstitelj T.3.8, PN 702 Pietà / St John the Baptist T.3.8, SF 702 Marija od brda Karmel / petero Mary of Mount Carmel / the five T.4.4, 15 T.4.4, 15 kanoniziranih 1622. god. canonised in 1622. god. Marija od brda Karmel sa Mary of Mount Carmel with T.4.11 T.4.11 škapularom / sv. Elizabeta scapular / St Elizabeth Marija od brda Karmel sa Mary of Mount Carmel with T.4.12 škapularom / sv. Anđelo T.4.12 scapular / St Angelus Carmelite Karmelićanin Mary of Mount Carmel, St Marija od brda Karmel, sv. Dominic, St Catherine of Siena / T.4.10 Dominik, sv. Katarina Sijenska / T.4.10 St Thomas Aquinas sv. Toma Akvinski Queen of the Rosary / St Anthony T.4.5, 6, SF Kraljica sv. krunice / sv. Antun T.4.5, 6, PN of Padua 105A (gr. 16) Padovanski 105A (gr. 16) Queen of the Rosary / St T.4.2, 8, 9, T.4.2, 8, 9, Dominic 14, 16 Kraljica sv. krunice / sv. Dominik 14, 16 Queen of the Rosary / St Oswald T.4.13 Kraljica sv. krunice / sv. Osvald T.4.13 Queen of the Rosary / St Pius V T.4.7 Kraljica sv. krunice / sv. Pio V. T.4.7 Queen of the Rosary, St Dominic, T.4.3 Kraljica sv. krunice, sv. Dominik, St Catherine of Siena / Sirolo T.4.3 sv. Katarina Sijenska / Sirolo Coronation of Mary / arma T.5.2, SF 96 Krunjenje Marijino / arma Christi T.5.2, PN 96 Christi Navještenje Marijino / sv. Karlo Annunciation to the Blessed T.5.4 T.5.4 Boromejski Virgin Mary / St Carlo Borromeo T.5.13, 15, 16, The Immaculate Virgin / The T.5.13, 15, 16, Bezgrešna / sv. Euharistija PN 739 Holy Eucharist SF 739 monogram MRA / sv. Venancije iz monogram MRA / St Venantius T.5.1 T.5.1 Camerina of Camerino monogram MRA / sv. Marija monogram MRA / St Mary T.5.17 T.5.17 Scholarum piarum Scholarum piarum

76 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

TIP - MARIJA BROJ TYPE - MARY NUMBER lice/naličje obverse/reverse monogram IHS / Marija s monogram IHS / Mary holding T.5.9, PN 696 T.5.9, SF 696 djetetom Isusom u naručju the infant Jesus T.5.18, PN T.5.18, SF 968 Marija / sv. Antun Padovanski Mary / St Anthony of Padua 968 (gr. 148) (gr. 148) Marija / sv. Kajetano T.5.6 Mary / St Cajetan T.5.6 Marija / raspelo sa zazivom protiv Mary / crucifix with invocation T.5.14 T.5.14 nevremena against inclement weather Marija / arma Christi T.5.7 Mary / arma Christi T.5.7 PN 198 (gr. SF 198 (gr. Marija / sv. Sebastijan Mary / St Sebastian 37) 37) Marija / sv. Obitelj PN 281 Mary / the Holy Family SF 281

Hodočašća Pilgrimages Hodočašća su važan instrument propagande Pilgrimages are an important instrument of the fidei chatolicae, međutim nikada nisu bila ob- propaganda of the fidei chatholicae, but were, vezujući program kao redovito slavljene mise. however, never an obligatory programme such Sudjelovanje na hodočašću uvijek je slobodan as the regular celebration of the mass. Partici- izbor i odluka svakoga vjernika ponaosob. Vri- pation in a pilgrimage was always a free choice jeme baroka odlikuje se grupnim hodočašćima i and the individual decision of every worship- onima čiji je cilj relativno blizu mjesta boravka39. per. The baroque period is characterised by Grupna hodočašća dio su demonstratio catholica, group pilgrimages and those where the destina- a vjerovalo se da grupne molitve lakše i brže do- tion was relatively near the place of residence39. piru do vrata neba (FASSBINDER 2003, 124). Group pilgrimages are part of the demonstratio Još jedna odlika baroknih hodočašća su i posjeti catholica, and it was believed that group prayers više mjesta u jednome hodočašću. Tako je meda- reached the Gates of Heaven with greater ease ljica s prikazom Mariazell / Maria Taferl dokaz and speed (FASSBINDER 2003, 124). Another jednoga takvog hodočašća40, kao i medaljice s characteristic of baroque period pilgrimages are prikazom Marija Loretska / križ bratovštine Si- visits to several sites on one pilgrimage. Thus the rolo41. Osim najbrojnijih medaljica donesenih s devotional medal with a depiction of Mariazell hodočašća u Loreto, identificirane su i medaljice / Maria Taferl is evidence of one such pilgrim- s hodočašća u Rim, Češku, Njemačku i Austriju age40, as are devotional medals with a depiction (sl. 18). U njemačka marijanska42 hodočasnička of Mary of Loreto / the cross of the Sirolo con- fraternity41. Besides the most numerous devo-

39 Za razliku od srednjevjekovnih hodočašća kada su vjernici rado birali udaljenija mjesta. 40 Mariazell, Maria Taferl i Sonntagberg tri su 39 Unlike Medieval period pilgrimages when the hodočasnička mjesta koja se posjećuju iz jednog faithful were happy to opt for distant destinations. puta u 17. stoljeću (FASSBINDER 2003, 179). 40 Mariazell, Maria Taferl and Sonntagberg are three 41 U knjizi „Reisbüchlein“ (Maximilian Stürtzel, pilgrimage sites visited on one route in the 17th 1616. god.) stajala je izreka: „Chi vede Loreto et non century (FASSBINDER 2003, 179). Sirol / Vede la madre et non il figliuol“ (Tko je vidio 41 In the book Reisbüchlein (Maximilian Stürtzel, Loreto, a nije Sirolo, vidio je Majku, a nije sina) 1616) we read the expression: “Chi vede Loreto (FASSBINDER 2003, 169). et non Sirol / Vede la madre et non il figliuol” 42 Osim marijanskih hodočasničkih mjesta, puk rado (Who has seen Loreto, but not Sirolo, has seen the obilazi i druga mjesta ne nužno vezana uz čašćenje Mother, but not the son) (FASSBINDER 2003, Marije: Würzburg (sv. Valentin, zaštitnik od 169).

77 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

tional medals brought from pilgrimages to Lo- reto, we have also identified devotional medals from pilgrimages to Rome, Bohemia, Germany and Austria (fig. 18). Among the German Mar- ian42 pilgrimage sites we include: Maria Wes- sobrunn (Bavaria), Maria Altötting (Bavaria) and Maria Triberg (Baden-Württemberg on the route to Einsiedeln), and in Austria: Mariazell (Styria), Maria Taferl (Lower Austria) and Ma- ria Trost (Styria). The pilgrimage site in Switzer- land is Maria Einsiedeln, and in Bohemia Svatà Hora near Přibram. Maria Carmine is a pilgrimage site near Florence, while Maria Genazzano is near Rome. Devotional medals with jubilee years were brought from visits to Rome.

On pilgrimage devotional medals Mary is most often depicted in a campanulate mantle holding mjesta ubrajamo: Maria Wessobrunn (Bavar- Slika 18 - Hodočasnička mjesta the infant Jesus. Beside the inscription we dif- identificirana na medaljicama ska), Maria Altötting (Bavarska) i Maria Triberg ferentiate them by their attributes and method (Baden-Württemberg na putu za Einsiedeln), a Figure 18 – Pilgrimage sites of portrayal. Thus on the depiction of Mariazell identified on devotional medals u austrijska: Mariazell (Štajerska), Maria Taferl we frequently find two angels crowning Mary, (Donja Austrija) i Maria Trost (Štajerska). Švi- Maria Taferl is depicted as the Pietà, Maria Wes- carsko hodočasničko mjesto je Maria Einsiedeln, sobrunn is depicted as a bust, head bowed with a češko Svatà Hora kod Přibrama. Maria Carmi- a garland of roses and a nimbus of stars, Maria ne hodočasničko je mjesto kraj Firenze, a Maria Einsiedeln stands holding the infant Jesus in one Genazzano kraj Rima. Medaljice s godinom ju- arm and the other hand holding a sceptre, Maria bileja donesene su nakon posjeta Rimu. Altötting is shown with two laurel trees, Maria Marija je na hodočasničkim medaljicama najče- Triberg in an altar niche, and Maria Dorfen šće prikazana u zvonolikome plaštu s djetetom dressed in a highly adorned, open campanulate Isusom u rukama. Osim natpisom razlikujemo mantle. ih po atributima i načinu prikazivanja. Tako All pilgrimage devotional medals are prominent na prikazu Mariazell često srećemo i dva anđe- in their greater quality of workmanship in com- la koja krune Mariju, Maria Taferl prikazuje se parison to others. Their relief is deeper and more kao Pietà, Maria Wessobrunn prikazuje se do expressive and the metal is of greater quality. poprsja, nagnute glave s vijencem od ruža i sve- Two devotional medals were certainly manu- tokrugom od zvijezda, Maria Einsiedeln stoji s factured at a mint in Rome (T.5.5 and T.2.3) as djetetom Isusom u naručju, a u drugoj ruci drži they bear the ROMA inscription. Devotional žezlo, Maria Altötting prikazuje se uz dva drveta lovora, Maria Triberg u oltarnoj niši, a Maria Dorfen obučena u vrlo ukrašeni, raskriljeni zvonoliki plašt.

Sve hodočasničke medaljice ističu se boljom kvalitetom izrade od ostalih. Reljefi su dublji i izra-

42 Besides the Marian pilgrimage sites, the common people also frequented other places not necessarily associated with the worshipping of Mary: Würzburg (St Valentine, protector from epilepsy), epilepsije), Köln (sv. tri kralja). Cologne (the Magi).

78 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

žajniji, a kovina je kvalitetnija. Dvije medaljice medals T.3.243 and likely T.3.344 are signed. Sev- zasigurno su rađene u rimskoj kovnici (T.5.5 i en devotional medals are fabricated of bronze T.2.3) jer imaju natpis ROMA. Signirana je me- plate, while the others are of cast bronze. daljica T.3.243 i vjerojatno T.3.344. Sedam medaljica napravljeno je od brončanoga lima, a ostale su od lijevane bronce. TYPE – NUMBER PILGRIMAGES obverse/reverse TIP – HODOČAŠĆA BROJ Mariazell / St John of T.2.1, 7, SF 738B lice/naličje Nepomuk Mariazell / sv. Ivan Mariazell / the Holy T.2.1, 7, PN 738B T.3.2, 6 Nepomuk Family Mariazell / sv. Obitelj T.3.2, 6 Mariazell / the Holy T.3.4 Mariazell / sv. Trojstvo T.3.4 Trin it y Mariazell / slika iz Mariazell / scene from T.2.12 T.2.12 riznice the treasury Mariazell / Maria Taferl T.2.13 Mariazell / Maria Taferl T.2.13 Mariazell / Maria E (?) T.3.3 Mariazell / Maria E (?) T.3.3 Mariazell / sv. Antun T.2.15 Mariazell / St Anthony T.2.15 Maria Wessobrunn / Maria Wessobrunn / srce Isusovo i Marijino, T.2.8, PN 462 Heart of Jesus and Mary, T.2.8, SF 462 štit sv. Benedikta shield of St Benedict Maria Wessobrunn / Maria Wessobrunn / T.2.9, PN 733B (gr. 99) T.2.9, SF 733B (gr. 99) srce Isusovo i Marijino Heart of Jesus and Mary Maria Einsiedeln / Maria Einsiedeln / T.2.14, T.3.1 T.2.14, T.3.1 zlatna monstranca golden monstrance Maria Tafrel / sv. Maria Tafrel / The Holy T.2.4 T.2.4 Euharistija Eucharist Maria Trost / sv. Stjepan T.2.11 Maria Trost / St Stephen T.2.11 Maria Altötting / Maria Maria Altötting / Maria T.2.10 T.2.10 Dorfen Dorfen Maria Genazzano / Maria Genazzano / Isusovo i Marijino T.5.5 Flaming hearts of Jesus T.5.5 plamteće srce and Mary Maria Carmine / sv. Maria Carmine / St T.2.5 T.2.5 Antun Anthony Maria Triberg / križ Maria Triberg / cross of T.2.6 T.2.6 bratovštine Sirolo the Sirolo confraternity Maria Svatà Hora / sv. Maria Svatà Hora / St T.2.3, T.3.5 T.2.3, T.3.5 Ivan Franjo Regis Jean-François Régis Maria Passau / sv. Josip T.2.2 Maria Passau / St Joseph T.2.2

43 As are devotional medals with a depiction of St 43 Kao i medaljice s prikazom sv. Benedikta T.1.13 i Benedict T.1.13 and SF 898, signed by Georg PN 898, potpisuje ih Georg Messenlechner. Messenlechner. 44 U donjemu desnom kutu ima očuvano slovo L, 44 The lower right corner has a preserved letter L, ali nedostaje slovo u lijevome kutu (medaljica je but the letter in the left corner is missing (the oštećena). devotional medal is damaged).

79 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Loreto Loreto U Loretu, gradiću nedaleko od Ancone (24 In Loreto, a small town not far from Ancona km), stoji Marijina kuća iz Nazareta. Prema pre- (24 km), stands Mary’s house from Nazareth. daji, prenijeli su je anđeli 1295./1296. godine, a According to legend, it was transported there by zaustavili su se na Trsatu između 1291. i 1294. angels in the year 1295 or 1296, with a stopover godine. Od samoga početka 14. stoljeća Loreto at Trsat between 1291 and 1294. From the very slika 19 - prikaz trga u Loretu na je neizostavno mjesto na hodočasničkoj karti beginning of the 14th century Loreto has been medaljici iz 17/18.stoljeće (foto: R. Mosković) Europe. S obzirom na omiljenost hodočašća u an essential site on the pilgrim’s itinerary in Eu- Loreto, ne začuđuje brojnost i raznovrsnost pri- rope. Given the popularity of the pilgrimage to Figure 19 – A depiction of the square in Loreto on a devotional kaza na medaljicama. Tako imamo dva osnovna Loreto, the number and diversity of depictions medal from the 17th/18th century tipa – prikaz Majke Božje u dalmatiki s Isusom on devotional medals comes as no surprise. Thus (photo: R. Mosković) u desnome naručju i prikaz prijenosa nazaretske we have two basic types—the depiction of the kuće; nose je obično dva anđela, na krovu sjedi Mother of God in a dalmatic with Jesus in her Marija s Isusom u naručju. Na naličju su često right arm and a depiction of the transfer of the isusovački sveci (isusovci su u Loretu od 1554. House in Nazareth; it is usually borne by two slika 20 - Trg u Loretu danas do 1773. godine), sv. Antun, sv. Venancije i križ angels with Mary sitting on the roof holding (http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ bratovštine Sirolo45. Osim tih omiljenih sveta- Jesus. Jesuit saints frequently appear on the re- Datoteka:Loreto250706.JPG) ca, identificirani su još i brojni drugi, čiji popis verse (the Jesuits were in Loreto from 1554 to Figure 20 – The square in Loreto 1773), St Anthony, St Venantius and the cross of today (http://hr.wikipedia.org/ 45 wiki/Datoteka:Loreto250706.JPG) the Sirolo confraternity . Besides these popular saints, many others have been identified, a list being provided in the catalogue and the table with combinations that follows. Devotional medal T.11.6 is very interesting, bearing a depiction of Mary of Loreto on the obverse, and the church and square in Loreto on the reverse. When compared with the present day vista of the square and church, one is able to nicely observe the changes that have occurred over the past three hundred years (fig. 19 and 20).

A devotional medal with a depiction of purgatory on the reverse (T.11.5) is an exceedingly rare depiction on devotional medals (fig. 21). The only conceptually similar analogy published to date is the depiction on the reverse of a devotional medal from St Peter’s in Makar- ska (BOŽEK-KUNAC 1998, 290). Purgatory is rarely depicted during the baroque period, je dan u katalogu i u tablici s kombinacijama u sometimes on altars (fig. 22), possibly on fres- slijedu. Vrlo je zanimljiva medaljica T.11.6 koja coes in combination with heaven and hell and na licu ima prikaz Marije Loretske, a na naličju always as a reminder of the salvation of the soul crkvu i trg u gradu Loretu. Kada se usporedi s and redemption. današnjom slikom trga i crkve, lijepo se mogu

45 There is a cross of the Sirolo confraternity in 45 U Numani kraj Ancone postoji križ bratovštine Numana near Ancona that dates to the 14th Sirolo koji datira iz 14. stoljeća. century.

80 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

očitati promjene nastale u tristotinjak godina (sl. 19 i 20).

Medaljica koja ima na naličju prikaz čistilišta (T.11.5) izuzetno je rijedak prikaz na medaljicama (sl. 21). Jedina je koncepcijski slična analogija do sada objavljena na prikazu naličja medaljice iz sv. Petra u Makarskoj (BOŽEK-KUNAC 1998, 290). U baroku se rijetko prikazuje čistili- šte, ponekad na oltarima (sl. 22), eventualno na freskama u kombinaciji s rajem ili paklom i uvijek opominju na spas duša i iskupljenje grijeha. Loreto devotional medals are notable by their quality of fabrication and very nice relief. Only Loretske medaljice ističu se kvalitetom izrade te five of the seventy-two specimens were minted vrlo lijepim reljefom. Samo pet od 72 rađene su in bronze sheet, and seven bear the inscription slika 22 - prikaz pakla na baroknom kovanjem na brončanome limu, a sedam ih ima oltaru u župnoj crkvi sv. Marije ROMA, denoting their manufacture at the mint Magdalene u Čazmi natpis ROMA, što znači da su proizvod rimske in Rome (T.11.1, 9, T.12.5, T.13.6, T.14.2, 6, kovnice (T.11.1, 9, T.12.5, T.13.6, T.14.2, 6, PN SF 999). There are frequent appearances of the Figure 22 – The depiction of hell 999). Česti su isti prikazi (T.12.2 i T.10.16 – na- on the baroque altar at the parish same depiction (T.12.2 and T.10.16 – the house church of St Mary Magdalene in zaretska kuća, T.11.6 i T.14.1 – Marija Loretska, in Nazareth, T.11.6 and T.14.1 – Mary of Lo- Čazma T.14.3 i T.11.8 – križ bratovštine Sirolo) ili isti reto, T.14.3 and T.11.8 – cross of the Sirolo con- kalupi (T.11.9, PN 999, zatim PN 644 i T.13.11 fraternity) or same mould (T.11.9, SF 999, then te PN 650 i T.13.15). SF 644 and T.13.11, then SF 650 and T.13.15). slika 21 - prikaz pakla na medaljici iz 17/18.stoljeća (foto: R. Mosković) Figure 21 – A depiction of hell on a devotional medal from the 17th/18th century (photo: R. TIP – LORETO BROJ TYPE – LORETO NUMBER Mosković) lice/naličje obverse/reverse Marija Loretska / crkva i Mary of Loreto / the T.11.6 trg u Loretu church and square in T.11.6 Marija Loretska / Loreto T.10.16 nazaretska kuća Mary of Loreto / the T.10.16 Marija Loretska / sv. house in Nazareth T.11.1 Euharistija Mary of Loreto / The T.11.1 T.13.17, 18, T.14.2, 3, 4, Holy Eucharist Marija Loretska / križ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Mary of Loreto / T.13.17, 18, T.14.2, 3, 4, bratovštine Sirolo PN 476 cross of the Sirolo 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Marija Loretska / confraternity SF 476 raspelo sa zazivom T.11.2 Mary of Loreto / protiv nevremena crucifix with invocation T.11.2 Marija Loretska / sv. T.13.5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20, against inclement Antun (velike) PN 974 weather Marija Loretska / sv. T.13.1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, Mary of Loreto / St T.13.5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20, Antun (male) 14, 21 Anthony (large) SF 974 Marija Loretska / sv. T.13.11, 12, 15, 16, 19, Mary of Loreto / St T.13.1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, Venancije iz Camerina 22, PN 644, 650 (gr. 92) Anthony (small) 14, 21 Marija Loretska / sv. Mary of Loreto / St T.13.11, 12, 15, 16, 19, T.14.1 Franjo Ksaverski Venantius of Camerino 22, SF 644, 650 (gr. 92)

81 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TIP – LORETO BROJ TYPE – LORETO NUMBER lice/naličje obverse/reverse Marija Loretska / Mary of Loreto / St T.12.16 T.14.1 stigmatizacija sv. Franje Francis Xavier Marija Loretska / sv. Mary of Loreto / The T.12.6, 7 Franjo Asiški Stigmatization of St T.12.16 Marija Loretska / sv. Francis T.12.14 Alojzije Gonzaga Mary of Loreto / St T.12.6, 7 Marija Loretska / sv. Francis Assisi T.12.15 Franjo Paolski Mary of Loreto / St T.12.14 Marija Loretska / sv. Aloysius Gonzaga T.12.8 Filip Neri Mary of Loreto / St T.12.15 Marija Loretska / sv. Francis of Paola T.12.11 Petar Mary of Loreto / St T.12.8 Marija Loretska / sv. Philip Neri T.12.9 Izidor Mary of Loreto / St T.12.11 Marija Loretska / sv. Peter T.12.3 Karlo Boromejski Mary of Loreto / St T.12.9 Marija Loretska / Paskal Isidore T.12.4 Bajlon Mary of Loreto / St T.12.3 Marija Loretska / Carlo Borromeo T.11.3, 4 kanonizirani 1622. god. Mary of Loreto / St T.12.4 Marija Loretska / sv. Paschal Baylon T.12.12 Ivan Krstitelj Mary of Loreto / the T.11.3, 4 Marija Loretska / canonised in 1622 T.11.7 raspelo Mary of Loreto / St T.12.12 Marija Loretska, John the Baptist nazaretska kuća / sv. T.12.10 Mary of Loreto / the T.11.7 Barbara crucifix nazaretska kuća / sv. Mary of Loreto, The T.11.12 Nikola iz Tolentina house in Nazareth / St T.12.10 nazaretska kuća / sv. Barbara T.11.15 Jeronim The house in Nazareth / T.11.12 nazaretska kuća / sv. St Nicholas of Tolentino T.11.10 Pio V. The house in Nazareth / T.11.15 nazaretska kuća / sv. St Jerome T.12.2, PN 693 Josip The house in Nazareth / T.11.10 nazaretska kuća / natpis T.10.15 St Pius V nazaretska kuća / tri The house in Nazareth / T.11.5 T.12.2, SF 693 figure u čistilištu St Joseph The house in Nazareth / nazaretska kuća / križ T.11.8, 9, 11, 13, 14, T.10.15 bratovštine Sirolo T.12.1, 3, 5, PN 999 inscription The house in Nazareth / three figures in T.11.5 purgatory The house in Nazareth T.11.8, 9, 11, 13, 14, / cross of the Sirolo T.12.1, 3, 5, SF 999 confraternity 82 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Trsat /Rijeka Trsat / Rijeka O trsatskim i riječkim medaljicama već je dosta A great deal has already been written in Croatian napisano u hrvatskoj stručnoj literaturi (MIR- specialist literature about Trsat and Rijeka de- NIK 1992; CETINIĆ–DOBRINIĆ 1998; votional medals (MIRNIK 1992; CETINIĆ– DOBRINIĆ–CETINIĆ 2001; DOBRINIĆ DOBRINIĆ 1998; DOBRINIĆ–CETINIĆ 2001, DOBRINIĆ 2008). Iako postoje spome- 2001; DOBRINIĆ 2001, DOBRINIĆ 2008). ni o riječkim zlatarima još u 15. stoljeću, o većoj Although there is mention of goldsmiths in Ri- proizvodnji medaljica možemo govoriti od 17. jeka from as far back as the 15th century, we can stoljeća. Tada se za isusovačku crkvu sv. Vida u only speak of a significant production of devo- Rijeci i franjevačku crkvu Majke Božje na Trsatu tional medals from the 17th century on. A large kuje veća količina zavjetnih medaljica. Trsatske quantity of votive medals were minted at the medaljice uvijek na licu imaju čudotvornu Maj- time for the Jesuit church of St Vitus in Rijeka ku Božju Trsatsku, prikaz drvene ikone koju and the Franciscan church of the Mother of God je poslao papa Urban V. 1367. godine, a vje- at Trsat. The devotional medals of Trsat always ruje se da ju je naslikao sv. Luka46. Bogorodica bear the depiction of the miraculous Mother i Isus krune se zlatnim krunama 1715. godine. of God of Trsat on the obverse—a depiction of Prikaz okrunjenih Isusa i Marije pomaže nam the wooden icon sent by Pope Urban V in 1367, u datiranju. Na naličju takve medaljice uvijek believed to have been painted by St Luke46. je prikaz sv. Benedikta, štita sv. Benedikta ili sv. The Mother of God and Jesus are given golden Benedikta sa Zaharijinim zazivom. Oblikom su crowns in 1715. The depiction of the crowned osmerokutne ili veće ovalne. Sve su rađene od Jesus and Mary assist us in dating. The obverse brončanoga lima. Među osmerokutnima, četiri of these devotional medals always bear a depic- se medaljice razlikuju od ostalih te zasad nemaju tion of St Benedict, the shield of St Benedict or analogija. Radi se medaljicama T.15.16, 17 i PN St Benedict with Zachary’s invocation. By form 815, 925. Na licu je prikaz okomito podijeljen they are octagonal or large ovals. All are made of u tri polja s po jednom figurom sveca. U sredini bronze plate. Among the octagonal medals four je Majka Božja Trsatska, okružena svetokrugom are different that the others and, for the mo- sa zvijezdama, lijevo je vjerojatno sv. Jeronim, a ment, have no analogies. These are devotional desno sv. Vid. Ispod linije dolje je natpis: EFFI. medals T.15.16, 17 and SF 815, 925. On the ob- B.V.M. MONTS. (Effigies Beata Virgine Maria verse we find a scene vertically divided into three Monte Tarsatico). Medaljice T.15.11 i PN 857 fields, each with one figure of a saint. In the mid- gotovo su istovjetne, a prikazi na medaljicama dle is the Mother of God of Trsat, crowned with T.15.12, 13, 14 i 15 vrlo su slični te se razlikuju a nimbus of stars, to the left is likely St Jerome, samo u manjim detaljima. Kod ovalnih se može and to the right St Vitus. Under the line below primijetiti da su sve istovjetnoga lica osim me- stands the inscription: EFFI. B.V.M. MONTS. daljice T.15.10, a njih šest od deset također ima (Effigies Beata Virgine Maria Monte Tarsatico). i isto naličje. Devotional medals T.15.11 and SF 857 are almost identical, and the depiction on devotional Riječke medaljice na licu imaju prikaz riječkoga medals T.15.12, 13, 14 and 15 are very similar raspela iz crkve sv. Vida, a na naličju sv. Ignaci- and differ only in small details. Among the oval ja Lojolu, zaštitnika isusovačkoga reda. Crkva medals we observe that they all have identical

46 Iz tog razloga na medaljicama stoji natpis: 46 This is why the devotional medals have an A-S LVCADEPIC:IMAGO . MIRA B.V.M. inscription reading: A-S LVCADEPIC:IMAGO . TERSACT . (a sancto Luca depicta imago . MIRA B.V.M. . TERSACT . (a sancto Luca miraculosa Beatae Mariae Virginis Tersactensis – depicta imago miraculosa Beatae Mariae Virginis čudotvoran lik blažene Djevice Marije Trsatske koju Tersactensis – the miraculous image of the Blessed je naslikao sv. Luka). Virgin Mary of Trsat painted by St Luke).

83 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

sv. Vida isusovačka je crkva, a raspelo je drveno obverses with the exception of devotional medal gotičko koje je 1296. godine prokrvarilo47. Na T.15.10, while six of these ten also have an iden- 500-godišnji spomen toga događaja isusovci kuju tical reverse. prigodne medaljice s natpisom i godinom što je također dobra vremenska odrednica za datiranje Rijeka devotional medals bear a depiction of the medaljica. S obzirom na to da te medaljice pro- Rijeka crucifix on the obverse from the church nađene na groblju oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene of St Vitus, and of St Ignatius Loyola—patron Djevice Marije nemaju ni godinu ni spomen na of the Jesuit order—on the reverse. The church taj događaj, sve su datirane prije 1796. godine. of St Vitus is a Jesuit church and the crucifix is a 47 Riječko pasauške medaljice medaljice su s prika- wooden Gothic cross that shed blood in 1296 . zom Marie Passau 48 na licu i riječkoga raspela na On the 500th commemoration of this event the naličju. One su pomalo neobična kombinacija, Jesuits minted commemorative devotional med- ali govore o povezanosti srednjoeuropskih ho- als with an inscription and the year, which is also dočasničkih mjesta u vrijeme baroka. a good time determinant for the dating of this devotional medal. Considering that the devotional Dvije medaljice koje bi tipološki mogle pripada- medals found at the cemetery around the church ti grupi loretskih medaljica uvrštene su u grupu of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary riječkih hodočasničkih medaljica jer imaju pri- lacked both the year and any mention of this kaz riječkoga raspela i nazaretske kuće (T.15.4) event, they are all dated pre-1796. Rijeka Passau te nazaretske kuće i sv. Vida (T.15.18). Ponekad devotional medals bear a depiction of Marie Pas- je teško točno odrediti kojemu hodočasničkom sau48 on the obverse and the Rijeka crucifix on mjestu medaljica pripada jer su prikazi tipizira- the reverse. This is a somewhat unusual combina- ni i lako primjenjivi na više lokaliteta. Tako nation, but tells of the links between central Euro- zaretska kuća može biti i prikaz vezan uz Trsat, pean pilgrimage sites during the baroque period. ali je ona primarno prikaz vezan uz hodočašće u Loreto. Tada nam pomaže prikaz na naličju Two devotional medals that could typologically – s obzirom na to da su ovdje prikazani sv. Vid, be numbered among the group of Loreto devo- zaštitnik Rijeke, i riječko raspelo, lako možemo tional medals have been included in the group of ove medaljice pripisati riječko-trsatskoj skupi- Rijeka pilgrimage medals because they bear a de- ni. Riječke su medaljice sve lijevane osim jedne, piction of the Rijeka crucifix and the house from T.15.5, koja na naličju ima štit sv. Benedikta i Nazareth (T.15.4) and the house from Nazareth sve su ovalnoga oblika. Isti kalup korišten je za with St Vitus (T.15.18). It is at times difficult izradu (PN 996A, 963 i T.15.3) medaljica s pri- to determine precisely which pilgrimage site a kazom riječkoga raspela i sv. Ignacija Lojole, kao devotional medal belongs as the depictions are i za izradu svih pronađenih medaljica s prikazom typified and applicable to several sites. Thus Marie Passau i riječkoga raspela (T.15.1, 2, PN the house from Nazareth can be a depiction as- 778, 753, 754, 890). sociated with Trsat, but is primarily associated with the pilgrimage to Loreto. In these cases we Popularna pobožnost baroka očituje se u izrazi- turn to the depiction on the reverse—consider- toj omiljenosti svetačkih medaljica. Sve socijal-

47 According to the legend Petar Lončarić, while playing cards, was angered and threw a rock at the 47 Prema predaji, Petar Lončarić se, igrajući karte, crucifix, which bled. The stone and the crucifix are razljutio i bacio kamen na raspelo, koje je now kept at the altar of the church of St Vitus. The prokrvarilo. Kamen i raspelo čuvaju se danas na crucifix is depicted on devotional medals such that oltaru crkve sv. Vida. Raspelo se na medaljicama there is an arm bent at the wrist at the base of the prikazuje tako da na dnu patibuluma ima ruku patibulum. The original crucifix does not bear this savijenu u laktu. Originalno raspelo nema taj prikaz. depiction. 48 Medaljice su rađene za svetište u njemačkome gradu 48 These devotional medals were manufactured for the Passau shrine in the German city of Passau.

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ne i društvene kategorije nose medaljice – žene ing that St Vitus, the patron of Rijeka, and the i muškarci, bogati i siromašni, stanovnici grada i Rijeka crucifix are depicted here, we can easily stanovnici sela, redovnici i laici, nitko nije isklju- attribute these devotional medals to the Rijeka- čen iz ove pobožnosti. Razlike se očituju jedino Trsat group. All but one of the Rijeka devotional u materijalu od kojih su medaljice napravljene. medals—T.15.5, which bears the shield of St Uz velik broj čašćenih muških svetaca, dojmljiva Benedict on the reverse—are cast, and all are je i raznovrsna marijanska pobožnost. Mariju se of oval form. The same mould was used for the časti obilaskom hodočasničkih mjesta i osniva- fabrication of devotional medals (SF 996A, 963 njem bratovština. Groblje oko crkve Uznesenja and T.15.3) with a depiction of the Rijeka cru- Blažene Djevice Marije do sada je najbogatije cifix and St Ignatius Loyola, and for the fabrica- istraženo novovjekovno groblje. Tako brojan tion of all of the devotional medals found with a nalaz medaljica omogućio je izradu jedinstve- depiction of Marie Passau and the Rijeka cruci- noga kataloga u Hrvatskoj, čime je stručna i fix (T.15.1, 2, SF 778, 753, 754, 890). znanstvena javnost obogaćena za nova saznanja te su postavljene smjernice za daljnja istraživanja The popular devotion of the baroque is evident i objave novovjekovnih nabožnih predmeta. in the exceeding popularity of saint’s devotional medals. All economic and social strata wore devotional medals—women and men, wealthy and indigent, inhabitants of the cities and of villages, monks and laypeople, no one was excluded from this devotion. The differences are apparent only in the materials of which the medals are fabricated. Along with the large number of honoured male saints, there is an impressive diversity of Marian devotions. Mary is honoured with tours of pilgrimage sites and the foundations of fraternities. The cemetery around the church of the Assump- tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary is currently the richest researched Post Medieval cemetery. The great number of finds of devotional medals has TIP – TRSAT / RIJEKA BROJ provided for the creation of a unique catalogue lice/naličje in Croatia, which has enriched the specialist and T.15.11, 12, 13, 14, research community with new insight and set the Majka Božja Trsatska / sv. 15, 16, 17, PN 268, guidelines for further research and publication of Benedikt – osmerokutne 787, 815 (gr. 117), Post Medieval devotional artefacts. 857, 925, T.15.6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Majka Božja Trsatska / sv. PN 79, 483, 622, Benedikt – ovalne TYPE – TRSAT / RIJEKA NUMBER 802, 987 obverse/reverse riječko raspelo / sv. Benedikt T.15.5 Mother of God of Trsat / St Benedict – T.15.11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, SF 268, 787, T.15.3, PN 963 octagonal 815 (gr. 117), 857, 925, riječko raspelo / sv. Ignacije (gr. 146), 996A (gr. Lojola Mother of God of Trsat / St Benedict – oval T.15.6, 7, 8, 9, 10, SF 79, 483, 622, 802, 987 151) The Rijeka crucifix / St Benedict T.15.5 T.15.1, 2, PN 753 riječko raspelo / Maria Passau (gr. 101), 754 (gr. The Rijeka crucifix / St Ignatius of Loyola T.15.3, SF 963 (gr. 146), 996A (gr. 151) 101), 778, 890 T.15.1, 2, SF 753 (gr. 101), 754 (gr. 101), The Rijeka crucifix / Maria Passau nazaretska kuća / riječko 778, 890 T.15.4 raspelo The house in Nazareth / the Rijeka crucifix T.15.4 nazaretska kuća / sv. Vid T.15.18 The house in Nazareth / St Vitus T.15.18

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KRIŽEVI CROSSES Od ostalih je nabožnih predmeta na groblju Among the other devotional artefacts found at pronađen 31 križ. Njih je 12 pronađeno u gro- the cemetery were thirty-one crosses. Twelve bovima, dok je ostalih 19 nađeno u izmiješanim were found in graves, while the remaining nine- slojevima groblja. U te su slojeve dospjeli prili- teen were found in mixed layers of the cem- kom prekopavanja groblja zbog ukopavanja no- etery. They were shifted to these layers when vih grobova. Uz jedan križ (T.16.3) pronađen je new graves were dug in the cemetery. A piece komadić tekstila, uz križ T.17.9 zrno krunice, a of textile was found with one cross (T.16.3), a uz jedan (T.17.2) svetačka medaljica. bead from a rosary along with a cross T.17.9, and a saint’s devotional medal alongside another Križ je naprava kojom je mučen i na kojoj je umro (T.17.2). Krist i tako postao Spasiteljem čovječanstva te je time znak poniženja postao simbol slave (LEK- The cross is the instrument of Christ’s torture SIKON 2006, 386). U svome klasičnom obliku and on which he died thus becoming the Saviour dvije ukrštene grede tijekom ranoga srednjeg of mankind and rendering this symbol of hu- vijeka postaju glavnim simbolom kršćanstva. miliation a symbol of glory (LEKSIKON 2006, Pritom je taj simbol zamijenio ranije prikaze u 386). In its classic form of two crossed beams it obliku kruga, ribe, sidra, grčkih slova T, X, P. Po- became the chief symbol of Christianity during stao je glavni simbol Crkve te je tako postavljan the Medieval period. In the process this symbol na crkve, kupole, zvonike te se raširio kao sim- replaced the earlier depictions in the form of a bolični znak na grbovima, oklopima, zastavama, circle, fish, anchor, the Greek letters T, X and P. medaljama, viteško-redovničkoj odjeći (PAVI- It became the chief symbol of the Church and ČIĆ 1994, 29; KNEZ 2005, 17). Od 13. sto- was, as such, placed on churches, cupolas, bel- ljeća na križu se pojavljuje lik razapetoga Krista, fries and became widespread as a symbolic sign Marije, svetaca, evanđelista (KNEZ 2005, 17). on graves, armour, banners, medals, chivalric Prije toga je, pogotovo na Zapadu, prikazivan and monastic garb (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 29; KNEZ tzv. Christus triumphans49, Krist otvorenih očiju 2005, 17). From the 13th century on the image s perizmom50 oko boka i kraljevskom krunom. of the crucified Christ appears on the cross along Od 13. stoljeća, pod utjecajem kasnosrednjo- with Mary, the saints and Evangelists (KNEZ vjekovnoga misticizma, lik Krista nosi trnovu 2005, 17). Prior to this, especially in the west, krunu dok su mu noge probijene jednim čavlom it was the Christus triumphans49 that was depict- (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 34). Od 14. stoljeća križevi se ed—Christ with open eyes and the perizoma50 izrađuju s gotičkim dekorativnim elementima around his thighs and a royal crown. From the (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 29; KNEZ 2005, 17). U 15. 13th century on, under the influence of Late stoljeću postaju popularni mletački i sicilijanski Medieval mysticism, the image of Christ wears križevi s arapsko-španjolskim utjecajima iz gor- the crown of thorns and his feet are pierced by skoga kristala, dok u 16. stoljeću oblici križeva one nail (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 34). From the 14th poprimaju umirenije konture. century on crosses are depicted with Gothic decorative elements (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 29; KNEZ Križevi su nošeni kao privjesak na uzici od or- 2005, 17). In the 15th century Venetian and Si- ganskoga materijala ili kao dio krunice. Križevi uz krunice rijetko su dokumentirani, ali se u

49 There is a similar depiction in Byzantine iconography, Christ Pantocrator, also depicted 49 Sličan prikaz postoji i u bizantskoj ikonografiji, without the symbols of the passion (LEKSIKON Krist Pantokrator, koji se također prikazuje bez 2006, 380-381). znakova muke (LEKSIKON 2006, 380-381). 50 The perizoma or loincloth is a cloth wrapped only 50 Perizma ili perisoma je platno omotano samo oko around the thighs of the crucified (LEKSIKON bokova razapetog (LEKSIKON 2006, 386). 2006, 386).

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zadnje vrijeme počelo obraćati pažnju i na taj cilian crosses of rock crystal with Arab-Spanish segment kasnosrednjovjekovnih i novovjekov- influence became popular, while in the 16th nih grobnih nalaza, kao npr. u Čazmi, Žumber- century crosses assume gentler contours. ku, Sveticama, Prozorju (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 65). Crosses were worn as a pendant on a string of organic material or as part of a rosary. Document- Križ se sastoji od uspravne grede (patibulum), ed crosses on rosaries are rare, but of late greater poprečne vodoravne grede (antenna). Na vrhu attention has been afforded to this segment of uspravne grede nalazila se pločica s imenom i op- Late Medieval and Post Medieval grave finds as, tužbom (titulus), dok je pod nogama mali oslo- for example, at Čazma, Žumberak, Svetice, Pro- nac (suppedaneum) (LEKSIKON 2006, 386). zorje (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 65).

Među nađenim se križevima po brojnosti ističu The cross consists of an upright post patibu( - dvije skupine. Prvoj pripada osam križeva latin- lum) and a transverse horizontal beam (anten- skoga oblika s ravno zaključenim gredama i prona). Atop the upright post was a plaque with the filiranih rubova s prikazima i natpisima. Prikazi name and charges against the accused (titulus), na ti, križevima idu u red zaštitnih, amuletnih with a small support below the legs (suppeda- prikaza. Nađeno je sedam većih (T.16.1-6,8) te neum) (LEKSIKON 2006, 386). jedan manji (T.16.7). Among the crosses found two groups are promi- Kod toga je tipa križa na aversu prikazan razape- nent by their similarities. The first includes eight ti Krist kojemu se pod nogama nalaze lubanja i crosses of Latin form with straight-ended post prekrižene kosti. Lubanja prikazuje tzv. Adamo- and beam and profiled edges with depiction and vu lubanju nad kojom je, po srednjovjekovnoj inscription. The depictions on these crosses are legendi, podignut Kristov golgotski križ te je among the protective, amulet-type. Seven large po njoj kapala Kristova krv (LEKSIKON 2006, (T.16.1-6.8) and one small (T.16.7) specimens 118), što znači da je svim ljudima omogućen pri- were found. stup u vječni život. U šest primjera na reversu je prikaz Imakulate tj. Bezgrešne Bogorodice. Nad The obverse of these types of crosses depict the glavom joj je vijenac od sedam zvijezda te pod crucified Christ with a skull and crossed bones nogama polumjesec. Takav prikaz Bogorodice beneath his feet. The skull represented is Adam’s temelji se na opisu žene iz Apokalipse51 koji se over which Medieval legend has it Christ’s cross od kraja 15. stoljeća oblikuje u mjerodavni iko- was raised on Golgotha and over which Christ’s nografski tip (LEKSIKON 2006, 164). Motiv blood dripped (LEKSIKON 2006, 118), signi- polumjeseca pod nogama Bezgrešne nakon bit- fying that access to eternal life was open to all. ke kod Lepanta 1571. god. dobiva na važnosti On six specimens the reverse has a depiction of kao simbol pobjede kršćanstva nad Turcima the Immaculata, i.e. the Immaculate One. Over tj. islamom (LEKSIKON 2006, 164). U pet her head is a wreath of seven stars and beneath primjeraka natpis na reversu glasi VIR IMM / her feet a crescent moon. This depiction of the VITAM PRAEST / PURAM. Natpis se čita Mother of God is based on the description of Vi- 51 rgo Immaculata Vitam presta puram52. U slučaju the woman in the Apocalypse that is shaped križa iz groba 12 (T.16.7) natpis je drugačiji te from the late 15th century as the authoritative iconographic type (LEKSIKON 2006, 164). The motif of the crescent moon beneath the feet of the Immaculata gains in importance after the

51 „Žena obučena u sunce, mjesec pod nogama njenim, a na glavi joj vijenac od dvanaest zvijezda“, 51 “A woman clothed with the sun, with the moon Otk 12, 1. under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve 52 U prijevodu: Bezgrešna Djevice, čestit život nam daj. stars”, Rev. 12, 1.

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glasi V I / MARIA MATER / GRAT?, a glasio Battle of Lepanto in 1571 as a symbol of the tri- bi Virgo Immaculata, Maria mater gratiae.53 umph of Christianity over the Turks, i.e. Islam (LEKSIKON 2006, 164). On five specimens Na reversu križa iz groba 93 (T.16.6) nalazi se the inscription of the reverse reads VIR IMM prikaz Bogorodice u zvonolikome plaštu koja / VITAM PRAEST / PURAM. The inscrip- drži dijete. Križ je posvećen Mariji iz Loreta. tion is read as Virgo Immaculata Vitam presta Iako nema natpisa koji to potvrđuje, prikaz Bo- puram52. In the case of the cross from grave 12 gorodice ukazuje na to, kao i tijesna povezanost (T.16.7) the inscription differs and reads V I / obližnjega Trsatskog svetišta s baš tim štova- MARIA MATER / GRAT?, and is read as Virgo njem. Natpis je jedino čitljiv na dnu patibuluma Immaculata, Maria mater gratiae.53 koji glasi Ora pro n(obis)54. On the reverse of the cross from grave 93 Takav se tip križa s ravnim zaključcima greda (T.16.6) we find a depiction of the Mother te profiliranim rubovima može, po analogija- of God in a campanulate mantle holding the ma, datirati u razdoblje od kasnoga 16. do 19. Child. The cross is dedicated to Mary of Loreto. stoljeća (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 42). Danas su znani Although there is no inscription to confirm it, nalazi iz kontinentalne Hrvatske i Podunavlja the depiction of the Mother of God suggests it, koji su datirani u 18. i 19. stoljeće (PAVIČIĆ as does the close connection of the nearby shrine 1994, 75-76). Nalaze križeva toga tipa u Čazmi in Trsat with the Marian devotion. The inscrip- A. Azinović Bebek datirala je u 17. i 18. stolje- tion is legible only at the base of the patibulum će (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255), kao and reads Ora pro n(obis)54. i primjere iz Žumberka (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32). U grobu 533 u Klostermarienbergu This cross type with straight-ended beam and nađen je istovjetan križ s prikazom Imakulate, post and profiled edges can, by analogy, be dated a datiran je u 18. stoljeće (FUNDORT KLO- to the period from the late 16th to 19th cen- STER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. 28.19). Za nalaze tury (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 42). We know of finds s riječkoga groblja možemo ustanoviti da su pri- presently from continental Croatia and the Po- loženi u grobove do druge polovice 18. stoljeća. dunavlje region that are dated to the 18th and Prikaz raspetoga Krista s aversa križa iz groba 19th centuries (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76). Finds 36 ima analogiju na reversu svetačke medaljice of crosses of this type in Čazma are dated by A. nađene na Hrvatskome trgu u Ljubljani, koja je Azinović Bebek to the 17th and 18th centu- datirana u 18. stoljeće (KNEZ 2001, 102). ries (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255), as are specimens from Žumberak (AZINOVIĆ Drugu veliku skupinu križeva s riječkoga groblja BEBEK 2006, 32). In grave 533 in Klosterma- čini osam križeva Caravaca. Četiri su većih di- rienberg an identical cross was found with a menzija te imaju reljefni korpus, dva su srednje depiction of the Immaculata and is dated to the veličine te nemaju korpus i profilirani su, dok su 18th century (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, dva manjih dimenzija. 298-299, cat. no. 28.19). Of the finds from the Rijeka cemetery we can conclude that they were Križ Caravaca je tip križa s dvjema poprečnim gredama. Dobio je ime po španjolskome mje- placed in graves up to the second half of the 18th stu Caravaca de la Cruz. Po legendi je nastao century. The depiction of the crucified Christ u doba rekonkviste (u 13. stoljeću). Anđeli su on the obverse of the cross from grave 36 has an spustili takav križ s neba misionaru koji je pokazivao maurskome kralju Zeit-Abu-Zeitu kako

52 Translation: Immaculate Virgin, grant to us a pure life. 53 U prijevodu: Bezgrešna Djevice, Marijo majko 53 Translation: Immaculate Virgin, Mary mother of milosti. grace. 54 …Moli za nas. 54 …Pray for us.

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se služi misa. Taj je čin doveo do preobraćenja analogy on the reverse of saint’s devotional med- muslimanskoga vladara. Prema drugoj je legendi als found on Hrvatski Square (Hrvatski trg) in bizantska carica Jelena dala dijelu križeva drva Ljubljana, dated to the 18th century (KNEZ oblik s dvjema gredama. Vrlo je vjerojatno da 2001, 102). se gornja greda razvila iz titulusa (BELAJ 2006, 277). The second major group of crosses from the cemetery in Rijeka consists of eight Caravaca Taj tip križa postao je jako poznat te se širio broj- crosses. Four are of larger dimensions and bear nim kopijama. Na početku su ga po Europi širili a relief corpus, two are mid-sized and have no hodočasnici iz Santiaga de Compostele. Vrhu- corpus, while two are of small dimensions. nac je kulta toga križa u 16. stoljeću. U 17. se stoljeću njegova popularnost širi na prostor Nje- The Caravaca cross is a type of cross with two mačke, a papa Urban VIII. priznaje neka čuda transverse beams. It is named after the Spanish vezana uz njega. Korišteni su za zaštitu od kuge i town of Caravaca de la Cruz. Legend has it that nevremena (BELAJ 2006, 277) ili protiv opsjed- it emerged in the time of the Reconquista (13th nutosti (KNEZ 2005, 20). Velika popularnost century). Angels brought the cross to a mission- u puku te, poglavito, korištenje u praznovjerju ary showing Moorish king Zeit-Abu-Zeit how dovelo je do njegova ukidanja. Kongregacija za mass was served. This event led to the conver- otpuštanje grijeha zabranila ga je prvi put 1678. sion of the Muslim ruler. According to another god. što je rezultiralo napuštanjem toga tipa kri- legend the Byzantine Empress Helena arranged ža kod vjernika te je dovelo do njegova potpuno- the fragments of the wood of the cross in shape ga nestanka tijekom 18. stoljeća. of two transverse bars. It is very likely that the upper beam developed from the titulus (BELAJ Među križevima Caravaca svojom se očuvano- 2006, 277). šću i ornamentikom ističu dva križa (T.17.1, T.17.3). Na aversu je uz razapetoga Krista nat- This type of cross became very well known and pis DOMINE MEMENTO55. Pod Kristom spread through various copies. Initially it was su dva slova F I te pod njima urezan cvijet. Ta disseminated across Europe by pilgrims from dva slova mogu biti nastavak zaziva koji glasi Santiago de Compostela. The peak of the cult of MEI, ali u tom slučaju nedostaje slovo M. Na this cross was in the 16th century. In the 17th reversu se nalazi urezan zaziv sv. Benedikta. Na century its popularity spread to Germany, and vrhovima greda nalaze se slova C.S.P.B., što su Pope Urban VIII recognised some miracles as- kratice natpisa Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti56. sociated with it. They were used as a protection Na patibulumu se nalaze početna slova penta- against the plague and inclement weather (BE- metra C.S.S.M.L.N.D.S.M.D. U cijelosti glasi LAJ 2006, 277) or against demonic possession Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux, Non Draco Sit Mihi (KNEZ 2005, 20). The great popularity among Dux57. Na gornjoj se gredi nalazi početak zaziva the common people and, above all, its applica- V.R.S.N.S.M.V. Na donjoj se gredi zaziv nastav- tion in superstition, led to it being banned. The lja, S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. Tako cijeli natpis glasi Vade Congregation of Indulgences and Relics first retro satanas numquam suade mihi vana sunt banned it in 1678, which resulted in the aban- mala que libas ipse venena bibas58. Istovjetan je doning of this type of cross among worshippers and led to its complete disappearance in the 18th century.

55 Natpis u cijelosti glasi Domine memento mei što Two crosses stand out among the Caravaca u prijevodu glasi: Gospodine, sjeti se mene (kada crosses by their level of preservation and orna- dođeš u Kraljevstvo svoje). mentation (T.17.1, T.17.3). On the obverse, 56 U prijevodu: Križ svetoga oca Benedikta. along with the crucified Christ, we find the -in 57 U prijevodu: Sveti Križ neka mi bude svjetlo, nek mi sotona ne bude vođa 58 Prijevod ovoga zaziva glasi: Odlazi, sotono, nikad

89 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

križ pronađen prilikom istraživanja novovjekov- scription DOMINE MEMENTO55. Beneath noga groblja crkve sv. Martina kod Prozorja koji Christ are two letters, F and I, and beneath them je datiran u 17. stoljeće (BELAJ 2006, 289, sl. an engraved flower. These two letters could be 18), u crkvi Marije Magdalene u Čazmi gdje je the continuation of the invocation, which reads datiran u kraj 17. i početak 18. stoljeća (AZI- MEI, although, in that case, the letter M is miss- NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67) te kod kapele sv. ing. On the reverse we find the engraved invoca- Jelene u Šenkovcu, također datiran u 17. stolje- tion of St Benedict. At the ends of the beams are će (ŠENKOVEC, 2001, 27, sl. 18). Križ s istim the letters C.S.P.B., the abbreviation for the in- reversom nalazi se u fundusu Hrvatskoga povi- scription Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti56. On the jesnog muzeja, a analogijom prema grobnome patibulum we find the initial letters of the pen- nalazu iz Szekesfehervara datiran je u 17. stoljeće tameter C.S.S.M.L.N.D.S.M.D. In full it reads (PAVIČIĆ, 1994, 82-83, kat. br. 72). U 17. je Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux, Non Draco Sit Mihi stoljeće datiran i križ s istim reversom iz groba Dux57. The upper beam has the beginning of the 377 u Klostermarienbergu (FUNDORT KLO- invocation V.R.S.N.S.M.V. The invocation con- STER 2000, 297). Iako se takav tip križeva po- tinues on the lower beam, S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. The javljuje i u 19. stoljeću, ta se datacija za primjerke full inscription reads Vade retro satanas num- iz riječkoga groblja može odbaciti. quam suade mihi vana sunt mala que libas ipse venena bibas58. It is identical to crosses found Natpisi se nalaze na još dvama primjercima kri- during the research of a Post Medieval cemetery ževa Caravaca. Križ (T.17.2) iz groba 79 ima na at St Martin’s church at Prozorje that is dated to aversu natpis ADORAMU TE CRIST. Na re- the 17th century (BELAJ 2006, 289, fig. 18), at versu su urezani znakovi Kristove muke tj. arma the church of Mary Magdalene in Čazma where Christi. Uz njega je pronađena i medaljica Marije it is dated to the late 17th and early 18th cen- iz Einsiedelna koja je datirana u kraj 17. stoljeća tury (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67) and at the (KNEZ 2001, 44, sl. 20). Na manjemu je križiću chapel of St Helena in Šenkovec, also dated to (T.17.7) na reversu čitljiv natpis SANTA CLA- the 17th century (Šenkovec, 2001, 27, fig. 18). 59 RA . A cross with the same reverse is held in the fund of the Croatian History Museum, and is dated Na ostalim primjercima križeva Caravaca nema natpisa, dok samo jedan (PN 998) ima korpus. by analogy to a grave find from Székesfehérvár Dva su primjerka (T.17.5,6) profilirana s obje to the 17th century (Pavičić, 1994, 82-83, cat. strane dok je jedan primjerak (T.17.8) ukrašen s no. 72). Also dated to the 17th century is a cross urezanim motivom jeline grančice. Jelino stablo with the same reverse from grave 377 at Kloster- u kršćanstvu predstavlja ljude koji su se odricali marienberg (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, niskih strasti te se odlikovali krepošću strplji- 297). Although this type of cross also appears in vosti (LEKSIKON 2006, 326). Križ sa sličnim the 19th century, this dating can be rejected for urezanim motivima jele na reversu nađen je u the specimens from the cemetery in Rijeka. Dalju, a datiran je u 16. i 17. stoljeće (PAVIČIĆ Inscriptions are found on another two speci- 1994, 73). Križ Caravaca s isprepletenom profi- mens of the Caravaca cross. The cross (T.17.2) lacijom nađen je na groblju kod crkve sv. Stjepa- na u Brelima koje je datirano okvirno od kraja

55 In full: Domine memento mei (Remember me Lord (when you come into your kingdom)). mi ne savjetuj što je isprazno: zlo je što mi pružaš, 56 Translation: the cross of the holy father Benedict. sam pij svoj otrov. 57 Translation: May the holy cross be my light, let not 59 Sv. Klara je u 13. stoljeću bila učenica sv. Franje the dragon be my guide. Asiškoga te je položila franjevačke zavjete i osnovala 58 The translation of this invocation is: Begone Satan, Red siromašnih klarisa. Zaštitnica je pralja te čuva suggest not vain things to me: evil is cup thou od vrućice (LEKSIKON 2006, 359). offerest; drink thou thine own poison.

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14. do kraja 18. stoljeća (BOŽEK 1997, 106, from grave 79 has the inscription ADORAMU 113). TE CRIST on the obverse. On the reverse we find the engraved symbols of the Passion of the Četiri križa pripadaju tipu kojemu grede završa- Christ, i.e. the arma Christi. Along with it a de- vaju glavama maskerona (T.17.9,10, T.18.1,2). votional medal dedicated to Our Lady of Ein- Dva su pronađena u zatvorenome kontekstu siedeln was found that is dated to the late 17th groba 5. century (KNEZ 2001, 44, fig. 20). The inscrip- 59 Sličan križ u fundusu Hrvatskoga povijesnog tion SANTA CLARA is found on the reverse muzeja datiran je u 15. ili 16. stoljeće. Autori- of a small cross (T.17.7). ca ga datira prema analogiji s križem s ciborija There are no inscriptions on the other specimens župne crkve sv. Petra i Pavla u Bribiru iz 15. of Caravaca crosses, while only one (SF 998) stoljeća (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 72-73). Prikaz na re- bears the corpus. Two specimens (T.17.5.6) versu križa (T.18.2) predstavlja Bogorodicu u are profiled to both sides while one specimen zvonolikome plaštu koju krune anđeli. Tako se (T.17.8) is decorated with the engraved motif of prikazivala Marija iz Loreta čiji je kult postao a fir branch. In Christianity the fir tree is sym- raširen u 16. stoljeću. Naš je primjerak nađen u bolic of people who have rejected base passions zapuni groba 5 zajedno s ispremiješanim kosti- and have demonstrated the virtue of patience ma pokojnika poremećenih prilikom kasnijih (LEKSIKON 2006, 326). A cross with similar ukopa. Zbog položaja u grobu te stilskih obiljež- engraved fir tree motifs on the reverse was found ja naš bi se primjerak mogao datirati u 16. sto- at Dalj, and is dated to the 16th and 17th cen- ljeće. Križ (T.18.1), također iz zapune groba 5, turies (PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73). TheCaravaca cross za razliku od prethodnoga na aversu ima prikaz with intertwined profiling was found in a grave Imakulate uz koju se nalaze dva anđela. Anđeli at St Stephen’s church in Brela that is approxi- se kao simboli uz Bogorodicu, u takvome prika- mately dated to the period from the late 14th to zu, pojavljuju u baroku. Po stilskim i tipološkim late 18th century (BOŽEK 1997, 106, 113). obilježjima taj se križ može datirati u 16. ili 17. stoljeće. Ostala su dva primjerka križeva s glava- Four crosses are of the type in which the beams ma maskerona pronađena u sloju groblja te ih se end in mascherone heads (T.17.9.10, T.18.1.2). može datirati u razdoblje od 15. do 17. stoljeća. Two were found in the closed context of grave 5.

Pronađeno je pet križeva čije su grede trolisno A similar cross in the fund of the Croatian His- zaključene (T.18.3-7). Križ (T.18.6) na reversu tory Museum is dated to the 15th or 16th cen- ima natpis DOMINE MEMENTO MEI. Obli- tury. The author dates it by analogy with a 15th kom sličan križ, s nečitljivim natpisom na rever- century cross with ciborium from the parish su, nađen je u grobu 531 u Klostermarienbergu church of Sts Peter and Paul in Bribir (PAVIČIĆ te je datiran u 18. stoljeće (FUNDORT KLO- 1994, 72-73). The depiction on the reverse of STER 2000, 300, kat. br. 28.25). Nalazi sličnih cross T.18.2 is of the Mother of God in campan- križeva u Čazmi, Žumberku i Šenkovcu datira- ulate mantle being crowned by angels. Mary of ni su u 17. i 18. stoljeće (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK Loreto, whose cult was widespread in the 16th 2007, 256; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 23; century, was also thus depicted. Our specimen ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 23). Križevi takvoga was found in the fill of the grave 5 along with tipa ponekad su povezani s tau-križevima i nji- jumbled bones of the deceased disturbed during hovom varijacijom tzv. makabejskim križevima koji su korišteni za zaštitu od kuge. Oblik našega križa poznat je s amuletne ceduljice te je datiran u 17. stoljeće (MÜNSTERER, 1983, abb. 22). 59 In the 13th century St Clare was a follower of St Münsterer datira tau-križeve u široko razdoblje Francis of Assisi. She took the Franciscan vows and founded the Order of Poor Clares. She is the patron od 15. do 18. stoljeća dok kod makabejskih kri- protector of laundresses and protects from fever (LEKSIKON 2006, 359).

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ževa ne spominje točnu dataciju (MÜNSTE- subsequent burials. Based on the position in the RER 1983, 46-56). grave and the stylistic characteristics, our specimen could be dated to the 16th century. Unlike Križ s trolisnim završecima (T.18.4) iz groba the previous example, another cross (T.18.1) 110 pripada vrlo raširenomu tipu križeva. Pri- also from the fill of grave 5, has a depiction of mjerci koji su pronađeni u kontinentalnoj Hr- the Immaculata accompanied by two angels on vatskoj datirani su u 17. i 18. stoljeće: u Novim the obverse. Angels appear as symbols alongside Banovcima (PAVIČIĆ, 1994, 79), Čazmi (AZI- the Mother of God in these depictions during NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 251-252), Žumberku the baroque period. Based on its stylistic and ty- (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, 2006, 32), sv. Martinu pological characteristics this cross can be dated kod Prozorja (BELAJ, 2006, 289, sl. 32). U Klo- to the 16th or 17th century. The remaining two stermarienbergu dva su primjerka datirana u 18. cross specimens with mascherone heads were stoljeće (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, 300- found in the cemetery layer and they can be dat- 301, kat. br. 28.27, 28.29a). Istomu tipu križa ed to the period from the 15th to 17th century. pripada i primjerak iz sloja groblja (T.18.5). Five crosses were found with trefoil ends to U sloju šute pronađen je brončani korpus the beams (floriated cross) (T.18.3-7). One (T.19.2) koji je bio pričvršćen zakovicama za dr- cross (T.18.6) bears the inscription DOMINE veni križ. Sličan nalaz iz Čazme datiran je u 17. MEMENTO MEI on the reverse. A cross of i 18. stoljeće (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 260). similar form with an illegible inscription on the Istovjetan je korpus nađen prilikom istraživanja reverse was found in grave 531 at Klostermarien- opatije Saint-Claude u Francuskoj, a datiran berg and is dated to the 18th century (FUN- je u isto razdoblje kao i čazmanski primjerak DORT KLOSTER 2000, 300, cat. no. 28.25). (17./18. st.) (BULLY 2004, 159, fig. 30). Križ Finds of similar crosses at Čazma, Žumberak s korpusom pričvršćenim zakovicama (T.20.1) and Šenkovec are dated to the 17th and 18th pronađen je u zapuni groba 5 u kojoj su se na- centuries (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 256; lazile i kosti poremećenih ukopa. S obzirom na AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 23; ŠENKOVEC poziciju te druge nalaze u istome sloju, taj bi se 2001, 27, fig. 23). Crosses of this type are some- primjerak mogao datirati u razdoblje 16. i 17. times associated with Tau crosses and their vari- stoljeća. ation—the Maccabean crosses used for protec- Kod dvaju primjeraka križeva (T.20.2,3) gre- tion against the plague. The form of our cross de se zaključuju s ukrasom u obliku palmete, a is known from an amulet note dated to the sredina je otvorena. Primjerak iz Surduka koji 17th century (MÜNSTERER, 1983, abb. 22). se nalazi u Hrvatskome povijesnom muzeju te- Münsterer dates Tau crosses to the broad period meljem analogija iz Mađarske datiran je u 17. from the 15th to 18th century, but does not of- stoljeće (PAVIČIĆ, 1994, 82). Prilikom iskopa- fer a precise dating for the Maccabean crosses vanja kapele sv. Jelene u Šenkovcu pronađen je (MÜNSTERER 1983, 46-56). križ takvoga tipa, a datiran je u 17. i 18. stoljeće A floriated cross (T.18.4) from grave 110 is from a (ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 21). Kod toga je pri- very widespread cross type. The specimens found mjerka vidljivo da je otvor na sredini križa bio in continental Croatia are dated to the 17th and zapunjen nekim drugim materijalom. 18th centuries: at Novi Banovac (PAVIČIĆ, Među cijelim korpusom križeva iz riječkoga 1994, 79), Čazma (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, groblja ističe se oblikom i dekoracijom tzv. Se- 251-252), Žumberak (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, bastijanov i Benediktov križ (T.20.4). Imao je 2006, 32) and Sveti Martin near Prozorje (BE- značaj amuleta te se nosio za zaštitu od kuge LAJ, 2006, 289, fig. 32). At Klostermarienberg i drugih neprilika. Na aversu se nalazi klasi- two specimens are dated to the 18th century čan natpis posvećen sv. Benediktu. Na rever- (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, 300-301, cat. su se nalazi Zaharijin zaziv ili blagoslov što no. 28.27, 28.29a). Another cross specimen

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je vrlo česta pojava kod takvoga tipa križa60. (T.18.5) from the cemetery layer is of the same Zaharijin je pečat sastavljen od osamnaest slo- type. va između kojih je postavljeno sedam križeva (+Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS). Pod A bronze corpus (T.19.2) was found in the layer tim je natpisom ime sv. Sebastijana61. U sredini of debris affixed to a wooden cross with rivets. je prikaz sveca u plitkome reljefu što onemogu- A similar find from Čazma is dated to the 17th ćuje identifikaciju. Slova i križevi u Zaharijino- and 18th centuries (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, me zazivu predstavljaju rečenice ili čak odlomke 260). It is identical to a corpus found during the iz psalama i evanđelja. Sam natpis ukazuje na to investigation of the Abbey of Saint-Claude in da je namijenjen obrani od kuge. Zaharijin se France, dated to the same period as the Čazma zaziv na križevima i svetačkim medaljicama po- specimen (17th/18th century) (BULLY 2004, javljuje od polovice 17. stoljeća (KNEZ 2005, 159, fig. 30). A cross with a corpus attached with 18). Sv. Benedikt omiljen je svetac zaštitnik u rivets (T.20.1) was found in the fill of grave 5, 17. stoljeću. On je također zaštitnik od kuge which also contained the bones of disarranged koja je česta pojava u Europi u to doba. Sve to burials. Considering the positions of these other ukazuje na to da se taj primjerak može datirati finds in the same layer, this specimen could be od sredine 17. stoljeća. Sličan se primjerak nalazi dated to the period of the 16th and 17th cen- u Narodnome muzeju Slovenije te je datiran u turies. 18. stoljeće (KNEZ, 2005, 20, sl. 4). Naš je pri- On two cross specimens (T.20.2.3) the beams mjerak morao biti vrlo tražen predmet znajući end in a palmette form decoration, and the cen- da je Rijeka trpjela u tim godinama od nekoliko tre is open. A specimen from Surduk kept at epidemija kuge. the Croatian History Museum is dated, based Iz priloženoga se vidi da je popularnost križeva- on an analogy from Hungary, to the 17th cen- privjesaka u Rijeci i okolici bila daleko manja od tury (PAVIČIĆ, 1994, 82). During excavations svetačkih medaljica. Oblici i ornamenti ni po at St Helena’s chapel in Šenkovec a cross of this čemu se ne razlikuju od već poznatih primjera type was found and dated to the 17th and 18th koji većinom dolaze iz kontinentalnih dijelova, centuries (ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 21). On sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, Slovenije i Austrije, this specimen it is evident that the opening at što ukazuje na tijesnu povezanost tih krajeva s the centre of the cross was previously filled with kvarnerskim primorjem. Za križeve s prikazima some other material. Bogorodice, pogotovo loretske Marije, možemo Prominent among the entire body of crosses from sa sigurnošću tvrditi da su izrađeni u lokalnoj ra- the cemetery in Rijeka by its form and decoration dionici koja je bila vezana uz marijansko svetište is a “Sebastian” or “Benedict” cross (T.20.4). It na obližnjemu Trsatu. Poznato je da je svako ho- played the role of an amulet and was worn as pro- dočasničko svetište izrađivalo križeve i medaljice tection from the plague and other misfortunes. koje su kupovali hodočasnici kao zaštitu, simbol The obverse bears the classic inscription dedi- vjere ili kao uspomenu na putovanje. Većina se cated to St Benedict. On the reverse is Zachary’s riječkih primjera može datirati u razdoblje no- invocation or blessing, a very frequent attribute of this type of cross60. Zachary’s seal consists of eighteen letters interspersed with seven crosses (+Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS). Un- 60 Legenda pripisuje njegov izvor različitim osobama s imenom Zaharije, a najvažniji je istoimeni papa iz 8. stoljeća. 61 Sv. Sebastijan, kršćanski mučenik iz 3. stoljeća. Mučen tako da je privezan za stup te je gađan strijelama, a takav je najčešći ikonografski prikaz. U antici se vjerovalo da strijela Aplonova donosi kugu, 60 Legend attributes its source to various persons with tako da je sv. Sebastijan postao zaštitnikom od kuge the name Zachary, the most frequent being the 8th (Leksikon 2006, 555-556). century Pope of that name.

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voga vijeka, odnosno 17. i 18. stoljeće. Samo ne- der this inscription is the name of St Sebastian61. koliko primjeraka križeva s glavama maskerona At the centre is a depiction of a saint in low ima tradiciju iz kasnoga srednjeg (15. stoljeće) i relief, rendering identification impossible. The ranoga novog vijeka (16. stoljeće). letters and crosses in Zachary’s invocation represent sentences and even excerpts from psalms and the gospels. The inscription itself indicates KRUNICE that it was meant to provide protection from the plague. Zachary’s invocation on crosses and Uz svetačke su medaljice i križeve u kasnosred- saint’s devotional medals appear from the mid njovjekovnim i novovjekovnim grobljima, pa 17th century on (KNEZ 2005, 18). St Benedict tako i u riječkome, nalažena i zrna krunica. Osta- is the favoured patron saint of the 17th century. ci krunica puno su rjeđi od nalaza ostalih devo- He is also a protector from the plague—which cionalija budući da su zrna rađena od materijala frequently struck Europe at the time. It all indi- koji je lakše podlijegao zubu vremena. Na pro- cates that this specimen can be dated from the storu nekadašnjega groblja uz crkvu Uznesenja mid 17th century on. A similar specimen is kept Blažene Djevice Marije pronađen je velik broj at the National Museum of Slovenia and is dated ostataka krunica. Većina ih je gotovo potpuno to the 18th century (KNEZ, 2005, 20, fig. 4). uništena, a njihov trag predstavljaju pojedina Our specimen must have been a very sought- zrna. Prilikom sukcesivnoga ukopavanja grobo- after object considering that Rijeka suffered va stariji su ukopi stradali i s njima djelomično several epidemic outbreaks of the plague during i njihov inventar. Na riječkome groblju u 14 se that period. primjera naišlo na zrna krunica unutar zatvore- nih grobnih cjelina te ih se tako može rekonstru- From the above stated it is evident that cross- irati i datirati. pendants in Rijeka and its environs were significantly less popular than saint’s devotional Krunica ili ružarij oblik je pobožnosti blaženoj medals. The forms and ornamentation in no way Djevici Mariji. Ta se pobožnost sastoji od raz- depart from the already known examples that, mišljanja i molitvi koje su usredotočene na život for the most part, come from continental areas; Krista i Djevice Marije. Molitve krunice broje northwestern Croatia, Slovenia and Austria— se pomoću niza zrnaca tj. „brojanica“ (LEKSI- all of which are indicative the close links be- KON 2006, 397). Začetke krunica nalazimo na tween these areas and the Kvarner seaboard. Of istoku, u Aziji. Sliči molitvenome „traku“ tzv. crosses with depictions of the Mother of God, in misbah, subha ili tasbih koji poznaju muslimani particular Mary of Loreto, we can say with con- još od 8. stoljeća. U kršćanstvu se pojavljuje kra- fidence that they were manufactured at a local jem ranoga srednjeg vijeka (11. st.) i početkom workshop associated with the Marian shrine at razvijenoga srednjeg vijeka (12. st.), dok vrhunac nearby Trsat. It is known that every pilgrimage razvoja doživljava sa širenjem marijanskoga kulta site manufactured crosses and devotional medals u 13. stoljeću (BURIĆ 2005, 201). Prve krunice purchased by pilgrims as protection, a symbol of imale su 150 zrna za 150 molitava Gospodnjih their faith or as a souvenir of the journey. The (Očenaša), po čemu su i dobile ime paternostri ili majority of the Rijeka specimens can be dated očenaši. U 12. se stoljeću počela širiti i molitva Zdravomarija koja je tijekom 13. stoljeća pota- knula daljnji razvoj krunice. Tome je pripomo- gla klinijevska reforma te uvođenje marijanskoga 61 St Sebastian, a Christian martyr of the 3rd century. psaltira (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 268). U krunici He was tortured by being tied to a post and se javljaju i manja zrna koja služe za Zdravoma- shot through with arrows, as the most frequent riju. U 13. je stoljeću marijanski psaltir preime- iconographic depictions portray him. In the classical antiquity is was believed that Apollo’s novan u rosarium jer zamjenjuje vijenac od ruže arrows could send the plague, and St Sebastian Gospi u čast. Širenju krunica i njezina kulta po- became a protector from the disease (Leksikon 2006, 555-556).

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sebno su pridonijeli franjevački i dominkanski to the Post Medieval, i.e. the 17th and 18th cen- red. Kako su se inače molili psalmi, moliti su tury. Only a few of the crosses with mascherone mogli samo pismeni članovi redova te školovani heads draw their tradition from the Late Me- dijelovi tadašnjega društva. Uvođenje jednostav- dieval (15th century) and Early Post Medieval nih molitvi, Očenaša i Zdravomarije, približilo (16th century). ih je i nepismenima koji su bili brojniji sloj srednjovjekovnoga društva. Od sredine 13. stoljeća krunice su postale dio svakodnevnoga vjerskog ROSARIES života. Današnji se oblik krunice ustalio krajem 15. stoljeća (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 269). U raz- Along with the saint’s devotional medals and doblju od 1410. do 1439. god. kartuzijanac iz crosses, Late Medieval and Post medieval cem- Kölna, Dominik Pruski, uveo je novu formu ko- eteries, like the one in Rijeka, also yield finds of jom je moljenje Zdravomarija svedeno sa 150 na rosary beads. The remains of rosaries are much 50 (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 169). Godine rarer than finds of other devotional objects giv- 1521. dominikanac Albero da Castello smanjio en that the beads are more susceptible to the rav- je broj molitvi na 15 što su mnoga marijanska ages of time. A large number of rosary remains bratstva širom tadašnje Europe rado prihvatila. were found at the former cemetery alongside the Štovanje Gospe od Ružarija i krunice u drugoj church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin polovici 16. stoljeća potiču dominikanci kao Mary. Most are almost entirely destroyed, with spasonosno sredstvo u borbi kršćana s opasno- individual beads their only remaining trace. stima protestantizma i islamizma. Bulom Consu- During successive burials older graves were dam- verunt Romani Pontifices, 1569. god., papa Pio aged and with them to some extent their inven- V. postavlja krunicu za znak protuturskoga sa- tory. At the cemetery in Rijeka rosary beads were veza (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 170). Snažnu found in 14 cases within closed grave contexts, obnovu taj kult dobiva nakon pobjede armade allowing for their reconstruction and dating. ujedinjene Katoličke lige nad osmanlijskom flo- The rosary is a form of devotion to the Blessed tom 7. listopada 1571. god. u bitci kod Lepanta. Virgin Mary. This devotion consists of contem- Papa Lav XIII. proglašava taj dan blagdanom plation and prayer focused on the life of Christ Blažene Djevice Marije od Krunice (AZINO- and the Virgin Mary. The prayers of the rosary VIĆ BEBEK 2009, 170; PREDOVNIK et al. are counted with the aid of a series of “prayer 2008, 88). Marijanska pobožnost i sveta krunica beads” (LEKSIKON 2006, 397). We find the u tom su razdoblju također doživjele proboj i origins of the rosary in the east, in Asia. It is širenje u Novi svijet. U 16. i 17. stoljeću na kru- similar to the misbah, subha or tasbih prayer nice se dodaju križevi, medaljice i medaljoni kao beads known to the Muslims from as far back zaštita od nesreća. Od kasnoga srednjeg vijeka, as the 8th century. They appear in the Christian a češće u 17. i 18. stoljeću, prilažu se u grobove world near the end of the Early Medieval (11th (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 88). century) and at the dawn of the High Medieval U 13 slučajeva krunice ili ostaci krunica prona- period (12th century), and see their peak of de- đeni su uz kosture grobova očuvanih in situ. U velopment with the spread of the Marian cult zapuni groba 5 tj. zidane grobnice nađeno je više in the 13th century (BURIĆ 2005, 201). The vrsta zrna za koje se može ustvrditi da su dijelovi first rosaries had one bead for each of the one triju krunica. U dva slučaja nađene su skoro cije- hundred fifty repetitions of the Lord’s prayer le krunice (T.21.7, T.23.1) u sloju groblja. (Our Father), from which they acquired the name paternoster. In the 12th century we see Krunice i njihovi manji ostaci izrađeni od ko- the spread of the Hail Mary prayer that, in the sti pronađeni su u grobovima 29 (T.21.3), 91 13th century, prompted the further develop- (T.21.6), 92 (T.21.8), 94 (T.22.1), 98 (T.21.1, ment of the rosary. This was aided by the Cluny sl. 25), 112 (T.21.2) i 139. U sloju groblja pro- reforms and the introduction of a Marian Psal-

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ter (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 268). Smaller beads appear in the rosary for the Hail Mary prayer. In the 13th century the Marian Psalter was re- named the rosarium as it replaced the garland of roses in honour of the Madonna. The Franciscan and Dominican orders had a particular role in disseminating the rosary and its cult. As psalms were customarily prayed, only the literate members of the orders and educated members of the society of the time could participate. With the introduction of simple prayers, Our Father and Hail Mary, prayer was brought closer to the il- literate, who constitute the bulk of Medieval society. From the mid 13th century the rosary became an everyday part of religious life. The present day form of the rosary was established in the late 15th century (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 269). In the period from 1410 to 1439 a Carthu- sian monk from Cologne, Dominic of Prussia, introduced a new form whereby the repetitions Slika 25 – detalj koštane krunice s nađeni su ostaci jedne koštane krunice (T.21.7) of the Hail Mary were reduced from one hun- svetačkim medaljicama iz groba 98 koji su se mogli spojiti. U zapuni unutar zida- dred fifty to fifty (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, (foto: I. Pleština) noga groba 5 prikupljena su koštana zrna koja 169). In 1521 the Dominican Albero da Cas- Figure 25 – A detail of the bone vrlo vjerojatno pripadaju jednoj krunici. U šest tello reduced the number of prayers to fifteen, rosary with saint’s devotional medals su slučajeva koštana zrna bila povezana kovin- which many of the Marian fraternities across from grave 98 (photo: I. Pleština) skim kukicama koje su većinom bile izrađene Europe happily adopted. The worship of Our od bronce. Zrna su oblikom uglavnom okrugla Lady of the Rosary in the mid 16th century is i eliptična dok su u jednome primjeru i polie- encouraged by the Dominicans as a means of darska. Koštane krunice javljaju se u zadarskim salvation in the struggle of Christians against inventarima od druge polovice 14. stoljeća pa do the threats posed by Protestantism and Islam. In dvadesetih godina 17. stoljeća, s tim da ih najvi- the bull Consuverunt Romani Pontifices of 1569, še nalazimo na početku 16. stoljeća (ANZULO- Pope Pius V made the rosary the symbol of the VIĆ 2007, 276-277). T. Burić navodi primjere anti-Ottoman alliance (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK koštanih krunica iz Splita i okolice koje smatra 2009, 170). This cult saw a robust revitalisation proizvodima lokalnih radionica te ih datira u after the victory of the united Catholic league 15. i 16. st., uz mogućnost korištenja i početkom over the Ottoman fleet on 7 October 1571 at 17. st. (BURIĆ 2005, 226-227). Zanimljiva je the Battle of Lepanto. Pope Leo XIII declared odsutnost krunica od kosti u grobovima crkve the day a feast day in honour of the Blessed Vir- sv. Marije Magdalene u Čazmi datiranima u gin Mary of the Rosary (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 17. i 18. st. (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009), kao i 2009, 170; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 88). Mar- njihova rijetkost u grobovima crkve sv. Martina ian devotion and the Holy Rosary also saw their kod Prozorja iz 17. stoljeća (BELAJ 2006). Kod incursion and dissemination in the New World krunice iz groba 98 šest zrna Očenaša s ureza- during this period. In the 16th and 17th century nim kanelurama na sredini te jedno valjkasto s crosses, devotional medals and medallions are urezanim okomitim kanelurama imaju paralele attached to rosaries as protection against mis- na groblju kod crkve Gospe od Sita u Strožancu, fortune. From the Late Middle Ages, and more a datirana su u 15. ili možda početak 16. stoljeća frequently in the 17th and 18th century, they (GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; BURIĆ, 2005, fig. 12- are placed in graves (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 88).

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14). Valjksta zrna s kaneliranim ukrasom prona- In thirteen cases rosaries or the remains of ro- đena u groblju crkve Sv. Kuzme i Damjana u Ka- saries were found in graves along with skeletons štel Gomilici datirana su u drugu polovicu 16. preserved in situ. In the fill of grave 5, a walled ili čak početak 17. stoljeća (BURIĆ 2005, 223, grave, several types of beads were found that can fig. 15). U fundusu Narodnoga muzeja Slovenije be attributed to three rosaries. In two cases al- nalazi se krunica sastavljena od valjkastih kane- most complete rosaries were discovered (T.21.7, liranih zrna, a datirana je u 17. stoljeće (THEA- T.23.1) in the cemetery layer. TRUM VITAE 2002, 139, kat. br. 244). U tim su dalmatinskim primjerima zrna bila povezana Rosaries and their partial remains fabricated tekstilnom uzicom koja je propala, dok je naš of bone were found in graves 29 (T.21.3), 91 primjer povezan brončanim kukicama. Koštana (T.21.6), 92 (T.21.8), 94 (T.22.1), 98 (T.21.1, krunica povezana brončanim kukicama iz groba fig. 25), 112 (T.21.2) and 139. The remains of 16/1 u Kleinmariazellu datirana je u 17. stoljeće another bone bead rosary (T.21.7) that could be (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.15). joined were found in the cemetery layer. Bones Stoga primjerak iz groba 98 možemo datirati u beads were collected in the fill of walled grave kasno 16. ili 17. stoljeće. Uz veća zrna krunica 5 that very likely are from a single rosary. In six je bila sastavljena i od 39 manjih okruglih zrna cases the bone beads were linked with small bez dekoracije. Zrna su po svoj vjerojatnosti pri- metal hooks that are for the most part fabri- padala krunici od 63 zrna koja je predstavljala cated of bronze. The beads are mostly round godine koje je doživjela Marija (AZINOVIĆ or elliptical in form, while in one case they are BEBEK 2009, 176). polyhedral. Bone rosaries appear in Zadar inventories from the second half of the 14th century Slična valjkasta zrna ukrašena kanelurama pro- and appear through to the 1620s, with most of nađena su među razgrnutim kostima unutar those found being from the early 16th century zidanoga groba 5. S obzirom na to da su u istoj (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 276-277). T. Burić cites zapuni nađeni križevi-privjesci s glavama maske- examples of bone rosaries in Split and its envi- rona ta se zrna mogu datirati u 15. i 16. stoljeće. rons, attributing them to the production of local Šest valjkastih zrna s kanelurama pronađeno je workshops and dating them to the 15th and 16th u grobu 71, zidanoj kosturnici. Među njima se century, with the possibility that they were also posebno ističu dva koja su ukrašena vodoravnim in use in the early 17th century (BURIĆ 2005, linijama dodatno presječenim kanelurama. U 226-227). The absence of rosaries made of bone istoj su kosturnici nađena još dva okrugla zrna at graves at the church of St Mary Magdalene in ukrašena trima paralelnim linijama, istovjetne Čazma, dated to the 17th and 18th centuries, is onima iz groba 98. Kod valjkastoga zrna s kane- interesting (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009), as is lurama iz sloja groblja (T.22.2) vidljivi su tragovi their scarcity in graves at St Martin’s church in crvene boje. Prozorje from the 17th century (BELAJ 2006). The rosary from grave 98, with six Our Father U grobu 29 pronađena su jednostavna okrugla beads with incised cannelures in the middle and koštana zrna bez dekoracije (T.21.3), slična zrni- one cylindrical with incised perpendicular can- ma avemaria iz groba 98. Također su bila među- nelures, has parallels from the cemetery at the sobno povezana metalnim kukicama. U grobu church of Our Lady of Sito in Strožanac, dat- je pronađena i medaljica s prikazima Marije iz ed to the 15th and perhaps early 16th century Loreta i raspela iz 17./18. stoljeća. (GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; BURIĆ, 2005, fig. Najbolje očuvana koštana krunica pronađena 12-14). Cylindrical beads with cannelure orna- je u potpuno očuvanome muškom grobu 112 mentation found at the cemetery of the church (T.21.2, sl. 26). Bila je omotana oko desne ruke of Sts Cosmas and Damian at Kaštel Gomilica te visjela na zdjelici. Sastavljena je od 45 manjih have been dated to the second half of the 16th or neukrašenih i 5 većih okruglih zrna ukrašenih perhaps the early 17th century (BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 15). The fund of the National Museum

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of Slovenia includes a rosary composed of cylindrical cannelured beads dated to the 17th century (THEATRUM VITAE 2002, 139, cat. no. 244). The examples from Dalmatia had the beads linked with a string of textile that has decayed, while our specimen is linked with small bronze hooks. A bone rosary linked with small bronze hooks from grave 16/1 at Kleinmari- azell is dated to the 17th century (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.15). We can, therefore, date the specimen from grave 98 to the late 16th or 17th century. Along with the larger beads, the rosary consisted of thirty-nine smaller unadorned round beads. The beads were likely part of a rosary of sixty-three beads, which represented the years of Mary’s life (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 176).

A similar cylindrical bead decorated with can- Slika 26 – krunica omotana oko profiliranim rebrom. Zrna su povezana bronča- nelures was found among the jumbled bones ruku položenih na trbuh pokojnika nim kukicama. Veća su zrna povezana s ostalim u grobu 112 (foto: A. Janeš) within walled grave 5. Considering that cross- brončanim kukicama čiji duži kraj tvori spiral- pendants with mascherone heads were found Figure 26 – A rosary wound around ni ukras oko same kukice. Na tu je krunicu bila in the same fill these beads can be dated to the the hand placed over the abdomen prikopčana medaljica Mariazell i sv. Ivana Nepo- of the deceased in grave 112 (photo: 15th and 16th centuries. Six cylindrical beads A. Janeš) muka iz 17. stoljeća. with cannelures were discovered in grave 71, Fino izglačana koštana zrna ovalnoga oblika iz a walled ossuary. Prominent among these are groba 91 također su povezana brončanim kuki- two decorated with horizontal lines further cama (T.21.6). Uz krunicu je pronađena i meda- intersected with cannelures. The same ossuary ljica s prikazima Isusa i Marije iz 17. stoljeća. Na yielded a further two beads decorated with three prostoru u blizini groba pronađena su još četiri parallel lines, identical to those from grave 98. zrna s brončanim kukicama koja možemo pripi- Traces of red colour are visible on the cylindrical sati istoj krunici. Jedno od njih ima dva žlijeba beads with cannelures from the cemetery layer (oblik kalema) te se razlikuje od ostalih, što uka- (T.22.2). zuje na to da se radi o zrnu paternoster. Simple unadorned round bone beads (T.21.3) Među krunicama izrađenim od kosti može se još were found in grave 29, similar to the Ave Ma- izdvojiti jedan primjerak od 6 većih zrna pater- ria beads from grave 98. These were also joined noster i 49 manjih zdravomarija iz sloja groblja with small metal hooks. Also found in this grave (T.21.7). Zrna su bez dekoracije, a bila su pove- was a devotional medal with a depiction of Mary zana tekstilnom vrpcom. Slična se krunica može of Loreto and a crucifix from the 17th to 18th vidjeti na portretu bavarskoga plemića Bernhar- century. da Bartha von Harmatinga iz 1616. godine (sl. The best preserved bone rosary was discovered 23). Materijal i jednostavan izgled daju naslutiti in completely preserved male grave 112 (T.21.2, da je takav tip krunica i stariji od navedenoga li- fig. 26). It was wrapped around the right hand kovnog prikaza te vjerojatno korijene ima u 15. and lay across the pelvis. It consists of 45 small ili 16. stoljeću (sl. 24). unadorned and five larger round beads decorat- U grobovima 16 (T.22.7), 25 (T.22.8) i 134 ed with a profiled rib. The beads are linked with (T.22.9) pronađene su krunice od stakla. Stakle- small bronze hooks. The larger beads are linked

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to the remaining beads with bronze hooks the longer ends of which form a spiralling decoration around the hooks themselves. A 17th century Mariazell and St John of Nepomuk devotional medal was attached to this rosary.

Finely polished bone beads of oval form from grave 91 are also linked with small bronze hooks (T.21.6). Discovered along with the rosary was a devotional medal bearing a depiction of Jesus and Mary from the 17th century. Also found in the area near the grave were four beads with small bronze hooks that we can attribute to the same rosary. One of these has two grooves Slika 23 – portret Bernharda Bartha (spool form) and differs from the rest, indicating von Harmatinga, 1616. g., u ruci drži koštanu? krunicu. that this is a paternoster bead. Figure 23 – A 1616 portrait of Among the rosaries fabricated of bone we can Bernhard Barth von Harmating also single out another specimen of six large holding a bone (?) rosary. na zrna pronađena su u zapuni groba 5. Krunice paternoster beads and forty-nine smaller Hail od srebra i jantara spominju se u zadarskim in- Mary beads from the cemetery layer (T.21.7). ventarima uz krunice od stakla ili staklene paste the beads are unadorned and were linked with od prve polovice 14. stoljeća (ANZULOVIĆ a textile ribbon. A similar rosary is visible on a 2007, 269). Dakle, smatralo ih se dragocjenim 1616 portrait of Bavarian nobleman Bernhard predmetima. U grobljima splitskoga i trogirsko- Barth von Harmating (fig. 23). The material and ag područja krunice od stakla i staklene paste simple appearance suggest that this type of rosa- pojavljuju se od kasnoga 16. st. i u 17. st. te pre- ry is older than the cited painting and likely has uzimaju prevlast u 18. stoljeću (BURIĆ 2005, its roots in the 15th or 16th century (fig. 24). 227). T. Burić povezuje prevlast krunica od stakla i staklene paste povećanom ovisnošću Dal- Rosaries of glass beads were found in graves 16 macije o mletačkome uvozu tijekom 16. i 17. sto- (T.22.7), 25 (T.22.8) and 134 (T.22.9). Glass ljeća (BURIĆ 2005, 227). U prilog toj tvrdnji beads were also found in the fill of grave 5. Ro- govore nalazi tereta potonuloga broda na loka- saries of silver and amber are mentioned in Za- litetu Mijoka kod Murtera s početka 17. stolje- dar inventories along with rosaries of glass or glass paste from the first half of the 14th century (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 269). These were Slika 24 – detalj krunica s considered precious objects. At cemeteries in Caravaggiove slike Gospa od the Split and Trogir areas rosaries of glass and krunice, 1607. g. (LAMBERT glass paste appear from the late 16th and 17th 2007) century and become predominant in the 18th Figure 24 – A detail of the rosary century (BURIĆ 2005, 227). T. Burić associ- in Caravaggio’s Madonna of the Rosary, 1607 (LAMBERT 2007) ates the predominance of rosaries made of glass and glass paste to the dependence of Dalmatia on imports from Venice in the 16th and 17th centuries (BURIĆ 2005, 227). In support of this hypothesis are finds from the cargo of a ship that sank at the Mijoka site near Murter in the early 17th century. Found among the cargo were glass and glass paste beads of various shapes and

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sizes, most likely originating from the Murano glass workshops (ZMAIĆ 2009, 436-437, fig. 7). A similar find was collected from the cargo of a ship that sank in the waters of the island of Koločep off the coast from Dubrovnik that is dated to the late 17th and early 18th century (KISIĆ 1982, 160). Although glass bead rosaries are known from as far back as the 14th century they only being to appear in graves from the late 16th century, likely as a result of the high glass production in Venice. This reduced the cost of glass bead rosaries rendering them more accessible, and they were more frequently depos- Slika 27– detalj krunice od stakla/ ited into graves, while they had previously been gagata na portretu Federica stored as valuable family heirlooms. Gonzage, vojvode od Mantove, Tizian, 1529. g. (KENNEDY 2006) A rosary of forty-three coloured glass beads was Figure 27– A detail of the rosary collected from grave 25. The beads were bound of glass/jet in Titian’s Portrait of by a textile string. We can state with certainty Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1529 (KENNEDY 2006) that this was a rosary of sixty-three beads. A rosary with similar glass beads was found at St ća. U teretu su nađena zrna od stakla ili staklene Martin’s church in Prozorje from the latest ho- paste različitih oblika i veličina, najvjerojatnije rizon (BELAJ 2006, 279) and in grave 1 at the iz muranskih staklarskih radionica (ZMAIĆ Torčec – Cirkvišće site from the cemetery’s third 2009, 436-437, sl. 7). Sličan nalaz pronađen je horizon, from 1649 to 1731/1733 (SEKELJ i u teretu broda potonuloga kod otoka Koloče- IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29). A rosary pa pred Dubrovnikom koji je datiran u kraj 17. with very similar glass beads was found in grave i početak 18. stoljeća (KISIĆ 1982, 160). Iako 135 at St Bartholomew’s (Sveti Jernej) church su staklene krunice poznate u 14. st., u grobo- in Šentjernej dated to the 17th century (PRE- vima se počinju pojavljivati tek od kasnoga 16. DOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:5). st., što je vrlo vjerojatno rezultat velike mletačke staklarske proizvodnje. Time je pala vrijednost Prominent among the rosaries fabricated of glass staklenih krunica koje su postale i dostupnije te beads is the one collected from grave 134. The su češće prilagane u grobove, dok su ranije čuva- beads are of blown glass and polyhedral form. A ne kao vrijedno obiteljsko naslijeđe. number of rosaries were found in the graves at St Mary Magdalene’s church in Čazma with this Krunica od 43 staklena zrna koja su dodatno type of bead and they are dated to the 17th and obojana pripada grobu 25. Zrna su bila poveza- 18th centuries (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, 2009, na tekstilnom uzicom. Sa sigurnošću možemo 183-184, no. 23-26). A rosary very similar to ustvrditi da se radi o krunici od 63 zrna. Krunice the one from Rijeka was found in grave 58 at St sa sličnim staklenim zrnima nađenima u crkvi Martin’s church in Prozorje (BELAJ 2006, fig. sv. Martina na Prozorju iz najmlađega horizon- 27). Four 17th century St Benedict devotional ta (BELAJ 2006, 279) i u grobu 1 na nalazištu medals were found along with the rosary. Torčec – Cirkvišče iz trećega horizonta groblja koji je trajao od 1649. do 1731./1733. godine Round glass beads were found in grave 16 linked (SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29). together with small bronze hooks. Two devo- U grobu 135 u crkvi sv. Jerneja u Šentjerneju tional medals were found with them that are datiranome u 17. st. nađena je krunica s vrlo

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sličnim staklenim zrnima (PREDOVNIK et al. dated to the 17th and 18th centuries62. Found 2008, 50, T.10:5). along with six round beads was one wooden paternoster bead in the form of a spool. Među krunicama sastavljenim od staklenih zrna posebno se ističe ona iz groba 134. Zrna su na- Glass beads were found in the fill of walled graves pravljena od puhanoga stakla, poliedarskoga 5 and 71. Grave 5 yielded twenty-two turquoise oblika. U grobovima crkve sv. Marije Magdale- beads, twelve round and ten cylindrical, that ne u Čazmi pronađeno je više krunica s takvim very likely are from the same rosary. Turquoise, zrnima, a datirane su u 17. i 18. stoljeće (AZI- black and transparent glass beads were found in NOVIĆ BEBEK, 2009, 183-184, br. 23-26). grave 71. Krunica vrlo slična toj riječkoj nađena je u grobu 58 kod crkve sv. Martina na Prozorju (BELAJ One of the best preserved rosaries was found in 2006, sl. 27). Uz krunicu su pronađene četiri the right hand and on the pelvis of the skeleton medaljice sv. Benedikta iz 17. stoljeća. in grave 147 (T.23.4), consisting of thirty-five beads of jet. The majority of these beads, thirty- U grobu 16 pronađena su okrugla staklena zrna one, are of polyhedral-oval form. Two round koja su međusobno povezana brončanim kuki- beads and two of cuboid form together form cama. Uz njih su pronađene dvije medaljice koje a cross. Jet is a highly polished lignite that has su datirane u 17. i 18. stoljeće62. Uz šest okruglih been used since the classical antiquity in the zrna pronađeno je i jedno drveno zrno pater- crafting of jewellery. Its use for rosaries emerged noster u obliku kalema. quite early, in the 14th century. Jet, also known as black amber, was a raw material for costly jew- Staklena zrna pronađena su i u zapunama zida- ellery. It was considered to possess great magic nih grobnica 5 i 71. Tako su u grobu 5 bila 22 tir- powers, to protect people from curses and mis- kizna zrna, 12 okruglih i 10 cjevastih, koja vrlo fortunes, and it played a significant role in folk vjerojatno pripadaju istoj krunici. U grobu 71 medicine. A 12th century source attributed an- nađena su tirkizna, crna i prozirna staklena zrna. aesthetic powers to jet (EGAN, PRITCHARD Jedna od najbolje sačuvanih krunica nađena je 1991, 309). Specimens from London indicate uz desnu ruku i na zdjelici kostura u grobu 147 the fabrication of jet beads that very likely were (T.23.4), a sastavljena je od 35 zrna od gagata. used for rosaries from the mid 14th century. Većina je, njih 31, poliedarsko-ovalnoga oblika. From the Early Post Medieval period, crosses Dvije okrugle i dvije u obliku kvadra zajedno and devotional medals are frequently affixed to čine križ. Gagat je visokopolirani drveni ugljen rosaries made of jet to provide additional prote se još od antike upotrebljava u izradi nakita. tection. Paternoster with several crosses of black U izradi se krunica počeo koristiti dosta rano, amber are mentioned in wills written in Zadar već u 14. stoljeću. Gagat, također poznat kao in 1532 and 1533. From the texts of these testa- crni jantar, bio je sirovina za skupocjen nakit. ments it is evident that they belonged to persons Držalo se da ima iznimnu magičnu moć, da štiti of lower social status, a sailor and a farm worker pojedinca od uroka i nezgoda, a značajna je bila (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 272). Rosaries made of njegova uloga u narodnoj medicini. Po izvoru iz jet were also popular among the upper social 12. st. gagatu su se pripisivali anestetičke moći strata as is evident from paintings: Jacopo Pon- (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 309). Primjeri iz tormo’s Portrait of a Lady from the first half of Londona ukazuju na izradu gagatnih zrna koja the 16th century and Titian’s 1525 Portrait of su vrlo vjerojatno pripadala krunicama od sredi- Federico II Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua (fig. ne 14. stoljeća. Od ranoga se novog vijeka često 27). Jet became a sort of trademark of the pil-

62 O točnim podacima medaljica pogledati dio 62 For precise data on the devotional medal see the poglavlja A. Azinović Bebek. chapter section by A. Azinović Bebek.

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na krunice od gagata dodaju križevi i medaljice grimage route to Santiago de Compostela, as za dodatnu zaštitu. U zadarskim oporukama iz there was a large deposit of this mineraloid in 1532. i 1533. god. spominju se paternostri s više nearby Asturias (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, križeva od crnoga jantara. Iz tekstova se vidi da 88). No such find has been discovered to date su pripadali osobama nižega društvenog statu- during investigations of Post Medieval cemeter- sa tj. mornaru i težaku (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, ies in Croatia. A rosary composed of similar pol- 272). Krunice od gagata bile su popularne i u vi- yhedral beads, which the author presumes are šim društvenim slojevima, što se vidi iz likovnih fabricated of glass paste, were found in grave 42 prikaza: Portret jedne dame Jacopa Pontorma iz at St Martin’s church in Prozorje (BELAJ 2006, prve polovice 16. st., kao i Tizianova portreta fig. 24). A rosary of jet was found in grave 83 Federica Gonzage, vojvode od Mantove, iz 1525. at St Bartholomew’s church in Šentjernej that godine (sl. 27). Gagat je postao nekakva vrsta za- is dated to the 17th century (PREDOVNIK štitnoga znaka hodočasničkoga puta do Santiaga et al. 2008, 46, T.5:2). Specimens of jet rosaries de Compostele, budući da se u obližnjoj Asturiji from Graz and Kleinmariazell are dated to the nalaze velika ležišta toga minerala (PREDOV- second half of the 17th and the 18th century NIK et al. 2008, 88). Do sada se prilikom istraži- (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.30, vanja srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih groblja 28.60). Devotional medals dedicated to Mary of u Hrvatskoj nije naišlo na takav nalaz. Krunica Loreto and John the Baptist from the 17th and sastavljena od sličnih poliedarskih zrna, za koje 18th centuries were attached to this rosary. autor pretpostavlja da su izrađena od staklene paste, nađena je u grobu 42 u crkvi sv. Martina Round beads of jet very similar to the speci- na Prozorju (BELAJ 2006, sl. 24). U grobu 83 mens from Šentjernej were found in graves 5 u šentjernejskoj crkvi sv. Jerneja pronađena je (T.23.5) and 71 (T.23.6). Several beads and the krunica od gagata koja je datirana u 17. stoljeće small bronze hooks with which they were linked (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 46, T.5:2). Primje- were found in grave 5. Two beads from the same ri krunica od gagata iz Graza i Kleinmariazella grave are of elongated form and decorated with datirani su u drugu polovicu 17. i 18. stoljeća incised lines. It is very likely that these are pater- (FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.30, noster beads. Particularly prominent are beads of 28.60). Za tu su krunicu bile prikopčane meda- semicircular cross-section that have small metal ljice Marije iz Loreta i Ivana Krstitelja iz 17./18. hooks on the lower side. stoljeća. Five jet beads formed a rosary along with twen- Okrugla zrna od gagata vrlo slična onima ty-nine smaller glass beads (T.23.1) and consti- šentjernejskoga primjera nađena su u grobovima tute a rare example of a rosary with beads of dif- 5 (T.23.5) i 71 (T.23.6). U grobu 5 nađeno je ferent materials at the cemetery in Rijeka. nekoliko zrna s brončanim kukicama kojima su The remains of five round wooden beads, one bila povezana. Dva zrna u istome grobu izduže- in the shape of a spool and another tubular, noga su oblika i ukrašena su urezanim linijama. linked by small bronze hooks, were placed with Vrlo je vjerojatno da se radi o zrnima paternoster. the deceased in grave 99 (T.23.7). As a readily Posebno se ističu zrna polukružnoga presjeka available material, wood was used in the fabrica- koja s donje strane imaju metalne kukice. tion of rosaries from their inception. The forms Pet zrna od gagata tvorila su krunicu zajedno s vary from very simple to truly artistic carvings. 29 manjih staklenih (T.23.1) te predstavljaju ri- Found in this grave along with the rosary was a jedak primjer krunice sa zrnima različitoga ma- Latin-form cross bearing a depiction of the Im- terijala na riječkome groblju. maculata and three devotional medals that can be dated to the 17th and 18th centuries. We can Ostaci pet okruglih drvenih zrna, jednoga zrna attribute the remains of a rosary with wooden u obliku kalema te jednoga cjevastog, povezani

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brončanim kukicama, priloženi su pokojniku iz polyhedral beads from the cemetery layer (SU groba 99 (T.23.7). Drvo se kao vrlo dostupan 846) (T.23.8) to the same period. materijal koristi u izradi krunica od samih po- četaka. Oblici variraju od vrlo jednostavnih do From the cited examples we see that Rijeka was pravih umjetničkih rezbarija. U ovome su gro- abreast of European trends in the Post Medieval bu uz krunicu pronađeni križ latinskoga obli- period with regard to burial and religious cus- ka s prikazom Imakulate i tri medaljice koje se toms. This was largely a contribution of nearby može datirati u 17. i 18. stoljeće. U isto razdo- Trsat and the significant Jesuit activity in the blje možemo smjestiti ostatke krunice s drvenim city from the 17th century on. The Capuchins poliedričnim zrnima iz sloja groblja (SJ 846) and Benedictines came to the city at the same (T.23.8). time, which with the already present Augustin- ians constituted a large number of religious or- Iz navedenih primjera vidimo da su u Rijeci ti- ders among the 3.000 inhabitants (KLEN 1988, jekom novoga vijeka vladali europski trendovi 129). The people of Rijeka demonstrated a desire što se tiče pogrebnih i religijskih običaja. Tomu to see to their own salvation during a period of je najviše pridonijelo postojanje marijanskoga misfortunes, natural disasters (floods and earth- svetišta na obližnjemu Trsatu te velika jezuitska quakes), the epidemics of the plague that struck aktivnost u gradu od 17. stoljeća. Istovremeno in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the dangers su u grad došli kapucini i benediktinke, što uz of war that took the form of frequent Venetian postojeće augustince predstavlja velik broj vjer- interventions and the Turkish threat in the hin- skih redova na 3000 stanovnika (KLEN 1988, terland. The master craftsmen who manufac- 129). Riječki je puk pokazivao želju za vlastitim tured rosaries were known as paternosters and of- spasenjem u doba nedaća, prirodnih nepogoda ten worked near the chief churches or cathedrals (poplave i potresi), epidemija kuge koja se po- of their city (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 176). javljuje tijekom 16. i 17. st. te ratnih opasnosti In London, for example, there was a Paternoster zbog čestih mletačkih intervencija te turske Row from the early 14th century to the north opasnosti u zaleđu. Majstori koji su proizvodili of St Paul’s Cathedral (EGAN, PRITCHARD krunice zvali su se paternosteri i najčešće su radili 1991, 305). Considering the large number of re- blizu glavnih crkava ili katedrala u svojemu gra- ligious orders in the city itself, the proximity of a du (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 176). U Lon- pilgrimage destination at Trsat and the diversity donu je, primjerice, od početka 14. st. postojala of materials and forms we can postulate the pres- ulica Paternoster, sjeverno od katedrale sv. Pavla ence of several master craftsmen in the city and (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 305). S obzirom its environs. na veliki broj redova u samome gradu i blizinu hodočasničkoga središta na Trsatu te raznoliko- sti u materijalima i oblicima možemo pretpo- BUCKLING AND FASTENING staviti i više majstora paternostera na području DEVICES grada i njegove okolice.

Buckles POMAGALA ZA KOPČANJE I VEZANJE Prominent by their number among objects of utilitarian and decorative nature are buckles, i.e. buckle frames. Only a very few were found Kopče in closed grave contexts. Most became separated from clothing and footwear and were scattered Od predmeta uporabne i dekorativne prirode in the cemetery layer by the digging of succes- po brojnosti se ističu kopče tj. pređice. Samo su sive graves. We have divided the buckles from rijetke nađene u zatvorenim grobnim cjelinama. the cemetery at Rijeka into single-part and two-

103 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Većina se odvojila od odjeće i obuće te su nalaže- part, with one three-part buckle specimen also ne rastresene po sloju groblja kao rezultat njego- found. In the first type the prong wraps around va sukcesivnoga prekopavanja. Kopče s riječkoga the buckle frame, while among others the frame groblja dijelimo na jednodijelne i dvodijelne, a is divided by the bar or centre post to which the nađen je i jedan primjer trodijelne kopče. Kod prong is attached. By form the buckle frames are prvih se trn ovija oko same pređice, dok su druge round, rectangular, rectangular with rounded podijeljene prečkom ili nosačem za trn. Pređice corners, D-shaped and articulated. Although koje se pojavljuju okrugloga su, kvadratnoga, the function of the buckle can be determined if kvadratnoga oblika sa zaobljenim kutovima, we know its position in the grave, in our case we D-oblika te raščlanjene. Iako se o funkciji kopči must rely primarily on the form of the buckles može govoriti ukoliko je poznat njihov položaj and buckle frames themselves. u grobu, u našemu slučaju moramo se osloniti prvenstveno na sam oblik kopči i pređica. Simple round bronze buckles are notable by their quantity (T.24.25.26.1-6). Thirty such speci- Svojom se brojnošću ističu jednostavne okrugle mens were found, twenty-seven of which were brončane kopče (T.24,25,26.1-6). Nađeno je 30 discovered within walled graves that functioned primjeraka, od kojih se 27 nalazilo unutar zida- as ossuaries. Twelve were discovered in grave 21, nih grobnica koje su imale funkciju kosturnica. eight in grave 83, six in grave 36 and only one in U grobu 21 nađeno ih je tako 12, u grobu 83 grave 87. Two buckles of this type were found in osam, u grobu 36 šest, dok je u grobu 87 nađe- the fill of grave 6, but were not associated with na samo jedna. U zapuni groba 6 pronađene su the skeleton preserved in situ. They consist of a dvije kopče toga tipa, ali nisu bile vezane uz ko- round buckle frame and a prong that is wrapped stur očuvan in situ. Sastoje se od okrugle alke ili around the frame at its broader end and tapers pređice te trna koji je na širemu kraju ovijen oko towards it tip. This buckle type is known to us alke, a prema vrhu se sužuje. Takav je tip kop- from other Croatian and European Medieval či poznat s drugih hrvatskih i europskih sred- sites. We know of specimens from Medieval njovjekovnih lokaliteta. Znani su primjerci iz cemeteries in Dalmatia. The earliest dating for srednjovjekovnih groblja u Dalmaciji. Najraniju this type of buckle are from finds in the mid- dataciju za taj tip kopči daju nalazi iz srednjega dle layer of the cemetery at Begovača at Donje sloja groblja na Begovači u Biljanima Donjim Biljane near Zadar—these are dated to the 12th kod Zadra koji je datiran do 12. stoljeća (JELO- century (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128). Na Groblju 128). At the cemetery at Dol in Bribir buckles na Dolu u Bribiru takve kopče nađene su u gro- of this type were found in graves dated to the bovima 13. – 15. st. (ZEKAN 1996, 50), dok je period from the 13th to 15th century (ZEKAN grob 33 na groblju kod crkve sv. Jurja na Putalju 1996, 50), while grave 33 at the cemetery of St datiran u 13. stoljeće (BURIĆ, 2001, T.IV.3-4). George’s church in Putalj is dated to the 13th Takav je tip kopče nađen i u grobu 497 na Cr- century (BURIĆ, 2001, T.IV.3-4). This buckle kvini kod Galovca, a okvirno je datiran u razdo- type was also found in grave 497 at Crkvina near blje razvijenoga srednjeg vijeka (BELOŠEVIĆ, Galovac and has been approximately dated to the 1993, 136, T.XXVI, 9,10). Korištene su i kasnije period of the High Middle Ages (BELOŠEVIĆ, pa ih tako nalazimo u grobovima od sredine 14. 1993, 136, T.XXVI, 9.10). They were also in do sredine 15. st. oko crkve sv. Spasa u Vrh Rici use during later periods, and we thus find them (JAKŠIĆ, 1996, 149). U susjednoj su Sloveniji in graves from the mid 14th to mid 15th cen- takve kopče nađene u dječjemu grobu u crkvi sv. tury around the church of the Holy Salvation Jerneja u Šentjerneju koji je datiran u šire razdo- (Sveti Spas) at Vrh Rika (JAKŠIĆ, 1996, 149). blje od mlađe romaničke faze do 14./15. stoljeća In neighbouring Slovenia we find a buckle of (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 42, T.1:2-4). Dvije this type in a child’s grave at St Bartholomew’s kopče iz groba u crkvi sv. Nikole u Otoku kod church in Šentjernej broadly dated to the period Dobrave datirane su u 15. i 16. st., dok je kopča from the late Romanesque phase to the 14th and

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iz Gradske kule u Ptuju datirana s ostalim nala- 15th centuries (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 42, zima u široko razdoblje od 14. do 17. stoljeća T.1:2-4). Two buckles from a grave at St Nicho- (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 79). Primjeri iz las church at Otok near Dobrava have been dat- grobova na lokalitetima srednje Europe ukazuju ed to the 15th and 16th century, while a buckle na široku dataciju tih kopči od 11. do 15. stolje- from the city tower in Ptuj is dated along with ća (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 79). U Engleskoj other finds to the broad period from the 14th to se pojavljuju od sredine 13. do sredine 15. sto- 17th century (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 79). ljeća (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 16). Kopča toga Specimens from graves at sites in central Europe jednostavnog oblika nađena je i u grobu 289/1 indicate a broad dating range for these buckles u Kleinmariazellu, a datirana je u 17./18. sto- from the 11th to 15th century (PREDOVNIK ljeće (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, kat. br. et al., 2008, 79). They appear in England from 28.73). Iz priloženoga se vidi velika vremenska the mid 13th to mid 15th century (WHITE- i prostorna raširenost okrugloga tipa kopči. Naj- HEAD, 1996, 16). A buckle of this simple veću popularnost imale su u kasnome srednjem form was found in grave 289/1 at Kleinmari- vijeku, 14. i 15. st., ali su se u manjemu intenzi- azell, and has been dated to the 17th to 18th tetu koristile i u kasnijim razdobljima. Naši su century (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, cat. primjerci nalaženi u kosturnicama što ukazuje no. 28.73). From the above cited we see a broad na to da su pripadali grobovima koji su bili uni- temporal and spatial distribution of this buckle šteni ukopavanjima novih te su ostaci tih kostiju type. They were at the height of their popular- „očišćeni“ iz groblja i položeni u prigodne zi- ity in the Late Medieval period—the 14th and dane grobnice. Prema toj činjenici, kao i prema 15th centuries—but were also used, at a reduced stilskim obilježjima, te kopče možemo pripisati intensity, in subsequent periods. Our specimens Slika 29 – upotreba okrugle kopče grobovima kasnoga srednjeg vijeka (14. i 15. st.), were collected from ossuaries, which indicates za vezanje cipela, rano 15. st. (GREW, DE NEERGAARD 1988, možda čak i nekim ranijim. that they were from graves destroyed by the dig- 71) ging of new graves and that the remains of these Okrugle kopče najčešće su služile za kopčanje bones were “cleaned out” from the graves and Figure 29 – The use of round opasača oko struka ili bedara. Na grafičkome li- buckles as shoe fasteners, early deposited in appropriate walled tombs. Based 15th century (GREW, DE stu Majstora sa svitcima za sliku Poljubac Judin on this fact, and on the stylistic attributes, we NEERGAARD 1988, 71) iz 15. st. na liku sv. Petra lijepo se vidi korište- can attribute these buckles to graves from the nje okrugle pređice za kopčanje istovremeno Late Medieval period (14th and 15th centu- opasača i remena koji je držao korice mača (sl. ries), perhaps even to an earlier period. 28) (FUČIĆ 1992, 123)63. Oko bedara mogle su se koristiti i kopče manjih dimenzija kao na Round buckles were most often used to fasten primjer ona iz groba 5 (T.26.7) te jedan primje- girdles around the waist or thighs. On the 15th rak iz sloja groblja. Nalazi iz Londona upućuju century graphic scrolls of the Master of the Ban- na to da su se okrugle kopče manjih dimenzija deroles for the Kiss of Judas we can clearly see koristile za zakopčavanje visokih cipela koje su the use of a round buckle frame to fasten zatvarale gležanj (sl. 29). Pronađene su u kon- both to girdle and the belt that held tekstima prve polovice 15. stoljeća (GREW, DE the scabbard on the figure of St Pe- NEERGAARD 1988, 75, fig. 105, 106, 110). ter (fig. 28) (FUČIĆ 1992, 123)63. Buckles of smaller size could also

63 Majstor sa svicima (Meister mit den Bandrollen) 63 The Master of the Banderoles (Meister mit den nizozemski je crtač koji je izradio grafičke listove, Bandrollen) was an engraver who created graphic izrađene perom i crnilom, koji su služili kao osnova scrolls in the Netherlands using pen and ink that za crtanje beramskih fresaka. Ti grafički listovi bili served as the basis for the frescoes at Beram. These su plod slikara koji su putujući svijetom skupljali graphic scrolls were the works of artists who motive koji su kasnije prenošeni na freske (FUČIĆ collected motifs during their travels that were later 1992, 118). transferred to frescoes (FUČIĆ 1992, 118).

105 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

be used around the thighs, such as the one found in grave 5 (T.26.7) and one specimen from the cemetery layer. Finds from London indicate that round buckles of smaller dimensions were used to buckle high shoes that are closed over the ankle (fig. 29). They were found in the contexts dated to the first half of the 15th century (GREW, DE NEERGAARD 1988, 75, fig. 105, 106, 110). Slika 28 – upotreba okrugle kopče kod vezanja pojasa, detalj s grafičkog Two buckles were found at grave 134 in lista Judin poljubac, Majstor sa svitcima, 15. st. (FUČIĆ 1992, 123) Šentjernej that lay symmetrically on the hips of the deceased (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 79), Figure 28 – The use of round buckles in fastening belts: a detail which is significant for men’s garb of the 14th from the graphic scrolls of the century. The buckles were, namely, fastened Master of the Banderoles for the to belts that hung from a special part of their Kiss of Judas, 15th century (FUČIĆ clothing that covered the hips and pelvis and to 1992, 123) which long socks were attached. Two buckles U šentjernejskom grobu 134 nađene su dvije were found in grave 6 at the cemetery in Rijeka kopče koje su ležale simetrično na kukovima po- (T.24.2.3), but these were dislocated. It can- kojnika (PREDOVNIK et al., 2008, 79), što je not be ruled out that they were from this type značajno za mušku nošnju 14. stoljeća. Naime, of clothing. They were found on the bottom of kopče su bile pričvršćene za remenje koje je vi- a walled tomb and belonged to one of the first sjelo s posebnoga dijela odjeće koji je pokrivao burials, which opens the possibility of their dat- bokove i zdjelicu te su na njega prikopčavali ing to the 15th century—the period that saw an duge čarape. Na riječkome groblju pronađene increase in the intensity of the construction of su dvije kopče u grobu 6 (T.24.2,3), ali su bile walled tombs. dislocirane. Ne može se isključiti da su pripada- A single-part D-form buckle (T.26.8) is the le takvomu tipu odjeće. Nalazile su se na dnu only buckle found that is fabricated of iron. This zidane grobnice te pripadale nekomu od prvih type of buckle was on articles of clothing from ukopa, što otvara mogućnost da ih se datira u 15. the 13th to 15th century, while during the Late st., vrijeme kada se počinju intenzivnije graditi Medieval and Post Medieval periods they were zidane grobnice. a part of horse tack (WHITHEAD, 1996, 16). Jednodijelna kopča D-oblika (T.26.8) jedina je A D-form buckle with a buckle plate (T.26.9) is pronađena kopča izrađena od željeza. Takav se analogous to a buckle from a grave at Opatovina tip kopči koristio uz odjevne predmete od 13. in Zagreb that has been dated to the late 14th do 15. st., dok su u kasnome srednjem vijeku i and early 15th century (DEMO, 2007, 84-85). novom vijeku takve kopče bile dio konjske opre- Two rectangular buckle frames (T.26.10.11) me (WHITHEAD, 1996, 16). Kopča D-obli- are of the type of buckle used for clothing, and ka s okovom (T.26.9) ima analogiju s kopčom may have also served as a part of horse tack. iz groba na Opatovini u Zagrebu koji je datiran Similar buckle frames were found in graves from u kraj 14. i početak 15. stoljeća (DEMO, 2007, the 15th and first half of the 16th century at 84-85). Opatovina in Zagreb (DEMO, 2007, 83, cat. Dvije kvadratne pređice (T.26.10,11) pripadaju no. 16.1), and at Ružica Grad near Orahovica, tipu kopči koji se koristio za odjeću, a mogao je where they are dated to the 15th and 16th centu- služiti i kao dio konjske opreme. Slične pređice ries (RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ, 2004, 90, cat. no. 61). pronađene su u grobovima 15. i prve polovice A similar buckle frame used during the 15th and

106 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

16. st. na Opatovini u Zagrebu (DEMO, 2007, 83, kat. br. 16.1), te na Ružica gradu kod Ora- hovice, gdje je datirana u 15. i 16. stoljeće (RA- DIĆ, BOJČIĆ, 2004, 90, kat. br .61). U Celju je pronađena slična pređica koja se koristila tijekom 15. i 16. stoljeća (GUŠTIN et al., 2001, 244, kat. br. 504).

Kopče sastavljene od pređice, trna i prikopče nađene su u velikome broju, a pripadaju skupini kopči za obuću. Kopče se na cipelama počinju pojavljivati krajem srednjega vijeka. Jednostavne i malih dimenzija koriste se jednako u muškoj i ženskoj obući. Kod muške renesansne obuće korištena je jedna kopča za zakopčavanje visokih cipela. Kod ženskih niskih cipela 16. st. kopča je bila po strani tako da je remen prelazio preko stopala. Takav se primjer vidi na prikazu sluškinje na slici Pinturicchia64, Scene iz Odiseje, 16th centuries was found in Celje (GUŠTIN et Slika 30 – kopča na ženskim iz 1502. godine (sl. 30). Kopče su postale vrlo al., 2001, 244, cat. no. 504). cipelama, detalj s Pinturicchijeve popularne na cipelama i čizmama tijekom 17. slike Scena iz Odiseje, 1509. g. (www.festiveattyre.com/research/ stoljeća. Kao dekorativan element prednjačila je Buckles consisting of a buckle frame, prong and florentine/portfolio.html) u aristokratskome sloju što je vidljivo na primje- chape were found in great numbers, and are Figure 30 – A buckle on rima iz Engleske u razdoblju nakon restauracije numbered among the group of footwear buck- female footwear: a detail from Charlesa II., 1660. godine. Nakon 1680. god. les. They appear on shoes around the end of the Pinturicchio’s 1509 Scene from the dolazi do ubrzanoga širenja kopči za cipele i čiz- Medieval period. Simple and of small size, they Odyssey (www.festiveattyre.com/ me, a do početka 18. st. bile su sastavni dio obuće are used equally in men’s and women’s footwear. research/florentine/portfolio.html) svih slojeva društva (WHITHEAD, 1996, 96). Male Renaissance period footwear used one Pređice imaju poprečne utore za montažu trna i buckle to buckle up high shoes. On women’s low prikopče. Osim za kopčanje same obuće kopče shoes of the 16th century the buckle was on the su korištene i za zakopčavanje ostruga za čizme side such that the belt passed over the foot. This (sl. 31), a vrlo sličnoga oblika bile su i kopče ko- form is visible in the depiction of the maid in jima su se zakopčavale muške kratke hlače. Takve Pinturicchio’s64 1509 Scene from the Odyssey (fig. kratke hlače bile su dio urbane barokne mode, 30). Buckles became very popular on shoes and a na zapadu su bile poznate pod francuskim na- boots during the 17th century. As a decorative zivom culottes (GUŠIĆ 1972, 34). Do drugoga element it was dominant among the aristocratic desetljeća 18. st. kratke su hlače bile vezane nad class as is evident in specimens from England in koljenom vrpcama ili trakama, a nakon toga su the period following the restoration of Charles ih zamijenile podvezice s kopčama (WHITE- II in 1660. After 1680 there is an accelerated dis- HEAD, 1996, 96). Takve su kopče bile pričvr- semination of the use of buckles for shoes and šćivane za cipele sustavom prikopče. Najranije boots, and by the start of the 18th century they prikopče napravljene su od izdužene pločice koja were part and parcel of the footwear of all social je završavala gumbom. Gumb se provlačio kroz strata (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 96). The buckle rupicu pod jezikom cipele. Do 1720. god. počeli frames have transverse slots for the mounting

64 Pinturicchio, alias Bernardina di Betta, slikar 64 Bernardino di Betto, also known as Pinturicchio, iz Perugie, djelovao u Rimu i Sieni krajem 15. i was a painter from Perugia active in Rome and početkom 16. st. Siena in the late 15th and early 16th century.

107 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

su se koristiti drugi tipovi prikopči, sa sidrastim of the prong and chape. Besides for buckling zaključkom i s dva zakrivljena produžetka. Taj se up the footwear itself, buckles were also used to tip prikopči kopčao za cipelu kroz dvije rupice te fasten spurs to boots (fig. 31), and the buckles je bio sigurniji od sustava s gumbom. used to secure men’s knee breeches were of very similar form. These knee breeches were a part of Kod dva primjerka s riječkoga groblja urban baroque period fashion, and were known (T.27.9,10) sačuvan je cijeli sustav, trn i sidrasta in the west by the French name culottes (GUŠIĆ prikopča, a kod jednoga samo prikopča (T.27.8) 1972, 34). Up to the second decade of the 18th te jedna pređica (T.27.7). Po obliku pređice i century knee breeches were bound above the prikopče takve kopče Whitehead stavlja u sku- knee by ribbons or straps, later replaced by gar- pinu jakobitskih kopči te ih smješta u razdoblje ters with buckles (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 96). od 1660. do 1720. godine (WHITEHEAD, These buckles were fastened to the shoe by the 1996, 96-97, no. 608). Sličan primjerak kopče iz chape. The earliest chapes were fabricated of an Klostermarienburga iz groba 390 datiran je u 18. elongated plate that ended in a stud. The stud stoljeće (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, kat. was drawn through a hole under the tongue of br. 28.72). Toj skupini pripadaju i tri primjerka the shoe. By 1720 other types of chape had been većih dimenzija, dvije kopče (T.27.5,6) i pređica introduced, with anchor-like ends and with (T.27.4). Slična kopča (T.27.5) nađena je u gro- two curved extensions. This type of chape was bu 485 iz 18. st. u Klostermarienburgu (FUN- fastened to the shoe through two holes and was Slika 31 – crtež muške čizme s DORT KLOSTER, 2000, kat. br. 28.71). kopčom, sredina 17. st. more secure than the stud system. Figure 31 – Drawing of a men’s boot Dobro očuvana kopča (T.27.12) na prikopči On two specimens from the cemetery in Ri- with buckle, mid 17th century ima gumb što je svrstava u raniji tip, u razdoblje jeka (T.27.9.10) the entire system—prong do prvih desetljeća 18. stoljeća. Kopča sličnoga and anchor-type chape—are preserved, while okvira nađena je u grobu 485 iz 18. st. u Kloster- on another only the chape (T.27.8) and one marienburgu (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, buckle frame (T.27.7) survive. By the form of kat. br. 28.99). the buckle frame and chape Whitehead num- Razdoblju prelaska 17. u 18. st. pripadaju četi- bers these among the Jacobite buckle group ri primjerka kvadratnih pređica (T.28.5-8). Uz and places them in the period from 1660 to dvije su pronađene i dvije prikopče sidrastoga 1720 (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 96-97, no. 608). zaključka. Istome bi razdoblju pripadala i tri A similar buckle specimen from grave 390 in primjerka prikopči, dva sidrastoga zaključka Kloster Marienburg has been dated to the 18th (T.28.13,14) i jedan koji je zaključen s dva za- century (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, cat. no. 28.72). Three specimens of large dimensions Slika 32 – crtež niske muške cipele s krivljena produžetka (T.28.12). velikom četvrtastom kopčom, 18. st. also belong to this group, two buckles (T.27.5.6) Tijekom 18. st. kopče na cipelama postaju sve and a buckle frame (T.27.4). A similar buckle Figure 32 – Drawing of a men’s low shoe with large rectangular buckle, veće, a prevladava kvadratni oblik (sl. 32). Oval- (T.27.5) was found in grave 485 at Kloster Ma- 18th century ni i zaobljeni tipovi kopči rijetki su u prvoj po- rienburg from the 18th century (FUNDORT lovici 18. st., a ponovno se češće koriste nakon KLOSTER, 2000, cat. no. 28.71). 1750. godine (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 103). Takav je primjer i pređica (T.27.1) iz ri- A well preserved buckle (T.27.12) has a stud ječkoga groblja. Kopča četvrtaste pre- on the chape placing it among the earlier type, đice zaobljenih kutova s trapezoidnom in the period up to the first decades of the 18th šupljom prikopčom s jednim trnom. century. A buckle with a similar frame was found Takav se tip prikopče javlja u Engleskoj in grave 485 from the 18th century at Kloster nakon 1690. godine (WHITEHEAD, Marienburg (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, 2000, 97). Takva kopča ima analogiju iz groba cat. no. 28.99). 61/2 iz Kleinmariazella, a datirana je u 18. sto-

108 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ljeće (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, kat. br. Four examples of rectangular buckle frames 28.74). (T.28.5-8) are from the turn of the 17th to 18th century. Along with two of these we also Od kvadratnih pređica pronađena su četiri found two chapes of anchor form end. Also primjerka (T.28.1-4). Površina im je ukrašena from the same period are three buckle frame profilacijama kakve se pojavljuju na primjerci- specimens, two of anchor type end (T.28.13.14) ma koje Whitehead svrstava u skupinu kopči za and one terminating with two curved extensions cipele iz razdoblja kralja Georga, od 1720. do (T.28.12). 1790. godine (WHITEHEAD, 2000, no. 646). Takav je tip kopči većih dimenzija značajan za During the 18th century the size of shoe buck- muške niske cipele razdoblja rokokoa. les grew, with the rectangular form predominant (fig. 32). Oval and rounded buckle types Dok većina kopči i pređica nije uopće ukrašena are rare in the first half of the 18th century, and ili je ukrašena jednostavnim profilacijama, na- were in use again more frequently after 1750 činom ukrašavanja ističu se tri primjerka. Dvije (WHITEHEAD, 1996, 103). Of this type is a kopče imaju profinjen oblik pređice u obliku sti- buckle frame (T.27.1) from the cemetery in Ri- liziranoga pletera (T.28.9,10). Raznoliki ukrasi jeka. A buckle with a rectangular buckle frame u stilu rokokoa značajni su za razdoblje od 1730. with rounded corners with a trapezoidal hollow god. te postaju sve raznolikiji tijekom sredine 18. chape with a single spike. This type of chape ap- stoljeća. Naše primjerke tako možemo datirati u pears in England after 1690 (WHITEHEAD, sredinu 18. stoljeća. Četvrtasta pređica s boga- 2000, 97). This buckle has an analogy from tim ukrasom od staklenih perli karakteristična je grave 61/2 at Kleinmariazell that is dated to the za razdoblje nakon 1750. godine. S obzirom na 18th century (FUNDORT KLOSTER, 2000, to da se zna kraj ukopavanja na riječkome gro- cat. no. 28.74). blju, ta se pređica može vremenski smjestiti u posljednju četvrtinu 18. stoljeća. Four specimens of rectangular buckle frames were discovered (T.28.1-4). Their surfaces are Među kopčama pronađenima na prostoru gro- decorated with profiling the likes of which ap- blja oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Ma- pear on specimens that Whitehead classifies rije možemo uočiti razliku u njihovoj upotrebi among the group of shoe buckles from the King kroz razdoblje od kasnoga srednjeg vijeka do 18. George period, from 1720 to 1790 (WHITE- stoljeća. Dok među starijim materijalom imamo HEAD, 2000, no. 646). This type of large buck- kopče koje su korištene za sapinjanje odjevnih le is significant for men’s shoes of the rococo predmeta, sav novovjekovni materijal pripada period. obući. Iznimka mogu biti kopče za zakopčavanje nogavica ili visokih čarapa koje su ušle u modu Although most buckles and buckle frames are u 18. stoljeću. Raznolikost kopči za cipele uka- not decorated at all, or are decorated with only zuje na raznolikost i bogatstvo ponude obuće te simple profiling, three specimens are promi- s time i materijalnoga statusa riječkih građana u nent by their ornamentation. Two buckles have 17. i 18. st., što se veže uz polagani privredni za- a refined buckle frame in the form of a stylised mah Rijeke. Novovjekovni nalazi kopča za cipele braid (T.28.9.10). Diverse ornamentation in pripadaju uobičajenoj građanskoj modi baroka i the rococo style is significant to the period from rokokoa. Skromnost ukrasa na kopčama za cipe- 1730 and only increased in diversity during the le ukazuje na niži ekonomski status populacije 18th century. Our specimens can thus be dated ukopane uz crkvu i ispred nje, dok je prostor za to the mid 18th century. Square buckle frames utjecajnije gradske figure bio rezerviran unutar with lavish ornamentation of glass beads are same crkve. Raširenost tih istih tipova po Europi characteristic of the period after 1750. Consid- pokazuje da stanovništvo Rijeke nije kasnilo za ering that we know when burials were no longer modnim trendovima u doba prosvjetiteljstva. performed at the cemetery in Rijeka, this buckle

109 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

frame can be placed in the last quarter of the 18th century.

Among the buckles found at the cemetery around the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary we can observe the differences in their use in the period from the Late Medieval period to the 18th century. While among the older material we have buckles that were used to bind articles of clothing, all of the Post Medieval material is from footwear. An exception may be the buckles used to fasten the hose or high stockings that became fashionable in the 18th century. The diversity of shoe buckles is indicative of the diversity and wealth of clothing on offer and thereby of the material status of the citizens of Rijeka in the 17th and 18th century, associated with the gradual economic growth in the city. Post Medieval finds of shoe buckles constitute the customary fashion of the baroque and rococo periods. The modesty of the ornamentation of shoe buckles is indicative of Slika 33 – detalj haljetka s kukicama Kopčice the population buried alongside the church and sa freske Judin poljubac iz crkve sv. in front of it, while the interior of the church Marije na Škrilinah kod Berma iz Jedno od pomagala za kopčanje odjeće bile su was reserved for the more influential figures in 1474. g. (FUČIĆ 1992, 63) i dvopetljaste kopčice sastavljene od dva dijela, the city. The prevalence of these types across Eu- Figure 33 – A detail of the jacket kukice i ušice. U kontinentalnoj su Hrvatskoj rope demonstrates that the inhabitants of Rijeka with hooks from the 1474 fresco did not lag behind the fashion trends of the En- depicting the Kiss of Judas at St poznate kao „babe i dedeki“, u Dalmaciji pod Mary of the Rocks church in Beram imenom ažulice (ažule, jažule). Napravljene su lightenment period. (FUČIĆ 1992, 63) od metalne žice, približne debljine 1,5 – 2 mm, dok im veličina varira. Taje je jednostavniji tip rađen tako da bi žicu navili oko okrugle palice te Clasps ih kliještama oblikovali. Kukice i ušice imaju dvije petlje kojima su bile pričvršćene za odjeću. Po- One of the clothes fastening devices used were java se takvih kopčica veže uz korištenje steznika double looped clasps consisting of two parts, the i usko krojene odjeće u drugoj polovici 15. st., hook and the eye. In continental Croatia they are dok se tijekom 16. i 17. st. šire (PREDOVNIK known as “grandma and grandpa” (babe i dedeki) et al. 2008, 72). Namjena im je bila vrlo različita and in Dalmatia as ažulice (ažule, jažule). They budući da ih u grobovima nalazimo duž nogu, are crafted of metal wire, about 1.5 to 2 mm in potkoljenica i bedrenih kostiju, u visini pojasa, thickness, in varying sizes. This simpler type was duž kralježnice te čak uz vrat kostura (DEMO crafted by wrapping the wire around a round 2007, 73). U inventarima iz prve polovice 14. staff and working the wire with pliers. The hook st. sa zadarskoga područja spominju se kopče, and eye had two loops by which they were fas- jažule, od srebra za zakopčavanje ženskih ruka- tened to clothing. The emergence of these clasps va na zapešću. Od sredine 15. st. nalazimo ih, uz is related to the use of corsets and tight tailored ostala pomagala za zakopčavanje, na izdvojenim clothing in the second half of the 15th century rukavima. Takva je vrsta rukava nastala u doba and become widespread in the 16th and 17th gotike te je postala karakteristična za razdoblje century (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 72). Their renesanse (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 259). Detalj application was very diverse as we find them in

110 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

na freski koja prikazuje Judin poljubac iz crkve graves along the leg, lower leg and thighbones, sv. Marije na Škrilinah kod Berma, a koju je izra- at the waist level, along the spine and even along dio majstor Vincent iz Kastva 1474. god., poka- the neck of skeletons (DEMO 2007, 73). In- zuje kako je izgledao haljetak vezan takvim kop- ventories from the first half of the 14th century čicama (sl. 33) (FUČIĆ 1992, 63). Iz povijesnih from the Zadar area mention clasps, jažule, of izvora i likovnih djela pojava je kopčica vezana silver for the fastening of women’s sleeves at the uz širenje tzv. kaftanskoga tipa odjeće koji je bio wrist. From the mid 15th century on we find otvoren sprijeda te je zamijenio raniji košuljni them, among other fastening aids, on separate tip koji se navlačio preko glave (RADAUŠ RI- sleeves. This sleeve type emerged during the BARIĆ 1977, 64). Gothic period and became characteristic of the Renaissance (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 259). A de- Na području su Zagreba na dva srednjovjekovna tail of the fresco that depicts the kiss of Judas at groblja pronađene takve kopčice. U grobu 2 kod St Mary of the Rocks (Sveta Marija na Škrilinah) crkve sv. Marka koji je radiokarbonskom anali- church in Beram—done by Master Vincent of zom datiran u 16. st. (BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, Kastav in 1474—shows how a jacket fastened 174, sl. 8, 9) te u grobu 13 na Opatovini koji je with these clasps appeared (fig. 33) (FUČIĆ datiran novcem Ferdinanda I. Habsburškoga 1992, 63). From historical sources and works of na početak druge trećine 16. stoljeća (DEMO art we see that the emergence of the clasp is as- 2007, 74). Na području su Dalmacije takve sociated with the dissemination of kaftan type kopčice nađene u grobovima na Putalju koji su clothing, open to the front, that replaced the datirani u razdoblje 14. – 16. st. (BURIĆ 2001, earlier shirt type that was drawn over the head T.VIII-3, 4; T.X-2, 9, 10) i na strožanačkome (RADAUŠ RIBARIĆ 1977, 64). groblju koje je datirano u razdoblje 14. – 18. stoljeća (GJURAŠIN 1997, 169, 173). Na be- These clasps were found in two Medieval graves govačkome groblju nađen je par ovakvih kopčica in the Zagreb area. At grave 2 at St Mark’s church, u grobu 507 iz gornjega sloja groblja (JELOVI- dated by radiocarbon analysis to the 16th cen- NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 132, tab. XXXV). tury (BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, 174, fig. 8, 9) and Par takvih kopčica nađen je u grobu 3 kod crkve in grave 13 at Opatovina, dated by coins issued sv. Petra u Muću Gornjemu koji je mletačkim under Ferdinand I Habsburg to the beginning of novcem datiran u 17. stoljeće (OREB, ZEKAN the second third of the 16th century (DEMO 1979, 222). U grobovima kasnijih stoljeća po- 2007, 74). In Dalmatia these clasps were found sebno ih nalazimo u kontinentalnome dijelu. in graves at Putalj that are dated to the period Tako su nađene u muškome grobu 112 kod cr- from the 14th to 16th century (BURIĆ 2001, kve sv. Lovre kod Crkvara iz 16. st. (TKALČEC T.VIII-3, 4; T.X-2, 9, 10) and at the cemetery in et al. 2008, 134, sl. 4), u grobovima od polovice Strožanac dated to the period from the 14th to 17. do polovice 18. st. u crkvi sv. Marije Magda- 18th century (GJURAŠIN 1997, 169, 173). A lene u Čazmi (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280; pair of these clasps was found at the cemetery in PLEŠE, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2005, 301), u Begovača in grave 507 from the upper cemetery grobovima uz crkvu sv. Nikole biskupa u Žum- layer (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 132, berku iz 17. st. (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 16), tab. XXXV). A pair of these clasps was found in u grobu 4 kod crkve sv. Martina na Prozorju iz grave 3 at St Peter’s church in Gornji Muć that najmlađe faze tj. početka 18. st. (BELAJ 2006, was dated by Venetian coins to the 17th century 284-285, sl. 42), te u grobu 12 iz trećega hori- (OREB, ZEKAN 1979, 222). In graves from zonta ukopavanja, od 1649. do 1731./1733. later centuries we find them in particular in the god., s lokaliteta Torčec – Cirkvišće (SEKELJ continental area. They were found in male grave IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, 31, sl. 29). 112 at St Lawrence’s (Sveti Lovro) church in Kukice toga tipa bile su dio odjeće u grobovima Crkvari from the 16th century (TKALČEC et 105 i 112 u crkvi sv. Jerneja u Šentjerneju koji su al. 2008, 134, fig. 4), in graves from the mid 17th to mid 18th century at St Mary Magdalene’s

111 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

datirani u široko razdoblje 16. – 18./19. stoljeća church in Čazma (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 48, T.6:5, T.8:4). 280; PLEŠE, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2005, 301), in graves beside St Nicholas’ church in Žumberak Komplet kukica i ušica pronađen je u grobovima from the 17th century (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 31 i 39, dok su same kukice nađene u grobovi- 2006, 16), in grave 4 at St Martin’s church at ma 22, 42, 57, 74, 91 i 134 (T.29.1). U grobo- Prozorje from the latest phase, i.e. the early 18th vima 21, 123 i 151 zabilježene su samo ušice. century (BELAJ 2006, 284-285, fig. 42) and at S parom ušica u grobu 123 nađen je i brončani grave 12 from the third burial horizon, from okov za vezicu, što nas upućuje na zaključak da 1649 to 1731/1733, at the Torčec – Cirkvišće su se ušice koristile samostalno te se povezivale site (SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, vrpcom. U sloju groblja pronađeno je 13 parova 29, 31, fig. 29). Small hooks of this type were spojenih kopčica (T.29.3) uz potkoljeničnu kost part of apparel in graves 105 and 112 at St Bar- iz potpuno uništenoga groba. Analogije su po- tholomew’s church in Šentjernej, dated to the znate iz grobova u Čazmi te groba 12 iz Torčeca broad period from the 16th to turn of the 18th (SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 14, sl. and 19th centuries (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 16), groba 50 na Prozorju (BELAJ 2006, 271) 48, T.6:5, T.8:4). i u grobu kod pavlinskoga samostana u Kamen- skome (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007b, 18, prilog Hook and eye sets were found in graves 31 and 2). Korištenje kopčica na hlačama spominje u 39 while only small hooks were found in graves svome opisu odjeće senjskih uskoka anonimni 22, 42, 57, 74, 91 and 134 (T.29.1). Only eyes autor iz prve polovice 17. stoljeća. On piše kako were registered in graves 21, 123 and 151. Grave se te hlače nad koljenom šire, a na listovima tije- 123 yielded a pair of eyes and a bronze lace aglet, sno priliježu i straga se kopčaju s kovinskim kop- which suggests the conclusion that eyes were čicama. Turski, kao i hrvatski autori iz istoga vre- also used independently and bound with rib- mena, donose slične opise hlača kod krajišnika bons. Thirteen pairs of linked clasps (T.29.3) u sjevernoj Dalmaciji i Morlaka u okolici Sinja were found in the cemetery layer along a shin- (GUŠIĆ 1972, 35). Nalaz kopčica u Kamensko- bone from an entirely devastated grave. We me na području listova interpretiran je za kop- know of analogies from graves at Čazma and čanje bječava, vrste debelih čarapa, a autorica A. from grave 12 at Torčec (SEKELJ IVANČAN, Azinović Bebek grob datira u 16. i 17. stoljeće TKALČEC 2003, 14, fig. 16), grave 50 at Pro- (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 18). Ti primjeri zorje (BELAJ 2006, 271) and a grave at the ukazuju da su kopčice toga tipa bile korištene za Pauline monastery in Kamensko (AZINOVIĆ zaštitu nogu u istome razdoblju. BEBEK 2007b, 18, appendix 2). In his description of the clothing of the Uskoks of Senj an U zapuni groba 71 (T.29.2) nađena je tordirana anonymous author from the first half of the 17th kukica većih dimenzija. Sličan primjer poznat je century mentions the use of clasps on breeches. iz putaljskoga groba 34/2 koji je datiran u 14. – He writes that the breeches broaden above the 16. stoljeće (BURIĆ 2001, T.VIII-3, 4). knee, but are tight fitting around the calves and Kao drugi oblik kopčanja odjevnih predmeta are fastened at the back with metal clasps. Both na riječkome groblju pronađene su ukrašenije Turkish and Croatian authors of the same period ušice (T.29.4-9, T.30.1). Osnova je toga tipa offer similar descriptions of breeches among the ušica okrugla alka koja se nastavlja u stilizirani inhabitants of the Military Frontier in northern biljni ukras. Dimenzijama su manje od ušica Dalmatia and of the Morlach in the area around tzv. „baba“. Ukras nije imao samo dekorativnu Sinj (GUŠIĆ 1972, 35). Finds of clasps at Ka- funkciju već se na njemu nalaze otvori kojima mensko in the area of the calves have been inje ušica bila zašivena za odjeću. Ukrasi variraju, terpreted as being for the fastening of bječva, a ali se mogu razdvojiti tri inačice. Kod prve na- type of thick stocking, and author A. Azinović stavak biljnoga motiva ima dva ili četiri otvora. Bebek dates the grave to the 16th and 17th century (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 18). These

112 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Druga inačica je dimenzijama veća, ima troku- examples demonstrate that clasps of this type tast nastavak i tri otvora za vezanje. Treća inači- were used for leg protection in the same period. ca ima tri otvora i nastavak u obliku trapeza. Te varijante ne predstavljaju zasebne cjeline budući A large twisted hook was found in the fill of da je u istome grobu nađeno više varijanti, ali grave 71 (T.29.2). We know of a similar example jedna inačica uvijek prevladava. Uz taj tip ušica from grave 34/2 at Putalj that has been dated u grobovima 46 i 136 nađene su jednopetljaste to the period from the 14th to 16th century kukice koje su dopunjavale te ušice. Takve su ku- (BURIĆ 2001, T.VIII-3, 4). kice na riječkome groblju rijetkost, što bi moglo Decorative eyes (T.29.4-9, T.30.1)—another ukazivati na to da je kod toga tipa ušica u većoj form of fastener for articles of apparel—were mjeri korištena vezica za vezanje odjeće. Potvrdu found at the cemetery in Rijeka. The base of tomu daje i nalaz triju okova za vezice u grobu this type of eye is a metal ring that extends into 74 u kojem su nađene i 24 ušice (T.30.1,5). U a stylised vegetative ornament. Their size is less objavama kasnosrednjovjekovnih i novovjekov- than that of the baba type eyes. The ornament nih groblja taj je tip nalaza rijetko zastupljen. was not only of decorative function as it con- Burić navodi primjer trolisne dvodijelne kop- tained the aperture whereby the eye was sewn čice iz groba 206 na Putalju, a datirana je u 14. into clothing. The decorations vary, but can be i 15. stoljeće (BURIĆ 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14). divided into three versions. The first of these has Riječke su kopčice slične, ali im nedostaje kukica two or four apertures on the vegetative decora- istoga oblika kao što je to primjer na Putalju. U tion extension. The second is larger in size, has a šentjernejskome je grobu 135, koji je datiran u triangular extension and three apertures for sew- 17. st., nađeno 12 srebrnih ušica tipa nađenoga u ing. The third version has three apertures and Rijeci (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:4). an extension in the form of a trapezoid. These U grobu 60 u crkvi sv. Martina na Prozorju variations do not constitute separate contexts datiranome na početak 17. st. nađene su slične as several variants were found in the same grave, mjedene ušice za koje autor tvrdi da pripadaju but one variation is always dominant. Single uglednijoj i imućnijoj župljanki (BELAJ 2006, loop hooks that complemented these eyes were 268, sl. 47). Riječki su primjeri izrađeni od bron- found with this type of eye in graves 46 and ce, a po mjestu nalaza, predjelu groblja gdje se 136. These hooks are scarce at the cemetery in ukopavalo stanovništvo skromnijega socijalnog Rijeka, which could indicate that ribbons were statusa, možemo doći do zaključka da se radi o used in greater measure to fasten clothing with jeftinijim primjercima. these eyes. We find confirmation of this in the find of three lace aglets in grave 74 in which we also found twenty-four eyes (T.30.1.5). In pub- Okovi za vezice lished investigations of Late Medieval and Post U 14. st. moda se dosta izmijenila te je nezgra- Medieval cemeteries this type of find is rarely pnu široku odjeću 13. st. zamijenila nova, uža represented. Burić cites the example of a trefoil odjeća, krojena po mjerama. Uz već navedene two-part clasp from grave 206 at Putalj that is kopčice za stezanje korzeta, haljina i rukava ko- dated to the 14th and 15th century (BURIĆ rištene su i vezice od kože ili tkanine. Budući da 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14). The clasps at Rijeka are se vrhovi vezica s vremenom istroše, često su ih similar, but they lack hooks of the same form as okivali s kovinskim tuljcima te su tako zaštitili are found at Putalj. At grave 135 in Šentjernej, vezicu od daljnjega trošenja, ali i omogućili lakše dated to the 17th century, twelve silver eyes provlačenje kroz ušice ili rupice na odjeći. U En- were found of the type found in Rijeka (PRE- gleskoj se od 13. st. spominju u pisanim izvorima DOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:4). In grave 60 at vezice s okovima, dok ih u kontinentalnoj Euro- St Martin’s church at Prozorje, dated to the early pi nalazimo na likovnim prikazima 15. stoljeća. 17th century, similar brass eyes were found that Kod ženske mode vezice su korištene za veza- the author suggests belonged to a high status

113 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

nje steznika s prednje strane, kod muške odje- and wealthy female parishioner (BELAJ 2006, će za pričvršćivanje rukava i nogavica (EGAN, 268, fig. 47). The specimens from Rijeka are PRITCHARD 1991, 285). fabricated of bronze and by the location of the find—a section of the cemetery where people of Okovi za vezice pronađeni su u grobovima 5, 6, more modest social status were buried—we can 70, 74 i 77 (T.30.2-6). Većina je primjeraka cilin- conclude that these were more affordable exam- drična, blago koničnoga oblika. Najbolji primjer ples. je iz groba 74 u koji je ukopana ženska osoba, a gdje su pronađena dva okova za vezice zajedno s 24 ušice s alkom koja se nastavlja u stilizirani Metal lace aglets biljni motiv (T.30.5). Po Krabathovoj tipologiji većina riječkih primjeraka ulazi pod tip 1 koji je The 14th century saw a major shift in fashion s pomoću analogija datiran u široko razdoblje od and the unwieldy wide clothing of the 13th cen- 11. do 17./18. stoljeća (KRABATH 2001, 228). tury was replaced by new, closer fitting clothing, Sličan primjerak nađen je u šentjernejskom gro- tailored to measure. Laces of leather or textile bu 113 koji je uvršten u gotičku ili baroknu fazu were used along with the already cited clasps to (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6). Na Opa- tighten corsets, gowns and sleeves. As the tips tovini su okovi za vezice nađeni u grobovima of laces were wont to fray over time, they were datiranima od prve polovice 15. do prve treći- frequently fitted with cylindrical metal ferrules ne 16. stoljeća (DEMO 2007, 71). U grobu III and thus protected from further wear, also fa- unutar crkve sv. Spasa u Vrh Rici pronađeno je cilitating their passage through the eyes and ap- više takvih okova, a materijalom se mogu datirati ertures in clothing. Written sources in England u 15. stoljeće (PETRINEC 1996, 107). cite lace aglets from the 13th century on, while we find them in continental Europe on works of art from the 15th century. In women’s fashion Gumbi laces were used to fasten corsets at the front, and in men’s clothing to tighten sleeves and hose Slično kao i kopčice, gumbi su predstavljali jed- (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 285). nostavan način kopčanja vratnih izreza, izreza na rukavima ili su korišteni kao ukras. Iako su po- Metal lace aglets were found in graves 5, 6, 70, 74 znati od prapovijesti, gumbi su ušli u opću upo- and 77 (T.30.2-6). Most of the specimens are of trebu tijekom 13. st., a prvotno su imali više de- cylindrical, slightly conical form. The best speci- korativnu negoli funkcionalnu ulogu. Od 14. st. men is from grave 74 where a woman is buried, gumbi se počinju pojavljivati u dugome nizu na where two lace aglets were found together with prednjoj strani tunike (EGAN, PRITCHARD twenty-four eyes where the metal rings extend 1991, 272). Na primjerima zadarskih inventa- into stylised vegetative motifs (T.30.5). Based ra bilježimo pojavu gumbi krajem 13. stoljeća on the Krabath typology the majority of speci- (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 256). Izrađivani su od mens from Rijeka are of the type 1 that are dated više vrsta materijala, manje vrijednih: drva, ko- by analogy to the broad period from the 11th to sti, mjedi, bronce, dok su skupocjeni rađeni od the 17th and 18th centuries (KRABATH 2001, srebra, zlata ili jantara. U novome vijeku, pogla- 228). A similar specimen was found at the ceme- vito u 17. st., gumbi se nose na bokovima kratkih tery in Šentjernej in grave 113, which was placed hlača, a postaju uvriježeni na kaputima. in the Gothic or baroque phase (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6). At Opatovina lace aglets Na prostoru riječkoga groblja nađen je 31 gumb, were found in graves dated from the first half of od toga samo 9 unutar cjelovitih grobova. Dva- the 15th century to the first third of the 16th deset ih pripada tipu kalotastih kompozitnih century (DEMO 2007, 71). A number of these gumba (T.31.1-7). Kompozitni su gumbi sa- aglets were found in grave III inside the church stavljeni od dvaju polukružnih dijelova koji su of the Holy Salvation (Sveti Spas) at Vrh Rika,

114 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

spojeni, dok je ušica pričvršćena na donji dio. and they can be dated by material to the 15th Njih 16 različitih je dimenzija, svi su napravljeni century (PETRINEC 1996, 107). od bronce, bez ikakve dekoracije. Samo su dva pronađena u grobovima, 13 i 138, dok ostatak potječe iz sloja groblja. Kompozitni gumbi pro- Buttons nađeni su u Londonu, a datirani su u kontekst od kraja 13. do kraja 15. stoljeća (EGAN, PR- As with clasps, buttons were a simple method TICHARD 1991, 276). Najsličniji primjeri ri- for fastening collars, cuffs and could be used as ječkima proizlaze iz groba 63 u crkvi sv. Martina a decoration. Although known since prehistoric na Prozorju (BELAJ 2006, 284, sl. 41). Obli- times, buttons became commonplace in the kom istovjetan gumb nađen je u crkvi sv. Jerneja 13th century, and initially had more of a decora- u Šentjerneju, iako je taj ukrašen utisnutom ro- tive rather than functional role. From the 14th zetom, a prema analogijama datiran je od 15. do century buttons appear in a long row on the 19. stoljeća (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77). fronts of tunics (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 272). On specimens of the Zadar inventories we Za četiri primjerka kompozitnih gumba može- note the appearance of buttons in the late 13th mo ustvrditi da pripadaju tipu između kalota- century (ANZULOVIĆ 2007, 256). They were stoga i praporastoga (T.31.8). Naime, strana s fabricated of several types of less costly material: ušicom blago je zaobljena što je slično kalota- wood, bone, brass and bronze, while the more stomu tipu, dok je druga izrazito izdužena te na- costly versions were crafted in silver, gold or am- ginje praporastomu tipu gumba. Samo je jedan ber. In the Post Medieval period, above all in the nađen u muškome grobu 29 dok ostali potječu 17th century, buttons were worn on the sides of iz sloja groblja. Vrlo slični primjerci potječu iz breeches, and became common on jackets. grobova u čazmanskoj crkvi sv. Marije Magdale- ne, a datirani su u 17. i 18. stoljeće (AZINOVIĆ Thirty-one buttons were found at the cemetery BEBEK 2007, 280). in Rijeka, of that nine within integral graves. Twenty are of the calotte composite button type Sedam gumba pripada tipu lijevanih pločastih, (T.31.1-7). Composite buttons are composed of koji su sastavljeni od okrugle ravne ploče na koju two connected semicircular parts, with the loop je pričvršćena ušica (T.31.9-14). Više ih je od connected to the lower section. Sixteen of these pola nađeno u grobovima 13 i 138, dok su dva are of varying sizes, all are fabricated of bronze nađena u grobu 90. Takav tip gumba ne pojav- and entirely unadorned. Only two were found ljuje se u srednjovjekovnim grobljima Hrvatske, in graves, 13 and 138, while the remainder kao ni Europe, te možemo zaključiti da se radi o originate from the cemetery layer. Composite isključivo novovjekovnome materijalu. Kao što je buttons found in London have been dated by vidljivo iz primjera grobova 13 i 138 dolazili su context to the period from the late 13th to late u kombinaciji s drugim tipovima gumba. Sličan 15th century (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, nalaz, dviju različitih tipova gumba na nošnji, 276). The most similar specimens to those from možemo naći i u novovjekovnome grobu 63 u cr- Rijeka are from grave 63 at St Martin’s church at kvi sv. Martina na Prozorju (BELAJ 2006, 284). Prozorje (BELAJ 2006, 284, fig. 41). A button of identical form was found at St Bartholomew’s Vrlo slična tomu tipu tri su gumba kod kojih su church in Šentjernej, although this example is rubovi blago savijeni prema natrag, a svi su nađe- decorated with an impressed rosette—it is dated ni u sloju groblja. by analogy to the period from the 15th to 19th Zanimljiva je odsutnost praporastih gumba na century (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77). riječkome groblju koji su vrlo brojni nalazi na We can say of four specimens of composite drugim kasnosrednjovjekovnim grobljima kon- buttons that they are of the type between the tinentalne Hrvatske i Dalmacije. calotte and ball (T.31.8). The side with the loop

115 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

U zapuni groba 6 (zidane grobnice) pronađen je is, namely, slightly rounded, which is similar to donji dio okrugloga gumba polukružnoga pre- the calotte type, while the other side is highly sjeka (T.31.15). Skoro istovjetan fragment gum- elongated and tends towards the ball button ba s grada Ružice datiran je u 16. i 17. stoljeće type. Only one was found in the grave of a male (RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 74, kat. br. 18). (grave 29) while the others originate from the cemetery layer. Very similar specimens originate U grobu 13 gumbi su pronađeni na području from graves at St Mary Magdalene’s church in zdjelice. Mogli su koristiti za kopčanje hlača. Čazma and are dated to the 17th and 18th cen- Budući da je pokojnik u tom grobu imao ruke turies (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280). položene na trbuh, moguće je da su od tamo skliznuli niže, a bili su dio košulje, za zakopča- Seven buttons are of the cast plate-like type, vanje rukava. consisting of a round flat plate to which a loop is affixed (T.31.9-14). More than half were found in graves 13 and 138, while two were found in Pribadače 90. This button type does not appear in Medi- eval graves in Croatia or Europe as a whole, and Razvoj tehnologije vučene žice od 12. st. doveo je we can conclude that this is exclusively Post Me- do velike promjene u veličini pribadača, a glava je dieval material. As is evident from the specimens bila izrađivana posebno te postala dimenzijama from graves 13 and 138, they came in combina- manja. Promjena veličine utjecala je na njihovu tion with other types of buttons. A similar find, uporabu te su ih prestali upotrebljavati za kop- of two different types of buttons on a costume, čanje odjeće. Pisani izvori iz 14. st. spominju pri- was collected from Post Medieval grave 63 at St badače koje su se koristile za učvršćivanje velova Martin’s church at Prozorje (BELAJ 2006, 284). te ukrasa za glavu, a velik je i broj prikaza iz 15. stoljeća (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 297). Very similar to this type are three buttons on which the edges are slightly bent back, all found Na području riječkoga groblja iskopana je 21 in the cemetery layer. pribadača, od čega po jedna u zidanim grobovima 6 i 37, jedna u grobu 60, dok je njih 13 nađe- The absence of ball type buttons at the cemetery no na glavi djeteta u grobu 25. Primjer groba 25 in Rijeka is interesting as they are a very com- pokazuje kako su se pribadače koristile za kopča- mon find at other Late Medieval cemeteries in nje vela ili kakvoga ukrasa za glavu. continental Croatia and Dalmatia.

Mogu se izdvojiti tri tipa pribadača koji se razli- The back section of a round button of semicir- kuju s obzirom na oblik svoje glave. cular cross-section (T.31.15) was found in the fill of grave 6 (walled tomb). An almost identical Tri pribadače (T.32.1-3) pripadaju tipu s okru- fragment of a button from Ružica Grad has been glom glavom koja je bila oblikovana kuckanjem, dated to the 16th and 17th century (RADIĆ, a ne lijevanjem. U Londonu su pronađene pri- BOJČIĆ 2004, 74, cat. no. 18). badače s takvim glavama u kontekstima kasnoga 14. st. i ranog 15. stoljeća (EGAN, PRITC- In grave 13 the buttons were found in the pel- HARD 1991, 299, fig. 200). Dva primjerka vis area. They may have been used to fasten toga tipa pribadača potječu iz crkve sv. Jerneja breeches. Given that the deceased in this grave u Šentjerneju: iz groba 69 iz 17. st. te iz groba had their arms laid on the abdomen, it is pos- 107 iz 16. – 17. stoljeća (PREDOVNIK et al. sible that they shifted lower and were part of a 78, T.2:9, T.7:4). Glave od namotane žice većih shirt and used to fasten sleeves. dimenzija (promjer glave cca 3 mm) nalaze se na trima primjercima (T.32.4-6). Slične pribadače izvađene su s mletačkoga brodoloma kod Gna- lića s kraja 16. stoljeća (GNALIĆ 2004, 61). Iz

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dvaju primjera takva pribadača s Ružica grada, Pins koje su datirane u razdoblje od 14. do 16. st. (RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 74), vidljivo je da su The development of the technology of drawn korištene kroz duže razdoblje. Jedan primjerak iz wire from the 12th century on led to major sloja groblja, 13 primjeraka iz groba 25 (T.32.7) changes in the size of pins, and the head was i primjerak iz groba 122 (T.32.8) svrstavaju se u made separately and became smaller in size. The tip s glavom napravljenom omatanjem žice oko change in size affected their use and they were tijela pribadače. Razlikuju se od prethodnoga no longer utilised to fasten clothing. Written tipa manjom dimenzijom glave. Slična pribadača sources from the 14th century cite pins used to nađena je u kontekstu s kraja 14. st. u Londo- fasten veils and ornamental headwear and there nu (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299-300, fig. are numerous depictions from the 15th century 200). Tri pribadače toga tipa držale su raskošni (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 297). dijadem koji potječe iz groba 101 u crkvi sv. Jer- Twenty-one pins were excavated at the cemetery neja u Šentjerneju koji je datiran u 17. stoljeće. in Rijeka, of which one in each of walled graves 6 Slični primjerci nađeni su u Ptuju većinom u and 37, one in grave 60 and thirteen on the head grobovima 16. st., te na lendavskom groblju u of a child in grave 25. The example of grave 25 Čontošu koje je na temelju nalaza datirano u 16. demonstrates that pins were used to fasten veils – 17. stoljeće (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78). and other ornamental headwear.

We can identify three types of pin based on the UKRASI ZA GLAVU different shapes of their heads. Na području groblja uz crkvu Uznesenja Bla- Three pins (T.32.1-3) are of the round head type žene Djevice Marije nađen je velik broj fragme- shaped by hammering, not by casting. Pins with nata napravljenih od brončane žice. Različitih these head types were found in London in a late su oblika, okruglih i spiralnih, u manjoj mjeri 14th and early 15th century context (EGAN, kvadratnih ili rombičnih. Iako je većina podosta PRITCHARD 1991, 299, fig. 200). Two speci- oštećena iz nekoliko se bolje očuvanih primjera- mens of this type of pin originate from St Bar- ka vidi da su bili u obliku stiliziranoga cvijeća. tholomew’s church in Šentjernej: from grave Samo su tri primjera nađena u grobovima: 140 69 from the 17th century and from grave 107 i 141 te u zidanom grobu 93. Ispostavilo se da from the 16th to 17th century (PREDOVNIK se radi o vrsti ukrasa za glavu ili dijademi koji se et al. 78, T.2:9, T.7:4). Wire wound head pins rijetko spominje u stručnoj literaturi. of larger size (head diameter of about 3 mm) are found on three specimens (T.32.4-6). Similar Iz likovnih prikaza vidljive su razlike u frizura- pins were extracted from a Venetian shipwreck ma i ukrasima za kosu u razdoblju od 12. do 15. at Gnalić from the late 16th century (GNALIĆ stoljeća (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 291). U 2004, 61). On two specimens of this pin type razdoblju novoga vijeka taj se proces dodatno from Ružica Grad, dated to the period from the intenzivirao razvojem građanske klase. Do prvih 14th to 16th century (RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, desetljeća 14. st. ženska je kosa bila izloženija po- 74), it is evident that they were used over an ex- gledima za razliku od prethodnih razdoblja. U tended period of time. One specimen from the 16. st. žene viših slojeva radije su ukrašavale kosu cemetery layer, thirteen specimens from grave biserima i cvijećem (sl. 34) (PREDOVNIK et 25 (T.32.7) and a specimen from grave 122 al. 2008, 80). (T.32.8) are numbered among the type with a Riječki su primjeri napravljeni od brončane vu- head formed by winding wire around the body čene žice te tankih brončanih trakica. Nađeni of the pin. They differ from the previous type fragmenti predstavljaju dijelove dijadema. Dio by the smaller size of their heads. A similar pin njih napravljen je omatanjem žice u oblik spira- was found in London in a late 14th century context (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299-300,

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Slika 34 – ukrasi za renesansnu fig. 200). Three pins of this type held a lavish frizuru, portret Simonette Vespucci diadem that originates from grave 101 at Bar- Pierra di Cosima, prije 1520. g. tholomew’s church in Šentjernej and is dated to Figure 34 – Ornaments for a the 17th century. Similar specimens were found Renaissance hairstyle: Piero di Cosimo’s Portrait of a Woman, in Ptuj, most from 16th century graves, and at said to be of Simonetta Vespucci, the Čontoš cemetery in Lendava, dated based pre-1520 on finds to the 16th to 17th century (PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 78).

ORNAMENTAL HEADDRESS A large number of bronze wire fragments were found in the area of the cemetery alongside the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. They are of diverse form; round, spiralled, and to a lesser extent rectangular or rhomboid. And while most are quite damaged we can see from a number of better preserved specimens that they formed stylised floral decorations. Only three specimens were found in graves: in 140 and 141 and in walled tomb 93. It turns out that this is a type of headdress or diadem that is rarely mentioned in specialised literature. le dok su krajevi na dnu omotani međusobno i tvore nekakvu vrstu drveta (T.33.1-6). Iz lon- From depictions in art we see variations in hair- donskih nalazišta potječu slični primjerci koji style and hair ornaments in the period from the su bili dio metalnih obruča koji su držali svilene 12th to 15th century (EGAN, PRITCHARD velove, a potječu iz slojeva 14. i početka 15. sto- 1991, 291). In the Post Medieval period this ljeća. Takav su tip ukrasa u 16. st. koristili i za process was further intensified with the develop- ukrašavanje relikvijara (EGAN, PRITCHARD ment of an urban class. Up to the first decades 1991, 293-294). of the 14th century women’s hair was open to view, unlike previous periods. In the 16th cen- Dio je ukrasa napravljen oblikovanjem žice u tury women of the upper social strata preferred prsten ili oval, a za njega su pričvršćivane ili to adorn their hair with pearls and flowers (fig. omatane manje ušice. Pokazalo se da postoje 34) (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 80). dva tipa toga ukrasa: s ušicama s vanjske strane osnovne žice (T.33.7-10) i s ušicama s obje stra- The specimens from Rijeka are fabricated of ne (T.33.11,12, T.34.1-3). U su drugome slučaju bronze wire and thin bronze ribbons. The frag- ušice proizvod modeliranja žice u obliku uza- ments found constitute parts of a diadem. Some stopnih osmica. Krajevi toga ornamenta mogu of these were fabricated by winding wire in spiral također biti skupljeni i omotani međusobno te form, with the ends at the base wound around tvoriti neku vrstu debla (T.33.12). each other to form a tree of sorts (T.33.1-6). Similar specimens originate from London sites U dva je primjera na taj ukras vezana okrugla that were parts of a metal hoop that held silk spiralna žica. Vezana je manjim žicama preko veils in place, and originate from layers dated svoga promjera te tako čini vrlo rafiniran ukras to the 14th and early 15th century. This type of (T.34.4,5). decoration was also used in the 16th century to

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Rijedak je nalaz ukrasa koji je sastavljen od spi- decorate reliquaries (EGAN, PRITCHARD ralne žice na koju su pričvršćene dvije tanke me- 1991, 293-294). đusobno isprepletene trakice. Trakice su s unutarnje strane izbočene te tako čine piramidalan Some of the decorations were fabricated by ukras. Na spiralnu je žicu prikopčana i žica koja forming rings or ovals with wire, with small je oblikovana u okrugle petlje (T.34.6). eyes affixed to them or wound around them. It has been shown that there were two types of Šest omanjih rozeta od tankih brončanih traka decoration: with eyes to the outside of the core koje su prikopčane na pločastu traku ovijenu wire (T.33.7-10) and with eyes on both sides brončanom žicom (T.34.7) potječe iz sloja gro- (T.33.11.12, T.34.1-3). In the second case the blja, kao i nekoliko fragmenata rozeta (T.34.8- eyes are made by modelling wire in the form of 10). Potpuno istovjetne rozete nađene su u gro- successive figure eights. The ends of this orna- bu 101 u crkvi sv. Jerneja u Šentjerneju, a bila je ment could also be gathered and wound around dio raskošne dijademe koje su vrlo vjerojatno one another to form a trunk of sorts (T.33.12). bile učvršćivane na glavu pribadačama. Rozete su napravljene od zlatnih niti aurum tractitium, In two cases a round spiralling wire was bound a pločasta je traka bila ovijena svilenom niti, što to this decoration. It was bound with smaller autore upućuje na to da je dijadem pripadao bo- wire across its breadth, thus forming a very re- gatijemu pojedincu (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, fined decoration (T.34.4.5). 81). Autori na temelju likovnih prikaza datiraju A rare find is a decoration consisting of spiral- takvu dijademu u kasno 16. i 17. stoljeće (PRE- ling wire to which two thin intertwined ribbons DOVNIK et al. 2008, 81, T.7:1, 2). Riječki je are affixed. The ribbons are arched from the- in primjer izrađen od bronce, a uz mjesto nalaska, ner aspect, thus forming a pyramidal decoration. u groblju gdje su se ukapali žitelji Rijeke nižega A wire shaped into a round loop is affixed to the imovinskog statusa, možemo zaključiti da se radi spiralling wire (T.34.6). o jeftinijoj varijanti šentjernejskoga ukrasa. Six small rosettes of thin bronze ribbons affixed Najbogatiji nalaz toga tipa potječe iz zidanoga to a plate-like ribbon wound in bronze wire groba 93 (T.34.10). U grobu je in situ nađen (T.34.7) originate from the cemetery layer, as kostur žene kojoj možemo pripisati taj ukras za do several fragments of rosettes (T.34.8-10). glavu. Na tome se primjeru vidi da je ukras za Entirely identical rosettes were found in grave glavu bio sastavljen od gore navedenih varijacija 101 at St Bartholomew’s church in Šentjernej, ukrasa. Uz navedene, nađen je i rombični ukras and were part of lavish diadems that were held čiji donji krajevi smotani čine deblo koje je bilo in place on the head with pins. The rosettes were pričvršćeno za traku ili kapu. Elementi sličnoga fabricated of gold thread (aurum tractitium) ukrasa nađeni su i u dječjemu grobu 140. Tako- while the plate-like ribbon was wound in silk đer u dječjemu grobu, 141, nađen je ostatak žice thread, which the authors feel suggests that koja je nosila ukrase. the diadem belonged to a wealthier individual Posebne trake i ukrasi za glavu u 15. i 16. st. bili (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 81). Based on de- su znakovi neudanih djevojaka nižih i viših slo- pictions in art the authors date this diadem to jeva (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 80). U riječko- the late 16th and 17th century (PREDOVNIK me bi primjeru ta teza odgovarala dječjim gro- et al. 2008, 81, T.7:1, 2). The specimen from Ri- bovima 140 i 141, ali je dob pokojnice iz groba jeka is crafted of bronze and, along with the find 93 dosta poodmakla (55 – 60 godina). Moguća location—in a cemetery in which inhabitants of je i interpretacija kako se radi o udanoj ženi, po- Rijeka of lower property status were interred, we kopanoj u svadbenome ruhu. can infer that this is a less expensive variation of the decoration from Šentjernej.

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NAKIT The most lavish find of this type originates from walled grave 93 (T.34.10). A woman’s skeleton was found in the grave in situ to which we can Prstenje attribute this headdress. In this example it is evident that the headdress was composed of Na prostoru groblja uz crkvu Uznesenja Blaže- the above cited decorative variations. Along ne Djevice Marije pronađen je nakit u manjemu with the above cited, a rhomboid decoration broju, većinu kojega čini prstenje, ukupno 24 was also found, the coiled lower ends of which komada. Pet ih potječe iz grobova in situ. Jedan form a trunk that was affixed to a ribbon or cap. je od njih nađen u zapuni uz dva djelomično Elements of a similar decoration were found in uništena ukopa, grobova 49 i 50, te nije moguće a child’s grave (140). The remains of a wire that odrediti kojemu je točno grobu pripadao. Dva bore decorations were found in another child’s prstena pronađena su unutar zidane grobnice 6, grave (141). dok je jedan nađen u susjednoj grobnici 5. Dva su prstena nađena u velikoj kosturnici koja je sta- In the 15th and 16th centuries special ribbons jala na južnome dijelu groblja. Ostatak prstena and headdress indicated unwed young women dolazi iz sloja groblja (SJ 256, SJ 846). of both the lower and upper social strata (PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 80). In the case of Rijeka U grupu najbrojnijih, ali i kronološki najranijih, this corresponds with child’s graves 140 and 141, ulaze jednostavni brončani prsteni ili tzv. vitice. but the age of the deceased in grave 93 is quite Među njima samo su dva primjerka dodatno advanced (55 to 60 years of age). One possible ukrašena urezanim linijama duž rubova dok su interpretation is that this was a married woman ostali jednostavni, bez dekoracija. buried in her wedding gown. Jednostavno prstenje takvoga tipa poznato je iz drugih srednjovjekovnih groblja na prostoru Hrvatske. Zbog jednostavnoga načina izrade bili JEWELLERY su popularni kroz vrlo dugo razdoblje. Na lokalitetu Crkvina – Galovac u zadarskome zaleđu nalazimo ih u grobovima starohrvatske faze, 9. Finger rings – 11. stoljeća (BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5). A small number of items of jewellery were found Na drugim su dalmatinskim grobljima vrlo česta in the area of the cemetery alongside the church pojava tijekom razvijenoga i kasnoga srednjeg of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, vijeka. Tako su nađeni u grobovima na Begovači most of which are finger rings—twenty-four u 2. sloju groblja koje je korišteno u razdoblju pieces in all. Five originate from graves in situ. od 10. do 13. stoljeća (JELOVINA, VRSALO- One was found in the fill alongside two partially VIĆ 1981, 129). U grobu koji pripada I. fazi devastated burials, graves 49 and 50, and it can- groblja na Putalju nađen je takav tip prstena, a not be determined to which grave exactly it be- datiran je u 12. stoljeće (BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3). longed. Two rings were found in walled grave 6, Dva prstena potječu iz groblja u Brnazima kod while another was found in neighbouring tomb Sinja, a novcima su datirani u razdoblje 13. – 5. Two rings were found in the large ossuary that 16. stoljeća (GUNJAČA 1955). Prstenje toga stood in the southern section of the cemetery. tipa bilo je popularno i u sutonu srednjega vije- The remaining finger rings were discovered in ka te ga tako nalazimo u grobovima od sredine the cemetery layer (SU 256, SU 846). 15. st. kod crkve sv. Spasa (PETRINEC 1996; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147) i na kasnosrednjovjekovnoj The most numerous, and chronologically earli- nekropoli Tjeme u Bribiru iz 14. i 15. stoljeća est group, consists of simple bronze finger rings (ZEKAN 1996, 53). Prstenje toga tipa u Lon- or bands. Among these only two are further dec- donu nađeno je u slojevima iz početka 15. stolje- orated with incised lines along the edges while

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ća (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218). Riječki the remainder are simple and without decora- primjerci (T.35.1,4) mogu se okvirno uvrstiti u tion. te datacije, u široko razdoblje srednjega vijeka budući da potječu iz sloja groblja tj. nekoga od Simple finger rings of this type are known to uništenih grobova. Jedan je takav prsten nađen us from other Medieval cemeteries in Croatia. u grobu 34 (T.35.2), dok je drugi u grobu 38 Because of their simple fabrication they were (T.35.3) nađen uz dvije svetačke medaljice 17. popular over an extended period of time. At the i 18. stoljeća. Crkvina – Galovac site in the Zadar hinterland we find them in graves of the early Croatian Masivniji prsten (T.35.7) nađen je u zapuni ve- phase of the 9th to 11th century (BELOŠEVIĆ like kosturnice. Vrlo sličan prsten s proširenjem 1992, T.XXX.5). At other cemeteries in Dalma- na gornjoj strani nađen je na lokalitetu Crkvina tia they are a very frequent find during the High – Galovac u srednjovjekovnome sloju groblja and Late Medieval periods. They were found koje je datirano u 12. – 16. stoljeće (BELOŠE- at Begovača in the 2nd cemetery layer used VIĆ 1992, T.XXXI.5). Naš primjerak možemo in the period from the 10th to 13th century slobodno uvrstiti u tu dataciju, preciznije u nje- (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129). One zin mlađi dio budući da se vrlo vjerojatno radi o such finger ring was found in a grave from the prstenu koji je dospio u novosagrađenu kostur- 1st phase cemetery at Putalj and has been dated nicu u 18. st. iz nekoga ranije uništenoga groba. to the 12th century (BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3). Two rings originate from a cemetery at Brnaze near Još jedan primjerak potječe iz velike kosturni- Sinj and have been dated by coins to the period ce, a razlikuje se od ostalih time što je ovalnoga from the 13th to 16th century (GUNJAČA presjeka (T.35.8). Sličan primjerak nađen je u 1955). Rings of this type were also popular in nekropoli Greblje kod Maljkova koja je datirana the waning of the Medieval period and we find oblikom grobova i novcima u 12. – 15. stoljeće them in graves dated from the 15th century on (JELOVINA 1960, 264, T.II.132). U kosturni- at the church of the Holy Salvation (Sveti Spas) cu je dospio na isti način kao i prethodni primje- (PETRINEC 1996; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147) and rak (T.35.7). at the Tjeme Late Medieval necropolis in Bri- Jedina dva ukrašena primjerka dolaze iz sloja bir from the 14th and 15th centuries (ZEKAN groblja (T.35.5,6), a urešena su urezanim lini- 1996, 53). In London finger rings of this type jama uz rubove. Takvo je prstenje vrlo često na were found in layers from the early 15th cen- dalmatinskim srednjovjekovnim grobljima, a i tury (EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218). The vremenski je raspon širok. U većini ga slučajeva specimens from Rijeka (T.35.1.4) can be ap- nalazimo uz gore navedeno neukrašeno prste- proximately placed within this dating range—in nje. Na groblju Crkvina – Galovac nađeno je the broad time of Medieval period—given that u grobovima 9. – 11. st. (BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, they originate from the cemetery layer, i.e. from T.XXX.5,6), što nam ukazuje na njihov rani one of the devastated graves. One such ring izvor. Na kontinuitet izrade ukazali su nalazi s was found in grave 34 (T.35.2) while another groblja na Begovači gdje je takvo prstenje prona- was found in grave 38 (T.35.3) along with two laženo i u srednjemu sloju groblja, koje je datira- saint’s devotional medals from the 17th and no u 10. – 13. st. (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 18th century. 1981, 120, 129), kao i u gornjemu, mlađemu slo- A more massive finger ring (T.35.7) was found ju te se njihova upotreba nastavila do 15. stoljeća in the fill of the large ossuary. A very similar (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 131). Četiri ring with a broadened upper aspect was found primjerka nađena su u groblju Greblje kod Malj- at the Crkvina – Galovac site in the Medieval kova koje je korišteno u razdoblju od 12. do 15. layer of the cemetery dated to the period from stoljeća (JELOVINA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, the 12th to 16th century (BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, 136). Dva slična prstena iz Brnaza kod Sinja ne- T.XXXI.5). Our specimen can be freely incor-

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što su kasnija, iz 13. – 16. stoljeća (GUNJAČA porated into this dating, more precisely into its 1955). Nalazimo ih i na putaljskome groblju u later range as it is very likely a ring that was de- grobu iz 14./15. st. (BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8), kao posited in the newly constructed ossuary in the i grobovima kod sv. Spasa (PERTINEC 1996) u 18th century from an earlier devastated grave. koje su prilagani od sredine 15. st. do u 16. stolje- će (JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147). Vrlo sličan profilirani One other specimen originates from the large primjerak nađen je u grobu iz zadnje trećine 14. ossuary and stands apart from the others in that st. na Opatovini u Zagrebu (DEMO 2007, 70). is has an oval cross-section (T.35.8). A similar Nalaz takvoga prstena, ukrašenoga profilacijom, specimen was found at the Greblje necropo- iz groba 11 s lokaliteta Crikvišče – Torčec koji je lis near Maljkovo that was dated by the form stratigrafijom datiran u zadnji horizont groblja, of the grave and coins to the period from the od 1649. do 1731./1733. god., pokazuje da je taj 12th to 15th century (JELOVINA 1960, 264, jednostavan oblik ostao poznat i korišten mno- T.II.132). It was deposited in the ossuary in the go kasnije (SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC same fashion as the previously described speci- 2003, 29, sl. 26). Iz gore navedenoga vidljivo men (T.35.7). je njihovo često korištenje na prijelazu kasno- The only two decorated specimens are from the ga srednjeg vijeka u novi vijek. Sukladno tomu cemetery layer (T.35.5.6). They are adorned možemo i naše primjerke smjestiti u to razdoblje with incised lines along the edges. This ring budući da su nađeni u sloju groblja (SJ 846) te type is very frequent at Medieval cemeteries in je očito da potječu iz kakvoga uništenog groba. the Dalmatia region, and also covers a broad U grobu 6 pronađen je jedini primjerak tordi- dating range. In most cases we find them along Slika 35 – detalj prstena s okom s ranoga prstena (T.35.11). Takav je tip prstenja with the above cited unadorned rings. At the Rafaeolovog portreta Maddalene rijedak nalaz u srednjovjekovnim grobljima. Pri- Crkvina – Galovac cemetery they are found Doni, 1506. g. (THOENES 2007, mjerak iz groba 145 iz groblja na Gredama kod in graves dated from the 9th to 11th century 79) Kašića datiran je u razdoblje od 9. do 11. st. te (BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5.6), which is in- Figure 35 – Detail of a finger ring se navodi da su poznate analogije iz bjelobrdske dicative of an early source. Finds from the cem- with glass setting from Raphael’s etery at Begovača indicated the continuity of 1506 portrait of Maddalena Doni kulturne grupe (VRSALOVIĆ 1968, 90, tab. (THOENES 2007, 79) VII.145). Naš je primjerak kronološki određen fabrication, where these rings were also found in the middle cemetery layer which is dated to the period from the 10th to 13th century (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 120, 129), and in the upper, later layer, with their use continuing through to the 15th century (JELOVI- NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 131). Four specimens were found at the Greblje cemetery at Maljkovo, used in the period from the 12th to 15th century (JELOVINA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, 136). Two similar rings from Brnaze near Sinj are of a somewhat later dating, from the 13th to 16th century (GUNJAČA 1955). We also find them at the cemetery in Putalj in a grave from the 14th to 15th century (BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8), and at graves from the church of the Holy Salva- tion (Sveti Spas) (PETRINEC 1996) at which they were deposited from the mid 15th to 16th century (JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147). A very similar profiled specimen was found in a grave from the last third of the 14th century at Opatovina

122 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

gradnjom grobnice u 15. st., iako bi se moglo ra- in Zagreb (DEMO 2007, 70). Finds of this ring diti o prežitku iz ranijih vremena. type, decorated with profiling, from grave 11 at the Torčec – Cirkvišće site, dated by stratigraphy Četiri prstena pripada skupini prstenja s okom. to the latest horizon of the cemetery, from 1649 Jedan je zlatan, a ostali su brončani. U kvadrat- to 1731/1733, indicate that this simple form re- ni je utor stavljano stakleno oko tamnocrvene mained in use much later (SEKELJ IVANČAN, boje koje imitira puno vrjedniji rubin. Bron- TKALČEC 2003, 29, fig. 26). From the above čani primjerak (T.35.12) nađen je u zidanome cited we see that they were frequent at the tran- grobu 6. Za razliku od ostala tri primjerka taj je sition from the Late Medieval to Post Medieval jednostavno oblikovan, obruč prstena na gor- period. Accordingly we can place our specimens njemu je dijelu proširen te se u njemu nalazi in this period as they were found in the cemetery četvrtast otvor. Kod drugih primjeraka prošire- layer (SU 846) and it is evident that they origi- nje oko utora za oko ukrašeno je polukružnim nated from one of the devastated graves. udubljenjima (T.35.13-15). Takav tip prstenja uočen je na drugim hrvatskim grobljima i to The only specimen of a twisted finger ring najčešće u kasnosrednjovjekovnome horizontu. (T.35.11) was discovered in grave 6. This ring Na Begovači su nađeni u grobovima koje auto- type is a rare find in Medieval cemeteries. The ri smještaju u gornji sloj groblja, koji je okvir- specimen from grave 145 at the Grede cemetery no datiran u široko razdoblje od 13. do 17. st. in Kašić has been dated to the period from the (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, Tab.III.60, 9th to 11th century and it is noted that analo- Tab.XXXI.437), dok ih Jakšić opredjeljuje pre- gies are known from the Bijelo Brdo Culture ciznije u gotički sloj, 14. i 15. stoljeće (JAKŠIĆ group (VRSALOVIĆ 1968, 90, tab.VII.145). 1989, T.V, T.VI, 432). Sličan primjerak nađen je Our specimen is chronologically determined u grobu 778 kod crkve sv. Spasa iz poslijesred- by the construction of the cemetery in the 15th njovjekovnoga horizonta koji je datiran od sre- century, although it may be a surviving element dine 15. st. do u 16. stoljeće (PETRINEC 1996, of an earlier period. JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147). Prsten s okom iz muškoga groba 69 iz Opatovine u Zagrebu datiran je u Four rings are of the group of rings with set- zadnju trećinu 15. stoljeća (DEMO 2007, 70). tings. One is gold and the remainder made U dataciji nam toga tipa prstenja mogu pomoći of bronze. A glass setting of dark red colour is i likovni prikazi. Tako se na Rafaeolovu portretu set in a square setting imitating a much more Maddalene Doni iz 1506. god. (sl. 35) vidi pr- valuable ruby. One bronze specimen (T.35.12) sten s kvadratnim tamnocrvenim okom i ureše- was found in walled grave 6. Unlike the other nim proširenjima oko njega, istovjetan riječkim three specimens, this is of simple form with the primjercima (THOENES 2007, 79). Taj por- ring hoop widened at the upper section with a tret s početka 16. st. i arheološki nalazi iz drugih quadrate setting aperture. On other specimens groblja ukazuju na tradiciju 15. stoljeća. Stilske the broadening around the setting is decorated odlike i mjesto nalaza toga prstenja koje potječe with semicircular recesses (T.35.13-15). This iz sloja groblja upućuju na to da dolaze iz kasno- ring type has been observed at other Croa- srednjovjekovnih grobova uništenih novim uko- tian cemeteries, most often in the Late Medi- pima tijekom 17. i 18. stoljeća. eval horizon. At Begovača they were found in graves the author places in the upper cemetery Drugi je tip po brojnosti na riječkome groblju layer which has been approximately dated to tip prstena s krunom. Pronađeno ih je sedam. the broad period from the 13th to 17th century Dva imaju jednostavnu kvadratnu krunu, jedan (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, Tab.III.60, iz sloja groblja (T.35.17), dok drugi potječe iz Tab.XXXI.437), while Jakšić attributes them groba 21 (T.35.16). Jedan ima ovalnu krunu sa more precisely in the Gothic layer of the 14th zelenim staklenim okom koje drže četiri „kan- and 15th centuries (JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.V, T.VI, dže“ (T.35.18), a nađen je u površinskome sloju 432). A similar specimen was found in grave 778

123 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

šute. Prsten iz zidanoga groba 5 ima heksagonal- at the church of the Holy Salvation (Sveti Spas) nu krunu (T.35.19). Takav je prsten nađen na from the post-Medieval horizon dated from the Begovači u grobu koji autori smještaju u sred- mid 15th to 16th century (PETRINEC 1996, nji sloj groblja koji datiraju u 10. – 13. st. (JE- JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147). A finger ring with a glass LOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, Tab.XI.228), setting from male grave 69 at Opatovina in a donose podatak o antičkoj tradiciji takvoga Zagreb was dated to the last third of the 15th prstenja, s tim da se nastavlja u kasni srednji century (DEMO 2007, 70). Depictions in art vijek pa i dalje (VRSALOVIĆ, JELOVINA can assist us in the dating of this ring type. On 1981, 122). S druge strane, Jakšić je taj prsten Raphael’s 1506 portrait of Maddalena Doni s pomoću trojagodne naušnice iz istoga groba (fig. 35) we see a ring with a quadrate dark red opredijelio u gotički sloj koji datira u 14. i 15. glass setting and a decorated widening around it, stoljeće (JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.VI). Sličan prsten iz identical to the specimens from Rijeka (THOE- Arheološkoga muzeja u Splitu datiran je u 15. i NES 2007, 79). This portrait from the early 16. stoljeće (PITEŠA 2009, kat. br. 264, 179). 16th century and the archaeological finds from Pet prstena s heksagonalnom krunom, iako ve- other graves bear witness to the tradition of the ćom, nađeno je u grobovima u crkvi sv. Marije 15th century. The stylistic characteristics and Magdalene u Čazmi, a kontekstom su datirani the location of the finds of this ring type in the od sredine 17. do sredine 18. st. (AZINOVIĆ cemetery layer indicates that they originate from BEBEK 2007, 276-278), dok je njima sličan pr- Late Medieval graves destroyed by subsequent sten iz Subotičkoga Luga datiran ranije, u 15. – burials in the 17th and 18th centuries. 16. stoljeće (RADIĆ 2007, 102). Prsten sličan čazmanskima nađen je u grobu 18 na lokalitetu By quantity the second type collected at the Cirkvišče – Torčec iz drugoga horizonta koji je cemetery in Rijeka is the ring type with raised trajao od 13. do sredine 15. stoljeća (SEKELJ bezel. Seven such finger rings were found. Two IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, sl. 31). have a simple quadrate box bezel—one from the cemetery layer (T.35.17), while the other Prsten koji je vrlo sličan tipu prstena s okom originates from grave 21 (T.35.16). One has nađen je u zapuni dvaju oštećenih grobova, 49 an oval box bezel with a green glass setting i 50, te je bilo nemoguće odrediti kojemu točno held in place by four prongs (T.35.18), and pripada (T.35.20). Od prstenja s okom razlikuje was found in the surface layer of debris. A ring se time što mu se oko nalazi u uzdignutoj kruni. from walled grave 5 has a hexagonal box bezel Kruna je dodatno ukrašena istovjetnim ukra- (T.35.19). This grave was found at Begovača in sima kao i gore navedeno prstenje. Proširenje a grave placed by the authors in the middle cem- obruča na kojemu se nalazi kruna ukrašeno je etery layer dated to the period from the 10th to biljnim motivom akantusa. Vrlo slično ukrašen 13th century (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ prsten nađen je u grobu 89 u šentjernejskoj cr- 1981, Tab.XI.228), also noting the traditions kvi sv. Jerneja koji je datiran od sredine 16. do of this ring type in the classical antiquity, con- sredine 17. stoljeća (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008). tinuing into the Late Medieval and later peri- Stilski bi i taj riječki primjerak mogli smjestiti u ods (VRSALOVIĆ, JELOVINA 1981, 122). to razdoblje s obzirom na to da predstavlja ra- On the other hand, Jakšić dates this ring with zvijeniji oblik prstenja s okom. Kao što se vidi iz the aid of a three-beaded earring from the same drugih lokaliteta (Begovače, sv. Spasa, Opatovi- grave to the Gothic layer, dated to the 14th and ne), prstenje s okom nalaženo je u kontekstima 15th centuries (JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.VI). A similar kasnoga srednjeg vijeka (15. st.), dok je naš pri- ring from the Archaeological Museum in Split is mjer dodatno ukrašen načinom poznatim u 16. dated to the 15th and 16th centuries (PITEŠA stoljeću (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.5.5). 2009, cat. no. 264, 179). Five finger rings with hexagonal box bezel, although larger, were Masivnomu prstenu (T.35.21) nalazimo ana- found in graves at St Mary Magdalene’s church logiju na bribirskome Groblju na Dolu koje in Čazma, dated by context from the mid 17th

124 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

je datirano u razdoblje od 13. do 15. stoljeća to mid 18th century (AZINOVIĆ BEBEK (ZEKAN 1996, 50). Vrlo bogato ukrašen pr- 2007, 276-278), while a similar ring from Lug sten s krunom (T.35.22) pomoću stilskih odli- Subotički is dated to an earlier period, from the ka (ukrasi biljnim motivima ljiljana i akantusa) 15th to 16th century (RADIĆ 2007, 102). A mogli bi okvirno datirati od 16. do 18. stoljeća. ring similar to the Čazma specimen was found in grave 18 at the Cirkvišče – Torčec site from Među prstenjem s tipičnim renesansnim odli- the second horizon, running from the 13th kama ističu se dva prstena s motivom rukohva- to mid 15th century (SEKELJ IVANČAN, ta ili tzv. dextrarum junctio (T.35.24,25). Oba TKALČEC 2003, 29, fig. 31). primjerka imaju vrlo plastično oblikovane ruke. Kod zlatnoga prstena nastavak ruku na obruč A finger ring very similar to the ring with a glass ukrašen je arhitektonskim motivom, dok je kod setting type was found in the fill of two damaged brončanoga primjerka taj dio ukrašen ljudskim graves, 49 and 50, for which it was impossible glavama. Ta su dekorativna obilježja značajan na- to determine to which one exactly it belongs čin ukrašavanja prstenja 15. i 16. stoljeća (PRE- (T.35.20). It differs from rings with glass set- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 83). Prsten s istim pla- tings in that the setting is placed in a raised bez- stično istaknutim motivom rukohvata potječe iz el. The raised bezel is further decorated with or- groba 141 iz 16. st. s putaljskoga groblja (BU- namentation identical to the above cited rings. RIĆ 2001, T.IX.3). Među nalazima iz mletač- The broadening of the hoop where the bezel lies koga brodoloma s kraja 16. st. kod otoka Gnalića is decorated with a vegetative acanthus motif. pronađen je i zlatni prsten s motivom dextrarum A finger ring with very similar decoration was junctio (GNALIĆ 2004, 71). Na groblju kod cr- found in grave 89 at St Bartholomew’s church kve sv. Spasa nađeno je prstenje s tim motivom u in Šentjernej, dated from the mid 16th to mid ukopima od sredine 15. stoljeća (JAKŠIĆ 1996, 17th century (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008). In 150). Takvo se prstenje pojavljuje od kasne anti- terms of its style this specimen from Rijeka ke, ali teško je govoriti o kakvome kontinuitetu could also be placed in this period given that izrade u srednji vijek. Pretpostavka je da se pr- is represents a more developed form of the ring stenje s motivom dextrarum iunctio ponovno with glass setting. As is evident from other sites pojavljuje od 12. st. kada u razdoblju romanike (Begovača, Sveti Spas, Opatovina), rings with dolazi do oživljavanja reminiscencija antičkoga glass settings have been found in Late Medieval duha i kulture (ŠARIĆ 1992, 160). contexts (15th century), while our specimen with its additional decoration is of 16th century U zidanome grobu 5 pronađen je velik bronča- provenance (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.5.5). ni prsten (T.35.23). Gornji mu je dio ukrašen biljnim motivom akantusa nad kojim stoji kva- We find an analogy to the massive finger ring dratna kruna koja nije u cijelosti očuvana. Donji (T.35.21) at the Dol cemetery in Bribir, dated to je dio ukrašen motivom dextrarum junctio. Kod the period from the 13th to 15th century (ZE- toga je primjerka rukohvat izveden u reljefu. Za- KAN 1996, 50). A very lavishly decorated finger nimljivost je toga primjerka što se motiv ruko- ring with bezel (T.35.22) can be approximately hvata pojavljuje na donjoj strani obruča kao se- dated with the aid of stylistic characteristics (or- kundarni ornament za razliku od uobičajenoga namentation with vegetative motifs of lilies and mjesta na gornjemu dijelu prstena. Rukohvat u acanthus) to the period from the 16th to 18th reljefu po svemu je sudeći raniji od gore nave- century. denih plastičnih izvedbi. Prsten s reljefnim ru- kohvatom iz groblja na Putalju datiran je u 14. Prominent among rings with typically Re- i 15. st. (BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.9), dok je prstenje naissance characteristics are two rings with a iz grobova 503 i 563 kod sv. Spasa datirano od clasped hand motif, i.e. the dextrarum junctio sredine 15. stoljeća (PETRINEC 1996). (T.35.24.25). Both specimens have very plastically shaped hands. On the gold finger ring the

125 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Kao i gore navedeni prsteni, i ovaj primjerak continuation of the hand into the hoop is deco- T.35.26 imao bi korijene u antičkome obliko- rated with architectural motifs, while on the vanju. Iako mi nisu poznate izravne analogije, bronze specimen this section is adorned with prsten sa sličnim načinom ukrašavanja ukrasne human heads. These decorative traits are signifi- pločice nađen je u Solinu te je datiran u 4. sto- cant to the method of decorating finger rings of ljeće (IVČEVIĆ 1994, 239). Istovjetno prstenje the 15th and 16th centuries (PREDOVNIK et tomu solinskom primjeru iz Osijeka i Splita au- al. 2008, 83). A ring with the same plastically tori su datirali u 13. i 14. st. bez nekih detaljni- prominent motif of clasped hands originates jih obrazloženja (RADIĆ 2007, 96; PITEŠA from 16th century grave 141 at the Putalj cem- 2009, 166). Budući da je riječki primjerak nađen etery (BURIĆ 2001, T.IX.3). Among the finds u sloju groblja postoji otvorena mogućnost da of the late 16th century Venetian shipwreck se ovdje radi i o antičkome materijalu iz nekoga at Gnalić island a gold ring was found with a poremećenoga dubljeg sloja. dextrarum junctio motif (GNALIĆ 2004, 71). Finger rings with this motif were found at the church of the Holy Salvation (Sveti Spas) at Ostali nakit burials from the mid 15th century on (JAKŠIĆ 1996, 150). These finger rings appear from the Među ostalim nakitom ističu se tri primjerka na- late Roman period, but there is little evidence of ušnica. Od njih je samo jedna nađena u grobu any kind of continuity of fabrication in the Me- in situ, dok druge dvije potječu iz sloja groblja. dieval period. The hypothesis is that finger rings with the motif re-emerged in Najzanimljiviji je primjerak trojagodne naušni- dextrarum iunctio the 12th century when, in the Romanesque pe- ce (T.36.1) iz sloja groblja. Trojagodne naušnice riod there is a revival of the spirit and culture of čest su grobni prilog u srednjovjekovnim groblji- the classical antiquity (ŠARIĆ 1992, 160). ma, prije svega na području Dalmacije. Zato ih velik broj autora smatra proizvodom lokalnih A large bronze finger ring was found in walled zlatarskih radionica (JELOVINA 1976, 101; grave 5 (T.35.23). Its upper section is decorated JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 116). Ra- with a vegetative acanthus motif over which đene su u tehnikama a jour, na proboj ili lijeva- stands an incompletely preserved quadrate njem, a ukrašene filigranom i granulacijom. Ako bezel. The lower section is adorned with the su izrađene lijevanjem radi se o imitaciji filigrana dextrarum junctio motif. On this specimen the i granulacije. Oko datacije toga tipa naušnica i clasped hands are executed in relief. Interesting dalje traje duga i žučna rasprava. Neki autori ih about this specimen is that the clasped hands tako drže tradicionalnim nakitom starohrvat- motif appears in the lower side of the hoop as a skoga razdoblja 9. – 11. st. (JELOVINA 1976, secondary motif and not in the customary posi- 101, JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 116), tion on the upper section of the finger ring. The iako otvaraju mogućnost i kasnije pojave u 13. clasped hands in relief are by all accounts of ear- i 14. stoljeću. S druge strane, pojava toga tipa lier provenance than the above cited plastically naušnica na kasnosrednjovjekovnim groblji- executed example. A finger ring with a relief ma neke je istraživače navela na zaključak da se clasped hand decoration from the cemetery at radi o tipično gotičkome nakitu 14. i 15. st. te Putalj has been dated to the 14th and 15th cen- da ih se ne može datirati prije 13. st. (GUNJA- tury (BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.9), while rings from ČA 1955, 132; JAKŠIĆ 1989, 432; JAKŠIĆ graves 503 and 563 at the church of the Holy 1996). Primjerci slični tomu riječkom potječu Salvation (Sveti Spas) have been dated from the iz dvaju kninskih groblja, Biskupija – Crkvine i mid 15th century (PETRINEC 1996). Biskupija – Bukorovića podvornice, iz Benkovca – Podgrađe, Koljana – Crkvina, a svi su datirani Like the above mentioned finger ring, this u razdoblje stare hrvatske feudalne države, od specimen T.35.26 also has roots in classical an- 9. do 11. stoljeća (JELOVINA 1976, T.XIX.9, tiquity forms. Although I do not know of any

126 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

T.XX.3, TXXXVII.6, T.LIII.2, T.LXXV.5). direct analogies, a ring with a similar method Također vrlo sličan primjer nađen je na groblju of decoration of the decorative plate was found Galovac – Crkvina u grobu koji autor smje- in Solin and has been dated to the 4th century šta u starohrvatski sloj (BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, (IVČEVIĆ 1994, 239). Finger rings identical to T.XXVII). Slične naušnice toga tipa nađene su this specimen from Solin found in Osijek and na begovačkome groblju u srednjemu sloju koji Split have been dated by the authors to the 13th je datiran u 12. – 14. stoljeće (JELOVINA, VR- and 14th century without any detailed explana- SALOVIĆ 1981, 116). Trojagodne su naušnice tion (RADIĆ 2007, 96; PITEŠA 2009, 166). nalažene na grobljima dugotrajnoga srednjovje- Given that the specimen from Rijeka was found kovnog kontinuiteta ukopavanja (Bribir – Tje- in the cemetery layer there is a possibility that me i Dol, Otres – Lukačuša, Kašić – Mastirine, this is in fact Roman material from a disturbed Biljane Donje – Begovača, Cetina – sv. Spas, deeper layer. Brnaze, Muć Gornji,...), dok na nekropolama ranoga srednjeg vijeka nedostaju te se tako na- meće zaključak da je takav tip naušnica proizvod Other jewellery zreloga srednjeg vijeka (ZEKAN 1996, 52). Iz navedenih se primjera vidi da su trojagodne na- Prominent among the other jewellery are three ušnice bile omiljen tip nakita te da se proizvodio earrings, of these only one was found in a grave i nosio i u kasnijim stoljećima, a čuvaju se kao in situ, while the other two originate from the obiteljsko blago i u 16. stoljeću (ZEKAN 1996, cemetery layer. 52). Budući da na groblju uz nekadašnju zbornu The most interesting specimen is a three-beaded crkvu nije potvrđeno ukopavanje u ranome sred- earring (T.36.1) from the cemetery layer. Three- njem vijeku te s obzirom na činjenicu da nauš- beaded earrings are a frequent grave good in nica potječe iz sloja groblja, iz groba uništenoga Medieval cemeteries, above all in the Dalmatia kasnijim ukopavanjima u 17. i 18. st., možemo je region. As a result many authors consider them datirati u razdoblje od 14. do 16. stoljeća. to be the produce of local goldsmiths (JELOVI- Naušnica, također iz sloja groblja, (T.36.2) NA 1976, 101; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ oblikom podsjeća na tip naroskanih naušnica. 1981, 116). They are crafted in theplique-à-jour Naime, donji je dio karičice deblji i ukrašen vi- or casting techniques, and adorned with filigree tičastim aplikama. Neki su autori mišljenja da and granulation. If fabricated by casting, they su naroskane naušnice rezultat razvoja ukrasa are imitations of filigree and granulation. A long karičica s trima koljencima (JELOVINA 1976, and impassioned debated continues with regard 97). Sukladno tomu naš bi primjerak oblikom to the dating of this earring type. Some authors mogao proizaći iz tipa naroskanih naušnica te feel that they are a traditional jewellery of the predstavljati prežitak srednjovjekovnoga zlatar- early Croatian period from the 9th to 11th skog umijeća u kasnijim vremenima. century (JELOVINA 1976, 101, JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 116), although they do al- Jednostavna brončana karičica (T.36.3) iz dječ- low for the possibility that they emerged later in jega groba 59 jedina je naušnica nađena kao the 13th or 14th centuries. On the other hand grobni nalaz, u dječjemu grobu 59. Takve obič- the appearance of this earring type at Late Me- ne karičice zbog svoje jednostavnosti imaju tra- dieval cemeteries has led some researchers to the dicionalno dugotrajnu uporabu te predstavljaju conclusion that this is a typical Gothic jewel- slab oslonac za sigurniju dataciju. Pojavljuju se lery of the 14th and 15th century and that they kao čest prilog u starohrvatskim nekropolama cannot be dated to the pre-13th century period u Dalmaciji. Najčešće su ovalnoga, a rjeđe pra- (GUNJAČA 1955, 132; JAKŠIĆ 1989, 432; vilnoga kružnog oblika (JELOVINA 1976, JAKŠIĆ 1996). Specimens similar to the Rije- 93). Kao prilozi u starohrvatskim grobovima ka find originate from two cemeteries in Knin, datirane su od 9. do 12. stoljeća (JELOVINA Biskupija – Crkvina and Biskupija – Bukorovića

127 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

1976). U bribirskome groblju Vratnice nalaže- podvornice, from Benkovac – Podgrađe and ne su i u grobovima s kraja 8. stoljeća (ZEKAN Koljane – Crkvina, and all are dated to the pe- 1996, 45). Nalazimo ih i u grobovima razvijeno- riod of the old Croatian feudal state of the 9th ga srednjeg vijeka kod sv. Spasa (PETRINEC to 11th century (JELOVINA 1976, T.XIX.9, 1996, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 151-152), te na položaju T.XX.3, TXXXVII.6, T.LIII.2, T.LXXV.5). A Groblje u Bribiru (ZEKAN 1996, 48). Njihova very similar specimen was also found at the Ga- nazočnost u grobovima II. faze na Putalju koja je lovac – Crkvina cemetery in a grave dated by the datirana od 14. do 16. st. (BURIĆ 2001, T.V.2, author to the early Croatian layer (BELOŠEVIĆ T.VIII.12) ukazuje na njihovo korištenje i u ra- 1993, T.XXVII). Similar earrings of this type norenesansnome periodu. Takav je tip nakita u were discovered at the Begovača cemetery in the tome razdoblju bio popularan u nižih socijalnih middle layer dated to the period from the 12th skupina kako pokazuje putaljski primjer jer se to 14th century (JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ radi o groblju seoske populacije. Riječki primje- 1981, 116). Three-beaded earrings were found rak također potvrđuje to mišljenje jer se radi o at cemeteries with extended Medieval burial dijelu groblja gdje su ukopavani niži slojevi riječ- continuity (Bribir – Tjeme and Dol, Otres – koga društva (KOBLER 1995, 279). Lukačuša, Kašić – Mastirine, Biljane Donje – Begovača, Cetina – Sveti Spas, Brnaze, Muć Gornji...), while they are absent from necropo- OSTALI NALAZI SREDNJEGA I leis of the Early Medieval period suggesting the NOVOGA VIJEKA conclusion that this type of earring is a product of the High Medieval period (ZEKAN 1996, Na području gradskoga groblja uz crkvu Uznese- 52). From the cited examples it is evident that nja Blažene Djevice Marije te u njegovoj blizini, three-beaded earrings were a favoured type of uz nalaze devocijonalija, dijelova odjeće i nakita, jewellery and that they were also manufactured nađeni su i različiti uporabni i dekorativni pred- and worn in later centuries and even kept as meti. Neki potječu iz grobova očuvanih in situ, family heirlooms in the 16th century (ZEKAN neki su pronađeni u slojevima groblja te potječu 1996, 52). Since Early Medieval burials have iz uništenih grobova dok je dio nađen u okolnim not been confirmed at the cemetery at the for- srednjovjekovnim i novovjekovnim slojevima. mer collegiate church and given the fact that the earring originates from the cemetery layer, from Predmetima kojima se vrlo lako mogla utvrditi graves destroyed by later burials in the 17th and namjena jesu dva brončana naprska. Jedan je sa- 18th centuries, we can date them to the period čuvan u cijelosti te potječe iz površinskoga nasi- from the 14th to 16th century. pa (T.36.6) dok je od drugoga ostao donji dio (T.36.7). Korišteni su za čuvanje jagodice prstiju An earring, also from the cemetery layer, od uboda igli pri šivanju. Pojavljuju se u kasno- (T.36.2) is reminiscent by form to the granu- srednjovjekovnim kontekstima od 15. st. nadalje lated earring type. The lower part of the hoop is (GUŠTIN et al. 2001,284, kat. 399-401). Po- thicker, namely, and decorated with a scrollwork znati su nam i primjerci s kontinentalnih utvr- appliqué. Some authors are of the opinion that da, Ružice grada, iz sloja 15. i 16. st. (RADIĆ, granulated earrings are the result of the develop- BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, kat. br. 20) te u istome kon- ment of the hoop decoration with three beads tekstu na utvrdi Čanjevo (ČIMIN 2008, 208). (JELOVINA 1976, 97). Accordingly, our speci- Primjeri s brodoloma kod Gnalića pokazuju da men could, by its form, have emerged from the su se naprsci krajem 16. st. uvozili čak iz Venecije granulated earring type and represent a surviv- (GNALIĆ 2004, 59). ing element of Medieval goldsmith’s art in a later period. U novovjekovnome nasipu uz zapadni rub starokršćanske bazilike nađen je željezni ključ A simple bronze hoop (T.36.3) from a child’s (T.36.8). Teško ga je tipološki datirati zbog jed- grave (59) is the only earring found as a grave

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nostavnoga izgleda. Najbliža analogija potječe iz find. These simple hoops, as a result of their sim- Celja koja, nažalost, nije pobliže datirana (GU- plicity, have a long tradition of use and are a poor ŠTIN et al. 2001, kat. 290). Ključ slične glave guide for certain dating. They appear frequently i proširenja pod njom nađen je u Varaždinu, a as grave goods in early Croatian necropoleis in datiran je u 19. stoljeće (GRUPA AUTORA Dalmatia. They are most often of oval, and less 2008, kat. br. 38). frequently of circular form (JELOVINA 1976, 93). As grave goods in early Croatian graves they Uporaban predmet, ali i znak svojevrsnoga have been dated to the period from the 9th to luksuza, nalaz je brončanoga okvira naočala 12th century (JELOVINA 1976). At Vratnica (T.36.10). Okvir se sastoji od jedne brončane cemetery in Bribir they have been found in žice koja je savijena u okrugli okvir. Žica za- graves dated to the end of the 8th century (ZE- vršava kukicom. Most između leća izveden je KAN 1996, 45). We also find them in graves savijanjem žice te donji dijelovi imaju izgled from the High Medieval period at Sveti Spas petlje. Kukice s krajeva savijene su do tih pet- (PETRINEC 1996, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 151-152), lji. Petlja i kukica povezane su tankom žicom and at the Groblje site in Bribir (ZEKAN 1996, i tako drže okvir stisnutim da leće ne ispadnu. 48). Their presence in graves of the 2nd phase Okvir je u presjeku konveksan tako da su u nje- at Putalj, dated to the period from the 14th to ga mogle stati staklene leće. Takav jednodijelan 16th century (BURIĆ 2001, T.V.2, T.VIII.12) okvir pripadao je tipu Nürnberg koji je postao indicates that they were also in use during the raširen sredinom 17. stoljeća. Jednostavna izra- Renaissance period. This jewellery type was da od savitljivih metala gurnula je u stranu sta- popular during this period among the lower so- rije okvire 14. – 16. st. koji su rađeni od drva, cial strata as is evidenced by the specimen from rogova ili kostiju. Izrađivani su u Nürnbergu i Putalj were the cemetery was used by the village Regensburgu te izvoženi diljem Europe. Dugo population. The specimen from Rijeka also consu korištene, do u 18. st. kad su ih zamijenile firms this hypothesis as it was found in a section naočale s držačima. Nalaz metalnih naočala iz of the cemetery in which members of the lower donjeaustrijskoga Scheibbsa datiran je u 17. i 18. social strata in Rijeka were interred (KOBLER stoljeće (KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 148). Riječki pri- 1995, 279). mjerak nađen je u sloju groblja u koji je dospio vrlo vjerojatno iz uništenoga groba, a možemo ga datirati od zadnje četvrtine 17. do sredine 18. OTHER FINDS FROM THE stoljeća.65 MEDIEVAL AND POST U nasipu je pod asfaltom i batudom pronađeno MEDIEVAL PERIODS kućište džepnoga sata s poklopcem (T.36.9). Poklopac i kućište ukrašeni su uskim graviranim Along with the finds of devotional objects, parts linijama. Poklopac je ukrašen heraldičkim mo- of clothing and jewellery, various utensils and tivom. Poklopac kućišta ukrašen uskim gravira- decorative artefacts were also found at the mu- nim linijama iz Hrvatskoga povijesnog muzeja nicipal cemetery at the church of the Assump- izrađen je oko 1813. godine (ŠKILJAN 2002, tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary and its direct vi- 176). Kućišta takvoga oblika izrađivana su u za- cinity. Some originate from graves preserved in padnoj Europi u drugoj polovici 19. i početkom situ, some were found in the cemetery layers and 20. stoljeća (LOVRIĆ PLANTIĆ 1998). originate from devastated graves and yet others in the surrounding Medieval and Post Medieval layers.

Artefacts the uses of which are easily determined are two bronze thimbles. One is integrally preserved and originates from the surface 65 Izvor za povijest naočala: www.college- optomertists.org (09. ožujka 2010.) fill (T.36.6) while only the bottom section of the

129 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Prilikom istraživanja prostorne cjeline Trga pul other is preserved (T.36.7). They were used to Vele crikve i prostora Užarske ulice pronađeni protect the fingertips from pin pricks when sew- su ostaci obuće, dva primjerka dijelova potpla- ing. They appear in Late Medieval contexts from ta. Potplati su napravljeni od više slojeva kože the 15th century on (GUŠTIN et al. 2001.284, koji su međusobno povezani čavlićima. Za jedan cat. 399-401). We also know of specimens from primjerak možemo sa sigurnošću ustvrditi da se continental fortifications (Ružica Grad) from radi o dijelu niske pete. Cipele s niskom petom the 15th and 16th century layer (RADIĆ, postale su raširen tip obuće tijekom 18. stoljeća. BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, cat. no. 20) and in the same Također, čavlići su se počeli koristiti u 18. i 19. context at fort Čanjevo (ČIMIN 2008, 208). st. za spajanje potplata zamijenivši tako stariji The specimens from the shipwreck at Gnalić oblik drvenih čepova i ljepila (PREDOVNIK indicate that thimbles were even imported from et al. 2008, 82). Ta dva primjerka potječu iz no- Venice in the late 16th century (GNALIĆ 2004, vovjekovnih slojeva tako da ih je teško točnije 59). vremenski opredijeliti samo na temelju njihovih općih karakteristika (T.36.11, T.37.1). Najbolji An iron key (T.36.8) was found in the Post Me- primjer ostataka obuće nađen je u sloju groblja dieval fill along the western perimeter of the (SJ 256), niska peta sa zaobljenom kapicom early Christian basilica. Because of its simple (T.37.2). Cipele tih obilježja pojavile su se u 16. appearance, it is difficult to provide a typologi- stoljeću i bile su raširene tijekom 17. stoljeća cal dating. The closest analogy originates from (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 83). Nalazi cipela Celje but has not, unfortunately, been precisely potplata napravljenih od više kožnih trakova po- dated (GUŠTIN et al. 2001, cat. 290). A key vezanih čavlićima poznati su s austrijskih i čeških with a similar bow and broadening below it was lokaliteta te su većinom datirani u 17. stoljeće found in Varaždin and dated to the 19th century (KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 66-67). (GROUP OF AUTHORS 2008, cat. no. 38). An implement and an indication of luxury is the find of a bronze eyeglass frame (T.36.10). The ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA frame consists of a single bronze wire shaped Prostor uz crkvu Uznesenja Blažene Djevice to form a circular frame. The wire ends with a Marije u riječkome se Starom gradu u prošlosti hook. The bridge between the lenses is executed nazivao grobljem (KOBLER 1996, 279). Pro- by bending the wire, and the lower sections have vedena arheološka istraživanja potvrdila su po- the appearance of a loop. The small hooks on the stojanje, a djelomično i rasprostiranje gradskoga terminals are bent to these loops. The loop and groblja. Groblje je bilo smješteno uz samu crkvu, hook are bound by a thin wire and thus keep the a na likovnim je prikazima Rijeke vidljivo da je frame tight to prevent the lens from falling out. bilo opasano zidom što je u skladu s običajima The frame is convex in cross-section enabling it toga vremena. to hold the glass lens. This simple frame is of the Nuremburg spectacle type that became wide- Kako je ukopavanje posmrtnih ostataka u kr- spread in the mid 17th century. This simple fab- šćanstvu usko povezano s crkvom tako je u Ri- rication in malleable metal supplanted the older jeci vrlo teško odrediti donju vremensku granicu frames of the 14th to 16th century fabricated of ukopa. Gradnja Zborne crkve i dalje je obavijena wood, horn or bone. They were manufactured velom tajni. Pisani podaci ne sežu dalje od 14. in Nuremburg and Regensburg and exported stoljeća, ali iz njih proizlazi kako je već tada bila across Europe. They were in use for an extended župna crkva i sjedište drevnoga Kaptola (KO- period of time, up to the 18th century, when BLER 1995, 230). Na stariji bi datum gradnje they were replaced by eyeglasses with temples. A crkve mogao ukazivati zvonik koji je izgrađen find of metal eyeglasses from Scheibbs in Lower odvojeno od same crkve. Kandler donosi poda- Austria is dated to the 17th and 18th centuries tak, iako ne i izvor, da je crkva obnavljana već (KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 148). The Rijeka speci-

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1200. godine (TORCOLETTI 1932, 3). Na men was found in the cemetery layer in which samome zvoniku uklesana je godina 1377., ali se it was very likely deposited from a devastated smatra da se radi o obnovi mnogo starijega zvo- grave, and we can date it from the last quarter of nika (MATEJČIĆ 1990, 65). the 17th to the mid 18th century.65

Da je prostor uz crkvu upotrebljavan kao groblje A fob watch with cover (T.36.9) was found in od njezine gradnje, teško je dokazati. Najstariji the fill under the asphalt and crushed rock base. materijal u grobovima pokazuje obilježja kasno- The cover and housing are decorated with thin ga srednjeg vijeka, tek rijetke nalaze možemo, engraved lines. The cover is decorated with a i to s nevelikom sigurnošću, datirati prije 14. heraldic motif. A housing cover decorated with stoljeća. Način ukopa pokojnika s rukama ispru- thin engraved lines from the Croatian His- ženima uz tijelo, tako značajan za razdoblje ra- tory Museum was manufactured around 1813 noga i dijela razvijenoga srednjeg vijeka do 13. (ŠKILJAN 2002, 176). Housings of this form stoljeća, zanemarivo je malen. Grobne priloge were manufactured in western Europe in the na riječkome groblju obilježavaju gotički, rene- second half of the 19th and early 20th century sansni i barokni oblici. Stalno korištenje toga (LOVRIĆ PLANTIĆ 1998). skučenog prostora za ukop posmrtnih ostataka doveo je do uništenja velikoga dijela grobova Also discovered during the investigation of Pul te tako izbrisao krhke tragove najranijih uko- Vele Crikve Square and the area of Užarska pavanja. Unatoč tvrdnjama o puno većoj staro- Street were the remains of footwear—two speci- sti Zborne crkve prostor oko nje kao groblje je mens of parts of soles. The soles were made of korišten od 13. stoljeća. Naime, nalazi novca iz several layers of leather bound by small nails. For 12. stoljeća66 nemaju datacijsku vrijednost zbog one specimen we can say with certainty that it svojega naknadnog korištenja (vidi: JAKŠIĆ is part of a low heel. Shoes with low heels be- 1996). Tijekom 15. stoljeća skučenost prostora came a widespread type of footwear in the 18th oko crkve pokazala se kao problem kojemu se century. Small nails came into use for joining doskočilo gradnjom zidanih kosturnica u koje the sole in the 18th and 19th centuries replacing su položene kosti iz prekopanoga groblja. Po- the older form of wooden pegs and glue (PRE- treba za kosturnicama pokazuje na veću smrt- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 82). These two specimens nost kasnosrednjovjekovne riječke populacije, originate from the Post Medieval layers and it uzrok leži i u laganome rastu broja stanovnika is difficult to attribute them precisely to a given toga liburnijskoga grada. Taj se trend nastavio i time period based only on their general charac- u novijim razdobljima te je tako u prvoj polovi- teristics (T.36.11, T.37.1). The best example of ci 18. stoljeća sagrađena nova, veća kosturnica. the remains of footwear was found in the ceme- Do prekida ukopavanja došlo je 1773. god. kada tery layer (SU 256); a low heel with rounded cap je odlukom carske vlade Josipa II. zabranjeno (T.37.2). Shoes of these characteristics emerged ukopavanje posmrtnih ostataka unutar urbane in the 16th century and were widespread in jezgre grada. Tada se gradsko groblje seli na pod- the 17th century (PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, ručje današnje Kalvarije gdje se ukopavalo krat- 83). Finds of shoes with soles fabricated of sev- ko vrijeme. S porastom je pučanstva i to groblje eral strips of leather bound with small nails are postalo nedostatno te 1793. god. grad zakuplju- known to us from Austrian and Czech sites and je prostor vinograda nekadašnjega augustinskog are for the most part dated to the 17th century samostana na Kozali za novo groblje (KOBLER (KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 66-67). 1995, 280).

66 Poglavlje o numizmatičkim nalazima srednjeg i 65 Eyeglass history source: www.college- novog vijeka te modernog doba. optomertists.org (9 March 2010)

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Nalazi s groblja upućuju na neprestano korište- CONCLUSIONS nje toga prostora u gradu za ukopavanje velikoga dijela riječke populacije kroz dugi niz stolje- In the past the area along the church of the As- ća. Zbog skučenosti prostora te višekratnosti i sumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rijeka’s dugotrajnosti pokopavanja gotovo je nemoguće old town core was referred to as the cemetery odrediti bilo kakve horizonte ukopavanja. Tomu (KOBLER 1996, 279). The archaeological re- je pridonijela i gradnja komunalnoga sustava su- search conducted here has confirmed the exist- vremenoga grada koja je djelomično oštetila gro- ence, and in part the extent, of the municipal bove. Iz pronađenih smo nalaza ipak uspjeli do- cemetery. The cemetery was situated alongside biti sliku pogrebnih rituala u razdoblju kasnoga the church itself, and in visual depictions of Ri- srednjeg i novog vijeka. Pokretni nalazi dali su jeka it is shown to have been encircled by a wall nam sliku modnih i vjerskih prilika koje su vla- as was customary at the time. dale u Rijeci kroz stoljeća. As the burial of the remains of the deceased among Christians is closely related with the church it is difficult to establish the lower time limit of burials at this site in Rijeka. The construction of the collegiate church remains shrouded in mystery. Written sources do not extend farther back than the 14th century, but it is evident from them that a collegiate church and seat of the ancient Capitol already existed (KOBLER 1995, 230). Also possibly indicative of an older date for the construction of the church is the belfry, constructed separately from the church itself. Kandler notes, although he does not provide the source, that the church was renovated in the year 1200 (TORCOLETTI 1932, 3). The year 1377 is carved into the belfry, but this date is deemed to refer to the renovation of a much older belfry (MATEJČIĆ 1990, 65).

It is difficult to prove that the area around the church was used as a cemetery from the moment of its construction. The oldest material in the graves shows characteristics of the Late Middle Ages period and only a very few finds can, but without complete confidence, be dated before the 14th century. The method of burial with the hands of the deceased placed alongside the body, so significant for the period of the Early and a part of the High Medieval up to the 13th century, is of negligible number. The grave goods at the cemetery in Rijeka are characterised by Gothic, Renaissance and baroque forms. The continual use of this cramped space for the interment of the remains of the deceased has led to the destruction of a great many of the graves and thus obliterated the fragile traces of the earliest

132 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

burials. In spite of the claims of the much greater age of the collegiate church, the area around it was used as a cemetery from the 13th century. The finds of 12th century coins66, namely, has no dating value because of their subsequent use in later periods (see: JAKŠIĆ 1996). In the 15th century the constricted nature of the area around the church emerged as a problem that was resolved by the construction of walled ossuaries in which the bones from excavated graves were deposited. The need for ossuaries indicates the greater mortality of the population of Rijeka in the Late Medieval period, the causes lying in the gradual growth of the population of this Liburnian city. This trend continued into later periods and in the first half of the 18th century a new, larger ossuary is built. Burials ceased in 1773 when a decision of the imperial government of Joseph II forbade the interment of the deceased within the urban core of the city. The cemetery was then moved to the area of the present day Calvary (Kalvarija) where burials were performed for a short time. With the growth of the population this cemetery too became insufficient and in 1793 the city purchased the vine- yards of the former Augustine monastery at Ko- zala for a new cemetery (KOBLER 1995, 280).

The finds from the cemetery indicate the unin- terrupted use of this area for burials of the large part of the population of Rijeka over a period of many centuries. As a result of the constricted nature of the space, the multiple burials and the long-term use of the space, it is almost impossible to determine any burial horizons. The construction of the municipal utilities system of the contemporary city has further aggravated this situation as it partially devastated the graves. We have succeeded nevertheless with the discovered finds in acquiring a picture of the burial rituals in the Late Medieval and Post Medieval periods. The small finds have provided us with a picture of the fashion and religious trends that were present in Rijeka over the centuries.

66 See the chapter on numismatic finds of the Medieval, Post Medieval and Contemporary periods.

133 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

KATALOG CATALOGUE

TABLA 1 – MEDALJICE TABLE 1 – DEVOTIONAL MEDALS

1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 745 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 745 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel puknuta, 17./18. st., T1/1 eye, fractured, 17th/18th century, T1/1 Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, ima svinut štap Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, with hooked u lijevoj ruci, zrakasti svetokrug, u desnoj staff in left hand, rayed nimbus, chalice with poi- ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, donju polo- son in right hand, serpent, the lower half is cov- vicu prekriva štit sa Zaharijinim zazivom: ered with a shield bearing Zachary’s invocation: +Z+IZ+SAB+Z+HGB+BPRS IHS*MRA, +Z+IZ+SAB+Z+HGB+BPRS IHS*MRA, in- natpis: S BENE ORA PN scription: S BENE ORA PN Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, oko njega je u traci Za- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, around it in harijin zaziv: +Z IL + SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS. the band is Zachary’s invocation: +Z IL + IHS+MRA* SAB+Z+HGF+BFRS.IHS+MRA* Mjere: 1,1 g; 27 x 23 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.1 g; 27 x 23 mm; bronze plate Analogije: za lice - KNEZ 2001, 16, 174, 175; Analogies: for the obverse - KNEZ 2001, 16, 174, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FASSBINDER 175; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FASSBINDER 2003, T28/5 i T29/1; za naličje - FUNDORT 2003, T28/5 i T29/1; for the reverse - FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.46; AZINOVIĆ BE- KLOSTER 2000, 28.46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, BEK, 2009a, T1:5 2009a, T1:5 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 100, SJ 826, PN 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 100, SU 826, SF 743 743 Description: oval devotional medal, fractured, Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta, 17./18. st., 17th/18th century, T1/2 T1/2 Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, rayed nimbus, Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, zrakasti sveto- crozier in right hand, chalice with poison in left hand, krug, u desnoj ruci biskupski štap, u lijevoj serpent, the lower half is covered with a shield bear- ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, donja polovica ing Zachary’s invocation: +Z+DIA+RIZ+SAR+ pokrivena štitom sa Zaharijinim zazivom: G+BVRS IHS, inscription: S.BENEDICTE OB +Z+DIA+RIZ+SAR+ G+BVRS IHS, nat- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: pis: S.BENEDICTE OB .IHS:V.R.S.N.S.M. Q. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: Dimensions: 1.4 g; 29 x 29 mm (preserved); .IHS:V.R.S.N.S.M. Q. bronze plate Mjere: 1,4 g; 29 x 29 mm (očuvano); brončani Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 16, 174, 175; lim GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65, FASSBINDER 2003, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 16, 174, 175; T28/5 i T29/1; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, 2009a, T1:5 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65, FASSBINDER 2003, T28/5 i T29/1; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 889B 2009a, T1:5 Description: slightly octagonal devotional medal with parallel eye, 17th/18th century, T1/3 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 889B Obverse: St Benedict, in octagonal shield, encircled Opis: blago osmerokutna medaljica s paralel- by floral band, staff with cross in left hand, chalice nom ušicom, 17./18. st., T1/3 with poison in right hand, serpent, rayed nimbus, Lice: sv. Benedikt, u osmerokutnom štitu, okru- inscription: .S: BENED.ORA .P.N žen floralnom trakom, u lijevoj ruci štap s kri- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the žem, u desnoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, zra- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V. + S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the kasti svetokrug, natpis: .S: BENED.ORA .P.N cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: Dimensions: 0.8 g; 25 (27) x 21 mm; bronze plate IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V. + S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBINDER CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB 2003, T28/2.3

134 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 0,8 g; 25(27) x 21 mm; brončani lim 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1002, SF 953 Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBIN- Description: oval devotional medal, half, had a par- DER 2003, T28/2,3 allel eye, 17th/18th century, T1/4 Obverse: St Benedict, in vestments, rayed nimbus, 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 1002, PN 953 crozier in left hand, chalice with poison in right Opis: ovalna medaljica, polovica, imala paralel- hand, serpent, inscription: DICTI ORA PRO N nu ušicu, 17./18. st., T1/4 Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band Zacha- Lice: sv. Benedikt, haljina, zrakasti svetokrug, ry’s invocation: +Z+D+A+ IGF+BFRS.MAR, in- biskupski štap u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj kalež s scription in the band around the cross: IHS.V.R.S. otrovom, zmija, natpis: DICTI ORA PRO N Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci Zaharijin za- Dimensions: 2.2 g; 30 x 35 mm; bronze plate ziv: +Z+D+A+ IGF+BFRS.MAR, natpis u traci oko križa: IHS.V.R.S. Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.46 CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 136 Mjere: 2,2 g; 30 x 35 mm; brončani lim Description: octagonal damaged devotional med- Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, al, parallel eye with preserved jump ring, 17th/18th 28.46 century, T1/5 Obverse: St Benedict, lower half cov- 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 136 ered by shield with Zachary’s invocation: Opis: osmerokutna oštećena medaljica, para- Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB?+Z+HGF+B ET.S ?IHS? lelna ušica s očuvanom karičicom, 17./18. st., T1/5 St Benedict in vestments, bearded, rayed nimbus, staff in left hand, inscription: S.BENE.ORA Lice: sv. Benedikt, donja polovica prekrivena štitom sa Zaharijinim zazivom: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, letters preserved in Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB?+Z+HGF+B ET.S ?IHS? the band: .IHS.V…..N.S.M.V.S.M…..I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSM, around the cross: CSPB sv. Benedikt u haljini, brada, zrake svetokruga, u lijevoj ruci štap, natpis: S.BENE.ORA Dimensions: 0.6 g; 22 (24) x circa 17 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, očuvana slova u traci: .IHS.V…..N.S.M.V.S.M…..I.V.B., u križu: Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 147 CSSML/NDSM, oko križa: CSPB 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 134, SU 986, SF Mjere: 0,6 g; 22(24) x cca 17 mm; brončani lim 888B Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 147 Description: octagonal devotional medal, fractured eye, secondary perforation, 17th/18th cen- 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 134, SJ 986, tury, T1/6 PN 888B Obverse: St Benedict in dot pattern vestments, Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, puknuta ušica, cross in right hand, chalice with poison in left hand, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st., T1/6 serpent, rayed nimbus, inscription: CRVX .S:P. Lice: sv. Benedikt u točkastoj haljini, u desnoj BENEDICTI ruci križ, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: CRVX .S:P.BENE- band: IHS.V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , DICTI in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. CSPB V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , u križu: Dimensions: 0.7 g; 23 x 18 mm; bronze plate CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBINDER Mjere: 0,7 g; 23 x 18 mm; brončani lim 2003, T28/2.3 Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBIN- DER 2003, T28/2,3 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 905, SF 814 Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 905, PN 814 allel eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century, T1/7 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- Obverse: St Benedict, old bearded man and rayed com i karičicom, 17./18. st., T1/7 nimbus, dot pattern vestments, chalice with poison

135 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac s bradom i zrakastim in left hand, serpent, staff with cross in right hand, svetokrugom, točkasta haljina, u lijevoj ruci ka- inscription: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. lež s otrovom, zmija, štap s križem u desnoj ruci, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the natpis: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IH cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross in dot- S.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: ted fields: CSPB CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim po- Dimensions: 1.0 g; 22.5 (26) x 21 mm; bronze ljima: CSPB plate Mjere: 1,0 g; 22,5(26) x 21 mm; brončani lim Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBINDER Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBIN- 2003, T28/2.3 DER 2003, T28/2,3 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 845 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 845 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T1/8 com, 17./18. st., T1/8 Obverse: St Benedict, inscription: .CRVX.S.P.B., Lice: sv. Benedikt, natpis: .CRVX.S.P.B., starac bearded old man, rayed nimbus, robe, mitre down s bradom, zrakasti svetokrug, haljina, biskupska and to the left, cross in left hand, down and to the kapa dolje lijevo, križ u lijevoj ruci, desno dolje? right? Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta u štitu, natpis u tra- Reverse: shield of St Benedict in the shield, inscrip- ci: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: tion in the band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB, rub izdi- .V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the gnut profilacijom cross: CSPB, edge raised by profiling Mjere: 2,8 g; 17(24) x 15 mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 2.8 g; 17 (24) x 15 mm; cast bronze Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 119; FASS- Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 119; FASS- BINDER 2003, T29/2, 3, 4, 5 i T30/2, 3 BINDER 2003, T29/2, 3, 4, 5 i T30/2, 3 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 701 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 701 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- com, 17./18. st., T1/9 allel eye, 17th/18th century, T1/9 Lice: sv. Benedikt, s bradom, u haljini, sveto- Obverse: St Benedict, bearded, in vestments, nim- krug, zrake, štap s križem u desnoj ruci, u lijevoj bate, rays, staff with cross in right hand, chalice with ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: CRVX .S.P. poison in left hand, serpent, inscription: CRVX BENEDICT .S.P. BENEDICT Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, u križu: band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, in the CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 0,4 g; 16,5(18) x 14 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.4 g; 16.5(18) x 14 mm; bronze plate Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBIN- Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 11, 24; FASSBINDER DER 2003, T28/2,3 2003, T28/2.3 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 876 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 876 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel 17./18. st., T1/10 eye, 17th/18th century, T1/10 Lice: sv. Benedikt, točkasta haljina, u lijevoj ruci Obverse: St Benedict, dot pattern vestments, chal- kalež s otrovom, zmija, u desnoj ruci biskupski ice with poison in left hand, serpent, crozier in right štap, zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: S.BENE CTI hand, rayed nimbus, inscription: S.BENE CTI ORA PRONOB ORA PRONOB Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the IHS.V.R. N.S.M.V. M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: band: IHS.V.R. N.S.M.V. M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim po- cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross in dot- ljima: CSPB ted fields: CSPB Mjere: 0,6 g; 23(27) x 20 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.6 g; 23(27) x 20 mm; bronze plate

136 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T12/1 Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T12/1 11 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 14, SJ 281, PN 11 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 14, SU 281, SF 95 95 Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i eye and preserved jump ring, 17th/18th century, očuvanom karičicom, 17./18. st., T1/11 T1/11 Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac, s bradom, sveto- Obverse: St Benedict, old man, bearded, rayed krug od zraka, štap bez križa u lijevoj ruci, nimbus, staff without cross in left hand, chalice kalež u desnoj ruci sa zmijom iznad, natpis: in right hand with serpent above, inscription: S.BENEDICTE.ORA.P.N. S.BENEDICTE.ORA.P.N. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 1,4 g; 23(26) x 19 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.4 g; 23(26) x 19 mm; bronze plate Analogije: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T12/1 Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T12/1 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 20, SJ 296, PN 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 20, SU 296, SF 110 110 Description: oval devotional medal with small per- Opis: ovalna medaljica s rupicom i očuvanom foration and preserved jump ring, 17th/18th cen- karičicom, 17./18. st., T1/12 tury, T1/12 Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac s bradom u haljini, u Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man in vest- desnoj ruci križ, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, ments, cross in right hand, chalice with poison in iznad zmija, svetokrug od zraka, biserni niz, left hand, serpent above, rayed nimbus, beading, natpis: .CRUX.S.P.BENEDICTI inscription: .CRUX.S.P.BENEDICTI Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u križu: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the CSBP / CSSML / NDSMD, cross: CSBP / CSSML / NDSMD, u traci: .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. in the band: .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. Mjere: 1,0 g; 24 x 21 mm; v + k = 27 mm; Dimensions: 1.0 g; 24 x 21 mm; v + k = 27 mm; brončani lim bronze plate Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 BEBEK 2007a:242-247 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 860 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 860 Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom paralel- Description: oval devotional medal with fractured nom ušicom, 17.st., T1/13 parallel eye, 17th century T1/13 Lice: sv. Benedikt, u dnu lijevo signiran G, de- Obverse: St Benedict, signed G to bottom left, M sno M, natpis: CRVX.S.P. ICTI to right M, inscription: CRVX.S.P. ICTI Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the IHS.V.R.S.?.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L. B., u križu: band: IHS.V.R.S.?.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L. B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, pokraj dna patibuluma si- CSSML/NDSMD, signed GM near the bottom of gniran GM, oko križa: CSPB the patibulum, around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 1,2 g; 26 x 22 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.2 g; 26 x 22 mm; bronze plate Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 BEBEK 2007a:242-247

137 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 134, SJ 986, 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 134, SU 986, SF PN 888C 888C Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel 17./18. st., T1/14 eye, 17th/18th century, T1/14 Lice: sv. Benedikt, zrakasti svetokrug, u desnoj Obverse: St Benedict, rayed nimbus, staff in right ruci štap, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, hand, chalice with poison in left hand, serpent, in- natpis: CRVX .S:P.BENEDICTI scription: CRVX .S:P.BENEDICTI Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: band: IHS.V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: Mjere: 1,4 g; 26(30) x 22 mm; brončani lim CSPB Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; Dimensions: 1.4 g; 26(30) x 22 mm; bronze plate GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- BEBEK 2007a:242-247 ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 957 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 957 17./18. st., T1/15 Description: oval devotional medal with parallel eye, 17th/18th century, T1/15 Lice: sv. Benedikt, u haljini, zrakasti svetokrug, u desnoj ruci štap s križem, u lijevoj ruci ka- Obverse: St Benedict, enrobed, rayed nimbus, lež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: S.BENEDICTI staff in right hand with cross, chalice with poison ORA.P.N. in left hand, serpent, inscription: S.BENEDICTI ORA.P.N. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: IHS:V:R:S :N:S:M:V:S:M:Q:L:I:V:B, u križu: SCCML/ Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: IHS: NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB V:R:S:N:S:M:V:S:M:Q:L:I:V:B, in the cross: SC- CML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 0,8 g; 23(27) x 18 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.8 g; 23(27) x 18 mm; bronze plate Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 BEBEK 2007a:242-247 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 128 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 128 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i Description: oval devotional medal with parallel očuvanom karičicom, 17./18. st., T1/16 eye and preserved jump ring, 17th/18th century, Lice: sv. Benedikt, bradati starac, svetokrug, u T1/16 desnoj ruci drži kalež, u lijevoj ruci štap s kri- Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man, nimbate, žem, natpis: CRVXS.P.BENEDICTI.PAT holding chalice in right hand, staff with cross in left Naličje: IHS.V.R.S.NSMV. ∙.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u hand, inscription: CRVXS.P.BENEDICTI.PAT križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko: CSPB Reverse: IHS.V.R.S.NSMV. ∙.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in Mjere: 1,0 g; v(k) x 5 = 20(23) x 17 mm; bron- the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around: CSPB čani lim Dimensions: 1.0 g; v(k) x 5 = 20 (23) x 17 mm; Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; bronze plate GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND-

138 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

BEBEK 2007a:242-247 ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 17 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 982 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, 17 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 982 17./18.st., T1/17 Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini ukrašenoj točkama, eye, 17th/18th century, T1/17 zrakasti svetokrug, u lijevoj ruci štap s križem, u Obverse: St Benedict in vestments decorated with desnoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija dot pattern, rayed nimbus, staff with cross in left Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: IHS:V:R:S hand, chalice with poison in right hand, serpent :N:S:M:V:S:M:Q:L:I:V:B, u križu: SCCML/ Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: IHS: NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim poljima: V:R:S:N:S:M:V:S:M:Q:L:I:V:B, in the cross: SC- CSPB CML/NDSMD, around the cross in dotted fields: Mjere: 1,1 g; 26 x 21 mm; brončani lim CSPB Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; Dimensions: 1.1 g; 26 x 21 mm; bronze plate GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- BEBEK 2007a:242-247 ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a:242-247 18 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN 328 18 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Opis: romboidna medaljica s paralelnom uši- 328 com za karičicu, 17.st., T1/18 Description: rhomboid devotional medal with parallel eye for jump ring, 17th century T1/18 Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac u haljini, u lijevoj ruci štap, u desnoj ruci kalež, dolje ispod crte Obverse: St Benedict, old man in vestments, staff in – križ i slova C S , oko sv. Benedikta natpis: left hand, chalice in right hand, below beneath the SAN.P.BENEDICTV line – cross and letters C S , around St Benedict the inscription: SAN.P.BENEDICTV Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta u liniji: IHS. V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B, oko križa Reverse: shield of St Benedict in the line: IHS. CSPB, u križu: CSSML/NDSMD V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B, around the cross: CSPB, in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD Mjere: 1,5 g; 23(26) x 20 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.5 g; 23(26) x 20 mm; bronze plate Tabla 2 – medaljice Table 2 – devotional medals 1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 112, SJ 888, PN 794 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 112, SU 888, SF 794 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17./18. st., T2/1 17th/18th century, T2/1 Lice: Mariazell, Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in campanulate mantle, Isus isto, u desnom naručju, oboje imaju krune Jesus likewise, in right embrace, both crowned and i zrakasti svetokrug, Mariju krune dva anđela, with rayed nimbus, Mary crowned by two angels, stoji na oblacima, natpis: S.MARIA ZELLEN standing on clouds, inscription: S.MARIA ZEL- LEN Naličje: sv. Ivan Nepomuk, u haljini i plaštu s pomponima, isusovačka troroga kapa, sveto- Reverse: St John of Nepomuk, in vestments and krug, raspelo u desnoj ruci, palma u lijevoj ruci, mantle with pom-poms, Jesuit three-peaked biretta, natpis: S.G.NEPOM.M. nimbate, crucifix in right hand, palm frond in left hand, inscription: S.G.NEPOM.M. Mjere: 2,9 g; 18(22,5) mm, lijevana bronca Dimensions: 2.9 g; 18(22.5) mm, cast bronze 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 724 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 724 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom uši- com,17./18. st., T2/2 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye. 17th/18th century, T2/2

139 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, veo, plašt, sve- Obverse: St Mary Help of Christians, veil, man- tokrug od zraka, grli gologa Isusa, Isus ima tle, rayed nimbus, embracing the naked Jesus, Je- svetokrug, natpis: S.M. AUXIL. PASSAV. sus nimbate, inscription: S.M. AUXIL. PASSAV. ET.CHLVMESIS ET.CHLVMESIS Naličje: sv. Josip, drži golo dijete Isusa u svom Reverse: St Joseph, holding the naked infant Jesus plaštu u lijevoj ruci, Isus mu stoji na desnoj ruci, in his mantle in left arm, Jesus standing in his right Josip ima bradu, svetokrug, Isus ima zrakasti arm, Joseph is bearded, nimbate, Jesus with rayed svetokrug, natpis: S.IOSEP.ORA.PR.N. nimbus, inscription: S.IOSEP.ORA.PR.N. Mjere: 9,2 g; Ø = 28(37) mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 9.2 g; Ø = 28(37) mm; cast bronze Analogije: PŘIBIL 1931, 96; DOBRONIĆ Analogies: PŘIBIL 1931, 96; DOBRONIĆ 2001, 2001, 93 (za lice); PŘIBIL 1931, 8 (za lice) 93 (for the obverse); PŘIBIL 1931, 8 (for the obverse) 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 932 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 932 iza 1737.g., T2/3 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Lice: Maria Svatà Hora, Marija u haljini, plaštu, post-1737, T2/3 kruna – kaciga, u lijevoj ruci Isus zagrnut njezi- Obverse: Maria Svatà Hora, Mary robed, in man- nim ogrtačem, kruna – kaciga, oboje imaju sve- tle, crown – helmet, in left hand Jesus wrapped tokrug, Marija grli Isusa desnom rukom, natpis: in her mantle, crown – helmet, both nimbate, B.V.S.MONTANA IN B.S.I. (BEATA VIRGO Mary embracing Jesus with right arm, inscription: SACRO MONTANA IN BOHEMIA SOCI- B.V.S.MONTANA IN B.S.I. (BEATA VIRGO ETA IESV), dolje u traci ROMA SACRO MONTANA IN BOHEMIA SOCIETA Naličje: sv. Ivan Franjo Regis, desni poluprofil, IESV), below in the band: ROMA habit, plašt, svetokrug, natpis: S.IO.FR.RE.S.I., Reverse: St Jean-François Régis, right half-pro- Mjere: 2,8 g; 17(24) mm; lijevana bronca file, habit, mantle, nimbate, inscription: S.IO. FR.RE.S.I., Analogije: PŘIBIL 1931, 329 (za lice) Dimensions: 2.8 g; 17(24) mm; cast bronze 4 – SEKTOR 2, slučajan nalaz, PN 427 Analogies: PŘIBIL 1931, 329 (for the obverse) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T2/4 4 – SECTOR 2, chance find, SF 427 Lice: sv. Euharistija, hostija viri iz kaleža, u sre- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, dini H?, okolo zrake, sa strana kaleža po jedan 17th/18th century, T2/4 krilati anđeo sklopljenih ruku sa svetokrugom Obverse: The Holy Eucharist, Host projecting Naličje: Maria Pietà, u pozadini križ s kojega from the chalice, H? in the middle, rays encircling, nešto visi s lijeve i desne strane antene, vjerojat- a winged nimbate angel on each side of the chalice no Maria Taferl with hands clasped in prayer Mjere: 1,6 g; v = 20(26) mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: Maria Pietà, in the background a cross from which something is hanging from the left and Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 47 (za lice) right side of the antenna, likely Maria Taferl 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 881 Dimensions: 1.6 g; v = 20 (26) mm; cast bronze Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 47 (for the obverse) 17./18. st., T2/5 Lice: sv. Maria Carmine, Marija stoji u haljini, 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 881 s ogrtačem, velom, krunom i svetokrugom, u Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, lijevoj ruci škapular, u desnoj Isus s krunom, 17th/18th century, T2/5 zrakastim svetokrugom i škapularom u desnoj Obverse: St Maria Carmine, Mary standing in ruci, natpis: S.MARIA.DEL.CARMINE robes, with mantle, veil, crown and nimbus, scapu- Naličje: sv. Antun, u desnoj ruci knjiga na kojoj lar in left hand, crowned Jesus in right hand, rayed stoji dijete Isus, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, svetokrug, nimbus and scapular in right hand, inscription: natpis: S.ANT.DA.PA… S.MARIA.DEL.CARMINE Mjere: 2,2 g; Ø = 20(27) mm; lijevana bronca

140 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

6 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 280 Reverse: St Anthony, in right hand a book on Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, which the infant Jesus stands, lily in left hand, nim- 18. st., T2/6 bate, inscription: S.ANT.DA.PA… Lice: Maria Triberg, Marija u oltarnoj niši s Dimensions: 2.2 g; Ø = 20(27) mm; cast bronze djetetom Isusom u lijevom naručju, Marija s 6 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 280 krunom, sa svetokrugovima, dva krilata anđela, na oblacima Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 18th century, T2/6 Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva krilata an- đela sa strane, Isus u haljini Obverse: Maria Triberg, Mary in altar niche with the infant Jesus in left embrace, Mary crowned, with Mjere: 2,6 g; Ø = 21 mm; v = 29 mm; lijevana nimbuses, two winged angels, on clouds bronca Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 01, PN 920 winged angels to the sides, Jesus in robes Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 2.6 g; Ø = 21 mm; v = 29 mm; cast 17./18. st., T2/7 bronze Lice: Mariazell, Marija u zvonolikome plaštu, 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 01, SF 920 Isus isto, krune – kacige, Mariju krune dva an- đela, Isus u desnom naručju, stoji na oblacima, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- natpis: S MARIA ZELLENSIS dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T2/7 Naličje: sv. Ivan Nepomuk, u habitu, kapi, sa Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in campanulate mantle, svetokrugom, u desnoj ruci ima raspelo, u lije- Jesus likewise, crowns – helmets, Mary crowned voj palmu, natpis: S.I . NEPOMVC.M by two angels, Jesus in right embrace, standing on clouds, inscription: S MARIA ZELLENSIS Mjere: 3,9 g; 22(29) x 20 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St John of Nepomuk, in habit, cap, nim- 8 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 287, PN 120 bate, crucifix in right hand, palm frond in left, -in Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i scription: S.I . NEPOMVC.M očuvanom karičicom, visoki reljef, 18. st.,T2/8 Dimensions: 3.9 g; 22(29) x 20 mm; cast bronze Lice: Maria Wessobrunn, lik Marije u haljini i 8 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 287, SF 120 plaštu, prikazan do pola, glava nagnuta ulijevo, oko nje zvijezde na glavi kao vijenac, natpis: Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- IMAGO.CONC.BV.M.WESSOB. dicular eye and preserved jump ring, high relief, 18th century,T2/8 Naličje: dva plamteća srca, okolo zrake svetokruga, ispod štit sv. Benedikta s uobičajenim Obverse: Maria Wessobrunn, image of Mary in natpisom (IHS.VR SN, u križu CSSMLN- robes and mantle, depicted half-length, head tilt- DSMD) i CSPB, iza sa strane štita stoje dvije ed to the left, around her stars on the head in the figure, lijeva en face, a desna u desnom profilu, manner of a wreath, inscription: IMAGO.CONC. desna figura kao da drži u obje ruke Mariju s BV.M.WESSOB. Isusom u naručju, a lijeva figura ima desnu ruku Reverse: two flaming hearts, rayed nimbus en- dignutu na blagoslov, lijeva na prsima, ispred circling, below shield of St Benedict with cus- nje lebdi halja?, čini se kao da obje figure imaju tomary inscription (IHS.VR SN, in the cross krila, natpis SS CORRDA IESV M CSSMLNDSMD) and CSPB, behind to the sides Mjere: 6,3 g; 24(33) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca of the shield two figures standing, left en face, right in right profile, the right figure appears to be hold- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T18/4, ing with both hands Mary embracing Jesus, while T33/4 (za naličje) the left figure has the right hand raised in blessing, 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 618 left on the breast, in front a hovering robe (?), it appears that both figures are winged, inscription SS Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, CORRDA IESV M 17./18. st., T2/9 Dimensions: 6.3 g; 24(33) x 22 mm; cast bronze Lice: Maria Wessobrun, Marijina bista, glava nagnuta ulijevo, ima vijenac u kosi, medaljon na Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T18/4, T33/4 haljini i plašt, natpis: IMAG IMAC . CONC . (for the reverse) BUM . IN . EOL 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 618

141 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: dva plamteća srca, lijevo Isusovo, de- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- sno Marijino, okolo zrake, natpis iznad, oblaci dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T2/9 ispod, natpis: SS. COR DA . IHS , MAR Obverse: Maria Wessobrunn, bust of Mary, head Mjere: 4,2 g; 20(27) x 17 mm; lijevana bronca tilted to the left, with wreath in hair, medallion on Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 59; PEUS 1982,1029 robe and with mantle, inscription: IMAG IMAC . CONC . BUM . IN . EOL 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ GR 129, 948, PN Reverse: two flaming hearts, Jesus’ to the left, 837 Mary’s to the right, rays encircling, inscription Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. above, clouds below, inscription: SS. COR DA . st., T2/10 IHS , MAR Lice: Maria Altötting, Marija stoji, kruna, u de- Dimensions: 4.2 g; 20 (27) x 17 mm; cast bronze snoj ruci dijete Isus zagrnut njezinim ogrtačem, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 59; PEUS 1982.1029 u lijevoj ruci žezlo u obliku ljiljana, kraj nje lijevo i desno dva drveta lovora u teglama, stoji na 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU GR 129, 948, SF stupu, natpis: S.MARIA OETHIN. 837 Naličje: Maria Dorfen, Marija u zvonoli- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- kom plaštu, Isus u desnom naručju, oboje dicular eye, 17th century, T2/10 imaju krune, okolo u traci natpis bez smisla: Obverse: Maria Altötting, Mary standing, crown, AMBRMILDNVSEMAKT AE VZVDO- in right hand the infant Jesus wrapped in her man- KPNAVFFNBFKCFN tle, in left hand a sceptre in the form of a lily, to her Mjere: 4,1 g; 25(34) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca sides, left and right, two laurel trees in planters, on Analogije: PEUS 1982, 429; KNEZ 2001, 29, column, inscription: S.MARIA OETHIN. 30 (obje bez natpisa) Reverse: Maria Dorfen, Mary in campanulate mantle, Jesus in right embrace, both crowned, un- 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN decipherable inscription in the surrounding band: 674 AMBRMILDNVSEMAKT AE VZVDOKP- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, NAVFFNBFKCFN 17./18. st., T2/11 Dimensions: 4.1 g; 25(34) x 22 mm; cast bronze Lice: Maria Trost, Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, Analogies: PEUS 1982, 429; KNEZ 2001, 29, 30 ima veo, krunu s križem i zrakasti svetokrug, (both without inscription) Isus u lijevom naručju, isto odjeven, kruna i zrakasti svetokrug, stoji na oblacima, natpis: 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 674 MARIA TROST Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: sv. Stjepan Prvomučenik, natpis: S . dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T2/11 STEPHANUS.M., u haljini, u desnoj ruci pal- Obverse: Maria Trost, Mary in campanulate man- ma, ima svetokrug, lijeva ruka na prsima, preko tle, veiled, crown with cross and rayed nimbus, Jesus haljine nešto visi, kao neka tri zvona na vrpcama in left embrace, dressed likewise, crown and rayed Mjere: 7,8 g; 25(33) x 23 mm; lijevana bronca nimbus, standing on clouds, inscription: MARIA Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T12/1 (za TROST lice) Reverse: St Stephen Protomartyr, inscription: S . STEPHANUS.M., enrobed, palm frond in right 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 302, PN hand, nimbate, left hand on chest, unidentified ob- 167 ject suspended over robes, possibly three bells on Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. ribbons st., T2/12 Dimensions: 7.8 g; 25(33) x 23 mm; cast bronze Lice: Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, kruna na gla- Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T12/1 (for the vi, Isus u desnom naručju isto odjeven, dva an- obverse) đela je krune, natpis: S.MAR: ? možda CELL Naličje: slika Marije s velom i Isusa koji joj stoji 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 302, SF 167 u naručju, slika uokvirena, nose je dva anđe- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- la, treći je iznad slike, ispod je natpis nečitljiv, dicular eye, 17th century, T2/12 kompozicijski slična kao sv. slika iz Mariazella

142 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 5,9 g; 23(33) x 20 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: Mary in campanulate mantle, crown on head, Jesus in right embrace dressed in like manner, 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 125, SJ 927, PN two angels crown her, inscription: S.MAR: ? per- 826 haps CELL Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom rupicom i Reverse: image of Mary with veil and Jesus stand- karičicom, prije bila okomita, pukla, sekundar- ing in her arms, image framed, borne by two angels, no bušena, poč. 18. st., T2/13 a third above the image, inscription below is illeg- Lice: Mariazell, Mariju na oblacima nose dva ible, composition similar to that of the Holy image anđela, dva je krune, haljina i plašt, drži Isusa u at Mariazell desnom naručju, on ima krunu i haljinu, natpis: Dimensions: 5.9 g; 23(33) x 20 mm; cast bronze MARI ZELLE NS Naličje: Maria Taferl, Pietà, drži Isusa vodorav- 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 125, SU 927, SF no u krilu, noge svinute dolje, Isus ima sveto- 826 krug, Marija haljinu, veo, plašt, krunu, lijevom Description: oval devotional medal with parallel rukom ga drži za njegovu desnu, iza nje dva perforation and jump ring, previously perpendicu- drveta razgranata, sa žirovima, natpis: MA.TAF lar, broken, secondary perforation, early 18th cen- Mjere: 6,0 g; 30(35) x 26,5 mm; lijevana bron- tury, T2/13 ca Obverse: Mariazell, Mary on clouds borne by two Analogije: PEUS 1982, 2190 (za naličje) angels, two are crowning her, robe and mantle, holding Jesus in right embrace, he is crowned and 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 695 robed, inscription: MARI ZELLE NS Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Reverse: Maria Taferl, Pietà, holding Jesus in hori- 17./18. st., T2/14 zontal position on her lap, legs bent down, Jesus Lice: Maria Einsideln, Marija stoji u haljini, nimbate, Mary with robe, veil, mantle, crown, her u desnoj ruci žezlo, u lijevoj dijete Isus, oboje left hand holding his right, behind her two ramose imaju krune i svetokrug, oko njih zrake, natpis: trees, with acorns, inscription: MA.TAF S.MARIA.EI Dimensions: 6.0 g; 30(35) x 26.5 mm; cast bronze Naličje: zlatna monstranca, floralna traka oko Analogies: PEUS 1982, 2190 (for the reverse) prikaza Mjere: 1,4 g; 27(30) x 23 mm; brončani lim 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 695 Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Analogije: PEUS 1982, 2527 (za naličje) eye, 17th/18th century, T2/14 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 1001C Obverse: Maria Einsiedeln, Mary standing in robes, Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, sceptre in right hand, infant Jesus in left hand, both 17./18. st., T2/15 crowned and nimbate, surrounded by rays, inscrip- Lice: Mariazell, Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, tion: S.MARIA.EI Isus u desnom naručju, krune je dva anđela, iza Reverse: golden monstrance, floral band encircling zrake, natpis: A MARI CELL the depiction Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, lijevi profil, sve- Dimensions: 1.4 g; 27(30) x 23 mm; bronze plate tokrug, ljiljan u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj stoji Isus, Analogies: PEUS 1982, 2527 (for the reverse) blagoslivlja ga lijevom rukom, pruža desnu, zrakasti svetokrug, stoji na knjizi 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 1001C Mjere: 4,5 g; 25,5(29,5) x 20 mm; lijevana Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- bronca dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T2/15 Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in campanulate mantle, Tabla 3 – medaljice Jesus in right embrace, she is crowned by two angels, rays behind, inscription: A MARI CELL 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, GR 79, SJ 460, PN Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, left profile, nimbate, 368 lily in left hand, Jesus standing in right, blessing Opis: ovalna medaljica s rupicom na vrhu i ka- him with left hand, extending right, rayed nimbus, ričicom, 17./18. st., T3/1 standing on a book

143 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: Marij Einsideln, Marija stoji s djetetom Dimensions: 4.5 g; 25.5(29.5) x 20 mm; cast Isusom u lijevoj ruci, Isus desnom rukom bla- bronze goslivlja, lijevom rukom drži pticu, oboje imaju krune – kacige, žezlo u desnoj ruci, natpis: Table 3 – devotional medals VERA EFFIGIES B:V: MARIAE EINSID- LENS: 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, GR 79, SU 460, SF 368 Naličje: zlatna monstranca, u dnu dva kerubi- Description: oval devotional medal with small na, od toga desni izgleda kao starac, u sredini perforation on the top and jump ring, 17th/18th hostija s Isusovim monogramom, natpis: MA- century, T3/1 RIA EINSIDLEN MONSTRANZ, LAV- Obverse: Maria Einsiedeln, Mary standing with in- DETUR SANCTISSI MUM SACRAMEN- fant Jesus in left hand, Jesus blesses with right hand, TUM holds bird with left, both have crowns – helmets, Mjere: 3,5 g; 40 x 36 mm; brončani lim sceptre in right hand, inscription: VERA EFFI- Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 20; FASSBINDER GIES B:V: MARIAE EINSIDLENS: 2003, T 5/3 (naličje se nešto razlikuje); PEUS Reverse: golden monstrance, two cherubim below, 1982, 2521(naličje se nešto razlikuje) of these the right appears as an old man, at centre Host with Christ’s monogram, inscription: MA- 2 – SEKTOR 2, slučajan nalaz, PN 453 RIA EINSIDLEN MONSTRANZ, LAVDETUR Opis: vitičasta medaljica, sekundarno bušena, SANCTISSI MUM SACRAMENTUM 17. st., T3/2 Dimensions: 3.5 g; 40 x 36 mm; bronze plate Lice: Mariazell, Marija u kartuši, okolo floralna Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 20; FASSBINDER 2003, traka, Marija s Isusom u desnom naručju, kru- T 5/3 (the reverse differs somewhat); PEUS 1982, ne je dva anđela, ima zrake svetokruga, natpis: 2521 (the reverse differs somewhat) S.MARIA.CELLENS:, dolje ispod dvostruke linije signatura .G . M . 2 – SECTOR 2, chance find, SF 453 Naličje: sv. Obitelj, u vrhu zrake, ispod Duh Description: scroll form devotional medal, second- Sveti – golubica, Marija Isusu s desna, s lijeva ary perforation, 17th century, T3/2 mu je Josip, stoje na livadi, trava i cvijeće Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in cartouche, floral band Mjere: 2,1 g; 40 x 33 mm; brončani lim encircling, Mary with Jesus in right embrace, she is crowned by two angels, with rayed nimbus, inscrip- 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 137, SJ 992, PN tion: S.MARIA.CELLENS:, below under a double 894 line the signature .G . M . Opis: srcolika medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Reverse: the Holy Family, rays above, below the 17./18. st., T3/3 Holy Ghost – dove, Mary to Jesus’ right side, Joseph Lice: Mariazell, Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, to his left, standing in a meadow, grass and flowers Isus u desnom naručju, krune je dva anđela, dva Dimensions: 2.1 g; 40 x 33 mm; bronze plate anđela je nose, lijevo i desno od nje su zastori – baldahin, natpis: S.MARIA.CELLENSIS, 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 137, SU 992, SF dolje desno L signatura 894 Naličje: u sredini sjedi okrunjena Marija, lijevo Description: cordiform devotional medal with par- jedna figura, drži štap s križem, anđeo?, desno allel eye, 17th/18th century, T3/3 jedna figura u haljini, natpis: MARIA E Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in campanulate mantle, Mjere: 6,1 g; 43(46,5) x 43 mm; brončani lim Jesus in right embrace, she is crowned by two angels, borne by two angels, to her left and right are drapes 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 15, SJ 283, PN – baldachin, inscription: S.MARIA.CELLENSIS, 97 below right L signature Opis: srcolika medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Reverse: crowned Mary seated at centre, a figure to 18. st., T3/4 the left, holding staff with cross, an angel?, to the Lice: Mariazell, Isus u desnom naručju, ukra- right a robed figure, inscription: MARIA E šene haljine, krune – kacige, Marijinu nose dva Dimensions: 6.1 g; 43(46.5) x 43 mm; bronze plate krilata anđela, na Marijinoj kruni Papin križ, floralni obrub, natpis: S.MARIA LENSIS 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 15, SU 283, SF 97 (SANCTA MARIA CELLENSIS)

144 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: sv. Trojstvo, Isus s križem lijevo, sredi- Description: cordiform devotional medal with par- na gore Duh Sveti – golubica, desno Bog Otac, allel eye, 18th century, T3/4 Isus i Bog Otac imaju zrake svetokruga, Duh Obverse: Mariazell, Jesus in right embrace, deco- Sveti obični, u sredini dolje Benediktov štit rated robe, crowns – helmets, Mary borne by two (natpis čitljiv), floralni obrub winged angels, Papal cross on Mary’s crown, floral Mjere: 3,0 g; 36(40) x 36 mm; brončani lim border, inscription: S.MARIA LENSIS (SANCTA Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 232; MARIA CELLENSIS) PEUS 1982, 20, 2164 (za naličje) Reverse: the Holy Trinity, Jesus with cross to the left, to the centre above the Holy Ghost – dove, to 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 864, PN 804 the right God the Father, Jesus and God the Father Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s rupicom za ka- with rayed nimbus, Holy Ghost customary, at cen- ričicu, nakon 1737. g., T3/5 tre below shield of St Benedict (inscription legible), Lice: Maria Svatà Hora, Marija stoji u halji- floral border ni, plaštu, kruna, zrakasti svetokrug, u lijevoj Dimensions: 3.0 g; 36(40) x 36 mm; bronze plate ruci drži Isusa s krunom, zrakastim svetokru- Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 232; gom, Isus je gol – grli je lijevom rukom, Ma- PEUS 1982, 20, 2164 (for the reverse) rijina desna ruka na Isusu, natpis: B:V:M:DE MO:SANC IN BOH (BEATA VIRGO DE 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 864, SF 804 MONTE SANCTO IN BOHEMIA) Description: octagonal devotional medal with Naličje: sv. Ivan Franjo Regis?, u haljini, sveto- small perforation for jump ring, post-1737, T3/5 krug, brada, stoji, desni profil, drži knjigu?, gle- Obverse: Maria Svatà Hora, Mary standing in da gore u zrake, natpis: S.I.?.O.V. IESV robes, in mantle, crown, rayed nimbus, in left hand Mjere: 1,0 g; 23,5 x 16,5 mm; brončani lim holding Jesus with crown, rayed nimbus, Jesus is Analogije: PŘIBIL 1931, 76 naked – embracing her with left arm, Mary’s right hand on Jesus, inscription: B:V:M:DE MO:SANC 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 115, SJ 899, PN IN BOH (BEATA VIRGO DE MONTE SANC- 813 TO IN BOHEMIA) Opis: ovalna medaljica, nedostaje rupica za vje- Reverse: St Jean-François Régis?, enrobed, nimbate, šanje, 17./18. st., T3/6 bearded, standing, right profile, holding book?, gaz- Lice: Mariazell, Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, ing up to the rays, inscription: S.I.?.O.V. IESV dijete Isus u lijevom naručju, oboje krune – ka- Dimensions: 1.0 g; 23.5 x 16.5 mm; bronze plate cige, Marijinu krune dva anđela, veo, plašt, nat- Analogies: PŘIBIL 1931, 76 pis: MARIA ZELL Naličje: sv. Obitelj, dijete Isus u sredini, sveto- 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 115, SU 899, SF 813 krug, haljina, iznad njega Duh Sveti – golubica Description: oval devotional medal, lacks pendant iz koje se šire zrake, Marija s desna, Josip s lijeva, perforation, 17th/18th century, T3/6 drže se za ruke s Isusom, oboje svetokrug, Josip Obverse: Mariazell, Mary in campanulate mantle, ima ljiljan u lijevoj ruci, na vrhu Bog Otac, u li- infant Jesus in left embrace, both with crowns – jevoj ruci vladarska kugla helmets, Mary crowned by two angels, veil, mantle, Mjere: 0,5 g; 18 x 15 mm; brončani lim inscription: MARIA ZELL Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 142, sl. 3; AZI- Reverse: the Holy Family, the infant Jesus at centre, NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 231; FASSBINDER nimbate, robe, above him the Holy Ghost – dove 2003, 323, tip 4, T11/4; KNEZ 2001, 19; from which rays emanate, Mary to the right, Joseph FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 306 to the left, holding Jesus by the hand, both nimbate, Joseph with lily in left hand, above God the Father, 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 8, SJ 306, PN 123 globus cruciger in left hand Opis: okrugla medaljica s krunice s dvije ušice Dimensions: 0.5 g; 18 x 15 mm; bronze plate za povezivanje sa zrnima krunice, 17. st., T3/7 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 142, fig. 3; Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, Marija sjedi, sveto- AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 231; FASSBINDER krug od zvijezda, probodena sa sedam mačeva 2003, 323, type 4, T11/4; KNEZ 2001, 19; FUN- kroz srce DORT KLOSTER 2000, 306 Naličje: polaganje Isusa u grob, dvoje ga pola- žu, jedno plače, dvoje mole 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 306, SF 123

145 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 1,7 g; Ø = 15, s ušicama v = 29 mm; Description: round devotional medal from a rosary lijevana bronca with two eyes for attachment to the beads of the rosary, 17th century, T3/7 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 95, SJ 803, PN 699B Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, Mary seated, nimbus of stars, pierced through the heart by seven Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. swords st., T3/8 Reverse: Jesus is laid in the tomb, two persons lay Lice: Pietà, u krilu leži Isus, ali nije veličine him in the tomb, one weeps, two pray odraslog čovjeka, oboje imaju svetokrug, u vrhu medaljice zrake natpis: B.V.DE.COR.I.M (BE- Dimensions: 1.7 g; Ø = 15, with eyes h = 29 mm; ATA VIRGO DE CORONIS IESU MATER cast bronze – Blažena Djevica od krunice, Majka Isusova) 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 95, SU 803, SF 699B Naličje: Ivan Krstitelj krsti Isusa, u vrhu dva Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- oblaka, između njih zrake, desno Ivan Krstitelj dicular eye, 17th century, T3/8 s pliticom u desnoj ruci polijeva Isusa, štap s Obverse: Pietà, Jesus cradled in lap, but is not križem u lijevoj ruci, svetokrug, Isus stoji lijevo, the size of an adult, both nimbate, at the top of prekriženih ruku na prsima, natpis: FIL.ME.D the devotional medal rayed inscription: B.V.DE. (FILIUS MEUS DILECTUS – ovo je Sin moj COR.I.M (BEATA VIRGO DE CORONIS IESU ljubljeni) MATER – Blessed Virgin of the Rosary, Mother of Mjere: 2,6 g; 21(27,5) x 18 mm; lijevana bron- Jesus) ca Reverse: John the Baptist baptises Jesus, above two Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 39, 43; KRNJAK clouds, rays between them, to the right John the 2008, 147, sl. 14 Baptist with shallow dish in right hand pours water 9 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 171B over Jesus, staff with cross in left hand, nimbus, Jesus standing left, hands crossed on chest, inscription: Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, FIL.ME.D (FILIUS MEUS DILECTUS – this is 17./18. st., T3/9 my beloved Son) Lice: Maria Dolorosa, iznad zrake, Marija kleči, Dimensions: 2.6 g; 21(27.5) x 18 mm; cast bronze raširenih ruku, ispruženih prema dolje, sedam mačeva kroz srce, svetokrug Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 39, 43; KRNJAK 2008, 147, fig. 14 Naličje: sv. Franjo Asiški pada na koljena, u ekstazi gleda prema položenom raspelu, okolo 9 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 171B zrake, s njegove desne strane dolje kleči figura Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- u habitu, čita knjigu, njegov brat Leo, svjedok dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T3/9 stigmatizacije Obverse: Maria Dolorosa, rays above, Mary kneel- Mjere: 2,1 g; 23(31) x 18mm; lijevana bronca ing, arms spread, extended downwards, seven Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 318 swords through the heart, nimbus 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 747 Reverse: St Francis Assisi falls to his knees, gazing in ecstasy towards the laid down crucifix, rays en- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, circling, to his right and below kneeling figure in nakon 1726. g., T3/10 habit, reading a book, his brother Leo, witness to Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, probodena s tri the stigmatisation mača lijevo, četiri mača desno, sjedi, haljina, Dimensions: 2.1 g; 23(31) x 18mm; cast bronze veo, plašt, ruke prekrižene na prsima Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 318 Naličje: sv. Peregrin Laziosi, mladi bradati muškarac u lijevom profilu, u ekstazi, gleda u 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 747 križ lijevo gore, križ na oblaku, Peregrin u ha- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ljini, s tonzurom, svetokrugom, natpis: .FERE. dicular eye, post-1726, T3/10 CRIN.LACPOR. Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, pierced by Mjere: 5,6 g; 27(33) x 22mm; lijevana bronca three swords to the left, four swords to the right, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 8 seated, robe, veil, mantle, hands crossed on the chest 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 737

146 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. Reverse: St Peregrine Laziosi, young bearded man st., T3/11 in left profile, in ecstasy, gazing at cross above to Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, tri mača lijevo, četiri the left, cross on a cloud, Peregrine in robes, with mača desno, sjedi u haljini s velom i ogrtačem, tonsure, nimbate, inscription: .FERE.CRIN. ruke su joj prekrižene na prsima, ima svetokrug LACPOR. od sedam zvijezda, dvije linije dolje glava po- Dimensions: 5.6 g; 27(33) x 22mm; cast bronze gnuta udesno Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 8 Naličje: sv. Rafael arkanđeo, zaštitnik, krajolik, desno i lijevo je drvo, sv. Rafael ima krila, štap u 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 737 lijevoj ruci, desnom drži haljinu, za njim hoda Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- dječak, pružio lijevu ruku Rafaelu, desna pruže- dicular eye, 17th century, T3/11 na dolje natpis: S.RAPHAEL ARCHA Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, three swords Mjere: 3,2 g; 25(32) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca left, four swords right, seated in robe with veil and mantle, hands crossed on chest, with nimbus of sev- 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 796 en stars, two lines below head tilted to right Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- Reverse: St Raphael the Archangel, protector, com, 17./18. st., T3/12 landscape, tree to the left and right, St Raphael Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, sjedi, u desnoj ruci winged, staff in left hand, holding robe with right, drži škapular, lijeva ruka na srcu kroz koje boy walking behind him, extending left hand to prolazi sedam mačeva, tri lijevo i četiri desno, Raphael, right hand extended down, inscription: svetokrug od radijalnih zraka, plašt, veo natpis: S.RAPHAEL ARCHA M.D. (Mater Dolorosa) Dimensions: 3.2 g; 25(32) x 22 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Josip, u desnom profilu, svetokrug, drži u rukama dijete Isusa, natpis: S.IOSEP 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 796 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Mjere: 2,3 g; 20(27) x 17,5 mm; lijevana bron- pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T3/12 ca Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, seated, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 103 (za naličje) holding scapular in right hand, left hand on heart 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 101 pierced by seven swords, three to the left and four to Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- the right, nimbus of radial rays, mantle, veil, inscrip- com, 17./18. st., T3/13 tion: M.D. (Mater Dolorosa) Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, sjedi, sedam mačeva Reverse: St Joseph, in right profile, nimbate, hold- kroz srce, u ispruženoj desnoj ruci drži škapular, ing the infant Jesus in hands, inscription: S.IOSEP natpis: MD (Mater Dolorosa) Dimensions: 2.3 g; 20(27) x 17.5 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, desnom rukom Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 103 (for the reverse) grli dijete Isusa, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, natpis: S. ANTO (Sanctus Antonius) 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 101 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Mjere: 2,2g; 18(26) x 16 mm; lijevana bronca pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T3/13 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 939 Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, seated, seven Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- swords through the heart, holding scapular in ex- com, nakon 1726. g., T3/14 tended right hand, inscription: MD (Mater Do- Lice: Majka sedam žalosti, četiri mača lijevo, tri lorosa) mača desno, prolaze kroz srce, ruke prekrižene Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, embracing the in- na srcu, sjedi (kleči?), plašt, veo fant Jesus with right hand, lily in left hand, inscrip- Naličje: sv. Peregrin, lijevo, sjedi ispred ras- tion: S. ANTO (Sanctus Antonius) pela, pokazuje desnu nogu, pruža lijevu ruku, Dimensions: 2.2g; 18(26) x 16 mm; cast bronze haljina, svetokrug, raspelo desno stoji na stolu/ kamenu 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 939 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Mjere: 1,9 g; 20(29) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca pendicular eye, post-1726, T3/14 Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 8 Obverse: Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, four swords to the left, three swords to the right, piercing the

147 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tabla 4 – medaljice heart, hands crossed over the heart, seated (kneeling?), mantle, veil 1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 740 Reverse: St Peregrine, left, seated before the cru- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, cifix, showing right leg, extending left hand, robe, 17. st., T4/1 nimbate, crucifix right standing on table/stone Lice: prizor Uskrsnuća?, desno gore dvije kugle, Dimensions: 1.9 g; 20(29) x 18 mm; cast bronze lijevo dolje figura kleči u molitvi Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 8 Naličje: sredina gore, Marija od sedam žalosti, sjedi na tronu, s tri mača lijevo i četiri mača desno kroz srce, ispod nje šest figura kleči i moli, Table 4 – devotional medals ispod linije dolje piše: ROMA 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 740 Mjere: 11,3 g; Ø = 33(42) mm; lijevana bronca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 1001A 17th century, T4/1 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: scene of the Resurrection (?), two orbs up 17./18. st., T4/2 and to the right, figure kneeling in prayer down and to the left Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, Marija sjedi na tronu, haljina, plašt, veo, Isus u lijevom krilu, oboje Reverse: centre top, Our Lady of the Seven Sor- imaju zrakasti svetokrug, Marija u desnoj ruci rows, seated enthroned, heart pierced by three ima krunicu, Isus u lijevoj, desnom rukom pre- swords to the left and four swords to the right, be- ma Mariji, natpis: REGINA SACRA ROSAR low her six figures kneeling in prayer, under the line (talijanski), dolje ispod linije natpis ROMA below: ROMA Naličje: sv. Dominik, lijevi profil, tanjurasti Dimensions: 11.3 g; Ø = 33(42) mm; cast bronze svetokrug, u lijevoj ruci knjiga, u desnoj cvije- 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 1001A će, gleda u zrake između dva oblaka gore lijevo, natpis: S DOMENICO D.S. Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T4/2 Mjere: 16,5 g; Ø = 33(43) mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, Mary seated en- Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 129 (za lice, natpis throned, robe, mantle, veil, Jesus in left lap, both nije ROMA već LORETO); PEUS 1982, with rayed nimbus, Mary with rosary in right hand, 1178 (natpis ispod Marije nije ROMA već Jesus in left, right hand towards Mary, inscription: GAMV(ndia - Schwäbisch Gmünd), sv. Domi- REGINA SACRA ROSAR (Italian), below under nik na naličju drugačije prikazan) the line inscribed ROMA 3 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN Reverse: St Dominic, left profile, disc nimbus, 297 book in left hand, flowers in right, gazing a rays be- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ošteće- tween two clouds above and to the left, inscription: nom ušicom, 17. st., T4/3 S DOMENICO D.S. Lice: u sredini gore Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi, Dimensions: 16.5 g; Ø = 33(43) mm; cast bronze Isus u lijevom krilu, desnom rukom Marija pruža Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 129 (for the obverse, the krunicu, dolje lijevo i desno klečeće svetačke fi- inscription is not ROMA but rather LORETO); gure, jedna – lijeva je već primila krunicu, druga PEUS 1982, 1178 (the inscription below Mary is ima ispruženu ruku (sv. Dominik i sv. Katarina not ROMA but rather GAMV(ndia - Schwäbisch Sijenska), natpis: .S.DOMINIC.S.CATERIN Gmünd), St Dominic’s depiction on the reverse is Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, natpis: INRI, different) sa strana dva krilata anđela 3 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Mjere: 3,4 g; Ø = 27, v = 35 mm; lijevana bron- 297 ca Description: round devotional medal with perpen- 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 864, PN 824 dicular damaged eye, 17th century, T4/3 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: above and at the centre Queen of the Ro- nakon 1622. g., T4/4 sary, seated, Jesus in left lap, Mary offers the rosary with right hand, below to the left and right kneel- Lice: sv. Marija od brda Karmel, na liniji dolje ing figures of saints, one—the left—has already ac- Marija se grli s Isusom u lijevom naručju, oboje

148 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

imaju svetokrug, Mariju krune dva anđela, nat- cepted the rosary, the other has extended hand (St pis: .M.D.CAR. – Maria Decor Carmeli – Ma- Dominic and St Catherine of Siena), inscription: rija, ukras Karmela .S.DOMINIC.S.CATERIN Naličje: pet kanoniziranih 1622. g., na liniji Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, inscrip- dolje, ispod ROMA, u sredini gore zrake, Igna- tion: INRI, two winged angels to the sides cije LoZola, Izidor Madridski, Tereza Avilska, Dimensions: 3.4 g; Ø = 27, v = 35 mm; cast bronze Franjo Ksaverski, Filip Neri Mjere: 0,8 g; Ø = 22, v = 30mm; lijevana bron- 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 864, SF 824 ca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, post-1622, T4/4 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 840, PN 948 Obverse: St Mary of Mount Carmel, on the line be- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, low Mary in embrace with Jesus with left arm, both 17./18. st., T4/5 nimbate, Mary crowned by two angels, inscription: Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi na oblaku?, u .M.D.CAR. – Maria Decor Carmeli – Mary, beauty lijevoj ruci krunica, na desnom koljenu u ra- of Carmel skoraku stoji golo dijete Isus, u desnoj ruci drži Reverse: five canonised in 1622, on the line below, krunicu, lijevom rukom na Marijina prsa, oboje ROMA beneath, rays up and to the centre, Ignatius svetokrug, Marija u haljini Loyola, St Isidore of Madrid, St Teresa of Avila, St Naličje: sv. Antun stoji na oblaku, u lijevoj ruci Francis Xavier, St Philip Neri ljiljan, u desnoj ruci kleči dijete Isus u haljini, Dimensions: 0.8 g; Ø = 22, v = 30mm; cast bronze oboje imaju svetokrug Mjere: 2,2 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; lijevana bronca 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 840, SF 948 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Analogije: slične: KRNJAK 2008, sl.13; 2004, 17th/18th century, T4/5 129; KNEZ 1994, br. 10 Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, seated on a cloud?, 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 114, SJ 894, PN rosary in left hand, naked infant Jesus standing on 800A left knee legs apart, rosary in right hand, left hand Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, on Mary’s chest, both nimbate, Mary in robes 17./18. st., T4/6 Reverse: St Anthony standing on cloud, lily in left Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, Marija sjedi na tro- hand, kneeling robed infant Jesus in right hand, nu, Isus u desnom krilu, Marija lijevom rukom both nimbate pruža krunicu, Isus desnom rukom, Marija ima Dimensions: 2.2 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; cast bronze svetokrug s radijalnim zrakama, Isus ima zraka- Analogies: similar: KRNJAK 2008, fig.13; 2004, sti svetokrug, tron na oblacima, natpis: REG. 129; KNEZ 1994, no. 10 SAC.ROSA Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u haljini, sveto- 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 114, SU 894, SF krug, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, u desnoj stoji dijete 800A Isus, lijevom rukom grli Antuna, desna u zraku, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, natpis: S.ANTO.DI.PA. 17th/18th century, T4/6 Mjere: 2,7 g; 21(30) x 19(24) mm; lijevana Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, Mary seated en- bronca throned, Jesus in right lap, Mary offering rosary Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 147, sl. 13 in left hand, Jesus with right hand, Mary nimbate with radial rays, Jesus with rayed nimbus, throne on 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 892 clouds, inscription: REG.SAC.ROSA Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, enrobed, nimbate, 18. st., T4/7 lily in left hand, infant Jesus standing in right hand, Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi na tronu, u li- with left hand embracing Anthony, right elevated, jevom krilu Isus, zaogrnut njezinim ogrtačem, inscription: S.ANTO.DI.PA. pruža krunicu lijevom rukom, Marija desnom, Dimensions: 2.7 g; 21(30) x 19(24) mm; cast oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: R.S.R. bronze (REGINA SACRUM ROSARIUM) Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 147, fig. 13 Naličje: sv. Pio V., lijevi profil, papinska kapica, svetokrug, duga brada, orlovski nos, nat- 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 892

149 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

pis: S.PIVS.V.P.M. (sanctus Pius V, pontifex Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, maximus) 18th century, T4/7 Mjere: 3,1 g; 17(24) mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, seated enthroned, Jesus in left lap, wrapped in her mantle, offering 8 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN rosary with left hand, Mary with right, both with 332 rayed nimbus, inscription: R.S.R. (REGINA SA- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, CRUM ROSARIUM) 17. st., T4/8 Reverse: St Pius V, left profile, papal cap, nim- Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, Marija s Isusom u lije- bate, long beard, aquiline nose, inscription: vom naručju, okolo vijenac od krunice S.PIVS.V.P.M. (sanctus Pius V, pontifex maximus) Naličje: svetac u habitu, svetokrug, ljiljani u de- Dimensions: 3.1 g; 17(24) mm; cast bronze snoj ruci uzdignutoj prema gore, u lijevoj ruci? zmija – uže?, sv. Dominik? 8 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Mjere: 1,4 g; Ø = 15, v = 24 mm; lijevana bron- 332 ca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th century, T4/8 Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T49/1 (za lice - jednak prikaz, ali na ovalnoj medaljici) Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, Mary with Jesus in left embrace, rosary wreath encircling 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 944 Reverse: saint in habit, nimbate, lilies in right hand Opis: okrugla medaljica, sekundarno bušena, s elevated, snake? – rope? In left hand, St Dominic? brončanom žicom, 17./18. st., T4/9 Dimensions: 1.4 g; Ø = 15, v = 24 mm; cast bronze Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi na tronu, plašt, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T49/1 (for the veo, Isus u lijevom krilu, desna ruka pruža kru- obverse – same depiction but on oval devotional nicu, Isus gol, zagrnut njezinim plaštem, lije- medal) vom rukom pruža krunicu, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, slova A.S.V. 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 944 Naličje: sv. Dominik, u habitu, svetokrug, u Description: round devotional medal, secondary lijevoj ruci otvorena knjiga, u desnoj ljiljan, nat- perforation, with bronze wire, 17th/18th century, pis: SANT DOM.DE.SOR.O.R.P. (sanctus T4/9 Dominicus de Soria ora pro nobis) Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, seated enthroned, Mjere: 8,1 g; Ø = 25 mm; lijevana bronca mantle, veil, Jesus in left lap, offering rosary with right hand, Jesus naked, wrapped in her mantle, of- 10 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 391 fering rosary with left hand, both with rayed nim- Opis: okrugla medaljica, sekundarno bušena, bus, letters A.S.V. 17./18. st., T4/10 Reverse: St Dominic, in habit, nimbate, open book Lice: sv. Marija od brda Karmel gore u sredini, in left hand, lily in right, inscription: SANT DOM. krune je dva krilata anđela, drži Isusa u lije- DE.SOR.O.R.P. (sanctus Dominicus de Soria ora vom naručju, oboje imaju svetokrug, oko njih pro nobis) zvijezde, njoj s desna sv. Dominik, u habitu sa Dimensions: 8.1 g; Ø = 25 mm; cast bronze svetokrugom, ljiljan u desnoj ruci i krunica u lijevoj, njoj s lijeva sv. Katarina Sijenska, u de- 10 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 391 snoj ruci krunica, u sredini između Domini- Description: round devotional medal, secondary ka i Katarine nešto neprepoznatljivo, natpis: perforation, 17th/18th century, T4/10 .MIR.M.D.CAR Obverse: St Mary of Mount Carmel above and to Naličje: sv. Toma Akvinski, poprsje, glava laga- the centre, crowned by two winged angels, holding no okrenuta udesno, svetokrug, haljina, na ha- Jesus in left embrace, both nimbate, around them ljini kristogram, natpis: .S.THOMAS.AQVI- stars, to her right St Dominic, in habit with nim- NAS.PAT.NEAP. (sv. Toma Akvinski zaštitnik bus, lily in right hand and rosary in left, to her left Napulja) St Catherine of Siena, rosary in right hand, uniden- Mjere: 2,9 g; Ø = 27 mm; lijevana bronca tifiable object in the centre between Dominic and Catherine, inscription: .MIR.M.D.CAR 11 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 232 Reverse: St Thomas Aquinas, bust, head slightly tilted to the right, nimbate, robe, Christogram on

150 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: ovalna medaljica, sekundarno bušena, ot- robe, inscription: .S.THOMAS.AQVINAS.PAT. pala okomita ušica, nakon 1625. g., T4/11 NEAP. (St Thomas Aquinas protector of Naples) Lice: sv. Marija od brda Karmel, Marija i Isus Dimensions: 2.9 g; Ø = 27 mm; cast bronze u lijevom se naručju grle, oboje imaju svetokrug, Mariju krune dva krilata anđela, natpis: 11 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 232 MIR.M.D.CAR. , s desne ruke visi škapular Description: oval devotional medal, secondary perforation, perpendicular eye has fallen off, post- Naličje: sv. Elizabeta, figura u haljini i plaštu, 1625, T4/11 kruna, u desnoj ruci štap, stoji na liniji, ispod natpis ROMA, natpis: S.ELISAB.REG.POPL Obverse: St Mary of Mount Carmel, Mary and Je- (R) – Elizabeta portugalska kraljica sus in left embrace, both nimbate, Mary crowned by two winged angels, inscription: MIR.M.D.CAR. , Mjere: 2,1 g; 23,5 x 17,5 mm; lijevana bronca scapular suspended from right hand 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN Reverse: St Elizabeth, figure in robe and mantle, 335 crown, staff in right hand, standing on line, below Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. inscription ROMA, inscription: S.ELISAB.REG. st., T4/12 POPL (R) – Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Lice: sv. Marija od brda Karmel, poprsje, zagr- Dimensions: 2.1 g; 23.5 x 17.5 mm; cast bronze ljena s djetetom Isusom s lijeva, s desnog ramena joj visi škapular, iznad nje dva anđela nose 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF krunu, natpis: ?.MIR.D. CARM 335 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: sv. Anđelo Karmelićanin, kleči, iznad dicular eye, 17th century, T4/12 anđeo, svetokrug, ruke sklopljene u molitvu, natpis: .SANT.ANG.CARMIL Obverse: St Mary of Mount Carmel, bust, embracing the infant Jesus from the left, scapular suspend- Mjere: 1,6 g, 18(25) x 14 mm; lijevana bronca ed from her right shoulder, above here two angels 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 471 bear a crown, inscription: ?.MIR.D. CARM Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom Reverse: St Angelus Carmelite, kneeling, angel ušicom, 17./18. st., T4/13 above, nimbate, hands clasped in prayer, inscrip- Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, na tronu, svetokrug, tion: .SANT.ANG.CARMIL dijete Isus u desnom krilu, svetokrug od zraka, Dimensions: 1.6 g, 18(25) x 14 mm; cast bronze oboje pružaju vanjske ruke s krunicama, na oblaku su, natpis: REGI. SACRA. ROS. 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 471 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Naličje: sv. Osvald, odjeven kao plemić u pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T4/13 haljinu, plašt, čizme, kapu (krunu), i mač, u desnoj ruci žezlo, u lijevoj ruci ptica, natpis: Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, enthroned, nim- S.OSVALDO. RE . DI . NORTVMB. bate, infant Jesus in right lap, rayed nimbus, both extending outer hands with rosaries, on a cloud, in- Mjere: 4,3 g; 27(36) x 23 mm; lijevana bronca scription: REGI. SACRA. ROS. 14 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 259, PN 176 Reverse: St Oswald, clothed like a nobleman in Opis: listolika (srcolika) medaljica s okomitom robes, mantle, boots, cap (crown), and sword, scep- ušicom, 17./18. st., T4/14 tre in right hand, bird in left hand, inscription: Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi, Isus u lijevom S.OSVALDO. RE . DI . NORTVMB. naručju, oboje pružaju krunice Dimensions: 4.3 g; 27(36) x 23 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Dominik, stoji u haljini, u desnoj 14 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 259, SF 176 ruci ljiljan, svetokrug, u lijevoj ruci knjiga, kraj Description: foliate (cordiform) devotional medal nogu s lijeve strane pas koji drži baklju u usti- with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T4/14 ma?, ispod linije dolje signatura: R.A., oko Do- minika natpis: S.DOMINIC.DE.SORIA Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, seated, Jesus in left embrace, both offering rosary Mjere: 1,0 g; 16(24) x 15(4) mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Dominic, standing in robe, lily in right hand, nimbate, book in left hand, dog with torch in Analogije: KUNCZE 1885, 118 jaw next to the leg to the left side?, beneath the line 15 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 334

151 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: ovalna medaljica s ispupčenjima na polo- below signature: R.A., around Dominic the inscrip- vima, okomita ušica puknuta, nakon 1622. g., tion: S.DOMINIC.DE.SORIA T4/15 Dimensions: 1.0 g; 16(24) x 15(4) mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Marija od brda Karmel, Marija s Isu- Analogies: KUNCZE 1885, 118 som u lijevom naručju, grle se, svetokrug, krune je dva krilata anđela, na polovima barokne kar- 15 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 334 tuše ili kerubini – neprepoznatljivo, kompozi- Description: oval devotional medal with protu- cijski Marija ukras Karmela berances at the poles, perpendicular eye fractured, Naličje: pet svetačkih figura u haljini, središnja post-1622, T4/15 figura ima štap, svi imaju svetokrug, stoje na li- Obverse: St Mary of Mount Carmel, Mary with niji, iznad golubica – sv. Duh sa zrakama, isto Jesus in left embrace, nimbate, crowned by two kartuše ili kerubini, petero kanoniziranih 1622. winged angels, baroque cartouches or cherubim at g. Izidor Madridski, Franjo Ksaverski, Ignacije the poles – unrecognisable, of the Mary beauty of Lojola, Tereza Avilska, Filip Neri Carmel composition type Mjere: 3,2 g; 22(34) x 19(27) mm; lijevana Reverse: figures of five saints in robes, central fig- bronca ure with staff, all nimbate, standing on line, dove above – Holy Spirit rayed, also cartouche or cheru- 16 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 808, PN 738A bim, five canonised in 1622. St Isidore of Madrid, Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, St Francis Xavier, St Ignatius of Loyola, St Teresa of spojena karikom, 17./18. st., T4/16 Avila, St Philip Neri Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sjedi na tronu, ima Dimensions: 3.2 g; 22(34) x 19(27) mm; cast plašt i veo, Isus joj je u lijevom naručju, u de- bronze snoj ruci ima krunicu, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, Isus je gol, u lijevoj ruci ima krunicu, 16 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 808, SF 738A dvije linije dolje, natpis: REG.S.R. (REGINA Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- SACRUM ROSARIUM) dicular eye, joined by jump ring, 17th/18th century, Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski?, u lijevoj ruci T4/16 ljiljan, lijevi profil, svetokrug, nečitljiv natpis Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, seated enthroned, Mjere: 5,8 g; 25(34) x 20,5 mm; lijevana bron- with mantle and veil, Jesus in her left embrace, with ca rosary in right hand, both with rayed nimbus, Jesus naked, with rosary in left hand, two lines below, Analogije: KRNJAK 2004, 132 (slična) inscription: REG.S.R. (REGINA SACRUM RO- 17 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 864, PN 807A SARIUM) Opis: fragment ovalne medaljice, očuvana gor- Reverse: St Anthony of Padua?, lily in left hand, left nja trećina, 17./18. st., T4/17 profile, nimbate, illegible inscription Lice: sv. Benedikt, haljina, biskupski štap u li- Dimensions: 5.8 g; 25(34) x 20.5 mm; cast bronze jevoj ruci, u desnoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, zra- Analogies: KRNJAK 2004, 132 (similar) kasti svetokrug Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: 17 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 864, SF 807A IHS.V.R . L.V.B., u križu: CSSS/NDS, oko kri- Description: fragment of an oval devotional medal, ža u točkicama: CS upper third preserved, 17th/18th century, T4/17 Mjere: 0,4 g; 13 x 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, in vestments, crozier in left hand, chalice with poison in right hand, serpent, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 13, 14 rayed nimbus Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Tabla 5 – medaljice band: IHS.V.R . L.V.B., in the cross: CSSS/NDS, 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 16, SJ 289, PN around the cross in dots: CS 105C Dimensions: 0.4 g; 13 x 20 mm; bronze plate Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 13, 14 17. st., T5/1 Lice: MRA u reljefno izbočenom grbu, iznad Table 5 – devotional medals kruna, okruženo trakom s nejasnim ukrasom

152 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: sv. Venancije, kleči, u haljini, u lijevoj 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 16, SU 289, SF ruci barjak, desna ruka ispružena, ispred njega 105C svijećnjak?, natpis: S. ANTIVS M DE CAM Description: round devotional medal with perpen- (SV. VENANTIUS MARTYR DE CAME- dicular eye, 17th century, T5/1 RINO) Obverse: MRA in relief protruding shield, crown Mjere:16,0 g; 39mm, Ø = 33 mm; lijevana above, surrounded by band with unidentifiable bronca decoration 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 942 Reverse: St Venantius, kneeling, enrobed, banner in Opis: okrugla medaljica s puknutom okomi- left hand, right hand extended, torch before him?, tom ušicom, 17. st., T5/2 inscription: S. ANTIVS M DE CAM (SV. VE- NANTIUS MARTYR DE CAMERINO) Lice: Marijino krunjenje, Marija u sredini, ruke prekrižene na prsima, glava udesno, plašt, lijevo Dimensions:16.0 g; 39mm, Ø = 33 mm; cast Isus s križem u desnoj ruci, lijevom rukom drži bronze vijenac iznad Marijine glave, desno Bog Otac 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 942 desnom rukom drži vijenac iznad Marijine gla- Description: round devotional medal with frac- ve, u lijevoj ruci žezlo, njih dvojica sjede, Isus tured perpendicular eye, 17th century, T5/2 svetokrug, Bog Otac trokut, iznad njih gore Duh Sveti – Golub – sa zrakama okolo, stoje Obverse: Mary’s coronation, Mary in centre, hands na oblacima crossed on the chest, head right, mantle, Jesus left with cross in right hand, holding a wreath above Naličje: , u sredini Veronikin ru- arma Christi Mary’s head with left hand, to the right God the bac ispred prekriženog stupa i ljestvi, gore Duh Father holding the wreath above Mary’s head with Sveti/golubica – zrake, u smjeru kazaljke na right hand, sceptre in left hand, the two are seated, satu – vrč, kocke, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, Jesus nimbate, God the Father with triangle, above natpis: PAS.CHRIS SALV.NOS (passio Chri- them to the top the Holy Spirit – Dove – surround- sti salva nos) ed by rays, standing on clouds Mjere: 7,2 g; Ø = 33 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: arma Christi, at centre Veronica’s veil in Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1 (za front of crossed column and ladder, above the Holy naličje); KNEZ 2001, 113 (za naličje) i 96 (za Spirit/dove – rays, clockwise – pitcher, dice, robe, lice) cock, torch, inscription: PAS.CHRIS SALV.NOS (passio Christi salva nos) 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 714 Dimensions: 7.2 g; Ø = 33 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1 (for the ušicom, sekundarno bušena, 17. st., T5/3 reverse); KNEZ 2001, 113 (for the reverse) and 96 (for the obverse) Lice: križ arma Christi, križ, INRI s dvije točke, lovorov vijenac, iznad križa stigmatizirani dla- 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 714 novi, torbica s novcem, dvije prekrižene ruke, Description: oval devotional medal with fractured sablja, haljina, kliješta, čekić, Pilatov stolac, perpendicular eye, secondary perforation, 17th cen- bič sa zvjezdicama, ispod križa ukršteno koplje tury, T5/3 i štap sa spužvom, križ stoji na brdu, klinovi u Obverse: arma Christi cross, cross, INRI with two dnu križa, ispod sjecišta križa noge, natpis: PA- dots, laurel wreath, stigmatised palms above cross, SSIO CHRISTI CONFORTA ME: money pouch, two crossed hands, sabre, robe, pin- Naličje: simboli arma Christi, golubica gore u cers, hammer, Pilate’s chair, whip with stars, spear sredini, Veronikin rubac, ukršten stup i ljestve, and staff with sponge crossed beneath the cross, vrč, kocke, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, natpis: cross standing on a hill, wedges at the base of the PAS CHRIS SALVA ME cross, feet below the intersection of the cross, in- Mjere: 4,0 g; 30 x 27 mm; lijevana bronca scription: PASSIO CHRISTI CONFORTA ME: Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; Reverse: arma Christi symbols, dove above and to KNEZ 2001, 113 the centre, Veronica’s veil, crossed column and ladder, pitcher, dice, robe, cock, torch, inscription: 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 706A PAS CHRIS SALVA ME Dimensions: 4.0 g; 30 x 27 mm; cast bronze

153 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: okrugla medaljica s puknutom okomi- Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; KNEZ tom ušicom, iza 1610.g., T5/4 2001, 113 Lice: Navještenje Marijino, Anđeo Gabrijel 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 706A lijevo, Marija desno na klecalu, svetokrug, po- Description: round devotional medal with frac- pločan put, anđeo u lijevoj ruci drži ljiljane, de- tured perpendicular eye, post-1610, T5/4 snom rukom blagoslivlja Mariju, Marija lijevu ruku drži na prsima, u sredini gore Duh Sveti Obverse: Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, (golubica), okolo zrake the angel Gabriel left, Mary right on kneeler, nimbate, paved way, angel holds lilies in left hand, bless- Naličje: sv. Karlo Boromejski, u desnom profi- es Mary with right, Mary with left hand on chest, lu, nos, ruke sklopljene u molitvu, pred raspe- above and to the centre the Holy Spirit (dove), rays lom, svetokrug, natpis: .S.CAROL.BO.C.S.P around (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus Cardinalis Sanctae Praxedis) Reverse: St Carlo Borromeo, in right profile, nose, hands clasped in prayer, before the crucifix, nim- Mjere: 2,4 g; Ø = 22(28) mm; lijevana bronca bate, inscription: .S.CAROL.BO.C.S.P (Sanctus Analogije: BELAJ 2006, sl. 15 (za naličje koje Carolus Boromaeus Cardinalis Sanctae Praxedis) je drugačije koncipirano, ima i natpis ROMA) Dimensions: 2.4 g; Ø = 22(28) mm; cast bronze 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 707 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, fig. 15 (for the reverse Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, which is differently conceived and has the inscrip- 17./18. st., T5/5 tion ROMA) Lice: Maria Genazzano, Marija dobrog savje- 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 707 ta, Marija u haljini s velom, svetokrug od više Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- linija i okomitih zraka, Isus s desna, grli Mariju dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/5 lijevom rukom, ima haljinu, plašt i svetokrug s tri polukružne linije, dolje ispod crte natpis: Obverse: Maria Genazzano, Mary of Good Coun- MATER BONA CONSILLI (Majka dobrog sel, Mary in robes with veil, nimbus of several lines savjeta, Genazzano kraj Rima) and perpendicular rays, Jesus to the right, embracing Mary with left hand, robed, mantle and nim- Naličje: dva plamteća srca, lijevo natpis: IHS, bus with three semicircular lines, below under the desno MAR, iznad u sredini kruna, dolje u line the inscription: MATER BONA CONSILLI sredini, ROMA, natpis: FILI PRAEBE COR (Mother of Good Counsel, Genazzano near Rome) TUV (FILI PRAEBE MIHI COR TUU – Sine, daj mi svoje srce – Izr 23,26) Reverse: two flaming hearts, inscription left: IHS, right MAR, above and to the centre crown, Mjere: 7,8 g; 26(35,5) x 24,5 mm; lijevana down and to the centre, ROMA, inscription: FILI bronca PRAEBE COR TUV (FILI PRAEBE MIHI COR 6 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 1, PN 69 TUU – Son, give me your heart – Proverbs 23.26) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 7.8 g; 26(35.5) x 24.5 mm; cast nakon 1671. g., T5/6 bronze Lice: sv. Marija, desni profil, svetokrug od zra- 6 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 1, SF 69 ka, veo Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: sv. Kajetano, u habitu, sa svetokrugom, post-1671, T5/6 lijevi profil, u rukama drži malog Isusa, zrakasti Obverse: St Mary, right profile, rayed nimbus, veil svetokrug, natpis: S.CAIETANVS.T (sanctus Caietano Thiene) Reverse: St Cajetan, in habit, nimbate, left profile, holding the infant Jesus, rayed nimbus, inscription: Mjere: 2,0 g; Ø =17, v = 25 mm; lijevana bron- S.CAIETANVS.T (sanctus Caietano Thiene) ca Dimensions: 2.0 g; Ø =17, v = 25 mm; cast bronze 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 174 Opis: ovalna medaljica, sekundarno bušena, 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 174 17./18. st., T5/7 Description: oval devotional medal, secondary perforation, 17th/18th century, T5/7 Lice: dva anđela nose krunu iznad Marijine glave, ona sjedi, ispod ravna linija, okolo biserni niz prikaz nejasan

154 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: raspelo, stoji na liniji, okolo biserni Obverse: two angels bear crown above Mary’s head, niz, oko križa razni prikazi arma Christi – dvije she is seated, straight line below, beading around, figure – Marija i sv. Ivan, kalež, pijevac, ljestve, depiction unclear stup, Veronikin rubac, koplje, uho Reverse: crucifix, standing on line, beading around, Mjere: 3,9 g; 31 x 25 mm; lijevana bronca various depictions of the arma Christi around the Analogija: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cross – two figures – Mary and St John, chalice, 28.55 (naličje) cock, ladder, column, Veronica’s veil, spear, ear Dimensions: 3.9 g; 31 x 25 mm; cast bronze 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 1000 Analogija: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.55 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 18. (reverse) st., T5/8 Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu, trnova kruna, sve- 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 1000 tokrug s križem, zrake oko njega Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: Marija u desnom profilu, veo, sveto- dicular eye, 18th century, T5/8 krug s križem, zrake oko nje Obverse: Jesus in left profile, crown of thorns, nim- Mjere:7,6 g; 24(33) x 21 mm; lijevana bronca bus with cross, around him rays Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 159 Reverse: Mary in right profile, veil, nimbus with cross, around her rays 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 01, PN 977 Dimensions:7.6 g; 24(33) x 21 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 159 st., T5/9 Lice: Marija s krunom, svetokrug, veo, plašt, 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 01, SF 977 drži u lijevom naručju okrunjenog Isusa u svom Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- plaštu, natpis: S.M.M.S. (Sancta Maria Mater dicular eye, 17th century, T5/9 Salvatoris – sv. Marija, Majka Spasitelja) Obverse: Mary crowned, nimbate, veil, mantle, Naličje: monogram IHS u konveksnom štitu, holding in her left embrace the crowned Jesus in her okolo traka s okomitim urezima i kuglama mantle, inscription: S.M.M.S. (Sancta Maria Mater Mjere: 4,7 g; 23(32) x 20 mm; lijevana bronca Salvatoris – St Mary, Mother of the Saviour) Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 295 Reverse: monogram IHS in convex shield, band around with perpendicular incisions and orbs 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 712 Dimensions: 4.7 g; 23(32) x 20 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 295 1699. g., T5/10 Lice: križ s trolisnim završecima nose dva 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 712 anđela, u sredini križa je štit, natpis: ECCE Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- LIGNVM CRVCIS IQ SALVS MVNDI PE- dicular eye, 1699, T5/10 PENDIT (Evo drvo križa, na kojem je visio Obverse: cross with trefoil terminals borne by two Spas svijeta) angels, shield at the centre of the cross, inscription: Naličje: tabernakul s hostijom na vrhu, natpis: ECCE LIGNVM CRVCIS IQ SALVS MVNDI HOSTIA MIRACVLOSA AD S:CRVCEM PEPENDIT (Behold the wood of the Cross on AVGVSTAE, dolje ispod linije: 1699 which hung the Saviour of the world) Mjere: 8,2 g; 33(40) x 27 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: tabernacle with Host atop, inscription: Analogije: PEUS 1982, 228, 230 HOSTIA MIRACVLOSA AD S:CRVCEM AVGVSTAE, down below the line: 1699 11 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 226 Dimensions: 8.2 g; 33(40) x 27 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: PEUS 1982, 228, 230 17./18. st., T5/11 Lice: Isus i Marija u lijevom profilu, svetokrug, 11 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 226 u haljinama, Marija ima veo sa zvijezdom na Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- glavi dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/11 Naličje: raspelo s reljefnim (plitkim) korpu- Obverse: Jesus and Mary in left profile, nimbate, in som, pri vrhu sunce i mjesec, križ iz ravne linije robes, Mary with veil and star on head

155 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

– zemlje, natpis oko križa: IESV.XPS./REX.O Reverse: crucifix with (shallow) relief corpus, ORIE.VE/NITIN PACE.DE/VS.HOM/ sun and moon near top, cross from straight line – FACVTS/EST ETV ERBVM/CARO- earth, inscription around the cross: IESV.XPS./ FA CT.EST.X/PS.VL? XPS.RE/G.XPS.A REX.O ORIE.VE/NITIN PACE.DE/VS.HOM/ RO.NOS/DEFE NDET FACVTS/EST ETV ERBVM/CAROFA Mjere: 3,6 g; 26(34) x 22mm; lijevana bronca CT.EST.X/PS.VL? XPS.RE/G.XPS.A RO.NOS/ DEFE NDET Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34; KNEZ 2001, 136 Dimensions: 3.6 g; 26(34) x 22mm; cast bronze Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34; 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 408 KNEZ 2001, 136 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T5/12 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 408 Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu s trnovom krunom i Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ogrtačem, natpis: ECCE . HOMO dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/12 Naličje: sv. Franjo u habitu sa svetokrugom, Obverse: Jesus in left profile with crown of thorns ima bradu,u rukama s desna grli raspelo, natpis: and mantle, inscription: ECCE . HOMO S.FRANCISCE.ORA.PRO.NOBIS Reverse: St Francis in habit with nimbus, bearded, Mjere: 5,0 g; 24(32) x 19 mm; lijevana bronca embracing the crucifix with hands from the right, inscription: S.FRANCISCE.ORA.PRO.NOBIS Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 274; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 46 (za lice) Dimensions: 5.0 g; 24(32) x 19 mm; cast bronze Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 274; KRÁLÍKO- 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 324 VÁ 2004, 46 (for the obverse) Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T5/13 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 324 Lice: Bezgrešna (Immaculata) na polumje- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- secu, dva anđela kod nogu, u traci natpis: dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/13 MARIA.I.CIELO.ASSUNT, u traci četiri ke- Obverse: The Immaculate Virgin (Immaculata) on rubina jedan nasuprot drugome crescent moon, two angels at her feet, inscription in Naličje: iz kaleža viri hostija, oko nje svetokrug the band: MARIA.I.CIELO.ASSUNT, four facing valovitih linija, dva anđela sa strane, polje s nat- cherubim in the band pisom ROMA, odijeljeno ravnom linijom od Reverse: Host projecting from the chalice, around prikaza, traka s natpisom: S.CAL.AV.IL.SS.SA. it a nimbus of wavy lines, two angels to the sides, CRA, kerubini field with inscription ROMA, separated from the Mjere: 2,8 g; 24 x 18 mm, s istacima 33 x 26 depiction by a straight line, band with inscription: mm; lijevana bronca S.CAL.AV.IL.SS.SA.CRA, cherubim Dimensions: 2.8 g; 24 x 18 mm, with prominences 14 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 240 33 x 26 mm; cast bronze Opis: srcolika (listolika) medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. st., T5/14 14 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 240 Lice: raspelo, desno sunce, lijevo mjesec, iza Description: cordiform (foliate) devotional medal natpis: with perpendicular eye, 17th century, T5/14 IESV XPS.R/EXGLO VENI/ NPA TEUS/ Obverse: crucifix, sun right, moon left, inscription MO ES.P/ ER RP/ ES S behind: Naličje: Marija sjedi, lijevu je ruku naslonila IESV XPS.R/EXGLO VENI/ NPA TEUS/ MO na knjigu u krilu, desna ruka pod bradom, kao ES.P/ ER RP/ ES S da se naslonila na nju,svetokrug, bogati nabori Reverse: Mary seated, left hand resting on a book in haljine, natpis: EGO.DOR.COR.MOA. (Ego her lap, right hand under her chin, as if resting on it, dormio et cor meum vigilat – Ja spavam, ali nimbate, many folds in the robe, inscription: EGO. moje srce bdi – Pjesma nad pjesmama 5,2) DOR.COR.MOA. (Ego dormio et cor meum vigi- Mjere: 2,0 g; 21(27) x 20mm; lijevana bronca lat – I sleep, but my heart is awake – Song of Songs 5.2) Analogije: DIMT 1987, abb. 8 (naličje) Dimensions: 2.0 g; 21(27) x 20mm; cast bronze

156 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

15 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 8, SJ 294, PN 158 Analogies: DIMT 1987, abb. 8 (reverse) Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- 15 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 294, SF 158 com, 17./18. st., T5/15 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Lice: sv. Euharistija, natpis: S A L S . SAC. pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/15 kalež stoji na oblacima, hostija iz kaleža, na ho- Obverse: The Holy Eucharist, inscription: S A L S stiji križ, okolo zrake . SAC. Naličje: Bezgrešna na polumjesecu, svetokrug chalice standing on clouds, Host projecting from od zvijezda, iza lica zrake, ruke sklopljene na chalice, cross on the Host, rays around prsima, natpis: B. IRGO. SINE. LABE. CON- CEPT. Reverse: The Immaculate Virgin on crescent moon, nimbus of stars, rays behind face, hands clasped on Mjere: 2,7 g; 18(24,5) x 15 mm; lijevana bron- chest, inscription: B. IRGO. SINE. LABE. CON- ca, reljef CEPT. 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 82 Dimensions: 2.7 g; 18(24.5) x 15 mm; cast bronze, Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- relief com, 17./18. st. T5/16 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 82 Lice: sv. Euharistija, kalež na oblacima, u viti- Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- cama oko kaleža hostija s natpisom IHS, iznad pendicular eye, 17th/18th century T5/16 križ, oko svega zrake Obverse: The Holy Eucharist, chalice on clouds, Naličje: Bezgrešna, stoji na polumjesecu, ruke in the scrollwork around the chalice Host with in- sklopljene lijevo na prsima, svetokrug od zvijez- scription IHS, cross above, rays around all da, oko nje zrake Reverse: The Immaculate Virgin, standing on cres- Mjere: 2,9 g; 18(26) x 15 mm; lijevana bronca cent moon, hands clasped left on chest, nimbus of Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, sl. 21b (za lice, slič- stars, rays around her na) i 12a (za naličje, slična) Dimensions: 2.9 g; 18(26) x 15 mm; cast bronze 17 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 302, PN 152 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, fig. 21b (for the ob- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 18. verse, similar) and 12a (for the reverse, similar) st., T5/17 17 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 302, SF 152 Lice: Maria Scholarum piarum, okrunje- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- na Marija (tijara) grli se s Isusom u desnom dicular eye, 18th century, T5/17 naručju, on isto okrunjen tijarom natpis: Obverse: , Mary crowned B.V.M.SHCOLAR.PIAR PA (Beata Virgo Maria Scholarum piarum (tiara) embracing Jesus to right, he too is crowned Maria Scholarum Piarum Pauperum - Blažena Djevica Marija od Reda siromašnih klerikalnih with tiara, inscription: B.V.M.SHCOLAR.PIAR svećenika milosrdnih škola) PA (Beata Virgo Maria Scholarum Piarum Paupe- rum – Blessed Virgin Mary of the Order of Poor Naličje: Marijin monogram s krunom MP OY Clerical Priests of the Pious Schools) (Maria Meter Theu - Marija, majka Božja), pi- jaristički grb Reverse: Mary’s monogram with crown MP OY (Maria Meter Theu - Mary, Mother of God), Piarist Mjere: 3,0 g; 20(26) x 11 mm; lijevana bronca, shield reljef Dimensions: 3.0 g; 20(26) x 11 mm; cast bronze, Analogije: KUNCZE 1885, 222; PEUS 1982, relief 2503; KNEZ 2001, 106 (lice); KRÁLIKOVÁ 2004, 125 Analogies: KUNCZE 1885, 222; PEUS 1982, 2503; KNEZ 2001, 106 (obverse); KRÁLIKOVÁ 18 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 511 2004, 125 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 18 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 511 17./18. st., T5/18 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: sv. Marija, poprsje en face, svetokrug, veo i dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T5/18 nešto nečitljivo piše okolo Obverse: St Mary, bust en face, nimbate, veil and Naličje: sv. Antun s djetetom Isusom, u desnoj i something illegible around lijevoj ruci baklja ili buket cvijeća

157 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 0,7 g; 13(20) x 10 mm; brončani lim Reverse: St Anthony with infant Jesus, torch or bouquet of flowers in right and left hand Tabla 6 – medaljice Dimensions: 0.7 g; 13(20) x 10 mm; bronze plate

1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 950 Table 6 – devotional medals Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. st., T6/1 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 950 Lice: arma Christi, u sredini Veronikin rubac Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, ispred prekriženog stupa i ljestvi, gore Duh Sve- 17th century, T6/1 ti/golubica – zrake, u smjeru kazaljke na satu Obverse: arma Christi, at centre Veronica’s veil in – vrč, kocke, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, natpis: front of crossed column and ladder, above the Holy PAS.CHRIS SALV.NOS (passio Christi salva Spirit/dove – rays, clockwise – pitcher, dice, robe, nos – muko Kristova spasi nas) cock, torch, inscription: PAS.CHRIS SALV.NOS Naličje: križ s motivima Kristove muke, na (passio Christi salva nos – Passion of Christ save us) križu trnova kruna, koplje sa spužvom, kliješta, Reverse: cross with motifs of the Passion of Christ, ruke, strijela, čekić, neprepoznatljivo kao i nat- crown of thorns on the cross, spear with sponge, pis: ANIM MISERERE . NOBIS pincers, hands, arrow, hammer, unrecognisable, and Mjere: 5,8 g; Ø = 30,5, v = 40 mm; lijevana illegible inscription: ANIM MISERERE . NOBIS bronca Dimensions: 5.8 g; Ø = 30.5, v = 40 mm; cast Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; bronze KNEZ 2001, 113 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; KNEZ 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 111, SJ 886, PN 2001, 113 789 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 111, SU 886, SF 789 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, pol. 18. st., T6/2 mid 18th century, T6/2 Lice: križ arma Christi, križ, INRI s dvije točke, Obverse: arma Christi cross, cross, INRI with two lovorov vijenac, iznad križa stigmatizirani dla- dots, laurel wreath, above the cross stigmatised novi, torbica s novcem, dvije prekrižene ruke, palms, money pouch, two crossed hands, sabre, sablja, haljina, kliješta, čekić, Pilatov stolac, robe, pincers, hammer, Pilate’s chair, whip with bič sa zvjezdicama, ispod križa ukršteno koplje stars, below the cross spear and staff with sponge i štap sa spužvom, križ stoji na brdu, klinovi u crossed, cross on a hill, wedges at the base of the dnu križa, ispod sjecišta križa noge, natpis: PA- cross, feet beneath the intersection of the cross, in- SSIO CHRISTI CONFORTA ME – Muko scription: PASSIO CHRISTI CONFORTA ME Kristova utješi me – Passion of Christ comfort me Naličje: simboli arma Christi, golubica gore u Reverse: arma Christi symbols, dove above and to sredini, Veronikin rubac, ukršten stup i ljestve, the centre, Veronica’s veil, crossed column and lad- vrč, kocke, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, natpis: der, pitcher, dice, robe, cock, torch, inscription: PAS.CRI.SAL.NOS (PASSIO CHRISTI PAS.CRI.SAL.NOS (PASSIO CHRISTI SALVA SALVA NOS – muko Kristova, spasi nas) NOS – Passion of Christ, save us) Mjere: 18,1 g; Ø = 35, v = 43 mm; lijevana Dimensions: 18.1 g; Ø = 35, v = 43 mm; cast bronca bronze Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; KNEZ KNEZ 2001, 113 2001, 113 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 1002, PN 1002 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 1002, SF 1002 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17. st., T6/3 17th century, T6/3 Lice: križ s arma Christi, lovorov vijenac, ko- Obverse: cross with arma Christi, laurel wreath, plje i štap sa spužvom prekriženi iza križa, ruke, spear and staff with sponge crossed behind the noge, klinovi u dnu križa, vrećica s novcem, cross, hands, feet, wedges at the base of the cross, batina, vrč, kliješta, čekić, bič, bič sa zvjezdica- money pouch, bludgeon, pitcher, pincers, hammer,

158 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ma, križ stoji na brežuljku, natpis: SAN DEVS whip, whip with stars, cross on a hill, inscription: SAN FORT SAN IME SAN DEVS SAN FORT SAN IME Naličje: oruđa Kristove muke, golubica gore u Reverse: the weapons of Christ’s passion, dove sredini, Veronikin rubac, ukršten stup i ljestve, above and to the centre, Veronica’s veil, crossed vrč, kocke, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, natpis: column and ladder, pitcher, dice, robe, cock, torch, CON (jedino čitljivo od PASIO CHRISTI inscription: CON (the only legible part of PASIO CONFORTA ME) CHRISTI CONFORTA ME) Mjere: 6,0 g; Ø = 28 v = 37 mm; lijevana bron- Dimensions: 6.0 g; Ø = 28 v = 37 mm; cast bronze ca Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; KNEZ Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; 2001, 113 KNEZ 2001, 113 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 95, SU 803, SF 699A 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 95, SJ 803, PN Description: round devotional medal with frac- 699A tured eye, secondary perforation, 17th century, Opis: okrugla medaljica s puknutom ušicom, T6/4 sekundarno bušena, 17. st., T6/4 Obverse: arma Christi cross, at centre cross with Lice: križ arma Christi, u sredini križ s vijen- wreath at intersection and flaming heart, inscrip- cem na sjecištu i plamtećim srcem, natpis INRI, tion INRI, fists above the antenna, feet bellow, over iznad antene šake, ispod stopala, preko križa the cross a spear from which hangs a whip with stars ukršteno koplje na kojemu visi bič sa zvjezdi- crossed with a staff with sponge, crossed hands, cama i štap sa spužvom, prekrižene ruke, mač, sword, pouch with silver coins, mantle around the vrećica sa srebrnjacima, plašt oko patibuluma, patibulum, pincers, hammer, flower, inscription: kliješta, čekić, cvijet, natpis: PASS.CHRIS. PASS.CHRIS.CONFOR.ME (PASSIO CHRIS- CONFOR.ME (PASSIO CHRISTI CON- TI CONFORTA ME – Passion of Christ, comfort FORTA ME – muko Kristova, utješi me) me) Naličje: simboli arma Christi, u vrhu Duh Sveti Reverse: arma Christi symbols, at top the Holy (golubica) okružena zrakama, stup i ljestve pre- Spirit (dove) rays encircling, crossed column and križene, u sredini Veronikin rubac, vrč, kocke, ladder, at centre Veronica’s veil, pitcher, dice, robe, haljina, pijetao, svijećnjak, natpis: PAS.CRI. cock, torch, inscription: PAS.CRI.SAL.NOS. SAL.NOS. (PASSIO CHRISTI SALVA NOS (PASSIO CHRISTI SALVA NOS – Passion of – muko Kristova, spasi nas) Christ, save us) Mjere: 8,0 g; Ø = 27 mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 8.0 g; Ø = 27 mm; cast bronze Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T.42/1; KNEZ KNEZ 2001, 113 2001, 113 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 91, SJ 786, PN 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 91, SU 786, SF 651 651 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th/18th century, T6/5 17./18. st., T6/5 Obverse: inscription: SALVATOR, likely also Lice: natpis: SALVATOR, vjerojatno i MUND MUND but very worn, Jesus in right profile, beard- ali jako je izlizan, Isus u desnom profilu, brada, ed, long hair, robe, mantle, nimbus duga kosa, haljina, plašt, svetokrug Reverse: Mary, youthful, robe, mantle, right profile, Naličje: Marija, mladolika, haljina, plašt, desni inscription worn to illegibility profil, natpis izlizan do nečitljivosti Dimensions: 17.5 g; Ø = 33(42) mm; cast bronze Mjere: 17,5 g; Ø = 33(42) mm; lijevana bronca 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 717 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 717 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th century, T6/6 17. st., T6/6 Obverse: Jesus in right profile, cross nimbus, man- Lice: Isus u desnom profilu, križni svetokrug, tle, inscription: SALVATOR MVNDI . SALVAN plašt, natpis: SALVATOR MVNDI . SALVAN Reverse: Mary in left profile, cross nimbus, veil, -in scription: MATER IESV CHRISTI

159 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: Marija u lijevom profilu, križni sveto- Dimensions:16.2 g; Ø = 32, v = 42 mm; cast krug, veo, natpis: MATER IESV CHRISTI bronze Mjere:16,2 g; Ø = 32, v = 42 mm; lijevana Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 60 bronca 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 113 Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 60 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye. 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 113 17th/18th century, T6/7 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom uši- Obverse: Jesus in left profile, nimbate, mantle com,17./18. st., T6/7 Reverse: Mary in right profile, nimbate, veil Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu, svetokrug, plašt Dimensions:1.4 g; Ø = 14, v = 21 mm; cast bronze Naličje: Marija u desnom profilu, svetokrug, Analogies: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; KRÁLÍKOVÁ veo 2004, 46, fig.37a (both in terms of concept) Mjere:1,4 g; Ø = 14, v = 21 mm; lijevana bronca 8 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 294, SF 122 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye Analogije: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; and jump ring, 17th/18th century, T6/8 KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 46, sl.37a (obje koncepcijski) Obverse: Jesus in right profile, nimbate, mantle Reverse: Mary in right profile, rays around the 8 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 294 PN 122 head, mantle, veil Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom i Dimensions: 2.3 g; Ø = 16, v = 24 mm; cast bronze karičicom, 17./18. st., T6/8 Analogies: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; KRÁLÍKOVÁ Lice: Isus u desnom profilu, svetokrug, plašt 2004, 46, fig.37a (both in terms of concept) Naličje: Marija u desnom profilu, oko glave zrake, plašt, veo 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 955 Mjere: 2,3 g; Ø = 16, v = 24 mm; lijevana bron- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ca dicular eye, post-1622, T6/9 Analogije: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; Obverse: figures of two saints, likely the five can- KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 46, sl.37a (obje koncep- onised in 1622 cijski) Reverse: right three figures of saints, standing on line 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 955 Dimensions: 0.7 g; 12(20) x 11 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, nakon 1622. g., T6/9 Analogies: (typological) JAGGI 1987, T1/3b; FASSBINDER 2003, T25/4 Lice: dvije svetačke figure, vjerojatno petero kanoniziranih 1622. g. 10 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 7, SU 250, SF 72 Naličje: desno tri svetačke figure, stoje na liniji Description: oval devotional medal, the eye has Mjere: 0,7 g; 12(20) x 11 mm; lijevana bronca fallen off, secondary perforation, 17th/18th century, T6/10 Analogije: (tipološka) JAGGI 1987, T1/3b; FASSBINDER 2003, T25/4 Obverse: Jesus in left profile, rays encircling, crown of thorns, mantle 10 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 7, SJ 250, PN Reverse: Mary in left profile, rays encircling, man- 72 tle, veil Opis: ovalna medaljica, ušica otpala, sekundar- Dimensions: 5.5 g; 23 x 20 mm; cast bronze no bušena, 17./18. st., T6/10 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 127 (very similar) Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu, oko njega zrake, trnova kruna, plašt 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 01, SF 235 Naličje: Marija u lijevom profilu, oko nje zrake, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel plašt, veo eye, damaged, secondary perforation, 17th/18th Mjere: 5,5 g; 23 x 20 mm; lijevana bronca century, T6/11 Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 127 (vrlo slična) Obverse: Jesus in left profile Reverse: Mary in left profile 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 01, PN 235

160 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Dimensions: 2.4 g; 22.5(24) x 19 mm; cast bronze oštećena, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st., T6/11 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 294 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T6/12 Naličje: Marija u lijevom profilu Obverse: Jesus in left profile, nimbate, crown of Mjere: 2,4 g; 22,5(24) x 19 mm; lijevana bron- thorns, mantle, inscription: SALVTOR.MVNDI ca Reverse: Mary in left profile, veil, robe, nimbate, -in 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 294 scription: PVLCHRA.VT. VNA (Pulchra ut Luna) Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 3.3 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; cast bronze 17./18. st., T6/12 Analogies: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; KRÁLÍKOVÁ Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu, svetokrug, trnova 2004, 46, fig. 37a (both in terms of concept) kruna, plašt, natpis: SALVTOR.MVNDI 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 109 Naličje: Marija u lijevom profilu, veo, halji- Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- na, svetokrug, natpis: PVLCHRA.VT. VNA pendicular eye, 18th century, T6/13 (Pulchra ut Luna) Obverse: Jesus in left profile, crowned with crown Mjere: 3,3 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; lijevana bronca of thorns, mantle, rayed nimbus, edge emphasised Analogije: JAGGI 1987, TVI/32; with straight protruding profiling KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 46, sl.37a (obje koncep- Reverse: St Mary, veil, rayed nimbus, edge like on cijski) the obverse 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 109 Dimensions: 9.4 g; 25(33) x 22 mm, l = 2 mm; cast Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- bronze com, 18. st., T6/13 Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 61 (lice); KRN- Lice: Isus u lijevom profilu, okrunjen trnovom JAK 2004, 133, no. 10 krunom, plašt, svetokrug od zraka, rub nazna- čen ravnom ispupčenom profilacijom Table 7 – devotional medals Naličje: sv. Marija, veo, svetokrug od zraka, rub kao na licu 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 967 Mjere: 9,4 g; 25(33) x 22 mm, d = 2 mm; lije- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel vana bronca eye, 17th/18th century, T7/1 Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 61 (lice); Obverse: Jesus in right profile, floral band around KRNJAK 2004, 133, br. 10 Reverse: Mary in left profile, veil, floral band around Tabla 7 – medaljice Dimensions: 5.8 g; 40(44) x 33 mm; bronze plate Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 227 1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 967 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 930 17./18. st., T7/1 Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Lice: Isusov desni profil, uokolo floralna traka eye and three small nubs, 17th/18th century, T7/2 Naličje: Marijin lijevi profil, veo, uokolo floral- Obverse: in the shield at centre Jesus in right prona traka file, around the shield lavish floral band, long hair, mantle, nimbus, inscription: SOLE CLARIOR Mjere: 5,8 g; 40(44) x 33 mm; brončani lim Reverse: Mary in left profile in the shield at centre, Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 227 veil, nimbate, around the shield lavish floral band, 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 930 three decorative nubs at the poles, inscription: PV- Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i LCHRA VT LVNA tri gumbića, 17./18. st., T7/2 Dimensions: 11.3 g; 41(49) x 35(37.5) mm; cast Lice: u štitu u sredini Isus u desnom profilu, bronze oko štita bogata floralna traka, duga kosa, plašt, 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 990 svetokrug, natpis: SOLE CLARIOR

161 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: Marija u lijevom profilu u štitu u sre- Description: oval devotional medal with frac- dini, veo, svetokrug, oko štita bogata floralna tured perpendicular eye, secondary perforation, traka, tri ukrasna gumba na polovima, natpis; 17th/18th century, T7/3 PVLCHRA VT LVNA Obverse: St Peter and St Paul – left and right, the Mjere: 11,3 g; 41(49) x 35(37,5) mm; lijevana Holy Stairs, at top Veronica’s veil, St Paul with bronca sword in right hand, St Peter with key in left hand, beneath the line below ROMA 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 990 Reverse: Jesus on the cross, stylised tree rings, above Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom and to the left the sun, above and to the right the ušicom, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st., T7/3 moon, titulus INRI, around the cross an invocation Lice: sv. Petar i sv. Pavao – lijevo i desno, Svete against inclement weather in 9 rows: IESVS. XP- stube, na vrhu Veronikin rubac, sv. Pavao u de- SRT / X.GRR.V BIN.PAC / DIV.HO PAC.BS / snoj ruci ima mač, sv. Petar u lijevoj ruci ključ, XTVER CAR.PA / XSXPS VIN.X.PS / XEOXP ispod linije dolje ROMA S.IMPX / XSABO MNIM /ALON OS.D / XI IX Naličje: Isus na križu, stilizirani godovi, lijevo Dimensions: 4.6 g; 30.5 (33) x 24.5 mm; cast gore sunce, desno gore mjesec, titulus INRI, bronze oko križa zaziv protiv nevremena u 9 redova: Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34 IESVS. XPSRT / X.GRR.V BIN.PAC / DIV. (reverse); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 64 (reverse); HO PAC.BS / XTVER CAR.PA / XSXPS KNEZ 2001, 79 (obverse) VIN.X.PS / XEOXP S.IMPX / XSABO MNIM /ALON OS.D / XI IX 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, GR 83, SU 484, SF 407 Mjere: 4,6 g; 30,5(33) x 24,5 mm; lijevana Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- bronca dicular eye, 1600, T7/4 Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, Obverse: The Holy Staircase, figure with staff 28.34 (naličje); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 64 (na- kneeling on right knee, inscription: .IVSTI.IN- ličje); KNEZ 2001, 79 (lice) TRA EAT.PER.EAM, below the year: . 1600 . 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, GR 83, SJ 484, PN Reverse: St Peter with key in right hand, with long 407 robes and nimbus, St Paul with sword in right hand, long robe, nimbus, God the Father with crucifix on Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, lap, triangle around the head, below under the line 1600. g., T7/4 the inscription: SP SP (Sts Peter and Paul) Lice: Svete stube, na desnom koljenu kleči fi- Dimensions: 2.2 g; 22 (32) x 18 mm; cast bronze gura sa štapom, natpis: .IVSTI.INTRA EAT. PER.EAM, dolje godina: . 1600 . 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 682 Naličje: sv. Petar drži u desnoj ruci ključ,ima Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- dugu haljinu i svetokrug, sv. Pavao drži u desnoj dicular eye, 1600, T7/5 ruci mač, duga haljina, svetokrug, Bog Otac Obverse: The Holy Staircase, cross at top, kneeling drži u krilu raspelo, trokut oko glave, dolje is- figure in front with staff, down and at the centre the pod linije natpis: SP SP (sv. Petar i Pavao) year: . 1600. , inscription: .IVSTI.INTRA EAT. Mjere: 2,2 g; 22(32) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca PER.EAM. 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 682 Reverse: St Peter left, with key in left hand and St Paul right, with sword in right hand, standing on Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, line, beneath it the inscription: .S.P.S.P., above and 1600. g., T7/5 at the centre God the Father, triangle around the Lice: Svete stube, križ na vrhu, ispred kleči fi- head, orb in left hand, blessing with right, rays en- gura sa štapom, u sredini dolje godina: . 1600. , circling, below him clouds, between Peter and Paul natpis: .IVSTI.INTRA EAT.PER.EAM. the papal crown Naličje: sv. Petar lijevo, s ključem u lijevoj ruci i Dimensions: 3.1 g; 22 (30) x 17 (22) mm; cast sv. Pavao desno, s mačem u desnoj ruci, stoje na bronze liniji, ispod nje natpis: .S.P.S.P., u sredini gore Bog Otac, trokut oko glave, u lijevoj ruci kugla, 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 01, SF 976 desnom blagoslivlja, okolo zrake, ispod njega Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- oblaci, između Petra i Pavla papinska kruna pendicular eye, 1700, T7/6

162 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 3,1 g; 22(30) x 17(22) mm; lijevana Obverse: The Holy Staircase, year on them, two fig- bronca ures standing left, three figures kneeling right, one figure kneeling in front, one in proskynesis stance, 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 01, PN 976 inscription: ANNO IVBILEI 1700 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- Reverse: St Peter, right profile, nimbate, inscrip- com, 1700. g., T7/6 tion: S.PETRVS.APOST. Lice: Svete stube, na njima godina, lijevo stoje Dimensions: 6.4 g; 23(32) x 19.5 mm; cast bronze dvije figure, desno tri figure kleče, ispred jedna figura kleči, jedna u proskinezi, natpis: ANNO 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, GR 38, SU 340, SF IVBILEI 1700 187A Naličje: sv. Petar, desni profil, svetokrug, nat- Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- pis: S.PETRVS.APOST. pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T7/7 Mjere: 6,4 g; 23(32) x 19,5 mm; lijevana bron- Obverse: the Archangel Michael, standing on the ca devil, sword in right hand, balance in left hand, dressed as a Roman soldier, wings spread, rayed 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, GR 38, SJ 340, PN nimbus, inscription: S.MICHAEL.ARCHAN. 187A Reverse: guardian angel, with right hand embrac- Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- ing child with hands clasped on chest in prayer, com, 17./18. st., T7/7 left hand raised in blessing or protection, rays from Lice: arkanđeo Mihael, stoji na đavlu, u desnoj cloud above and to the right, angel in robes, wings ruci mač, u lijevoj ruci vaga, obučen kao rimski spread, inscription: ANGELVS.CVSTOS., down vojnik, raširenih krila, zrake svetokruga, natpis: and below the line ROMA S.MICHAEL.ARCHAN. Dimensions: 3.6 g; 29(38) x 25 mm; cast bronze Naličje: anđeo čuvar, desnom rukom grli dijete koje ima sklopljene ruke na prsima u molitvi, li- 8 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 8/10, SU 294, SF 275 jeva ruka dignuta kao na blagoslov ili zaštitu, iz Description: octagonal devotional medal, the eye oblaka desno gore zrake, anđeo u haljini, rašire- has fallen off, 17th/18th century, T7/8 nih krila, natpis: ANGELVS.CVSTOS., ispod Obverse: worshippers kneeling before the broken linije dolje u dnu ROMA Holy Door, rays behind them, down and below Mjere: 3,6 g; 29(38) x 25 mm; lijevana bronca the line the inscription ROMA, to the right of the door a seated man with staff in right hand with left 8 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 8/10, SJ 294, PN 275 hand on chest, observing the people, behind him a Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, otpala ušica, standing figure (male?) with staff in left hand, right 17./18. st., T7/8 hand on chest; to the left side of the door “the curi- Lice: vjernici kleče pred razbijenim Svetim ous,” behind them three spears, inscription: NNO vratima, iza njih zrake, dolje ispod linije natpis IVBILEY ROMA, s desne strane vrata sjedi čovjek sa šta- Reverse: crucifix with corpus in (shallow) relief, pom u desnoj ruci s lijevom rukom na prsima, near the top the sun and moon, cross from a straight promatra ljude, iza njega stojeća figura (muška- line – earth, to both sides of the cross the inscrip- rac?) sa štapom u lijevoj ruci, desna na prsima; tion: IESV CHRI/REX.GL OR.V/IN .PAC ??.V/ s lijeve strane vrata „znatiželjnici“, iza njih tri OMFAC /E.VER /EST.XP VINCI/XPS.R XPS/ koplja, natpis: NNO IVBILEY XPS.A / A N.D Naličje: raspelo s reljefnim (plitkim) korpu- Dimensions: 4.5 g; 29 x 25 mm; cast bronze som, pri vrhu sunce i mjesec, križ iz ravne li- Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34 nije – zemlje, s obje strane križa natpis: IESV (reverse); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 52 (reverse); CHRI/REX.GL OR.V/IN .PAC ??.V/OM- KNEZ 2001, 103 (obverse) FAC /E.VER /EST.XP VINCI/XPS.R XPS/ XPS.A / A N.D 9 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 336, SF 307 Mjere: 4,5 g; 29 x 25 mm; lijevana bronca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, bent, post-1622, T7/9 28.34(naličje); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 52 (na- Obverse: two figures in habit, rays above and be- ličje); KNEZ 2001, 103 (lice) tween them, both nimbate, the left figure with book in left hand, lily in right hand and broad mantle, the

163 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

9 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 336, PN right figure has hands clasped in front of chest in 307 prayer, standing on line below; inscription to the Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, left: S . I svinuta, nakon 1622. g., T7/9 Reverse: three figures, central figure kneeling on Lice: dvije figure u habitu, gore između njih cushion, hands before head in prayer, the right fig- zrake, obje imaju svetokrug, lijeva figura ima ure is a woman, with hands clasped over belly in knjigu u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj ljiljan i širok plašt, prayer, the left figure has left hand extended, with desna figura drži ruke sklopljene ispred prsa u book in right hand, standing on line, below the in- molitvi, stoje na liniji dolje; natpis s lijeva: S . I scription: . S . T . S . G . S . F . N, beneath: ROMA Naličje: tri figure, središnja kleči na jastuku, These are the five canonised in 1622: St Isidore of ruke ispred glave u molitvi, desna figura je žen- Madrid, St Francis Xavier, St Ignatius of Loyola, St ska, ima ruke sklopljene u molitvi na trbuhu, Teresa of Avila, St Philip Neri lijeva figura ima lijevu ruku ispruženu, u desnoj Dimensions: 2.3 g; Ø = 22, v = 28 mm; cast bronze drži knjigu, stoje na liniji, ispod je natpis: . S . T Analogies: JAGGI 1987, T1/3b; FASSBINDER . S . G . S . F . N, ispod: ROMA 2003, T25/4 Radi se o petero kanoniziranih 1622.g.: Izidor Madridski, Franjo Ksaverski, Ignacije Lojola, 10 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 454 Tereza Avilska, Filip Neri Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 1622, T7/10 Mjere: 2,3 g; Ø = 22, v = 28 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: at centre Host with inscription IHS (illegible, three arrows below), rays behind, down and Analogije: JAGGI 1987, T1/3b; FASSBIN- below the line: ROMA, to the right of the Host St DER 2003, T25/4 Ignatius of Loyola with the Constitutions of the So- 10 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 454 ciety in hand, to the left St Francis Xavier, inscrip- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, tion: ATIO S FRAN . XA 1622. g., T7/10 Reverse: three figures, the central figure has a Lice: u sredini hostija s natpisom IHS (nečit- short robe and staff (St Isidore), the right figure is a ljivo, ispod tri strelice), iza zrake, ispod linije woman (St Teresa), the left figure is St Philip Neri, dolje: ROMA, s desne strane hostije sv. Ignacije inscription in the field down and below the line: Lojola s knjigom Reda u ruci, s lijeva sv. Franjo S.T.S.I.S.P Ksaverski, natpis: ATIO S FRAN . XA Dimensions: 1.6 g; Ø = 23 , v = 30 mm; cast bronze Naličje: tri figure, središnja figura ima kratku Analogies: JAGGI 1987,T1/3b; FASSBINDER haljinu i štap (sv. Izidor), desna figura je ženska 2003, T25/4 (sv. Tereza), lijeva figura je sv. Filip Neri, natpis u polju ispod linije dolje: S.T.S.I.S.P 11 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 261 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Mjere: 1,6 g; Ø = 23 , v = 30 mm; lijevana 17th century, T7/11 bronca Obverse: two saints, Sts Felix and Adauctus, nim- Analogije: JAGGI 1987,T1/3b; FASSBIN- bate, in robes, each with palm frond in right hand, DER 2003, T25/4 the figure to the left has a book or box in the left 11 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 261 hand, the figure to the right has a book in the left Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, hand, inscription: .SS.FELICIS.ADAVCTI.MAR- 1 17. st., T7/11 TIR RECANATI Lice: dva sveca, sv. Feliks i Adaukt, svetokrug, Reverse: guardian angel robed, wings spread, lead- u haljinama, svaki u desnoj ruci drži palminu ing child by right hand, right hand in the air indicat- granu, lijevi u lijevoj ruci ima knjigu ili kutiju, ing the light of God, standing on line below, below a desni u lijevoj ruci knjižicu, natpis: .SS.FELI- A.D. (Angelus domini) CIS.ADAVCTI.MARTIR RECANATI Naličje: anđeo čuvar u haljini, raširenih krila, za desnu ruku vodi dijete, desna ruka u zraku pokazuje Božju svjetlost, stoje na liniji dolje, 1 Recanati is the place where the house in Nazareth was ispod A.D.(Angelus domini) placed after it left Trsat and before being moved to Loreto.

164 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 1,7 g; Ø = 20, v = 27 mm; lijevana bron- Dimensions: 1.7 g; Ø = 20, v = 27 mm; cast bronze ca 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 98, SU 812.813, 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 98, SJ 812,813, SF 719 PN 719 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, quite damaged. 17th/18th century, T7/12 dosta oštećena,17./18. st., T7/12 Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, figure in robe, lily Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, lik u haljini, u lije- in left hand, the infant Jesus in right voj ruci ljiljan, u desnoj dijete Isus Reverse: St Michael standing on dragon, spear in Naličje: sv. Mihael stoji na zmaju, koplje u de- right hand snoj ruci Dimensions: 2.0 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; cast bronze Mjere: 2,0 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; lijevana bronca 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 616 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 616 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i dicular eye and open jump ring, 17th/18th century, rastvorenom karičicom, 17./18. st., T7/13 T7/13 Lice: sv. Rafael arkanđeo, ili anđeo zaštitnik, Obverse: St Raphael the Archangel, or guardian an- desna ruka u zraku, lijevom pokazuje ravno, gel, right hand in the air, indicating ahead with left, krilima štiti dijete Tobiju s lijeva, Tobija pruža protecting the child Tobias with his wings from the desnu ruku prema anđelu, natpis: .?.M.C.AL left, Tobias extending right hand towards the angel, Naličje: sv. Hubert, s biskupskom kapom, u ha- inscription: .?.M.C.AL ljini, sa štapom u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj nešto kva- Reverse: St Hubert, with bishop’s mitre, enrobed, dratno knjiga ili kutija?, natpis: ERTV I.OPN. with staff in left hand, something rectangular in Mjere: 4,8 g; 22(29) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca right (book or box?), inscription: ERTV I.OPN. Dimensions: 4.8 g; 22 (29) x 18 mm; cast bronze 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 725 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 725 st., T7/14 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: anđeo zaštitnik, arkanđeo Rafael štiti dicular eye, 17th century, T7/14 mladog Tobiju, anđeo krilima štiti dječaka koji Obverse: guardian angel, the archangel Raphael hoda iza njega, ruke pruža prema anđelu, anđeo protects the young Tobias, the angel protects the desnu ruku digao prema Božjem svjetlu boy who walks behind him, hands extended to- Naličje: sv. Hubert, s biskupskom kapom i šta- wards the angel, the angel raises right hand towards pom u lijevoj ruci, u haljini, natpis: S. HVBER the light of God ORA P N Reverse: St Hubert, with bishop’s mitre and staff in Mjere: 3,2 g; 21(29) x 17mm; lijevana bronca left hand, enrobed, inscription: S. HVBER ORA P N Tabla 8 – medaljice Dimensions: 3.2 g; 21(29) x 17mm; cast bronze

1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 852 Table 8 – devotional medals Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i karičicom, 18. st., T8/1 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 852 Lice: sv. Juraj ubija zmaja, obučen kao rimski Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- vojnik, na konju, u desnoj ruci koplje kojim dicular eye and jump ring, 18th century, T8/1 probija usta zmaju pod nogama konja, ispred Obverse: St George slays the dragon, dressed like a glave konja mala klečeća figura princeze sa sklo- Roman soldier, mounted, spear in right hand pierc- pljenim rukama, natpis: S.GEORGIVS ing the moth of the dragon under the hooves of Naličje: sv. Martin, kao rimski vojnik na ko- the horse, small kneeling figure of a princess with nju, reže svoj plašt i daje ga prosjaku, natpis: clasped hands in front of the horse’s head, inscrip- S.MARTINVS tion: S.GEORGIVS Mjere: 7,8 g; 28(35) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Martin, as a mounted Roman soldier, cutting his mantle and giving it to a beggar, inscrip- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T53/2, 54/2 tion: S.MARTINVS

165 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776 PN 728 Dimensions: 7.8 g; 28(35) x 24 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T53/2, 54/2 ušicom, 17. st., T8/2 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776 SF 728 Lice: sv. Mihael, krila, sa štitom i štapom arkan- đela, stoji zmiji na glavi Description: oval devotional medal with fractured perpendicular eye, 17th century, T8/2 Naličje: sv. Juraj ubija zmaja, rimski vojnik na konju, kopljem probija zmaja pod noga- Obverse: St Michael, wings, with the shield and ma konja, tri kuglice oko glave, ispred glave staff of the archangel, standing on the dragon’s head konja princeza s rukama u molitvi, natpis: Reverse: St George slays the dragon, mounted Ro- S.GEORGIVS. man soldier, piercing dragon under the hooves of Mjere: 5,9g; 29(30) x 24mm; lijevana bronca the horse with spear, three small orbs around the head, in front of the horse a princess with hands Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 50 (slična); FASSBIN- clasped in prayer, inscription: S.GEORGIVS. DER 2003, T53/2 (slična); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 62 (slična); AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, Dimensions: 5.9 g; 29 (30) x 24mm; cast bronze 241 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 50 (similar); FASSBIND- ER 2003, T53/2 (similar); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 952 62 (similar); AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 241 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18.st., T8/3 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 952 Lice: sv. Mihael s krilima, štitom u lijevoj ruci Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- i štapom arkanđela u lijevoj ruci, stoji na ubije- dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T8/3 nom zmaju, rub istaknut profilacijom Obverse: winged St Michael, shield in left hand and Naličje: križ bratovštine sv. Mihaela, u vrhovi- staff of the archangel in left, standing on the slain ma krakova FPPF dragon, edge emphasised with profiling Mjere: 6,4 g; 25(32) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: cross of the confraternity of St Michael, at the terminals of the arms FPPF Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 48; AZINOVIĆ BE- BEK 2009a, T1:8 Dimensions: 6.4 g; 25 (32) x 22 mm; cast bronze Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 48; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN 2009a, T1:8 346 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF st., T8/4 346 Lice: sv. Leonard, dolje ispod crte – .ROMA., u Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- haljini, u desnoj ruci knjiga, u lijevoj ruci lanci, dicular eye, 17th century, T8/4 svetokrug, S.LIONARDO Obverse: St Leonard, down and below the line – Naličje: arkanđeo Mihael, ubija sotonu, stoji na .ROMA., enrobed, a book in the right hand, chains njemu, u desnoj ruci vitla mačem, u lijevoj ruci in the left hand, nimbus, S.LIONARDO drži vagu, obučen kao rimski vojnik, krila Reverse: the Archangel Michael, slaying Satan, Mjere: 3,8 g; 30(37) x 25 mm; brončani lim/ standing on him, brandishing sword in right hand, lijevano holding balance in left hand, dressed as a Roman soldier, winged Analogije: JAGGI 1987, TIV/22 (slična, za lice) Dimensions: 3.8 g; 30(37) x 25 mm; bronze plate/ cast 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 183 Analogies: JAGGI 1987, TIV/22 (similar, for the Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i obverse) karičicom, 17./18. st., T8/5 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 183 Lice: sv. Ana i mala Marija, svetokrug, sv. Ana daje Mariji knjigu, Ana u haljini i velu, Marija u Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- haljini, natpis: S.ANNA MARIA dicular eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century, T8/5 Naličje: S.IUD OCI R, sv. Juda Kirijak, biskup Obverse: St Anne and the infant Mary, nimbate, St Jeruzalema, zrake svetokruga, u desnoj ruci bi- Anne offering Mary a book, Anne in robe and veil, skupski štap, u lijevoj toljaga, svitak, knjiga?, u Mary robed, inscription: S.ANNA MARIA

166 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

pozadini s desne strane neka crkva? grad?, s lije- Reverse: S.IUD OCI R, St Judas Cyriacus, bishop ve strane neka košnica? košara? of Jerusalem, rayed nimbus, crozier in right hand, Mjere: 6,1 g; 25(33) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca bludgeon in left hand, scroll, book?, a church in the background and to the right side? Or city?, to the Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 143, sl. 5 left perhaps a beehive? Or basket? 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 98, SJ 812,813, Dimensions: 6.1 g; 25(33) x 22 mm; cast bronze PN 718 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 143, fig. 5 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T8/6 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 98, SU 812.813, SF Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, stoji na stijeni, u 718 desnoj ruci knjiga i ljiljan, u lijevoj ruci stoji Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- dijete Isus, lijevom rukom blagoslivlja, desnom dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T8/6 prema Antunu, oko njega vodoravne zrake, nat- Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, standing on a rock, pis: SANTO.ANTON.DE.PADDOVA book and lily in right hand, the infant Jesus stand- Naličje: stigmatizacija sv. Franje, u sredini kleči ing on left hand, blessing with left hand, the right sv. Franjo Asiški, prima stigme s križa (raspela) towards Anthony, horizontal rays around him, in- s neba, gore desno, brat Leo lijevo, čita, iznad scription: SANTO.ANTON.DE.PADDOVA njega crkva, desno drvo Reverse: The Stigmatization of St Francis, St Fran- Mjere: 5,7 g; 31(40) x 25mm; lijevana bronca cis Assisi at centre kneeling, receiving the stigmata from cross (crucifix) in the sky, up and to the right, Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T53/4 (za his brother Leo to the left, reading, above him a lice, koncepcijski) church, to the right a tree 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 151, SJ 1025, Dimensions: 5.7 g; 31(40) x 25mm; cast bronze PN 995 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T53/4 (for the Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, obverse, in terms of concept) 17./18. st., T8/7 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 151, SU 1025, SF Lice: sv. Mihael, krila, kaciga, štit u lijevoj ruci, arkanđelov štap u desnoj, njime probija glavu 995 sotone u obliku čovjeka, rub istaknut profila- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- cijom dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T8/7 Naličje: križ bratovštine sv. Mihaela, u vrhu Obverse: St Michael, winged, helmet, shield in left krakova FPPF hand, archangel’s staff in right, piercing the head of Satan in the form of a man with it, edge emphasised Mjere: 11,8 g; 33(42,5) x 27 mm; lijevana by profiling bronca Reverse: cross of the confraternity of St Michael, at Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T23/1, 4, 5; the terminals of the arms FPPF KNEZ 2001, 58; PEUS 1982, 592; AZINO- VIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T1:8 Dimensions: 11.8 g; 33(42.5) x 27 mm; cast bronze Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T23/1, 4, 5; 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 8, SJ 889, PN 792 KNEZ 2001, 58; PEUS 1982, 592; AZINOVIĆ Opis: ovalna medaljica bratovštine sv. Mihaela, BEBEK 2009a, T1:8 okomita ušica puknuta, početak 18. st., T8/8 Lice: sv. Mihael s krilima, štitom i arkanđelo- 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, SU 889, SF 792 vim štapom, stoji na ubijenom zmaju Description: oval devotional medal of the confraternity of St Michael, perpendicular eye fractured, Naličje: križ bratovštine sv. Mihaela – FPPF early 18th century, T8/8 križ, natpis: .S.MICHAELIS.ARCHAN SI- GNUM . CONFRATERNITAT. Obverse: St Michael winged, with shield and archangel’s staff, standing on slain dragon Mjere: 11,4 g; 34(44) x 28,5 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: cross of the confraternity of St Michael – FPPF cross, inscription: .S.MICHAELIS.ARCH- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T23/1, 4, 5; AN SIGNUM . CONFRATERNITAT. KNEZ 2001, 58; PEUS 1982, 592; AZINO- VIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T1:8 Dimensions: 11.4 g; 34(44) x 28.5 mm; cast bronze

167 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 698 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T23/1, 4, 5; Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, KNEZ 2001, 58; PEUS 1982, 592; AZINOVIĆ 17./18. st., T8/9 BEBEK 2009a, T1:8 Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, u habitu, krunica 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 698 o pasu, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, u desnoj ruci knji- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel ga, na njoj stoji dijete Isus, perizoma, vladarska eye, 17th/18th century, T8/9 jabuka u desnoj ruci, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: .S.ANTONI.DE.PADVA.O.P.N. Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, in habit, rosary around the waist, lily in left hand, book in right Naličje: sv. Valentin biskup, u lijevoj ruci bi- hand, the infant Jesus standing on it, perizoma, sov- skupski štap, u desnoj štit sv. Valentina, ima ereign’s orb in right hand, both with rayed nimbus, biskupsku kapu i zrakasti svetokrug, stoji na inscription: .S.ANTONI.DE.PADVA.O.P.N. oblacima, natpis: .S.VALENTENI.O.P.M Reverse: St Valentine bishop, crozier in left hand, Mjere: 2,3 g; 31(35) x 27 mm; brončani lim St Valentine’s shield in right, with bishop’s mitre 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 1002, PN 946 and rayed nimbus, standing on clouds, inscription: .S.VALENTENI.O.P.M Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T8/10 Dimensions: 2.3 g; 31(35) x 27 mm; bronze plate Lice: sv. Ana i mala Marija, sv. Ana desno, toč- 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1002, SF 946 kasti svetokrug, haljina, veo, sjedi i u rukama Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- drži knjigu, podučava Mariju, ona lijevo, sjedi, dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T8/10 lijeva ruka na krilu, desnom pokazuje na knjigu, haljina, plašt, zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: S Obverse: St Anne and the infant Mary, St Anne ANNA M.T. (sancta Anna mater theotokos) to the right, dotted nimbus, robe, veil, seated and holding book in hands, instructing Mary, she is to Naličje: sv. Franjo u ekstazi, desni profil, habit, the left, seated, left hand on lap, indicating the book svetokrug, ruke na prsima, gleda gore desno u with right, robe, mantle, rayed nimbus, inscription: zrake, natpis: S.FRANECSCO . O. P. N. S ANNA M.T. (sancta Anna mater theotokos) Mjere: 36,9 g; 44,5(59) x 40 mm; lijevana Reverse: The Ecstasy of St Francis, right profile, bronca habit, nimbate, hands on chest, gazing upwards at Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 63 (za lice) rays, inscription: S.FRANECSCO . O. P. N. 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 99, SJ 823, PN Dimensions: 36.9 g; 44.5(59) x 40 mm; cast bronze 733A Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 63 (for the obverse) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 99, SU 823, SF 17./18. st., T8/11 733A Lice: sv. Ivan Nepomuk, u haljini s isusovač- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, kom kapom, svetokrug, u lijevoj ruci palma, u 17th/18th century, T8/11 desnoj raspelo, natpis: S.IO.NEPM Obverse: St John of Nepomuk, in robe with Jesuit Naličje: sv. Peregrin, S.PEREGLIN, u haljini biretta, nimbate, with palm frond in left hand, cru- sjedi, ispred križa, pokazuje desnu nogu, sveto- cifix in right, inscription: S.IO.NEPM krug, pruža lijevu ruku k raspelu, Isus s raspela pruža desnu ruku na njegovu nogu Reverse: St Peregrine, S.PEREGLIN, seated in robe, in front of a cross, showing right leg, nimbate, Mjere: 2,1 g; 20(27) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca extending left hand towards the crucifix, Jesus on Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 34 the crucifix extending right hand to his leg 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 286 Dimensions: 2.1 g; 20(27) x 18 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 34 17./18. st., T8/12 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 286 Lice: raspelo, s desne strane sunce, s lijeve mje- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- sec, natpis zaziva protiv nevremena: IESVS. X dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T8/12 PSREX/GLOR.VE ??PACE/DEV.HO ??A??/ VERCA E.C/XPVI XPSRE/XPS.I M.XPS/ Obverse: crucifix, sun to the right, moon to the AEO MMA/ N left, inscribed invocation against inclement weather: IESVS. X PSREX/GLOR.VE ??PACE/DEV.

168 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: sv. Antun u habitu, mladi muškarac, HO ??A??/VERCA E.C/XPVI XPSRE/XPS.I svetokrug, desni profil, drži knjigu na kojoj sto- M.XPS/AEO MMA/ N ji dijete Isus sa prebačenim ogrtačem, desnom Reverse: St Anthony in habit, young man, nimbate, rukom blagoslivlja, natpis: S.ANTONII.D.PA. right profile, holding book on which the infant Je- Mjere: 3,9 g; 25(32,5) x 20 mm; lijevana bron- sus stands with mantle thrown over, blessing with ca right hand, inscription: S.ANTONII.D.PA. Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, Dimensions: 3.9 g; 25(32.5) x 20 mm; cast bronze 28.34(naličje); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 52 (na- Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, ličje), 64 (naličje); KNEZ 2001, 136 (naličje) 28.34(reverse); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 52 (reverse), 64 (reverse); KNEZ 2001, 136 (reverse) Tabla 9 – medaljice Table 9 – devotional medals 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 92 Opis: okrugla medaljica, s okomitom ušicom, 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 92 17./18. st., T9/1 Description: round devotional medal, with per- Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, svetokrug s toč- pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T9/1 kama, u habitu, lijevi profil, u rukama drži Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, dotted nimbus, golog Isusa sa zrakama svetokruga, pred ol- in habit, left profile, holding the naked Jesus with tarom na kojem je otvorena knjiga i ljiljan, rayed nimbus in his hands, before an altar on which S.ANTONIO.DE.PAD. there is an open book and lily, S.ANTONIO. Naličje: sv. Franjo, bradati, svetokrug, stoji s DE.PAD. raspelom u obje ruke, desno oko njega priro- Reverse: St Francis, bearded, nimbate, standing da, u habitu, krunica o pojasu, pojas od špage, with crucifix in both hands, nature scene to his S.FRANCESCO.O.P.N. right, in habit, rosary around the waist, rope belt, Mjere: 23,6 g; Ø = 37, v = 48 mm; lijevana S.FRANCESCO.O.P.N. bronca Dimensions: 23.6 g; Ø = 37, v = 48 mm; cast 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 927 bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom kukicom, 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 927 propala, sekundarno bušena,17./18. st., T9/2 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: sv. Josip, u desnom profilu, svetokrug, u dicular jump ring, decayed, secondary perforation. desnoj ruci golo dijete Isus, na plaštu zrakasti 17th/18th century, T9/2 svetokrug, natpis: S.IOS OR PN Obverse: St Joseph, in right profile, nimbate, the Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u haljini, sveto- naked infant Jesus in right hand, rayed nimbus on krug, krunica o pasu, desna ruka ispružena, lije- mantle, inscription: S.IOS OR PN va ruka dignuta u blagoslov, ispred njega dijete Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, enrobed, nimbate, Isus, zrakasti svetokrug, plašt, lijeva ruka u bla- rosary around the waist, right hand extended, left goslovu, desna ispružena, stoji na brdu/oblaku, hand raised in blessing, the infant Jesus in front of ispod njega ljiljani, natpis: S.ANTON.D.P. him, rayed nimbus, mantle, left hand raised in bless- Mjere: 3,0 g; 24 x 21,5 mm; lijevana bronca ing, right extended, standing on a hill/cloud, lilies beneath him, inscription: S.ANTON.D.P. 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 1002, PN 945 Dimensions: 3.0 g; 24 x 21.5 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, nakon 1671. g., T9/3 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1002, SF 945 Lice: sv. Kajetan, točkasti svetokrug, bradica, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- teatinski habit, u rukama ispred sebe drži po- dicular eye, post-1671, T9/3 legnutog Isusa, zrakasti svetokrug, u lijevom Obverse: St Cajetan, dotted nimbus, small beard, profilu, natpis: S CAIETA THIEN (sanctus Theatine habit, holding prostrate Jesus in hands in Caietano Thiene) front of himself, rayed nimbus, in left profile, -in Naličje: sv. Irena, svetokrug, strijela kroz grlo, scription: S CAIETA THIEN (sanctus Caietano haljina, palma u desnoj ruci, desni profil, nat- Thiene) pis: S IRENE V.E.MA. (sancta Irena virgo et martyra)

169 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 6,2 g; 24(32) x 22 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Irene, nimbate, arrow through throat, Analogije: KRNJAK 2004, 137, sl. 20 (lice) robe, palm frond in right hand, right profile, inscription: S IRENE V.E.MA. (sancta Irena virgo et 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 143, SJ 1006, martyra) PN 983 Dimensions: 6.2 g; 24(32) x 22 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: KRNJAK 2004, 137, fig. 20 (obverse) nakon 1712. g., T9/4 Lice: sv. Kajetano, lijevi profil, svetokrug, drži 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 143, SU 1006, SF u rukama polegnuto dijete Isusa, lijevu ruku 983 pruža svecu, natpis: S.CAIET.THIE (sanctus Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Caietano Thiene) dicular eye, post-1712, T9/4 Naličje: sv. Andrija Avelin, lijevi profil, sveto- Obverse: St Cajetan, left profile, nimbate, hold - krug, lijeva ruka podignuta u blagoslov, stoji ing the prostrate infant Jesus in hands, extending ispred raspela, natpis: S.ANDREA AVEL. left hand to the saint, inscription: S.CAIET.THIE Mjere: 3,0 g; 24(31) x 21 mm; lijevana bronca (sanctus Caietano Thiene) Reverse: St Andrew Avellino, left profile, nimbate, 5 – SEKTOR 3, slučajan nalaz, PN 634 left hand raised in blessing, standing before the cru- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, cifix, inscription: S.ANDREA AVEL. 17./18. st., T9/5 Dimensions: 3.0 g; 24(31) x 21 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Barbara, u desnom profilu, u desnoj ruci palma, točkasti svetokrug, desno toranj, 5 – SECTOR 3, chance find, SF 634 natpis: S.BARB Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: sv. Jeronim, s bradom, ima plašt pre- dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T9/5 bačen preko golog tijela, svetokrug, u desnoj Obverse: St Barbara, in right profile, palm in right ruci ima štap, gleda gore desno u zraku, natpis: hand, dotted nimbus, tower to the right, inscrip- S.HIERONIMVS E D tion: S.BARB Mjere: 4,7 g; 24(31) x 21 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Jerome, bearded, with mantle thrown of the naked body, nimbate, with staff in right 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 900 hand, gazing to the right into the air, inscription: Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, S.HIERONIMVS E D nakon 1746. g., T9/6 Dimensions: 4.7 g; 24(31) x 21 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Fidelis iz Sigmaringena, u kapucin- skom habitu, svetokrug, u desnoj ruci palma, 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 900 natpis: S.FID.M.C. (sanctus Fidelis, martyr Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Christi) dicular eye, post-1746, T9/6 Naličje: sv. Josip od Leonese, ćelav, bradat, Obverse: St Fidelis of Sigmaringen, in Capuchin svetokrug, u rukama drži raspelo, natpis: habit, nimbate, palm frond in right hand, inscrip- S.IOE.A.L.(sanctus Josephus a Leonesse) tion: S.FID.M.C. (sanctus Fidelis, martyr Christi) Mjere: 1,5 g; 18(24) x 17 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Joseph of Leonesse, bald, bearded, nimbate, with crucifix in hands, inscription: 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 980 S.IOE.A.L.(sanctus Josephus a Leonesse) Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom Dimensions: 1.5 g; 18(24) x 17 mm; cast bronze ušicom, 17./18. st., T9/7 Lice: stigmatizacija sv. Franje, kleči pred raspe- 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 980 lom gore lijevo, iz kojeg idu zrake, u haljini sa Description: oval devotional medal with fractured svetokrugom, raširenih ispruženih ruku prema perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T9/7 dolje Obverse: The Stigmatization of St Francis, kneeling Naličje: Navještenje Marijino, na liniji dolje before the crucifix up and to the right, from which Marija s rukama prekriženim na prsima, anđeo rays emanate, enrobed and nimbate, hands extend- Gabrijel u lijevom profilu, pruža ljiljane Mariji, ed and spread downward dolje ispod linije nečitljiv natpis Reverse: Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mjere: 0,8 g; 17 x 14 mm; lijevana bronca on the line below Mary with hands crossed on chest,

170 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, sl. 16b (za lice, the angel Gabriel in left profile, offering lily to Mary, slična) down and below the line illegible inscription 8 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN Dimensions: 0.8 g; 17 x 14 mm; cast bronze 316 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, fig. 16b (for the ob- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, verse, similar) slomljena, 17. st., T9/8 8 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Lice: sv. Franjo Saleški, bradati, u lijevom pro- 316 filu, habit, svetokrug, natpis: S . FRANCISC . Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, D . SALES fractured, 17th century, T9/8 Naličje: sv. Toma Villanova, natpis: S. TOMA- Obverse: St Francis de Sales, bearded, in left pro- SS OVILLA NOVA file, habit, nimbate, inscription: S . FRANCISC . Mjere: 1,8 g; Ø = 20, v = 26 mm; lijevana bron- D . SALES ca Reverse: St Thomas of Villanova, inscription: S. 9 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN TOMASS OVILLA NOVA 323 Dimensions: 1.8 g; Ø = 20, v = 26 mm; cast bronze Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 9 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF nakon 1610. g., T9/9 323 Lice: sv. Toma Akvinski, sa svetokrugom, u ha- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, bitu, na prsima kristogram ili zvijezda, s desne post-1610, T9/9 strane kuglica, natpis: .S .THOMAS . AQVI . Obverse: St Thomas Aquinas, nimbate, in habit, PAT . NEAP Christogram or star on chest, to the right side a Naličje: sv. Karlo Boromejski, svetokrug, ispred small orb, inscription: .S .THOMAS . AQVI . PAT raspela, u desnom profilu, habit, lijeva ruka na . NEAP prsima, raspelo na oltaru, natpis: .S . CAR . Reverse: St Carlo Borromeo, nimbate, before the BOR . (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus), ispod li- crucifix, in right profile, habit, left hand on chest, nije natpis: .ROMA . crucifix on an alter, inscription: .S . CAR . BOR . Mjere: 1,3 g; Ø = 17, v = 22 mm; lijevana bron- (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus), below the line the ca inscription: .ROMA . 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 858 Dimensions: 1.3 g; Ø = 17, v = 22 mm; cast bronze Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 858 com, 17./18. st., T9/10 Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- Lice: desno gore štalica, ispred nje u desnoj po- allel eye, 17th/18th century, T9/10 lovici medaljice sv. Josip, Marija i dijete Isus u Obverse: above and to the right a stable, in front krilu, Isus prima dar, druga polovica medaljice of it to the right half of the devotional medal St Jo- sv. tri kralja, u prvom planu jedan kleči i daje seph, Mary with the infant Jesus in lap, Jesus receiv- dar Isusu, jedan stoji lijevo iza njega, jedan sto- ing a gift, on the other side of the devotional medal ji iznad njega, oba pružaju dar Isusu, u sredini the Magi, in foreground one is kneeling and offer- gore zrake i zvijezde ing a gift to Jesus, one is standing behind him, one Naličje: natpis u sedam redova: S.3.REGES./ is standing above him, both offering gifts to Jesus, CASPAR MELC/BALTHASAR.ORA/PRO above and at the centre rays and stars NOBIS.N:/ETINHOR.MO/NOSTRE Reverse: inscription in seven rows: S.3.REGES./ (snacti 3 reges Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar ora CASPAR MELC/BALTHASAR.ORA/PRO pro nobis nunc et in hora mortis nostrae), pun- NOBIS.N:/ETINHOR.MO/NOSTRE (snacti cirani rub medaljice 3 reges Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar ora pro nobis Mjere: 0,8 g; 17(19) x 19 mm; brončani lim nunc et in hora mortis nostrae), punctuated edge of Analogije: KNEZ 1994, 22; 2001, 148; PRE- the devotional medal DOVNIK et a. 2008, T12/6; BEKIĆ 2008, Dimensions: 0.8 g; 17(19) x 19 mm; bronze plate 239, br. 10 (sve tipološke)

171 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 132, SJ 981, Analogies: KNEZ 1994, 22; 2001, 148; PRE- PN 884 DOVNIK et al. 2008, T12/6; BEKIĆ 2008, 239, Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- no. 10 (all by typology) com i karičicom, 17./18. st., T9/11 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 132, SU 981, SF Lice: poklonstvo sv. tri kralja, lijevo štalica, Jo- 884 sip stoji, Marija sjedi ispred štalice, Isus u krilu Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- blagoslivlja desnom rukom tri kralja, jedan kle- allel eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century, T9/11 či, dva stoje, svi s darovima Obverse: Adoration of the Magi, stable to left, Jo- Naličje: natpis u šest redova: 3KONIG/ seph standing, Mary seated before the stable, Jesus CASPARMELCHI/ORBALTHASAR/ in her lap blessing the three Magi with right hand, BITTETFURVNS/IEZVNDINDINDER/ one kneeling, two standing, all bearing gifts STERBST (3 Könige Caspar, Melchior, Baltha- sar, bittet für uns, jetzt und in der Sterbstund) Reverse: inscription in six rows: 3KONIG/CAS- PARMELCHI/ORBALTHASAR/BITTET- Mjere: 0,9 g; 19(22) x 20,5 mm; brončani lim FURVNS/IEZVNDINDINDER/STERBST (3 Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/3; Könige Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar, bittet für uns, GRÜNEWALD 2001, 26; PEUS 1982, 1599; jetzt und in der Sterbstund) KRNJAK 2008, 143, sl. 4 Dimensions: 0.9 g; 19(22) x 20.5 mm; bronze plate 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 978 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/3; Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- GRÜNEWALD 2001, 26; PEUS 1982, 1599; com i karičicom, 17. st., T9/12 KRNJAK 2008, 143, fig. 4 Lice: sv. Brigita, lice okruženo svetokrugom od 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 978 zraka, natpis: BRIGITTA . ORA Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, sa štapom s allel eye and jump ring, 17th century, T9/12 križem u desnoj ruci i modelom grada u lijevoj Obverse: St Bridget, face surrounded by rayed nim- ruci, u rimskoj vojnoj haljini i plaštu, svetokrug, bus, inscription: BRIGITTA . ORA natpis: VENANTIV Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, with staff with Mjere: 0,8 g; 21(33) x 20 mm; brončani lim cross in right hand and model of a city in the left 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 131 hand, in Roman military robe and mantle, nimbate, inscription: VENANTIV Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- com, 17./18. st., T9/13 Dimensions: 0.8 g; 21(33) x 20 mm; bronze plate Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, dijete Isus stoji na 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 131 oltaru, sv. Antun ga grli desnom rukom, Isus Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- zrake svetokruga, desna ruka na blagoslov, li- pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T9/13 jevom rukom grli sv. Antuna, sv. Antun svetokrug, habit, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, the infant Jesus standing on an altar, St Anthony embracing him Naličje: sv. Osvald u kratkoj haljini i plaštu, u with right hand, Jesus with rayed nimbus, right desnoj ruci žezlo, u lijevoj ruci ptica, na glavi hand in blessing, embracing St Anthony with left kruna, o pasu mač hand, St Anthony nimbate, habit, lily in left hand Mjere: 2,4 g; 21(28) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Oswald in short robe and mantle, scep- Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 10 tre in right hand, bird in left hand, crowned, sword suspended from belt 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 903 Dimensions: 2.4 g; 21(28) x 18 mm; cast bronze Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s puknutom uši- com, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st., T9/14 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 10 Lice: monstranca sa sv. Hostijom i natpisom 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 903 IHS u krugu oko križa, ispod tri strelice, okolo Description: octagonal devotional medal with oblaci, oko monstrance zrake fractured eye, secondary perforation, 17th/18th Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, stoji u sredini, century, T9/14 svetokrug, u desnoj ruci ljiljan, lijeva na prsima, desno na stupu i knjizi stoji dijete Isus sa zraka-

172 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

stim svetokrugom, desnom rukom blagoslivlja, Obverse: monstrance with the Holy Host and IHS plašt, natpis: S.ANTON I PADOVA inscribed in the circle around the cross, three arrows Mjere: 2,0 g; 21 x 18 mm; lijevana bronca below, clouds around, rays around the monstrance Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 151, sl. 21 Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, standing at centre, nimbate, lily in right hand, left on chest, to the right 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 729 on column and book stands the infant Jesus with Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s rupicom za ka- rayed nimbus, blessing with right hand, mantle, in- ričicu, pomaknuto otisnuta, 17./18. st., T9/15 scription: S.ANTON I PADOVA Lice: sv. Ivan Nepomuk?, u haljini, gornji dio Dimensions: 2.0 g; 21 x 18 mm; cast bronze neprepoznatljiv, stoji ispred građevine od ope- Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 151, fig. 21 ke s lučnim prozorima – možda Karlov most, slovo: P. 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 729 Naličje: neprepoznatljiva slika, čitljiva slova: Description: octagonal devotional medal with .MS . AC , small perforation for jump ring, mis-strike, 17th/18th century, T9/15 Mjere: 1,1 g; 22 x 13 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St John of Nepomuk?, enrobed, upper 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 336, PN section unrecognisable, standing in front of brick 306 edifice with arched apertures – perhaps Charles Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i bridge, letter: P. istacima na polovima, nakon 1610. g., T9/16 Reverse: unrecognisable image, legible letters: .MS Lice: scena pod križem, raspelo, zvijezde s de- . AC , sne, mjesec s lijeve strane, ispod rana na rukama Dimensions: 1.1 g; 22 x 13 mm; bronze plate linije sugeriraju krv, sv. Marija s desne i sv. Ivan s lijeve strane raspela, oboje imaju svetokrug, 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 336, SF 306 raspelo stoji na stiliziranoj lubanji Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: sv. Karlo Boromejski, prikazan do dicular eye and prominences at the poles, post- pasa, u habitu, sa svetokrugom, moli pred ras- 1610, T9/16 pelom, natpis: S . CA . B . (Sanctus Carolus Obverse: the scene under the cross, crucifix, stars to Boromaeus); ispod linije dolje natpis: ROMA the right, moon to the left side, under the wounds Mjere: 1,5g; 18 x 13 mm, s istacima 25 x 17 on the hands lines suggest blood, St Mary to the mm; lijevana bronca right and St John to the left side of the crucifix, both nimbate, crucifix standing on stylised skull Analogija: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.55 (naličje) Reverse: St Carlo Borromeo, depicted half-length, in habit, nimbate, praying before the crucifix, in- 17 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 782, PN 636 scription: S . CA . B . (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus); Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, down and below the line the inscription: ROMA nakon 1601. g., T9/17 Dimensions: 1.5g; 18 x 13 mm, with prominences Lice: sv. Ramon Peñafort, ima svetokrug, do- 25 x 17 mm; cast bronze minikanski habit, u lijevoj ruci križ, u desnoj Analogy: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.55 ruci svitak, natpis: .S . RAMO . PENFOR (reverse) Naličje: sv. Petar mučenik, bradati, svetokrug, 17 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 782, SF 636 dominikanski habit, u desnoj ruci palma, natpis: S.PETRMAR Description: oval devotional medal with perpendicular eye, post-1601, T9/17 Mjere: 5,9 g; 23(33) x 21 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Raymond of Penyafort, nimbate, Do- 18 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 336, PN minican habit, cross in left hand, scroll in right 358 hand, inscription: .S . RAMO . PENFOR Opis: ovalna medaljica, nakon 1610. g., T9/18 Reverse: St Peter Martyr, bearded, nimbate, Do- Lice: sv. Karlo Boromejski, u desnom profilu, minican habit, palm frond in right hand, inscrip- svetokrug, pred raspelom, sklopljenih ruku tion: S.PETRMAR Naličje: sv. Augustin u haljini s kapom i šta- Dimensions: 5.9 g; 23 (33) x 21 mm; cast bronze pom, križ na prsima, čitaju se slova: .S.AGV.D. 18 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 336, SF 358

173 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 1,0 g; 16 x 13 mm; lijevana bronca Description: oval devotional medal, post-1610, T9/18 19 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN 299 Obverse: St Carlo Borromeo, in right profile, nimbate, before the crucifix, clasped hands Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, oštećena, 17. st., T9/19 Reverse: St Augustine enrobed with cap and staff, cross on chest, the letters: .S.AGV.D. Lice: sv. Petar Apostol, bradati muškarac u desnom profilu, plašt (šal?), svetokrug, natpis: Dimensions: 1.0 g; 16 x 13 mm; cast bronze S.PETRVS.AP 19 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Naličje: sv. Pavao Apostol, bradati muškarac, 299 plašt – šal, svetokrug, natpis: S.PAVLVS.AP Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Mjere: 2,2 g; 19(24) x 15,5 mm; lijevana bron- dicular eye, damaged, 17th century, T9/19 ca Obverse: St Peter the Apostle, bearded man in 20 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ01, PN 916 right profile, mantle (scarf?), nimbate, inscription: S.PETRVS.AP Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. st., T9/20 Reverse: St Paul the Apostle, bearded man, mantle – scarf, nimbate, inscription: S.PAVLVS.AP Lice: sv. Ivan Nepomuk, u isusovačkom habitu, stoji ispred mosta, na mostu desno dva mala čo- Dimensions: 2.2 g; 19(24) x 15.5 mm; cast bronze vjeka, lijevo jedan mali čovjek, u desnoj ruci ras- 20 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU01, SF 916 pelo, u lijevoj ruci palma, natpis: S. IOAN. N. Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: sv. Obitelj, Isus u sredini, lijevo sv. Ma- dicular eye, 17th century, T9/20 rija, desno sv. Josip (ljiljan u lijevoj ruci), gore u Obverse: St John of Nepomuk, in Jesuit habit, sredini golubica/Duh Sveti standing before a bridge, two small persons on the Mjere: 4,3 g; 21(13) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca bridge to the right, to the left one small person, crucifix in right hand, palm frond in left hand, inscrip- Tabla 10 – medaljice tion: S. IOAN. N. Reverse: the Holy Family, Jesus at centre, St Mary 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 12, SJ 278, PN left, St Joseph right (lily in left hand), above and to 91B the centre dove/the Holy Spirit Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 4.3 g; 21(13) x 18 mm; cast bronze 17./18. st., T10/1 Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, u habitu, svetokrug, Table 10 – devotional medals desni profil, u lijevoj ruci knjiga osnivanja Reda, u desnoj palica (štap?), gleda u sunce – zrake, 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 12, SU 278, SF 91B natpis: S.IGNAT.LOIO.SOC.IESV Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: sv. Franjo Ksaverski u habitu, lijevi 17th/18th century, T10/1 poluprofil, svetokrug, na njemu medaljica s ras- Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, in habit, nimbate, pelom, rukama rastvara haljinu, lijevom rukom right profile, the Constitutions of the Society in pridržava palicu? left hand, a baton (staff?) in right hand, gazing at Natpis: S.FRANC.XAV.S.I.IND.AP. the sun – rays, inscription: S.IGNAT.LOIO.SOC. Mjere: 11,0 g; Ø = 29, v = 36 mm; lijevana IESV bronca Reverse: St Francis Xavier in habit, left half profile, Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 539 nimbate, wearing devotional medal with crucifix, opening robes with hand, left hand holding a baton? 2 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 7, SJ 269, PN Inscription: S.FRANC.XAV.S.I.IND.AP. 78A Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 11.0 g; Ø = 29, v = 36 mm; cast nakon 1622. g., T10/2 bronze Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, u lijevom profilu, u Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 539 isusovačkom habitu i kapi, u ekstazi, u rukama 2 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 7, SU 269, SF 78A drži knjigu Reda, nečitljivo, ali obično piše AD

174 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM, natpis: S IGN Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- D.LOY.SI dicular eye, post-1622, T10/2 Naličje: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, prizor umiranja, Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, in left profile, in leži na stijeni, u haljini, s raspelom zagrljenim Jesuit habit and cap, in ecstasy, holding in both objema rukama, u kolibi od šiblja, iznad krova hands the Constitutions of the Society, illegible but dvije glave kerubina, s desna na moru jedrilica i usually reading AD MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM, munja iznad nje, natpis: S FR XAV inscription: S IGN D.LOY.SI Mjere: 11,5 g; 30(37) x 28 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Francis Xavier, death scene, lying on Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T55/2; a rock, enrobed, with crucifix embraced in both GRÜNEWALD 2001, 30; PEUS 1982, 794 arms, hut of brushwood, the heads of two cherubim (za naličje) above the roof, sailboat to the right on the sea and lightning above it, inscription: S FR XAV 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 716 Dimensions: 11.5 g; 30(37) x 28 mm; cast bronze Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T55/2; nakon 1610., T10/3 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 30; PEUS 1982, 794 (for Lice: sv. Franciska Rimska, u haljini, plaštu i the reverse) velu, svetokrug, kraj nje lijevo na podestu ar- kanđeo gleda u nju, natpis: S FRANCI . RO- 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 716 MAN . O.P.N Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: sv. Karlo Boromejski, u desnom pro- post-1610., T10/3 filu u molitvi, pred raspelom, raspelo desno, Obverse: St Frances of Rome, enrobed, with man- na oltaru, oko raspela zrake, odjeven kao kar- tle and veil, nimbate, next to her to the left on a dinal, svetokrug, natpis:…CARO. . B. . C . S platform an archangel observes her, inscription: S . P . (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus Cardinalis FRANCI . ROMAN . O.P.N Sanctae Praxedis) Reverse: St Carlo Borromeo, in right profile in Mjere: 1,6 g; Ø =19(26) mm; lijevana bronca prayer, before the crucifix, crucifix to the right, on Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T58/1 (za an altar, around the crucifix rays, dressed as a car- lice) dinal, nimbate, inscription:…CARO. . B. . C . S . P . (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus Cardinalis Sanctae 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 287, PN 119 Praxedis) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 1.6 g; Ø =19(26) mm; cast bronze 18. st., T10/4 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T58/1 (for the Lice: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, u lijevom profilu, u obverse) ekstazi, svetokrug, cvijeće u ruci (trebali bi biti ljiljani, ali nisu), natpis: S FRANC XAV.SOC. 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 287, SF 119 IES Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: sv. Ivan Franjo Regis, svetokrug, u isu- 18th century, T10/4 sovačkoj haljini, prekrižene ruke na prsima, u Obverse: St Francis Xavier, in left profile, in ecstasy, desnoj ruci drži raspelo, u ekstazi, natpis: S.IO. nimbate, flowers in hand (should be lilies, but are FR.REG. not), inscription: S FRANC XAV.SOC.IES Mjere: 11,7 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; lijevana Reverse: St Jean-François Régis, nimbate, in Jesuit bronca robes, hands crossed on chest, holding crucifix in Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T57/1 (slič- right hand, in ecstasy, inscription: S.IO.FR.REG. na, naličje nešto drugačije) Dimensions: 11.7 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; cast bronze 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 771B Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T57/1 (similar, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, reverse differs somewhat) nakon 1622. g., T10/5 Lice: isusovački monogram u sredini u izbo- 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 771B čenom štitu IHS, iznad križ, ispod tri strelice, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, okolo štita zrake i oblaci post-1622, T10/5

175 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, natpis: S FRANC. Obverse: Jesuit monogram at centre, in protruding XAV.AP.IN, u desnom profilu, habit, mladolik, shield IHS, cross above, three arrows below, rays svetokrug s radijalnim zrakama and clouds around the shield Mjere: 1,8 g; Ø = 17(25) mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Francis Xavier, inscription: S FRANC. XAV.AP.IN, in right profile, habit, youthful, nim- 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 819B bus with radial rays Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 1.8 g; Ø = 17(25) mm; cast bronze nakon 1726. g., T10/6 Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, u ekstazi, gleda gore 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 819B lijevo u zrake i kuglu, ima isusovačku kapu i ha- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, bit, oko njega zrake, u rukama drži knjigu Reda, post-1726, T10/6 natpis. S.IG.ACT.ET.T.S.IES Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, in ecstasy, gazing Naličje: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, u desnom profi- up into the air to the left at a rayed orb, with Jesuit lu, isusovački habit, u rukama drži raspelo, nat- biretta and habit, rays encircling, in his hands the pis: S.ALOYS.GON Constitutions of the Society, inscription: S.IG. Mjere: 2,6 g; Ø = 17(23,5) mm; lijevana bron- ACT.ET.T.S.IES ca Reverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, in right profile, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 45 (slična) Jesuit habit, with crucifix in hands, inscription: S.ALOYS.GON 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN Dimensions: 2.6 g; Ø = 17(23.5) mm; cast bronze 669 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 45 (similar) Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, nakon 1726. g., T10/7 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 669 Lice: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, proćelav, u plaštu, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- svetokrug od radijalnih zraka, okrenut desnim dicular eye, post-1726, T10/7 profilom, gleda u raspelo koje drži u rukama, Obverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, balding, with man- natpis: S.ALOYSIVS.GONZA tle, nimbus of radial rays, in right profile, gazing at Naličje: sv. Stanislav Kostka, mladić, u haljini a crucifix in his hands, inscription: S.ALOYSIVS. i plaštu, svetokrug, en face, u rukama na desno GONZA drži dijete Isusa na svom plaštu, Isus ima zraka- Reverse: St Stanislaus Kostka, youth, in robes and sti svetokrug, desnom rukom prema sv. Stani- mantle, nimbate, en face, holding in hands to the slavu, natpis: S.STAN.KOS right the infant Jesus on his mantle, Jesus with rayed Mjere: 7,8 g; 27(33) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca nimbus, right hand toward St Stanislaus, inscrip- Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 53 (naličje); tion: S.STAN.KOS FASSBINDER 2003, T57/5 (slična) Dimensions: 7.8 g; 27(33) x 24 mm; cast bronze 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 142, SJ 1004, Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 53 (reverse); FASSBINDER 2003, T57/5 (similar) PN 985 Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 142, SU 1004, SF ušicom, sekundarno bušena, nakon 1622. g., 985 T10/8 Description: oval devotional medal with fractured Lice: Franjo Ksaverski, svetokrug, haljina, perpendicular eye, secondary perforation, post- kratak plašt, na plaštu školjka – jakobova ka- 1622, T10/8 pica, IHS, u lijevoj ruci štap, o pasu kruni- Obverse: St Francis Xavier, nimbate, robe, short ca, rukama drži rubove plašta, brada, natpis: mantle, on the mantle a shell – scallop, IHS, staff S.FRANCIS.X.SOC.II in left hand, rosary around the waist, holding Naličje: sv. Ignacije Lojola, u rukama knjiga edges of the mantle in hand, bearded, inscription: Reda s natpisom: AD MAIOR EI GLORIA S.FRANCIS.X.SOC.II REGES, u ekstazi, sunce – IHS, zrake, natpis: Reverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, holding the Consti- S.IGN.DE.LOY.S.I. tutions of the Society in hands with the inscription: Mjere: 6,7 g; 30 x 27 mm; lijevana bronca AD MAIOR EI GLORIA REGES, in ecstasy, sun – IHS, rays, inscription: S.IGN.DE.LOY.S.I.

176 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 70, 131; Dimensions: 6.7 g; 30 x 27 mm; cast bronze GRÜNEWALD 2001, 37 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 70, 131; GRÜNEWALD 9 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 186 2001, 37 Opis: ovalna medaljica sa sekundarno buše- 9 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 186 nom rupicom, nakon 1670. g., T10/9 Description: oval devotional medal with secondary Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, natpis: S.IGN.D.LOI. perforation, post-1670, T10/9 SI, u ekstazi, s kapom i plaštem, u ruci knjiga Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, inscription: Reda: AD MAG DEI GLORIA S.IGN.D.LOI.SI, in ecstasy, with biretta and man- Naličje: sv. Franjo Borgia, u lijevom profilu, tle, holding the Constitutions of the Society: AD mladi muškarac, svetokrug, u ekstazi, u habi- MAG DEI GLORIA tu, ispred na prsima prekrižene ruke, na oltaru Reverse: St Francis Borgia, in left profile, young ispred njega knjiga, na njoj lubanja, na lubanji man, nimbate, in ecstasy, in habit, hands in front kruna, natpis: S.FR.B. crossed on chest, in front of him on an altar a book, Mjere: 3,6 g; 21,5 x 18mm; lijevana bronca on it a skull, on the skull a crown, inscription: S.FR.B. 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 997 Dimensions: 3.6 g; 21.5 x 18mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, nakon 1622. g., T10/10 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 997 Lice: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, lijevi profil, sveto- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- krug s radijalnim linijama, u habitu, u desnoj dicular eye, post-1622, T10/10 ruci ljiljan, gleda u zrake gore lijevo, natpis: S Obverse: St Francis Xavier, left profile, nimbus with FRANCIS . X . I . IND . AP. radial lines, in habit, lily in right hand, gazing at rays Naličje: sv. Ignacije Lojola, desni profil, sveto- up and to the left, inscription: S FRANCIS . X . I krug s radijalnim linijama, u rukama drži otvo- . IND . AP. renu knjigu Reda, gleda u sunce gore desno, Reverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, right profile, nimbus natpis: S.IGNAT.SOC.IESV.F. with radial lines, holding the open Constitutions of Mjere: 18,7 g; 38(47) x 31,5 mm; lijevana the Society, gazing at the sun up and to the right, bronca inscription: S.IGNAT.SOC.IESV.F. 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 896 Dimensions: 18.7 g; 38(47) x 31.5 mm; cast bronze Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 896 nakon 1622. g., T10/11 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: sv. Josip, svetokrug, duga kosa, brada, ha- dicular eye, post-1622, T10/11 ljina, plašt, Isus u lijevom naručju, svetokrug, Obverse: St Joseph, nimbate, long hair, bearded, ljiljan, natpis nečitljiv osim EPI robe, mantle, Jesus in left embrace, nimbate, lily, in- Naličje: sv. Ignacije Lojola, lijevi profil, drži u scription illegible except: EPI lijevoj ruci otvorenu knjigu Reda, kapa, plašt, Reverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, left profile, holding natpis nečitljiv osim: S IGNA in left hand the open Constitutions of the Society, Mjere: 8,1 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; lijevana bronca biretta, mantle, inscription illegible except: S IGNA 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11/13, SJ 256, PN Dimensions: 8.1 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; cast bronze 431 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 256, SF 431 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- nakon 1726. g., T10/12 dicular eye, post-1726, T10/12 Lice: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, u desnom profilu, Obverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, in right profile, in u isusovačkom habitu, drži u rukama raspelo i Jesuit habit, holding the crucifix and gazing at it, gleda u njega, ima svetokrug, natpis: S.ALOIS. nimbate, inscription: S.ALOIS.GON.S.I. GON.S.I. Reverse: St Stanislaus Kostka, in left half profile, Naličje: sv. Stanislav Kostka, u lijevom polu- in Jesuit habit, holding the infant Jesus with rayed profilu, u isusovačkom habitu, u rukama drži nimbus, Stanislaus’ nimbus is punctate, inscription: dijete Isusa sa svetokrugom od zraka, svetokrug S.ST.KOS. Stanislava je punciran, natpis: S.ST.KOS. Dimensions: 6.0g; 22(28) x 19 mm; cast bronze

177 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 6,0g; 22(28) x 19 mm; lijevana bronca Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 128; FASSBINDER Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 128; FASSBINDER 2003, T57/5 (similar) 2003, T57/5 (slična) 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 819A 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 819A Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, dicular eye, post-1726, T10/13 nakon 1726. g., T10/13 Obverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, in Jesuit habit, Lice: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, u isusovačkom habi- with crucifix in hands, in right profile, nimbus with tu, u rukama drži raspelo, okrenut desnim pro- broad radial lines, inscription: .S.ALOIS.GON.SI filom, svetokrug s radijalnim širokim linijama, Reverse: St Stanislaus Kostka, holding the infant natpis: .S.ALOIS.GON.SI Jesus in embrace in his mantle, Jesus embracing him, Naličje: sv. Stanislav Kostka, drži dijete Isusa Jesus with rayed nimbus, Stanislaus normal nimbus, u naručju u svom plaštu, Isus ga grli, Isus ima inscription: S.STAN.KOS zrakasti svetokrug, Stanislav obični, natpis: Dimensions: 7.1 g; 24.5(31.5) x 21 mm; cast S.STAN.KOS bronze Mjere: 7,1 g; 24,5(31,5) x 21 mm; lijevana Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 54 (reverse); bronca FASSBINDER 2003, T57/5 (similar) Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 54 (naličje); 14 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 16, SU 289, SF FASSBINDER 2003, T57/5 (slična) 105B 14 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 16, SJ 289, PN Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- 105B dicular eye, post-1622, T10/14 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Francis Xavier in left profile, nimbate, nakon 1622. g., T10/14 in ecstasy, holding flowers in right hand, in habit, Lice: sv. Franjo Ksaverski u lijevom profilu, sve- inscription: S.FRANC.XAV tokrug, u ekstazi, u desnoj ruci drži cvijeće, u Reverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, in habit, Jesuit bi- habitu, natpis: S.FRANC.XAV retta, the Constitutions of the Society in hand, left Naličje: sv. Ignacije Lojola, u habitu, isusovač- profile, in ecstasy, inscription: S.IGN D L OI.S.I ka kapa, knjiga osnivanja Reda u rukama, lijevi Dimensions: 4.9 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; cast bronze profil, u ekstazi, natpis: S.IGN D L OI.S.I 15 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Mjere: 4,9 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; lijevana bronca 352 15 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- PN 352 dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T10/15 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, 17./18. st., T10/15 Mary nimbate, Jesus rayed, Jesus with orb in left Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- hand, on the roof of the house from Nazareth ju, Marija ima svetokrug, a Isus zrake, Isus u Reverse: inscription: IESV E MARIA VI DONO lijevoj ruci drži kuglu, nalaze se na krovu naza- ILOVORE E LANIMA MIA (Jesus and Mary I retske kuće give you my honour and soul) Naličje: natpis: IESV E MARIA VI DONO Dimensions: 2.0 g; 22(30) x 17.5 mm; cast bronze ILOVORE E LANIMA MIA (Isuse i Marijo dajem vam čast i dušu svoju) 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 15, SU 256, SF 489 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Mjere: 2,0 g; 22(30) x 17,5 mm; lijevana bron- dicular eye. 17th/18th century, T10/16 ca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, St Mary and Je- 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 15, SJ 256, PN 489 sus crowned (up to 1797), Jesus to the left, rayed Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom. nimbus behind, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET 17./18. st., T10/16 (sancta Maria Lauretana) Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, sv. Marija i Isus s Reverse: winged angels above and in a cloud, bear- krunama (do 1797.), Isus s lijeve strane, iza ing the house from Nazareth, inscription: SAN zrake svetokruga, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRET CASA (sancta Maria Lauretana)

178 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: krilati anđeli iznad i u oblaku, nose na- Dimensions: 8.9 g; 27(37) x 24 mm; cast bronze zaretsku kuću, natpis: SAN CASA Mjere: 8,9 g; 27(37) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca Table 11 – devotional medals

1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 101, SF 909 Tabla 11 – medaljice Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- 1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 101, PN 909 dicular eye and three nubs, 17th/18th century, Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i tri T11/1 gumba, 17./18. st., T11/1 Obverse: The Holy Eucharist, chalice on a hill- Lice: sv. Euharistija, u medaljonu u sredini ka- ock in medallion at centre, Rayed Host above, be- lež na brdašcu, iznad hostija sa zrakama, dolje low ROMA, to the left and right kneeling angels, ROMA, lijevo i desno klečeći anđeli, u hostiji in the Host TT?, cherubim at the poles, band TT?, kerubini na polovima, oko medaljona tra- with inscription around the medallion: IL.SS. ka s natpisom: IL.SS.SACR..S.LAVDATO SACR..S.LAVDATO Naličje: u medaljonu sv. Marija Loretska, Isus Reverse: in a medallion St Mary of Loreto, Jesus u lijevom naručju, Isus ima kuglu u lijevoj ruci, in left embrace, Jesus with orb in left hand, both oboje imaju krune, ispod baldahina vise dva svi- crowned, below the baldachin two candlesticks jećnjaka, kerubini na polovima, oko medaljona hanging, cherubim at the poles, around the medal- traka s natpisom: . S .M . L . O . lion a band with the inscription: . S .M . L . O . Mjere: 4,4 g; 32(43) x 28(34) mm; lijevana Dimensions: 4.4 g; 32(43) x 28(34) mm; cast bronca bronze 2 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 121B 2 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 121B Opis: srcolika medaljica i križ u jednom, 17. st., Description: cordiform devotional medal and cross T11/2 in one, 17th century, T11/2 Lice: križ i srce, raspelo, plitki reljef, svetokrug, Obverse: cross and heart, crucifix, low relief, nim- INRI titulus kao antena iz križa, u srcu dugačak bus, INRI titulus as an antenna from the cross, in the natpis: IESV SXPS/REX GLOR/VEN I.IN heart a long inscription: IESV SXPS/REX GLOR/ PA/DEVS NO.FA/EST. XPS./N IM VEN I.IN PA/DEVS NO.FA/EST. XPS./N IM Naličje: na križu kalež s hostijom, zrake okolo, Reverse: on the cross a chalice with Host, rays na vrhu patibuluma i antene glave krilatih anđe- around, the heads of winged angels on the termi- la, u srcu Majka Božja Loretska, Isus u lijevom nals of the patibulum and antenna, in the heart the naručju, svijećnjaci sa strane, stoji na oblaku, Mother of God of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, kruna vjerojatno kao kaciga candlesticks to the sides, standing on cloud, crown likely as a helmet Mjere: 5,5 g; 45(53) x 22 mm (srce) 21 x 20 mm (križ); lijevana bronca Dimensions: 5.5 g; 45(53) x 22 mm (heart) 21 x 20 mm (cross); cast bronze Analogije: DIMT 1987, abb. 8 (naličje); FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34 (nalič- Analogies: DIMT 1987, abb. 8 (reverse); FUN- je); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 64 (naličje) DORT KLOSTER 2000, 28.34 (reverse); GRÜNEWALD 2001, 64 (reverse) 3 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 474 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 3 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 474 nakon 1622. g., T11/3 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, post-1622, T11/3 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, svijećnjaci sa strane, Isus u lijevom naručju, krune kao perjanice Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, candlesticks to the side, Jesus in left embrace, crowns like plumes Naličje: pet kanoniziranih 1622. g. – sv. Igna- cije Lojola, sv. Franjo Ksaverski, sv. Tereza, sv. Reverse: five canonised in 1622 – St Ignatius of Filip Neri i sv. Izidor, natpis dolje: ROMA Loyola, St Francis Xavier, St Teresa, St Philip Neri and St Isidore, inscription below: ROMA Mjere: 1,0 g; Ø = 13, v = 21 mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 1.0 g; Ø = 13, v = 21 mm; cast bronze 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 288 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 288

179 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: okrugla medaljica, ušica otpala, vjerojat- Description: round devotional medal, the eye has no okomita, 1622. g., T11/4 fallen off, likely perpendicular, 1622, T11/4 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, ju, oboje imaju svetokrug, kruna neprepoznat- both nimbate, crown of undetermined type, candle- ljiv tip, svijećnjaci sa strane sticks to the sides Naličje: pet stojećih svetačkih figura sa sveto- Reverse: five nimbate standing figures in robes, be- krugom u haljinama, dolje dvostruka linija, is- low a double line, three orbs beneath, holding some pod tri kruga, drže neke atribute, nerazumljivo, attributes, unintelligible, rays above, sun, the five iznad zrake, sunce, petero kanoniziranih 1622. canonised in 1622 g. Dimensions: 0.6 g; Ø = 15 mm; cast bronze Mjere: 0,6 g; Ø = 15 mm; lijevana bronca 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 114 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 114 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th/18th century, T11/5 17./18. st., T11/5 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto with the infant Jesus Lice: sv. Marija Loretska s djetetom Isusom in right lap, Jesus with rayed nimbus, Mary ordi- u desnom krilu, Isus ima svetokrug od zraka, nary, seated on the roof of the house from Nazareth Marija obični, sjede na krovu nazaretske kuće which is on a cloud, unrecognisable depiction at koja je na oblaku, u dnu neprepoznatljiv prikaz, bottom, inscription: .S. MARIA.LAVRETANA. natpis: .S. MARIA.LAVRETANA.ORA.P.N. ORA.P.N. (sancta Maria Lauretana ora pro nobis) (sancta Maria Lauretana ora pro nobis) Reverse: depiction divided in half, lower half pur- Naličje: prikaz podijeljen na pola, donja polo- gatory – fire and in it the figures of eleven people vica čistilište – vatra i u njoj figure jedanaest lju- with extended arms, in the upper half four figures, di s ispruženim rukama, gornja polovica četiri the central figure is Mary in robes and mantle with figure, središnja figura Marija u haljini i plaštu a crucifix in right hand, a child in left hand, to her u desnoj ruci drži raspelo, u lijevoj ruci dijete, right side a bishop/cardinal, depicted to half-length, s njene desne strane biskup/kardinal, do pola to her left side a robed saint, dressed as a Jesuit, the prikazan, s njene lijeve strane svetac u haljini, edge of the devotional medals is decorated with odjeven kao Isusovac, rub medaljice ukrašen beading bisernim nizom Dimensions: 8.6 g; Ø = 35, v = 47 mm; cast bronze Mjere: 8,6 g; Ø = 35, v = 47 mm; lijevana bron- Analogies: BOŽEK–KUNAC 1998, 205 (reverse ca – in terms of concept); PEUS 1982, 468 (reverse – Analogije: BOŽEK–KUNAC 1998, 205 (na- in terms of concept) ličje – koncepcijski); PEUS 1982, 468 (naličje – koncepcijski) 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 840, SF 851 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 840, PN 851 17th century, T11/6 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- 17. st., T11/6 tle, decorated, veil, Jesus in left embrace – orb in left Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, hand, blessing with right hand, both have crowns – ukrašen, veo, Isus u lijevom naručju – u lijevoj helmets, behind them rays, inscription: S.MARIA ruci kugla, desnom rukom blagoslivlja, oboje LAVRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) imaju krune – kacige, iza njih zrake, natpis: Reverse: church of St Mary of Loreto, the square S.MARIA LAVRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) in Loreto with the church at centre, houses to the Naličje: crkva sv. Marije Loretske, trg u Loretu s left and right, towers behind, people in the square in crkvom u sredini, lijevo i desno kuće, iza tornje- front of the church, a fountain down and to the left, vi, ispred crkve na trgu ljudi, lijevo dolje fonta- inscription: DOMVS B.M.V. LAVRET. na, natpis: DOMVS B.M.V. LAVRET. Dimensions: 16.1 g; Ø = 35(43) mm, cast bronze Mjere: 16,1 g; Ø = 35(43) mm, lijevana bronca Analogies: KRNJAK 2004, no. 6 – reverse similar Analogije: KRNJAK 2004, br.6 - naličje kon- in terms of concept – also a depiction of the square, cepcijski slično - također prikaz trga, ali iz dru- but from a different angle, the house from Nazareth gog kuta, na licu je nazaretska kuća on the obverse

180 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 29, SJ 322, PN 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 29, SU 322, SF 150 150 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th century, T11/7 17. st., T11/7 Obverse: the scene under the cross, crucifix, above Lice: scena pod križem, raspelo, iznad greda the beam the sun and moon?, to the right Mary sunce i mjesec?, s desne strane Marija skloplje- with clasped hands, to the left St John, inscription: nih ruku, s lijeve strane sv. Ivan, natpis: A SPI- A SPICE ET IMMITAR CE ET IMMITAR Reverse: St Mary of Loreto, two candlesticks, Jesus Naličje: sv. Marija Loretska, dva svijećnjaka, in left embrace, crowns – helmets Isus u lijevom naručju, krune – kacige Dimensions: 4.3 g; Ø = 27, v = 36 mm; cast bronze Mjere: 4,3 g; Ø = 27, v = 36 mm; lijevana bron- Analogies: PLIEGO 2008, 53, br.173 ca Analogije: PLIEGO 2008, 53, br.173 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 744 Description: round devotional medal with decayed 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 744 perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T11/8 Opis: okrugla medaljica s propalom okomitom Obverse: the Holy House of Nazareth, borne by ušicom, 17./18. st., T11/8 two angels, clouds around, Mary seated on the roof, Lice: sv. kuća nazaretska, nose je dva anđela, in right lap the infant Jesus, embraced, both with okolo oblaci, na krovu sjedi Marija, u desnom rayed nimbus, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET krilu dijete Isus, zagrljeni, oboje imaju zrakasti (sancta Maria Lauretana) svetokrug, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, inscrip- Maria Lauretana) tion: SS CROCEFISSO D. SIROLO Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, natpis: SS Dimensions: 9.9 g; Ø = 33(38) mm; cast bronze CROCEFISSO D. SIROLO Mjere: 9,9 g; Ø = 33(38) mm; lijevana bronca 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 840, SF 873 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 840, PN 873 17th/18th century, T11/9 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, seated on house from 17./18. st., T11/9 Nazareth borne by two angels, down and at the bot- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, sjedi na nazaretskoj tom two hemispheres, clouds around, Mary holding kući koju nose dva anđela, u dnu dolje poluku- Jesus in right embrace, both with rayed nimbus, in- gla, okolo oblaci, Marija u desnom naručju drži scription: S.MA.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) Isusa, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, to the left S.MA.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) and right angels with long candlesticks, a cherub at Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, lijevo i de- the base of the cross, inscription below: ROMA; in- sno anđeli s dugim svijećama, na dnu križa je scription around: SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIR: kerubin, dolje natpis: ROMA; okolo natpis: Dimensions:11.1 g; cast bronze SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIR: Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 85 (obverse) Mjere:11,1 g; lijevana bronca Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 85 (lice) 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 151, SU 1025, SF 996B 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 151, SJ 1025, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, PN 996B early 18th century, T11/10 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, the house from Naza- poč. 18. st., T11/10 reth on clouds, seated on the roof are Mary with Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, nazaretska kuća na Jesus in right embrace, Jesus blesses with right hand, oblacima, na krovu sjedi Marija s Isusom u both with rayed nimbus, inscription: S.MARIA desnom naručju, Isus desnom rukom blago- LAVRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) slivlja, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: Reverse: St Pius V, rayed nimbus, right profile, S.MARIA LAVRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) bearded, inscription: .S.PIVS.V. .PONT. MAX. (sanctus Pius V pontifex maximus) Dimensions: 6.2 g; 29(38) mm; cast bronze

181 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: sv. Pio V., zrakasti svetokrug, desni 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 750 profil, brada, natpis: .S.PIVS.V. .PONT. MAX. Description: round devotional medal with frac- (sanctus Pius V pontifex maximus) tured perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, Mjere: 6,2 g; 29(38) mm; lijevana bronca T11/11 Obverse: the Holy House from Nazareth, Mary 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 750 seated on the roof of the house, Jesus in left em- Opis: okrugla medaljica s puknutom okomi- brace, embracing her, nimbate, Jesus and rays, tom ušicom, 17./18. st., T11/11 clouds around, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET Lice: sv. kuća nazaretska, Marija sjedi na krovu (sancta Maria Lauretana) kuće, Isus u lijevom naručju, grli je, svetokrug, Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, dressed Isus i zrake, okolo oblaci, natpis: S.MARIA LA- and crowned Jesus on the cross, at the base the VRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) head of an angel, two angels with long candle- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, odjeveni i sticks to the left and right of the cross, inscription: okrunjeni Isus na križu, na dnu glava anđela, SS.CROCEFISSO D.SIROL. dva anđela s dugim svijećama lijevo i desno od Dimensions: 4.5 g; Ø = 28(33) mm; cast bronze križa, natpis: SS.CROCEFISSO D.SIROL. Mjere: 4,5 g; Ø = 28(33) mm; lijevana bronca 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 85 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 85 17th/18th century, T11/12 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: the transfer of the house from Nazareth, 17./18. st., T11/12 St Mary with Jesus in right lap, seated on the roof Lice: prijenos kuće iz Nazareta, sv. Marija s Isu- of the house from Nazareth borne by two winged som u desnom krilu, sjedi na krovu nazaretske and robed angels, below them an orb, Mary and Je- kuće koju nose dva krilata anđela u haljinama, sus with rayed nimbus, inscription: S.MA.LAVR. ispod njih kugla, Marija i Isus imaju svetokrug (sancta Maria Lauretana) od zraka, natpis: S.MA.LAVR. (sancta Maria Reverse: St Nicholas of Tolentino, in habit, in ec- Lauretana) stasy, nimbate, right profile, lily in right hand, stars Naličje: sv. Nikola iz Tolentina, u habitu, u on chest, orbs on a book – small loaves of bread ekstazi, svetokrug, desni profil, u desnoj ruci from Tolentino ljiljan, zvijezda na prsima, na knjizi kugle – Dimensions: 9.8 g; Ø = 27, v = 35 mm; cast bronze kruščići iz Tolentina Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 85 (lice) Mjere: 9,8 g; Ø = 27, v = 35 mm; lijevana bronca 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 171D Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 85 (lice) Description: oval devotional medal with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T11/13 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 171D Obverse: St Mary of Loreto with Jesus in left em- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, brace, both nimbate, seated on the roof of the house 17./18. st., T11/13 from Nazareth borne by two winged angels, inscrip- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska s Isusom u lijevom nation: .S.MAR LAVR (sancta Maria Lauretana) ručju, oboje imaju svetokrug, sjede na krovu na- Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two an- zaretske kuće koju nose dva krilata anđela, nat- gels with long candlesticks, cherub at the base of pis: .S.MAR LAVR (sancta Maria Lauretana) the patibulum, Jesus with crown and medallion, Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva anđela s inscription: CROCEFISSO D. SIROLO dugim svijećama, kerubin na dnu patibuluma, Dimensions: 6.5 g; Ø = 29, v = 38 mm; cast bronze Isus s krunom i medaljonom, natpis: CROCE- FISSO D. SIROLO 14 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 171C Mjere: 6,5 g; Ø = 29, v = 38 mm; lijevana bron- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ca dicular eye, broken in half with three protuberances at the poles, 17th/18th century, T11/14 14 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 171C Obverse: St Mary of Loreto nimbate, with Jesus in Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, left embrace, seated on the roof of the house from puknuta na pola s tri izbočenja na polovima, Nazareth, on clouds, cartouches at the four poles 17./18. st., T11/14

182 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska sa svetokrugom, s with scrollwork (or perhaps the heads of angels), Isusom u lijevom naručju, sjedi na krovu naza- inscription: DOM.S. AUREA retske kuće, na oblacima, na četiri pola kartu- Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, same še s viticama (ili možda glave anđela), natpis: heads/cartouches at the poles, one winged angel to DOM.S. AUREA each side of the cross, Jesus nimbate Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, iste glave/kar- Dimensions: 4.3 g; 30(39) x 23(29) mm; cast tuše na polovima, sa strane križa po jedan krilati bronze anđeo, Isus sa svetokrugom Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T9/2 (ob- Mjere: 4,3 g; 30(39) x 23(29) mm; lijevana verse differs somewhat, and has an inscription), bronca LIPOVAC VRKLJAN 1993, F1-F4 Analogije: PREDOVNIK et a. 2008, T9/2 (lice nešto drugačije, ima i natpis), LIPOVAC 15 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, GR 37, SU 354, VRKLJAN 1993, F1-F4 SF 428 Description: foliate (cordiform) devotional medal 15 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11/13, GR 37, SJ 354, with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T11/15 PN 428 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, transfer of the house Opis: listolika (srcolika) medaljica s okomitom from Nazareth, Mary and Jesus in left lap, seated on ušicom, 17./18. st., T11/15 the roof, house on clouds, seven cherubim around Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, prijenos nazaretske their heads kuće, Marija i Isus u lijevom krilu, sjede na kro- Reverse: St Jerome, old man nimbate, kneeling, vu, kuća na oblacima, okolo glave sedam keru- facing half-right, holding crucifix in left hand, right bina arm bent behind, S.IERONIME.O.P.N. Naličje: sv. Jeronim, starac sa svetokru- Dimensions: 1.8 g; 20(27) x 18(7) mm, cast bronze gom, kleči, okrenut polu-desno, u lijevoj ruci drži raspelo, desna ruka povijena iza, S.IERONIME.O.P.N. Table 12 – devotional medals Mjere: 1,8 g; 20(27) x 18(7) mm, lijevana bron- 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 16, SU 256, SF 439 ca Description: oval devotional medal with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T12/1 Tabla 12 – medaljice Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, both nimbate, seated on the roof of the house from 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 16, SJ 256, PN 439 Nazareth Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two 17./18. st., T12/1 winged angels to the sides Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- Dimensions: 3.2 g; 30(37) x 24 mm; cast bronze ju, oboje imaju svetokrug, sjede na krovu nazaretske kuće 2 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 7, SU 269, SF 78B Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, sa strane dva Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- krilata anđela dicular eye, 18th century, T12/2 Mjere: 3,2 g; 30(37) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Joseph, in left profile, bearded, -en robed, belt and mantle, nimbate, left hand on chest, 2 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 7, SJ 269, PN the infant Jesus in right hand – rayed nimbus, right 78B hand on chest, left hand embracing Joseph, inscrip- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 18. tion: S IOSEPH O.P.N st., T12/2 Reverse: two winged angels bearing the house from Lice: sv. Josip, u lijevom profilu, bradat, u ha- Nazareth, above and at the centre sun – rays and ljini, pojasu i plaštu, svetokrug, lijeva ruka na clouds, inscription: SAN CASA prsima, u desnoj ruci dijete Isus – zrake sveto- Dimensions: 7.5 g; 27(36) x 24 mm; cast bronze kruga, desna ruka na prsima, lijevom rukom grli Josipa, natpis: S IOSEPH O.P.N Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 166 (for the obverse) 3 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 472

183 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: dva krilata anđela nose nazaretsku Description: oval devotional medal with per- kuću, u sredini gore sunce – zrake i oblaci, nat- pendicular eye and the remains of a jump ring, pis: SAN CASA 17th/18th century, T12/3 Mjere: 7,5 g; 27(36) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, with Jesus in left em- Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 166 (za lice) brace, Mary nimbate, Jesus with rayed nimbus, seated on the roof of the house from Nazareth in 3 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 472 clouds, under the house two cherubim, orb at cen- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i tre, inscription: S . MAR . LAV. ostatkom karičice, 17./18. st., T12/3 Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, s Isusom u lijevom na- winged angels with long candlesticks in hand ručju, Marija ima svetokrug, Isus ima svetokrug Dimensions: 5.2 g; 23(31) x 20 mm; cast bronze od zraka, sjede na krovu nazaretske kuće u oblacima, ispod kuće dva kerubina, kugla u sredini, 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 784 natpis: S . MAR . LAV. Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva krilata an- dicular eye, post-1690, T12/4 đela s dugačkim svijećama u rukama Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- Mjere: 5,2 g; 23(31) x 20 mm; lijevana bronca rated mantle, veil, Jesus in left embrace – sovereign’s orb in left hand, both have crowns – helmets, be- 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 784 hind them rays, inscription: S. MARIA LAVRET. Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, na- (sancta Maria Lauretana) kon 1690. g., T12/4 Reverse: St Paschal Bajlón, kneeling before an altar Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukra- right, hands crossed on the chest, holding a cross, šenom plaštu, veo, Isus u lijevom naručju – u nimbate, mantle, alter with tablecloth, on the altar a lijevoj ruci vladarska kugla, oboje imaju krune book, above on a cloud a floating chalice with rayed – kacige, iza njih zrake, natpis: S. MARIA LA- Host, inscription: S.PASCH.BAI VRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) Dimensions: 4.5 g; 22(31) x 20 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Paskal Bajlón, kleči pred oltarom desno, ruke prekrižene na prsima, u njima križ, 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 87 svetokrug, plašt, oltar sa stolnjakom, na oltaru Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- knjiga, iznad na oblaku lebdi kalež s hostijom sa dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T12/5 zrakama, natpis: S.PASCH.BAI Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, nimbate, with Jesus in Mjere: 4,5 g; 22(31) x 20 mm; lijevana bronca right lap, seated on the house from Nazareth, borne by two angels in robes, winged, orb below, inscrip- 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 87 tion: S.MAR.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, inscrip- 17./18. st., T12/5 tion: SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIROL, along the pati- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, svetokrug, s Isusom u bulum to the lower side an inscription: ROMA, on desnom krilu, sjede na nazaretskoj kući, nose ih the cross a crowned Christ in robes, with a medal- dva anđela u haljinama, s krilima, ispod kugla, lion around his neck, at the base of the patibulum natpis: S.MAR.LAVR. (sancta Maria Laureta- the winged head of an angel, two small winged anna) gles to each side of the cross with long candlesticks Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, natpis: Dimensions: 5.9 g; 29.5(14) x 23 mm; cast bronze SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIROL, uz patibulum s donje strane natpis: ROMA, na križu okrunje- 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 901 ni Krist u haljini, s medaljom oko vrata, na dnu Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- patibuluma krilata glava anđela, sa svake strane dicular eye, post-1622, T12/6 križa dva krilata anđelčića s dugačkim svijećama Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, with mantle, Jesus Mjere: 5,9 g; 29,5(14) x 23 mm; lijevana bron- in left embrace, both with crown – helmet, rays ca around them, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana) 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 901 Reverse: St Francis, in ecstasy, right profile, gazing at Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, rays up and to the right, hands crossed on the chest, nakon 1622. g., T12/6

184 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u plaštu, Isus u li- nimbate, habit, inscription: S.FRANC.O.P.N. jevom naručju, oboje imaju krunu – kacigu, (sancte Francisce ora pro nobis) oko njih zrake, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRETA Dimensions: 3.3 g; 19(26) x 16.5 mm; cast bronze (sancta Maria Lauretana) Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 118 (for the reverse) Naličje: sv. Franjo, u ekstazi, desni profil, gleda u zrake gore desno, ruke prekrižene na prsima, 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 914 svetokrug, habit, natpis: S.FRANC.O.P.N. Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- (sancte Francisce ora pro nobis) dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T12/7 Mjere: 3,3 g; 19(26) x 16,5 mm; lijevana bron- Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, on clouds, Jesus in left ca embrace, both crowned, nimbate, baldachin, two Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 118 (za naličje) suspended candlesticks Reverse: St Francis Assisi, holding a crucifix in left 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 914 hand, right hand on chest, left profile, nimbus Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 1.0 g; 16(23) x 13 mm; cast bronze 17./18. st., T12/7 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, na oblacima, Isus u 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 937 lijevom naručju, oboje imaju krune, svetokrug, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel baldahin, dva viseća svijećnjaka eye, 17th/18th century, T12/8 Naličje: sv. Franjo Asiški, drži raspelo u lijevoj Obverse: Mary in campanulate mantle, veil, crown, ruci, desnu drži na prsima, lijevi profil, sveto- Jesus in left embrace, crown, two angels to the left krug and right with candlesticks, inscription in the band Mjere: 1,0 g; 16(23) x 13 mm; lijevana bronca below: MARIA LORETT Reverse: St Philip Neri, lily in right hand, cross in 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 937 left hand, rayed nimbus, inscription: PHILL PVS Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, RENILIVS 17./18. st., T12/8 Dimensions: 5.9 g; 29(32) x 25 mm; cast bronze Lice: Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, veo, kruna, Isus u lijevom naručju, kruna, dva anđela lijevo 9 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 272 i desno sa svijećama, natpis u traci dolje: MA- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- RIA LORETT dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T12/9 Naličje: sv. Filip Neri, ljiljan u desnoj ruci, u li- Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, two candlesticks, two jevoj ruci križ, zrake svetokruga, natpis: PHILL angels to the sides, line below her LAVRE, Mary in PVS RENILIVS left embrace holding Jesus, both crowned, nimbus Mjere: 5,9 g; 29(32) x 25 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Isidore, figure of a saint, nimbate, short robe, long staff (knight?), other figure of a saint 9 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 272 kneeling on one knee to the right side of the stand- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, ing figure, inscription: . SAN . ISIDOR. 17./18. st., T12/9 Dimensions: 2.2 g; 25(31.5) x 18.5 mm; cast Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, dva svijećnjaka, dva bronze anđela sa strane, linija ispod nje LAVRE, Marija u lijevom naručju drži Isusa, oboje imaju krune, 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 923 svetokrug Description: oval devotional medal with three pro- Naličje: sv. Izidor, figura sveca, svetokrug, krat- tuberances at the poles, 17th/18th century, T12/10 ka haljina, dug štap (vitez?), druga figura sveca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in the background the kleči jednom nogom s desne strane stojećega, house from Nazareth, in front Mary crowned, Jesus natpis: . SAN . ISIDOR. in left embrace nimbate, up and to the left and right Mjere: 2,2 g; 25(31,5) x 18,5 mm; lijevana two candlesticks suspended, baldachin bronca Reverse: St Barbara, long hair, crowned, with mantle, cross (?) on chest, inscription: .SANCT. 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 923 BARBA. Opis: ovalna medaljica s tri izbočenja na polo- Dimensions: 1.4 g; 19(27) x 14(18) mm; cast vima, 17./18. st., T12/10 bronze

185 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u pozadini nazaretska 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 1001B kuća, ispred Marija s krunom, Isus u lijevom Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- naručju sa svetokrugom, gore lijevo i desno vise dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T12/11 dva svijećnjaka, baldahin Obverse: St Mary of Loreto in campanulate mantle, Naličje: sv. Barbara, duge kose, s krunom, ogr- veil, crown – helmet, Jesus in left embrace, crown tačem, križ? na prsima, natpis: .SANCT.BAR- – helmet, both with rayed nimbus behind, inscrip- BA. tion: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauret- Mjere: 1,4 g; 19(27) x 14(18) mm; lijevana ana) bronca Reverse: St Peter, right profile, dotted nimbus, inscription: SAN PETRVS APOSTO 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 1001B Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 8.2 g; 25.5 (33.5) x 23.5 mm; cast 17./18. st., T12/11 bronze Lice: sv. Marija Loretska u zvonolikom plaštu, Analogies: (similar for the reverse) FUNDORT veo, kruna – kaciga, Isus u lijevom naručju, kru- KLOSTER 2000, 28.41a na – kaciga, oboje iza imaju zrake svetokruga, 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 147, SU 101, SF natpis S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria 970 Lauretana) Description: round devotional medal with frac- Naličje: sv. Petar, desni profil, točkasti sveto- tured perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, krug, natpis SAN PETRVS APOSTO T12/12 Mjere: 8,2 g; 25,5(33,5) x 23,5 mm; lijevana Obverse: St Mary of Loreto with mantle, Jesus in bronca left embrace, Jesus with orb in left hand, both with Analogije: (slična za naličje) FUNDORT crowns – helmets, behind them rays, inscription KLOSTER 2000, 28.41a :S.MARIA LAVRETAN (sancta Maria Lauretana) 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 147, SJ 101, Reverse: St John the Baptist, as a youth, in left profile, gazing up and to the left at the rays, dotted PN 970 nimbus, wrapped in fur, holding cross resting on Opis: okrugla medaljica s puknutom okomi- left shoulder, over the cross a ribbon, inscription: tom ušicom, 17./18. st., T12/12 S.IOANNES BAPT.O.PR.N. (sanctus Iohannes Lice: sv. Marija Loretska u plaštu, Isus u lije- Baptista ora pro nobis) vom naručju, Isus u lijevoj ruci ima kuglu, oboje Dimensions: 5.6 g; 28(35) mm; cast bronze krune – kacige, iza njih zrake, natpis:S.MARIA LAVRETAN (sancta Maria Lauretana) 13 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF Naličje: sv. Ivan Krstitelj, kao mladić, u lijevom 333 profilu, gleda gore lijevo u zrake, točkasti sve- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, tokrug, ogrnut krznom, rukom pridržava križ 1610 – 1643, T12/13 naslonjen na lijevo rame, preko križa vrpca, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, two suspended can- natpis: S.IOANNES BAPT.O.PR.N. (sanctus dlesticks, on her head a tiara (up to 1643), beading Iohannes Baptista ora pro nobis) around, two winged angels to the side Mjere: 5,6 g; 28(35) mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Carlo Borromeo; in left profile, half 13 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, length, nimbate, palms clasped in prayer before a crucifix on an altar, inscription: S.CAR. PN 333 BORO:AME (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 1610. – 1643. g., T12/13 Dimensions: 2.9 g; Ø = 21, v = 26 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, dva viseća svijećnjaka, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T58/1 (obverse), na glavi tijara (do 1643.), okolo biserni niz, dva 2 (obverse); BOŽEK–KUNAC 1998, 205 krilata anđela sa strane 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 617 Naličje: sv. Karlo Boromejski; u lijevom pro- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, filu, do pola, svetokrug, u molitvi sklopljenih post-1622, T12/14 dlanova ispred raspela na oltaru, natpis: S.CAR. Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- BORO:AME (Sanctus Carolus Boromaeus) rated mantle, veiled, Jesus in left embrace, sover -

186 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 2,9 g; Ø = 21, v = 26 mm; lijevana bron- eign’s orb in left hand, blessing with right hand, ca both with decorated crowns – helmets, behind Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T58/1(lice), them rays, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta 2 (lice); BOŽEK–KUNAC 1998, 205 Maria Lauretana) Reverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, in right profile, with 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 617 nimbus and habit, holding crucifix to right, inscrip- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, tion: S.ALOISIVS.GONZAGA . S.I. nakon 1622. g., T12/14 Dimensions: 11.1 g; Ø = 30(39) mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukra- šenom plaštu, ima veo, Isus u lijevom naručju, 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 150, SU 1019, SF u lijevoj ruci vladarska jabuka, desnom rukom 986 blagoslivlja, oboje imaju ukrašene krune – ka- Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, cige, iza njih zrake, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRET 17th century, T12/15 (sancta Maria Lauretana) Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, campanulate mantle, Naličje: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, u desnom profi- veil, crown, Jesus in left embrace, crown, orb in left lu, ima svetokrug i habit, u rukama desno drži hand, behind them rays, inscription: SMARIA raspelo, natpis: S.ALOISIVS.GONZAGA . LAVRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) S.I. Reverse: St Francis Pavola, in robe with hood on Mjere: 11,1 g; Ø = 30(39) mm; lijevana bronca head, dotted nimbus, holding staff in hands to right with medallion bearing inscription: CHARITAS 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 150, SJ 1019, from which rays emanate, inscription: S.FRANC. PN 986 DE PAVOLA Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 6.4 g; 29(38) mm; cast bronze 17. st., T12/15 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/2 (obverse); Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, zvonoliki plašt, veo, KNEZ 2001, 46 (reverse) kruna, Isus u lijevom naručju, kruna, kugla u lijevoj ruci, iza njih zrake, natpis: SMARIA LA- 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 334, SF 317 VRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: sv. Franjo Pavola, u haljini s kapulja- 17th century, T12/16 čom na glavi, točkasti svetokrug, u rukama de- Obverse: St Mary and Jesus in left embrace, perhaps sno drži štap s medaljonom s natpisom: CHA- of Loreto, a candlestick discernable to the right side, RITAS iz kojeg izlaze zrake, natpis: S.FRANC. behind it a baldachin DE PAVOLA Reverse: The Stigmatization of St Francis, at top Mjere: 6,4 g; 29(38) mm; lijevana bronca crucifix – laid downwards illuminating St Francis Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/2 (lice); in ecstasy, kneeling, arms spread, nimbate, robe, be- KNEZ 2001, 46 (naličje) hind him the crown of a tree, at the right edge of the devotional medal his brother Leo kneeling 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 334, PN 317 Dimensions: 1.5 g; Ø = 20, v = 27 mm; bronze plate or thin cast Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. st., T12/16 Table 13 – devotional medals Lice: sv. Marija i Isus u lijevom naručju, možda Loretska, nazire se s desne strane svijećnjak, iza 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 8/10, GR 10, SU 256, SF nje baldahin 84 Naličje: stigmatizacija sv. Franje, u vrhu raspe- Description: foliate (cordiform) devotional medal lo – položeno prema dolje obasjava sv. Franju u with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T13/1 ekstazi, kleči, ruke raširene, svetokrug, haljina, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto in campanulate mantle iza njega drvo s krošnjom, uz desni rub meda- with infant Jesus in left embrace, to each side sus- ljice kleči brat Leo pended candlesticks, surrounded by vegetative band Mjere: 1,5 g; Ø = 20, v = 27 mm; brončani lim Reverse: St Anthony of Padua with infant Jesus in ili tanko lijevanje left hand, lily in right hand, surrounded by vegetative band

187 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tabla 13 – medaljice Dimensions: 2.0 g; 22(29) x 19(8) mm; cast bronze Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 41 (in terms of 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 8/10, GR 10, SJ 256, composition); KRNJAK 2008, 145 fig. 8; PRE- PN 84 DOVNIK et al. 2008, T10/3 (in terms of composi- Opis: listolika (srcolika) medaljica s okomitom tion) ušicom, 17./18. st., T13/1 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska u zvonolikom plaštu 2 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 243 s djetetom Isusom u lijevom naručju, sa svake Description: foliate (cordiform) devotional medal strane viseći svijećnjaci, okružena vegetabilnom with parallel eye, 17th century, T13/2 trakom Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski s djetetom Isu- both nimbate, crown of unrecognisable type (per- som u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj ruci ljiljan, okruženi haps a tiara), candlesticks to the side vegetabilnom trakom Reverse: St Anthony, the infant Jesus standing in Mjere: 2,0 g; 22(29) x 19(8) mm; lijevana right hand, lily in left hand, Jesus with right hand bronca raised in blessing, Anthony – nimbate, habit Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 41 (kompo- Dimensions: 1.0 g; 16(26) x 13(5) mm; cast bronze zicijski); KRNJAK 2008, 145 sl.8; PREDOV- Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 41(lice); KRN- NIK et al. 2008, T10/3 (kompozicijski) JAK 2008, 145, fig. 8 2 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 243 3 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, GR 38, SU 340, SF Opis: listolika (srcolika) medaljica s paralel- 187B nom ušicom, 17. st., T13/2 Description: rhomboid devotional medal with per- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- pendicular eye, terminating in trefoils, 17th/18th ju, oboje imaju svetokrug, kruna neprepoznat- century, T13/3 ljiv tip (možda tijara), svijećnjaci sa strane Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in right embrace, Naličje: sv. Antun, u desnoj ruci dijete Isus sto- candlesticks, crowns – helmets ji, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, Isus diže desnu ruku na Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, book in right hand blagoslov, Antun– svetokrug, habit with the infant Jesus standing on it, lily in left hand, Mjere: 1,0 g; 16(26) x 13(5) mm; lijevana standing on line, two rosettes at the sides at centre bronca Dimensions: 2.0 g; 18 (30) x 18 (25) mm; cast Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 41(lice); bronze KRNJAK 2008, 145, sl. 8 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 146 fig. 11; LIPOVAC VRKLJAN 1993, F5.6 3 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, GR 38, SJ 340, PN 187B 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 114, SU 894, SF Opis: romboidna medaljica s okomitom uši- 800B com, zaključena trolistima, 17./18. st., T13/3 Description: rhomboid devotional medal with per- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u desnom naruč- pendicular eye, terminating in trefoils, 17th/18th ju, svijećnjaci, krune – kacige century, T13/4 Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u desnoj ruci Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- knjiga i dijete Isus stoji na njoj, u lijevoj ruci lji- tle, Jesus in left embrace, both have crowns – hel- ljan, stoji na liniji, dvije rozete sa strane u sredini mets, candlesticks suspended at the sides Mjere: 2,0 g; 18(30) x 18(25) mm; lijevana Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, enrobed, nimbate, bronca lily in left hand, with right embracing Jesus who stands on clouds(?), in right profile, blessing with Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 146 sl.11; LIPO- right hand VAC VRKLJAN 1993, F5,6 Dimensions: 2.2 g; 20 x 20(27) mm; cast bronze 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 114, SJ 894, PN Analogies: (both in terms of composition) KRN- 800B JAK 2008, 146 fig. 11; LIPOVAC VRKLJAN Opis: romboidna medaljica s okomitom uši- 1993, F5.6 com, zaključena trolistima, 17,/18. st., T13/4 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 179

188 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Isus u lijevom naručju, oboje imaju krune – ka- dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T13/5 cige, viseći svijećnjaci sa strane Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, St Mary and the infant Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u haljini, sveto- Jesus in left embrace, crown – helmet (up to 1797), krug, u lijevoj ruci ljiljan, desnom grli Isusa koji angels to the sides, candlesticks suspended from the stoji na oblacima(?), u desnom profilu, desnom ceiling, St Mary on a cloud rukom blagoslivlja Reverse: St Anthony of Padua the infant Jesus Mjere: 2,2 g; 20 x 20(27) mm; lijevana bronca stands on book in right hand, lily in left hand, sepa- Analogije: (obje kompozicijski) KRNJAK rated from the bottom by straight line, inscription: 2008, 146 sl.11; LIPOVAC VRKLJAN 1993, S.ANTONIO.DE.PADVA.O.P.N. F5,6 Dimensions: 4.7 g; 31(40) x 25 mm; cast bronze 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 179 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 864, SF 984 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal, three second- 17./18. st., T13/5 ary perforations, 17th/18th century, T13/6 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, sv. Marija i dijete Isus Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, campanulate mantle, u lijevom naručju, kruna – kaciga (do 1797.), sa veil, helmet – crown, Jesus in left embrace, crown strana anđeli, sa stropa vise svijećnjaci, sv. Mari- with three peaks, orb in left hand, both nimbate, ja na oblaku standing beneath baldachin from which two can- Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski u desnoj ruci dlesticks are suspended, scrollwork beneath them, na knjizi stoji dijete Isus, u lijevoj ruci lji- Mary on a cloud ljan, odijeljen od dna ravnom crtom, natpis: Reverse: St Anthony in habit, nimbate, lily in left S.ANTONIO.DE.PADVA.O.P.N. hand, the infant Jesus standing on book in right Mjere: 4,7 g; 31(40) x 25 mm; lijevana bronca hand, blessing with right hand, rayed nimbus, inscription: .S.ANTONIO.DA.PAD.ORA.PRO., 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 864, PN 984 down and below the line: ROMA Opis: ovalna medaljica, tri puta sekundarno Dimensions: 2.9 g; 30 x 25 mm; cast bronze bušena, 17./18. st., T13/6 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, zvonoliki plašt, veo, 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 290 kaciga – kruna, Isus u lijevom naručju, kruna Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- s tri vrha, kugla u lijevoj ruci, oboje imaju sve- dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T13/7 tokrug, stoje ispod baldahina s kojeg vise dva Obverse: Mary with Jesus in left embrace, standing svijećnjaka, ispod njih vitice, Marija na oblaku on orb, crowned, nimbus of stars, two winged an- Naličje: sv. Antun u habitu, svetokrug, u lijevoj gels with long torches (robes?) to the sides ruci ljiljan, u desnoj na knjizi stoji dijete Isus, Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, in habit, nimbate, desnom rukom blagoslivlja, zrake svetokruga, the infant Jesus standing on extended right hand – natpis: .S.ANTONIO.DA.PAD.ORA.PRO., right hand raised in blessing, Anthony with lily in dolje ispod crte: ROMA left hand, inscription: S.ANTONIO.D.P., down Mjere: 2,9 g; 30 x 25 mm; lijevana bronca and below the line: PECA Dimensions: 1.6 g; 22.5(30) x 18 mm; cast bronze 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 334, PN 290 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 657 17./18. st., T13/7 Description: round medallion with perpendicular Lice: Marija s Isusom u lijevom naručju, stoji eye, 17th century, T13/8 na kugli, okrunjena, svetokrug od zvijezda, dva Obverse: St Mary of Loreto in campanulate man- krilata anđela s dugim bakljama (haljinama?) sa tle, crown, veil, Jesus in left embrace holding orb in strane right hand, with crown, behind them rayed nimbus, Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u habitu, sve- inscription: S.MARIA LAVRETAN (sancta Maria tokrug, na ispruženoj desnoj ruci stoji dijete Lauretana) Isus – digao desnu ruku na blagoslov, Antun u Reverse: St Anthony in right profile, lily in right lijevoj ruci ljiljan, natpis: S.ANTONIO.D.P., hand, dotted nimbus, habit, in front of him the in- ispod linije dolje PECA fant Jesus standing on a book on a pedestal, rayed

189 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 1,6 g; 22,5(30) x 18 mm; lijevana bron- nimbus, blessing with right hand, holding orb in ca left, inscription: S.ANTONIO.D.PADVA 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN Dimensions: 9.9 g; Ø = 32(42) mm; cast bronze 657 9 – SECTOR 3, SU 01, SF 435 Opis: okrugli medaljon s okomitom ušicom, Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17. st., T13/8 17th/18th century, T13/9 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska u zvonolikom plaštu, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto in campanulate mantle, kruna, veo, Isus u lijevom naručju drži kuglu with crown, nimbus of gold, Jesus in left embrace, u desnoj ruci, ima krunu, iza njih zrake sveto- inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta Maria kruga, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRETAN (sancta Lauretana) Maria Lauretana) Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, in habit with nim- Naličje: sv. Antun u desnom profilu, u desnoj bus, left profile, depicted half length, the infant Je- ruci ljiljan, točkasti svetokrug, habit, ispred nje- sus standing before him on a cloud (?), rayed nim- ga na knjizi na postolju stoji dijete Isus, zrake bus, offering right hand to Anthony, blessing with svetokruga, desnom rukom blagoslivlja, u lijevoj left hand, inscription: S.ANTONIO.D.P. drži kuglu, natpis: S.ANTONIO.D.PADVA Dimensions: 4.9 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; cast bronze Mjere: 9,9 g; Ø = 32(42) mm; lijevana bronca 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 643 9 – SEKTOR 3, SJ 01, PN 435 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th/18th century, T13/10 17./18. st., T13/9 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska u zvonolikom plaštu, rated mantle, crown, veil, Jesus in right embrace, be- s krunom, svetokrug od zlata, Isus u lijevom hind them rays, Jesus also with crown, inscription: naručju, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana) Maria Lauretana) Reverse: St Anthony standing, nimbate, enrobed, Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u habitu sa sve- lily in left hand, in the right hand a book on which tokrugom, lijevi profil, prikazan do pojasa, dije- stands the infant Jesus, rayed nimbus, arms extend- te Isus stoji ispred njega na oblaku?, svetokrug ed towards Anthony, edge emphasised by profiling, od zraka, pruža desnu ruku Antunu, lijevom inscription: S. ANTO. DI PADOVA rukom blagoslivlja, natpis: S.ANTONIO.D.P. Dimensions: 5.8 g; Ø = 28(35.5) mm; cast bronze Mjere: 4,9 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; lijevana bron- Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 94 ca 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 840 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 643 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th century, T13/11 17./18. st., T13/10 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukra- rated mantle, crown, veil, Jesus in right embrace, šenom plaštu, kruna, veo, Isus u desnom naruč- behind them rays, Jesus also with crown ju, iza njih zrake, Isus isto ima krunu, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Laureta- Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, inscription: na) S.VENANTIVS DE CAM.M. Naličje: sv. Antun stoji, svetokrug, u haljini, u Dimensions: 3.1g; Ø = 22(30.5) mm; cast bronze lijevoj ruci ima ljiljan, u desnoj ruci ima knjigu Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 87 na kojoj stoji dijete Isus, zrake svetokruga, pru- ža ruke prema Antunu, rub istaknut profilaci- 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 633 jom, natpis: S. ANTO. DI PADOVA Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th century, T13/12 Mjere: 5,8 g; Ø = 28(35,5) mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate decorated mantle, Jesus in left embrace, with orb in left Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 94 hand, behind them rays, to the left and right an an- 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 840 gel on a cloud, kneeling (perhaps not an angel – not winged), inscription: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana)

190 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, inscription: 17. st., T13/11 S.V.?.....M., dressed as a Roman soldier standing Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukraše- with feet planted apart, banner in left hand, nim- nom plaštu, kruna, veo, Isus u desnom naručju, bate iza njih zrake, Isus isto ima krunu Dimensions: 1.8 g; Ø = 21(30.5) mm; bronze plate Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, natpis: Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 36 S.VENANTIVS DE CAM.M. 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 993 Mjere: 3,1g; Ø = 22(30,5) mm; lijevana bronca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 87 fractured, 17th/18th century, T13/13 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 633 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, orb in hand, on clouds, under a baldachin, two sus- 17. st., T13/12 pended candlesticks Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukraše- Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, standing on earth/ nom plaštu, Isus u lijevom naručju, ima kuglu u line, down and to the centre, lilies in left hand, the lijevoj ruci, iza njih zrake, lijevo i desno anđeo infant Jesus standing in right hand, blessing with na oblaku, kleči (možda nije anđeo – nema kri- right hand, orb in left hand, nimbus la), natpis: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Dimensions: 2.2 g; 20(27) mm; cast bronze Lauretana) 14 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 771C Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, natpis: Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, S.V.?.....M., odjeven kao rimski vojnik stoji u ra- 17th/18th century, T13/14 skoraku, u lijevoj ruci ima barjak, ima svetokrug Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- Mjere: 1,8 g; Ø = 21(30,5) mm; brončani lim tle, Jesus in left embrace, both have crowns – hel- Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 36 mets, rayed nimbus behind, Jesus with apple in left 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 993 hand, inscription: S. MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, puknuta, 17./18. st., T13/13 Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, in left profile, habit and nimbus, left hand?, inscription: SA Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- ju, kugla u ruci, na oblacima, ispod baldahina, Dimensions: 1.9 g; Ø = 17(25) mm; cast bronze dva viseća svijećnjaka 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 706B Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, stoji na zemlji/ Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- liniji, dolje u sredini, u lijevoj ruci ljiljani, u de- dicular eye, 17th century, T13/15 snoj ruci stoji dijete Isus, blagoslivlja desnom Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- rukom, u lijevoj ruci kugla, svetokrug tle, Jesus in left embrace, Jesus with apple in left Mjere: 2,2 g; 20(27) mm; lijevana bronca hand, both have crowns – helmets, behind them 14 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 771C rays, inscription: S.MARIA.LAVRET. (sancta Ma- ria Lauretana) Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T13/14 Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, inscription: S.V.M., up and to the right two clouds, rays between Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, them, Venantius with banner in left hand, with right Isus u lijevom naručju, oboje imaju krune – ka- hand holding the wall of the city of Camerino, nim- cige, iza zrake svetokruga, Isus ima jabuku u lije- bate voj ruci, natpis. S. MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana) Dimensions: 3.2 g; 18(25) x 16.5 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, u lijevom pro- Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; filu, habit i svetokrug, lijeva ruka?, natpis: SA KNEZ 2001, 121 (reverse) Mjere: 1,9 g; Ø = 17(25) mm; lijevana bronca 16 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 89 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 706B Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th century, T13/16 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17. st., T13/15

191 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, with Jesus in left lap, Isus u lijevom naručju, Isus u lijevoj ruci ima ja- both have crowns – helmets, decorated robe, in- buku, oboje imaju krune – kacige, iza njih zra- scription: S.MAR.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) ke, natpis: S.MARIA.LAVRET. (sancta Maria Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, as a young Lauretana) man, with banner, nimbate, Roman military dress, Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, natpis: inscription: S VEN D.C, behind the right hand a S.V.M., gore desno dva oblaka, između njih zra- panorama of the city ke, Venancije u lijevoj ruci ima barjak, u desnoj Dimensions: 2.8 g; Ø = 17, v = 23 mm; cast bronze drži zid grada Camerina, ima svetokrug Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; Mjere: 3,2 g; 18(25) x 16,5 mm; lijevana bron- KNEZ 2001, 121 (reverse) ca Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; 17 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 680 KNEZ 2001, 121 (naličje) Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th century, T13/17 16 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 89 Obverse: likely St Mary of Loreto, very damaged Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, rays be- 17. st., T13/16 hind the cross, cherubim to the left and right Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, s Isusom u lijevom Dimensions: 1.4 g; Ø = 28(28) mm; bronze plate krilu, oboje imaju krune – kacige, ukrašene haljine, natpis: S.MAR.LAVR. (sancta Maria 18 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 98, SU 812.813, Lauretana) SF 720 Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, mladić, s Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, barjakom, svetokrug, rimska vojna odora, nat- 17th/18th century, T13/18 pis: S VEN D.C, iza desne ruke panorama grada Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, floral band around, Mjere: 2,8 g; Ø = 17, v = 23 mm; lijevana bron- Mary in altar niche, to the sides suspended candle- ca sticks, Jesus in left embrace Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, floral KNEZ 2001, 121 (naličje) band 17 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN Dimensions: 2.2 g; Ø = 19(28) mm; cast bronze 680 19 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 630A Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- 17. st., T13/17 pendicular eye, 17th century, T13/19 Lice: vjerojatno sv. Marija Loretska, jako ošte- Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- ćena tle, in left embrace Jesus with apple, both have Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, iza križa su zra- crowns – helmets, rays behind, to the left and right ke, lijevo i desno kerubini side an angel with long candlesticks, clouds around Mjere: 1,4 g; Ø = 28(28) mm; brončani lim Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, a model of the city in the background down and to the left, 18 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 98, SJ 812,813, Venantius standing, with banner in left hand, PN 720 dressed as a Roman soldier, nimbate, inscription: Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, S.VENANTIVS . D . CAM 17./18. st., T13/18 Dimensions: 4.1 g; 29(39) x 25 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, okolo floralna traka, Marija u oltarnoj niši, sa strane viseći svijećnja- 20 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 619 ci, Isus u lijevom naručju Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, floralna traka pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T13/20 Mjere: 2,2 g; Ø = 19(28) mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate mantle, with crown, Jesus in left embrace, has a different 19 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 630A crown, to the left and right suspended candlesticks, Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- inscription: LAVRET com, 17. st., T13/19

192 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, Reverse: St Anthony nimbate in left profile, to his u lijevom naručju Isus s jabukom, imaju krune front and left stands the infant Jesus, with rayed nim- – kacige, iza zrake, s lijeve i desne strane anđeo s bus and blessing with left hand, orb in right hand?, dugim svijećama, okolo oblaci standing on a book, inscription: S.ANTONIO PA. Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, u pozadini Dimensions: 5.2 g; 28(36) x 24 mm; cast bronze dolje lijevo maketa grada, Venancije stoji, u lijevoj ruci ima barjak, odjeven kao rimski vojnik, 21 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 943 ima svetokrug, natpis: S.VENANTIVS . D . Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- CAM pendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T13/21 Mjere: 4,1 g; 29(39) x 25 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in right embrace, holding orb in right hand, both crowned, standing 20 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 619 under a baldachin, two candlesticks suspended, two Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- orbs to the left and right of Mary’s head com, 17./18. st., T13/20 Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, standing in left pro- Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, file, nimbate, to the left and in front of him Jesus ima krunu, Isus u lijevom naručju, ima drugači- standing on a book on an altar, touching Anthony ju krunu, lijevo i desno viseći svijećnjaci, natpis: with left hand, blessing with right hand, rayed nim- LAVRET bus, St Anthony holding lilies in left hand Naličje: sv. Antun sa svetokrugom u lijevom Dimensions: 2.4 g; 21(27) x 17.5 mm; cast bronze profilu, ispred njega lijevo stoji dijete Isus, ima zrake svetokruga i blagoslivlja lijevom rukom, 22 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 99, SU 823, SF 732 u desnoj ruci ima kuglu?, stoji na knjizi, natpis: Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, S.ANTONIO PA. 17th century, T13/22 Mjere: 5,2 g; 28(36) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Mary robed, infant Jesus in left embrace, both with rayed nimbus and 21 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 943 crown – helmet, to the left and right suspended Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- candlesticks com, 17./18. st., T13/21 Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, standing figure Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u desnom naruč- dressed as a Roman soldier, in right hand a model ju, drži u desnoj ruci kuglu, oboje imaju krune, of the city, banner in left hand, nimbus, inscription: stoje ispod baldahina, dva svijećnjaka vise, lije- S.VENAN . M.D.CA (SANCTUS VENANTIUS vo i desno od Marijine glave dvije kugle MARTYR DE CAMERINO) Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, stoji u lijevom Dimensions: 1.9 g; Ø = 20(29) mm; cast bronze profilu, svetokrug, lijevo ispred njega Isus stoji na knjizi na oltaru, lijevom rukom dira Antuna, Table 14 – devotional medals desnom rukom blagoslivlja, zrake svetokruga, sv. Antun u lijevoj ruci drži ljiljane 1 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 708 Mjere: 2,4 g; 21(27) x 17,5 mm; lijevana bron- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ca dicular eye, post-1622, T14/1 22 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 99, SJ 823, PN Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- 732 rated mantle, veiled, Jesus in left embrace, in left hand Jesus with apple, both have crowns – hel- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, mets, behind them rays, inscription: S.MARIA. 17. st., T13/22 LAVRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Marija u haljini, dije- Reverse: St Francis Xavier, inscription: S.FR.XA, te Isus u lijevom naručju, oboje imaju zrakaste death scene, in habit, lying on mantle, on a rock, svetokruge i krunu – kacigu, lijevo i desno vise under a wooden roof on trees, holding crucifix in svijećnjaci hands crossed on chest Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, stojeća figu- Dimensions: 17.7 g; 35(44) x 32 mm; cast bronze ra obučena u rimskog vojnika, u desnoj ruci maketa grada, u lijevoj zastava, svetokrug, natpis: Analogies: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 30 (reverse); S.VENAN . M.D.CA (SANCTUS VENAN- FASSBINDER 2003, T55/2 (reverse) TIUS MARTYR DE CAMERINO)

193 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 1,9 g; Ø = 20(29) mm; lijevana bronca 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 147, SU 1015, SF 969 Tabla 14 – medaljice Description: oval devotional medal with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T14/2 1 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 708 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, mantled, crown – hel- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, met, Jesus in left embrace, same crown, Jesus with nakon 1622. g., T14/1 orb in left hand, behind them rays, decorated robe, Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukra- inscription: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta Maria šenom plaštu, ima veo, Isus u lijevom naručju, u Lauretana) lijevoj ruci Isus ima jabuku, oboje imaju krune Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, at – kacige, iza njih zrake, natpis: S.MARIA.LA- the base of the cross is a cherub, to the left VRET. (sancta Maria Lauretana) and right angel with long candle, inscription: Naličje: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, natpis: S.FR.XA, SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIROL, down at the bottom prizor umiranja, u habitu, leži na plaštu, na sti- ROMA jeni, ispod drvenog krova na stablima, u rukama Dimensions: 15.9 g; 37(46.5) x 33.5 mm; cast prekriženim na prsima drži raspelo bronze Mjere: 17,7 g; 35(44) x 32 mm; lijevana bronca Analogies: KRNJAK 2008. 142, fig. 2 Analogije: GRÜNEWALD 2001, 30 (naličje); 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 746 FASSBINDER 2003, T55/2 (naličje) Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 147, SJ 1015, 17th/18th century, T14/3 PN 969 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, rated mantle, Jesus in left embrace, orb in left hand, 17./18. st., T14/2 both have crowns – helmets, behind them rays, Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u plaštu, kruna – ka- Mary with veil smiling, inscription: S . MARIA ciga, Isus u lijevom naručju, ista kruna, Isus u LAVRETAN (sancta Maria Lauretana) lijevoj ruci ima kuglu, iza njih zrake, ukrašena Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, cross haljina, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta does not have trefoil terminals, Jesus with crown Maria Lauretana) and decorated robe, medallion, to the left and right Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, na dnu križa je angels with long candles, at the base of the patibu- kerubin, lijevo i desno anđeo s dugom svijećom, lum a cherub, inscription: SS.CROCEFISSO D. natpis: SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIROL, u dnu SIROLO dolje ROMA Dimensions: 10.8 g; Ø = 33(44) mm; cast bronze Mjere: 15,9 g; 37(46,5) x 33,5 mm; lijevana Analogies: KRNJAK 2008. 142, fig. 2 bronca 4 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 12, SU 278, SF 91A Analogije: KRNJAK 2008,142, sl. 2 Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 746 17th/18th century, T14/4 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, crown – helmet 17./18. st., T14/3 (1797), rays behind Mary and Jesus, the edge is Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukraše- emphasised by a straight profiled line, inscription: nom plaštu, Isus u lijevom naručju, u lijevoj ruci S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) ima kuglu, oboje imaju krune – kacige, iza njih Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two an- zrake, Marija ima veo i osmijeh na licu, natpis: gels to the sides, each holding a long candle, inscrip- S . MARIA LAVRETAN (sancta Maria Laure- tion: SS.CROC EF IS.D.SIROL tana) Dimensions: 5.6 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; cast bronze Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, križ nema tro- Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/2 lisne završetke, Isus ima krunu i ukrašenu haljinu, medaljon, lijevo i desno anđeli s dugim 5 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 122, SU 915, SF 822 svijećama, u dnu patibuluma kerubin, natpis: Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, SS.CROCEFISSO D. SIROLO 17th/18th century, T14/5 Mjere: 10,8 g; Ø = 33(44) mm; lijevana bronca

194 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KRNJAK 2008,142, sl. 2 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, very worn, figure of Mary, Jesus in left embrace, two candlesticks sus- 4 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 12, SJ 278, PN pended to the left and right 91A Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two an- Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, gels down and to the left and right without candles, 17./18. st., T14/4 very worn Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, kruna – kaciga Dimensions: 1.5 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; cast bronze (1797.), iza Marije i Isusa zrake, rub istaknut ravnom profiliranom linijom, natpis: 6 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 846 S.MARIA LAVRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva anđela dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T 14/6 sa strane, drže dugačku svijeću svaki, natpis: Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- SS.CROC EF IS.D.SIROL tle, Jesus in left embrace, both crowned, rays behind Mjere: 5,6 g; Ø = 27, v = 37 mm; lijevana bron- them, inscription: S.MARIA . LAVRETA (sancta ca Maria Lauretana) Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/2 Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, angels to the left and right with two long candles, at the base 5 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 122, SJ 915, PN of the patibulum a cherub, above the inscription 822 ROMA, inscription: SSCROCE FISS.D.SIR Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 3.1 g; 18(25) x 16.5; cast bronze 17./18. st., T14/5 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 142, fig. 2 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, jako izlizana, figura Marije, Isus u lijevom naručju, dva svijećnjaka 7 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 5, SU 336, SF 313 vise lijevo i desno Description: oval devotional medal with promi- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva anđela li- nences and a perpendicular eye, up to 1643, T14/7 jevo i desno dolje bez svijeća, ali jako istrošena Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, angels to the sides, Mjere: 1,5 g; Ø = 20(28) mm; lijevana bronca candlesticks suspended at the sides, crown in the form of a tiara (up to 1643), Jesus in left hand 6 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 846 Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, two an- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, gels to the sides 17./18. st., T 14/6 Dimensions: 3.2 g; 22 x 17 mm, with prominences Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, 28 x 23 mm; cast bronze Isus u lijevom naručju, oboje imaju krune, zrake iza njih, natpis: S.MARIA . LAVRETA (sancta 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 748 Maria Lauretana) Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, anđeli lijevo i dicular eye and three small nubs, 17th/18th cen- desno s dvije duge svijeće, u dnu patibuluma ke- tury, T14/8 rubin, iznad natpis ROMA, natpis: SSCROCE Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in pleated robe and FISS.D.SIR belt, Jesus in left embrace nimbate, Mary with Mjere: 3,1 g; 18(25) x 16,5; lijevana bronca crown, standing under a baldachin from which can- Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 142, sl. 2 dlesticks are suspended to the left and right, angels below them 7 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 5, SJ 336, PN Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, a six- 313 pointed star atop the patibulum, head of an angel Opis: ovalna medaljica s istacima i okomitom at the base, radial rays behind the cross, to the left ušicom, do 1643., T14/7 and right side of the cross are angels without candles Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, anđeli sa strane, viseći Dimensions: 1.5 g; 20(26) x 15(29) mm; cast svijećnjaci sa strane, kruna u obliku tijare (do bronze 1643.), Isus u lijevoj ruci 9 – SECTOR 2, Finds from the spoil Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, dva anđela sa Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, strane 17th/18th century, T14/9

195 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere: 3,2 g; 22 x 17 mm, s istacima 28 x 23 Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, under a baldachin mm; lijevana bronca from which two candlesticks are suspended, Mary robed, Jesus in left embrace, both crowned, Jesus 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 748 with rayed nimbus Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i tri Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, diagonal gumbića, 17./18. st., T14/8 rays emanating from the intersection of the cross Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u haljini s naborima Dimensions: 0.8 g; Ø = 12.5(19.5) mm; cast i pojasom, Isus u lijevom naručju sa svetokru- bronze gom, Marija ima krunu, stoje ispod baldahina s kojeg vise lijevo i desno svijećnjaci, ispod njih 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 486, SF 972 anđeli Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, na vrhu patibu- dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T14/10 luma šestokraka zvijezda, na dnu glava anđela, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- iza križa radijalne zrake, s lijeve i desne strane tle, veil, crown, Jesus in left embrace, crown, orbs in križa anđeli bez svijeća hands, behind them rays, inscription: S.MARIA Mjere: 1,5 g; 20(26) x 15(29) mm; lijevana LAVRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) bronca Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, to the left 9 – SEKTOR 2, nalazi s deponija and right two angels with long candlesticks Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 3.2 g; 19(27) x 16.5 mm; cast bronze 17./18. st., T14/9 Analogies: KRNJAK 2008.142, fig. 2 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, ispod baldahina s 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 486, SF 975 kojeg vise dva svijećnjaka, Marija u haljini, Isus Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- u lijevom naručju, oboje imaju krune, Isus ima dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T14/11 zrakasti svetokrug Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate man- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, iz sjecišta križa tle, veil, crown, Jesus in left embrace, crown, orb in izlaze dijagonalne zrake left hand, rayed nimbus around the head, inscrip- Mjere: 0,8 g; Ø = 12,5(19,5) mm; lijevana tion: S MARI TO bronca Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, to the left 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 486, PN 972 and right two angels with long candlesticks, FI SS Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, O SIROLO 17./18. st., T14/10 Dimensions: 2.0 g; 18(25) x 16.5 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, Analogies: KRNJAK 2008, 142, fig. 2a veo, kruna, Isus u lijevom naručju, kruna, u rukama kugle, iza njih zrake, natpis: S.MARIA 12 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 81 LAVRET (sancta Maria Lauretana) Description: round devotional medal, 17th/18th century, T14/12 Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, lijevo i desno dva anđela s dugim svijećama Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, candlesticks suspended to the sides, the infant Jesus in left embrace Mjere: 3,2 g; 19(27) x 16,5 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity Analogije: KRNJAK 2008,142, sl. 2 Dimensions: 1.4 g; Ø = 20 mm; bronze plate 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 486, PN 975 Table 15 – devotional medals Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st., T14/11 1 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 9, SU 271, SF 88 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom plaštu, Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- veo, kruna, Isus u lijevom naručju, kruna, kugla dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T15/1 u lijevoj ruci, oko glava zrakasti svetokrug, nat- Obverse: The Rijeka crucifix, behind it the city, pis: S MARI TO Christ and the cross in relief, titulus and instead of a Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, lijevo i desno skull arms bent at the elbow dva anđela s dugim svijećama, FI SS O SIRO- Reverse: St Mary Help of Christians, inscription: LO S..M AVXIL . PASSAV ET CHLVME, Mary

196 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 2,0 g; 18(25) x 16,5 mm; lijevana bron- seated, veil, rayed nimbus, she is embracing Jesus in ca right lap and he returns the embrace Analogije: KRNJAK 2008, 142, sl. 2a Passau in Bavaria, Klum (Czech Republic) 12 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 81 Dimensions: 12.0 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; cast bronze Opis: okrugla medaljica, 17./18. st, T14/12 Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, sa strana vise svijeć- 2 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 862 njaci, dijete Isus u lijevom naručju Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo dicular eye, 17th/18th century, T15/2 Mjere: 1,4 g; Ø = 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the cross, INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on Tabla 15 – medaljice the left side of the chest, in the background the vista of the City of Rijeka with port and ships 1 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 9, SJ 271, PN 88 Reverse: St Mary Help of Christians, Mary seated Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, in robes and mantle with veil, embracing Jesus to 17./18. st., T15/1 the right who is standing on her left knee, Jesus Lice: riječko raspelo, iza njega grad, reljefni embracing Mary with right arm, cheeks touching, Krist i križ, titulus i umjesto lubanje ruka savi- both with rayed nimbus, hair showing from be- jena u laktu neath the veil, inscription: S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV. ET.CHLVMEK SI Naličje: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, natpis: S..M AVXIL . PASSAV ET CHLVME, Marija sje- Dimensions: 11.8 g; 29.5(37) x 27 mm; cast bronze di, veo, svetokrug od zraka, grli Isusa u desnom Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 krilu i on nju 3 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 931 Passau u Bavarskoj, Klum (Češka) Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Mjere: 12,0 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; lijevana bronca dicular eye. 18th century (up to 1796), T15/3 Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, left profile, with 2 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 862 Jesuit biretta, gazing at the sun, IHS inscribed in the sun, habit, mantle, rays encircling, holding the open Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Constitutions of the Society in hands with inscrip- 17./18. st., T15/2 tion: AD DE/ MA I/ IO GL/ R Lice:riječko raspelo, Isus na križu, INRI, ruka Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, in the background the u dnu patibuluma, rana na lijevoj strani prsa, u city, walls, sea, small ships, wound on Jesus’ chest pozadini vizura grada Rijeke i luke s brodovima Dimensions: 10.0 g; 29.5(34) x 27 mm; cast bronze Naličje: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, Marija sjedi u haljini i plaštu s velom, u desnom naručju grli Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 Isusa koji stoji na njezinu lijevom koljenu, Isus 4 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 705 grli Mariju desnom rukom, dodiruju se obrazi- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ma, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, ispod vela dicular eye, 18th century, T15/4 proviruje kosa, natpis: S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV. ET.CHLVMEK SI Obverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the crucifix, INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on Mjere: 11,8 g; 29,5(37) x 27 mm; lijevana the chest to the right, in the background the vista of bronca the City of Rijeka with port and ships Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Reverse: transfer of the house from Nazareth, 3 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 931 borne by two angels in clouds, Mary seated on the Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom,18. roof with Jesus in left lap, behind them rays st. (do 1796. g.), T15/3 Dimensions: 9.7 g; 29.5(40.5) x 26mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, lijevi profil, u isusovač- Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 (for the reverse) koj kapi, gleda u sunce, u suncu piše IHS, habit, plašt, okolo zrake, u rukama drži otvorenu knji- 5 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 302 alongside 336, gu Reda s natpisom AD DE/ MA I/ IO GL/ R SF 257

197 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: riječko raspelo, u pozadini grad, zidi- Description: oval devotional medal, parallel eye ne, more, brodice, na Isusovim prsima rana has fallen off, up to 1796, T15/5 Mjere: 10,0 g; 29,5(34) x 27 mm; lijevana Obverse: The Rijeka crucifix, titulus INRI, rayed bronca nimbus, rays and clouds behind, standing on arm Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 bent at the elbow, inscription: ECTYPON MI- RAC . CRUCIF . IN . TEMP .S . I . FLUM 4 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 705 Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in floral band the Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 18. inscription: .IHS .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., st., T15/4 in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: Lice: riječko raspelo, Isus na raspelu, INRI, u CSPB dnu patibuluma ruka, na prsima desno rana, u Dimensions: 2.0 g; 36.5 x 32 mm; bronze plate pozadini vizura grada Rijeke i luke s brodovima with low relief Naličje: prijenos nazaretske kuće, dva anđela u oblacima je nose, na krovu sjedi Marija s Isusom 6 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 256, SF 430 u lijevom krilu, iza njih zrake Description: oval devotional medal, parallel eye has fallen off, post-1715, T15/6 Mjere: 9,7 g; 29,5(40,5) x 26mm; lijevana bronca Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Jesus in right embrace, crowned, above Jesus the letters: IDH and Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 (za naličje) IGYG with abbreviations, to Mary’s left: OY, on the 5 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 302 uz 336, PN veil a star, inscription: .AS.LVCADEPIC:IMAGO. 257 MIRA.B.M:V..TERSCAC. in floral band Opis: ovalna medaljica, otpala paralelna ušica, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, floral band do 1796. g., T15/5 encircling, inscription in the band: .IHS Lice: riječko raspelo, titulus INRI, zrake sveto- .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: kruga, iza zrake i oblaci, stoji na ruci savijenoj u CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB laktu, natpis: ECTYPON MIRAC . CRUCIF Dimensions: 2.1 g; 37 x 32 mm; bronze plate with . IN . TEMP .S . I . FLUM low relief Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u floralnoj traci nat- Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ pis: .IHS .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u kri- 2001, 66-67 žu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB 7 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 94, SU 687, SF 687 Mjere: 2,0 g; 36,5 x 32 mm; brončani lim s plit- Description: oval devotional medal, secondary per- kim reljefom foration, post-1715, T15/7 6 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11/13, SJ 256, PN 430 Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary mantled, Opis: ovalna medaljica, otpala paralelna ušica, to the right a star, veil, crown, Jesus in right em- nakon 1715. g., T15/6 brace, blessing with right hand, abbreviation above Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Isus u desnom Jesus’ crown IGYG, to the right of Mary’s crown naručju, okrunjeni, iznad Isusa slova: IDH i OY, to the left of Mary’s crown IDH, inscription IGYG s kraticama, s Marijina lijeva: OY, na velu in the floral band: + AS LVCADEPIC : IMAGO zvijezda, natpis: .AS.LVCADEPIC:IMAGO. MIRA B : M : V : TARSACT+ MIRA.B.M:V..TERSCAC. u floralnoj traci Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, oko- the cross: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in lo floralna traka, natpis u traci: .IHS the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSPB CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Dimensions: 2.4 g; 37.5 x 33.5 mm; bronze plate Mjere: 2,1 g; 37 x 32 mm; brončani lim s plit- Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ kim reljefom 2001, 66-67 Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ 8 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, SU 840, SF 766 2001, 66-67 Description: oval devotional medal, parallel eye 7 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 94, SJ 687, PN fractured, secondary perforation, post-1715, T15/8 687 Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary veiled, mantle with star on left shoulder, Jesus in right

198 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: ovalna medaljica, sekundarno bušena, embrace, apple in left hand, right hand on Mary, nakon 1715. g., T15/7 both crowned, above Jesus IGYG, to the right of Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija u plaštu, Mary OY, to the left of Mary ??N, in floral band desno zvijezda, veo, kruna, Isus u desnom na- the inscription: AS LVCADEPIC:IMAGO. ručju, blagoslivlja desnom rukom, kratice iznad MIRA.B:M:V:TERSACT. Isusove krune IGYG, desno od Marijine krune Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around OY, lijevo od Marijine krune IDH, natpis u the cross: .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, in the floralnoj traci: + AS LVCADEPIC : IMAGO cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB MIRA B : M : V : TARSACT+ Dimensions:2.6 g; 37 x 32 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: 2001, 66-67 CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Mjere: 2,4 g; 37,5 x 33,5 mm; brončani lim 9 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 7/8, GR 105, SU 862, SF 767 Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Description: oval devotional medal with parallel 2001, 66-67 eye, post-1715, T15/9 8 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 8, SJ 840, PN 766 Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary crowned, Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta paralelna uši- cloak with star, holding the crowned and dressed ca, sekundarno bušena, nakon 1715. g., T15/8 Jesus in right embrace, Jesus blesses with right hand, Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija u velu, plašt illegible abbreviation, in floral band the inscription: sa zvijezdom na lijevom ramenu, Isus u desnom AS LVCADEPIC AGO MIRA BMV TARSACT. naručju, u lijevoj ruci jabuka, desnom rukom na Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around Mariju, oboje imaju krune, iznad Isusove IGYG, the cross: .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, in the desno od Marije OY, lijevo od Marije ??N, u flo- cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB ralnoj traci natpis: AS LVCADEPIC:IMAGO. Dimensions: 2.9 g; 37.5(41) x 32.5 mm; bronze MIRA.B:M:V:TERSACT. plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, u križu: 2001, 66-67 CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Mjere:2,6 g; 37 x 32 mm; brončani lim 10 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 889A Description: oval devotional medal, post-1715, Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ T15/10 2001, 66-67 Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary crowned, 9 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7/8, GR 105, SJ 862, with veil and cloak (star to the right), holding the PN 767 crowned Jesus in right embrace, dressed in robe, in- Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom rupicom, dex finger of right hand raised, orb in left, above Je- nakon 1715. g., T15/9 sus’ crown IGYG, to the left of Mary’s crown IDH, Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija s krunom, to the right GY in the band around the inscription: ogrtačem sa zvijezdom, u desnom naručju drži .AS LVCADEPIC : IMAGO MIRA : B.V:M Isusa okrunjenog, odjevenog, Isus desnom ru- TERSACT kom blagoslivlja, nevidljiva kratica, u floralnoj Reverse: shield of St Benedict: inscription in the traci natpis: AS LVCADEPIC AGO MIRA band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., BMV TARSACT. in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: CSPB .IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, u križu: Dimensions: 2.3 g; 36 x 31.5 mm; bronze plate CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Mjere: 2,9 g; 37,5(41) x 32,5 mm; brončani lim 2001, 66- 67 Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ 11 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 672 2001, 66-67 Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- 10 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 889A allel eye, post-1715, T15/11 Opis: ovalna medaljica, nakon 1715. g., Obverse: in the shield the image of the Mother of T15/10 God of Trsat, Mary with veil, mantle with star to the

199 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija s krunom, right, Jesus in right embrace, right hand on Mary, velom i ogrtačem (zvijezda desno), drži rukama both crowned, abbreviation to the left .IOC, above okrunjenog Isusa u desnom naručju, odjeven H, to the right OY. u haljinu, desna ruka podignut kažiprst, u lije- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the voj kugla, iznad Isusove krune IGYG, lijevo od band around the shield: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M. Marijine krune IDH, desno GY u traci okolo Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around natpis: .AS LVCADEPIC : IMAGO MIRA : the cross: CSPB B.V:M TERSACT Dimensions: 0.9 g; 23(25.5) x 20 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta: natpis u traci: IHS Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB 12 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 875 Mjere: 2,3 g; 36 x 31,5 mm; brončani lim Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ allel eye, post-1715, T15/12 2001, 66- 67 Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, with crown, Jesus with crown in right embrace, to the left 11 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN of Mary’s crown the abbreviation H, below 672 IOC, to the right of Mary’s crown O, inscrip- Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- tion in the band: AS.LVCA.DEP:IMAGO. com, nakon 1715. g., T15/11 MIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT Lice: u štitu slika Majke Božje Trsatske, Marija Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the ima veo, plašt sa zvijezdom desno, Isus u de- band: IHS.V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., snom naručju, desnom rukom na Mariju, oboje in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: imaju krune, kratice lijevo .IOC, iznad H, de- CSPB sno OY. Dimensions: 1.0 g; 23(25.5) x 20 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci oko šti- Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 ta: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB 13 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 133, SU 984, SF Mjere: 0,9 g; 23(25,5) x 20 mm; brončani lim 885 Description: octagonal devotional medal, frac- Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 tured parallel eye, secondary perforation, post- 12 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 875 1715, T15/13 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- Obverse: in the band around the unreadable im- com, nakon 1715. g., T15/12 age of the Mother of God of Trsat inscription: Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, s krunom, Isus A.S.LVCA DEPIC: IMAGO: MIRA: BVM: s krunom u desnom naručju, lijevo od Mari- TERSACT jine krune kratice H, ispod IOC, desno od Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Marijine krune O, natpis u traci: AS.LVCA. band: IHS.V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., DEP:IMAGO.MIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. CSPB V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: Dimensions: 0.8 g; 23.5(25) x 20 mm; bronze plate CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Mjere: 1,0 g; 23(25,5) x 20 mm; brončani lim 14 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 218 Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Description: octagonal, damaged devotional med- 13 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 133, SJ 984, al, post-1715, T15/14 PN 885 Obverse: the Holy Mother of God of Trsat, crowned Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, puknuta para- Mary and Jesus, above letters with abbreviations lelna ušica, sekundarno bušena, nakon 1715. g., around Mary H, below IOC, to the other side OY, T15/13 inscription in the band: A.S.LVDADEP:IMAGO. Lice: u traci oko nečitljive slike Majke Božje MIRA.B.V.M.T…SACT. Trsatske natpis: A.S.LVCA DEPIC: IMAGO: MIRA: BVM: TERSACT

200 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: band:…IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S…QL.I.V.B., in the CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around: CSPB Mjere: 0,8 g; 23,5(25) x 20 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.0 g; 20 x 20 mm; bronze plate Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 14 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 218 15 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 838 Opis: osmerokutna, oštećena medaljica, nakon Description: octagonal devotional medal, quite 1715. g., T15/14 damaged, fractured parallel eye, jump ring, post- Lice: sv. Majka Božja Trsatska, okrunjeni Ma- 1715, T15/15 rija i Isus, gore slova s kraticama oko Marije H, Obverse: shield at centre with the image of the ispod IOC, s druge strane OY, natpis u traci: Mother of God of Trsat, in right embrace Jesus, both A.S.LVDADEP:IMAGO.MIRA.B.V.M.T… crowned, to the left the abbreviation IO, to the right SACT. OY, in the band around the shield the inscription: . Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci:… CADEP:IMAGO.MIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S…QL.I.V.B., u križu: Reverse: shield of St Benedict: inscription in the CSSML/NDSMD, okolo: CSPB band: IHS.V.R.S.N. .V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , in the Mjere: 1,0 g; 20 x 20 mm; brončani lim cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Dimensions: 0.8 g; 22 x 20 mm; bronze plate Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 15 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 838 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, dosta oštećena, paralelna ušica pukla, karičica, nakon 1715. g., 16 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 933 T15/15 Description: octagonal devotional medal, with Lice: u sredini štit sa slikom Majke Božje fractured parallel eye, post-1715, T15/16 Trsatske, u desnom naručju Isus, oboje ima- Obverse: vertically divided into three fields with ju krune, lijevo kratica IO, desno OY, u tra- one figure of a saint each, to the left St Jerome, at ci oko štita natpis: . CADEP:IMAGO. centre the Mother of God with Jesus, to the right MIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT St Vitus, below is the inscription: EFFI.B VM : Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta: natpis u traci: MONTS IHS.V.R.S.N. .V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , u križu: Reverse: shield of St Benedict; inscription: IHS.V. CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/ Mjere: 0,8 g; 22 x 20 mm; brončani lim NDSMD, CSPB Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Dimensions: 1.0 g; 23(24) x 20 mm; bronze plate 16 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 933 17 – SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 830 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, s puknutom pa- Description: octagonal devotional medal with ralelnom ušicom, nakon 1715. g., T15/16 fractured parallel eye and jump ring, post-1715, Lice: okomito podijeljena u tri polja s po jed- T15/17 nom figurom sveca, lijevo sv. Jeronim, u sredini Obverse: three figures in three fields, the central fig- Bogorodica s Isusom, desno sv. Vid, ispod nature is likely the Mother of God of Trsat, in the left pis: EFFI.B VM : MONTS field St Jerome, in the right field St Vitus with staff Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta; natpis: IHS.V.R. on shoulder, in the field under the line an inscrip- S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ tion in two rows. EFFI : BV/MONT NDSMD, CSPB Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Mjere: 1,0 g; 23(24) x 20 mm; brončani lim band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB 17 – SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 830 Dimensions: 0.9 g; 23 x 19 mm; bronze plate Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s puknutom paralelnom ušicom i karičicom, nakon 1715. g., 18 – SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 80 T15/17 Description: octagonal devotional medal with perpendicular eye, 17th/18th century, T15/18

201 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: tri figure u tri polja, središnja je vjerojatno Obverse: St Mary of Loreto with Jesus in right lap, Majka Božja Trsatska, lijevo polje sv. Jeronim, seated on the house from Nazareth, rayed nimbus desno polje sv. Vid sa štapom na ramenu, u encircling, house on clouds polju dolje ispod crte natpis u dva reda. EFFI Reverse: St Vitus in Roman dress and with banner : BV/MONT in left hand, in right hand extended a model of the Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. city of Rijeka, nimbus R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ Dimensions: 1.1 g; 15(21) x 14 mm; cast bronze NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Mjere: 0,9 g; 23 x 19 mm; brončani lim Others 18 – SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 80 SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 79 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- Description: oval devotional medal, with some ad- com, 17./18. st., T15/18 ditions, secondary perforation, post-1715. Lice: sv. Marija Loretska s Isusom u desnom Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, crowned Mary krilu, sjede na nazaretskoj kući, okolo zrake sve- with crowned Jesus in right embrace, surrounded tokruga, kuća na oblacima by vegetative band with the inscription: A DEPIC: Naličje: sv. Vid u rimskoj odori i s barjakom u IMAGO.MIRA.BM (AS.LVCADEPIC:IMAGO. lijevoj ruci, u desnoj drži ispruženu maketu gra- MIRA.BVM.TERSACT), above Jesus the inscrip- da Rijeke, svetokrug tion: IDH OY IGYG Mjere: 1,1 g; 15(21) x 14 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the band: .IHO.V.R.S.N. I.V.B., in the cross: CSS/ Ostale SMD, around the cross: CS (IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V. S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML / NDSMD, SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 79 around the cross: CSPB) Opis: ovalna medaljica, s nekim dodacima, se- Dimensions: 1.3 g; 19 x 31 mm; bronze plate kundarno bušena, nakon 1715. g. Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, okrunjena Ma- 2001, 66- 67 rija s okrunjenim Isusom u desnom naručju, okružena vegetabilnom trakom u kojoj je nat- SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 96 pis: A DEPIC: IMAGO.MIRA.BM (AS. Description: round medal with perpendicular eye LVCADEPIC:IMAGO.MIRA.BVM.TER- in the form of a triangle, 17th/18th century SACT), iznad Isusa natpis: IDH OY IGYG Obverse: Coronation of Mary, Jesus to the left, Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: holding cross in right hand, in the left a crown .IHO.V.R.S.N. I.V.B., u križu: CSS/SMD, oko above Mary’s head, above Mary a dove with wing križa: CS (IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., spread, rays encircling, to the right God the Father u križu: CSSML / NDSMD, oko križa : CSPB) holding a crown above Mary’s head with right hand, Mjere: 1,3 g; 19 x 31 mm; brončani lim God with triangle instead of a nimbus, Jesus nimbate, Mary standing on orb Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ 2001, 66- 67 Reverse: the weapons of the Passion of Christ, arma Christi – ladder, column, the veil with the im- SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 96 age of Christ, pitcher, torch, cock, robe, dice, at top Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom u a rayed dove – the Holy Spirit, inscription: PAS. obliku trokuta, 17./18. st. CHRIS SALV.NOS (PASSIO CHRISTI SALVA Lice: Krunjenje Marijino, Isus s lijeva, u desnoj NOS) ruci drži križ, u lijevoj krunu iznad Marijine Dimensions: 8.0 g; Ø = 33, v = 43 mm; cast bronze glave, iznad Marije golubica raširenih krila, oko Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 96 (for the obverse), 113 nje zrake, s desne Bog Otac drži desnom rukom (for the reverse) krunu iznad Marijine glave, Bog ima trokut umjesto svetokruga, Isus svetokrug, Marija stoji SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, GR 16, SU 28, SF 105A na kugli Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Naličje: oruđa Kristove muke, arma Christi 17th/18th century – ljestve, stup, rubac s likom Krista, vrč, svi-

202 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

jećnjak, pijetao, haljina, kocke, u vrhu golubica Obverse: Queen of the Rosary, St Mary seated, the sa zrakama – Duh Sveti, natpis: PAS.CHRIS infant Jesus seated on right knee, both with rayed SALV.NOS (PASSIO CHRISTI SALVA nimbus and offering rosaries, floating on clouds, -in NOS) scription: REG.SAC.ROSA. Mjere: 8,0 g; Ø = 33, v = 43 mm; lijevana bron- Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, nimbate, in habit, ca holding the infant Jesus and book in extended right Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 96 (za lice), 113 (za hand, holding lily in extended left hand, inscrip- naličje) tion: S.ANTO.DI.PA. Dimensions: 2.2g; 27 mm; Ø = 19 mm; cast bronze SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, GR 16, SJ 28, PN 105A Analogies: KRNJAK 2008.147, fig. 13 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 287, SF 108 Lice: Kraljica sv. krunice, sv. Marija sjedi, na Description: octagonal devotional medal, top ta- desnom koljenu sjedi dijete Isus, oboje imaju pered, 17th/18th century svetokrug od zraka i pružaju krunice, lebde na Obverse: St Benedict, old man, nimbate, robe, staff oblacima, natpis: REG.SAC.ROSA. in right hand, something unidentifiable in left hand, Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, svetokrug, u ha- inscription: CRVX.S.P.BEN bitu, u ispruženoj desnoj ruci drži dijete Isusa i Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the knjigu, u lijevoj ispruženoj ruci drži ljiljan, nat- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the pis; S.ANTO.DI.PA. cross: SSML / NDSMD, around the cross: CS BP Mjere: 2,2g; 27 mm; Ø = 19 mm; lijevana Dimensions: 2.3 g; 29 x 22 mm; bronze plate bronca Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KRNJAK Analogije: KRNJAK 2008,147, sl. 13 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 8, SJ 287, PN 108 2007a, 242- 247; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 39; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, vrh sužen, 17./18. st. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 111 Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac, sa svetokrugom, ha- Description: oval devotional medal, 17th/18th ljina, štap u desnoj ruci, u lijevoj ruci neprepo- century znatljivo, natpis: CRVX.S.P.BEN Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man in vest- Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V ments, cross in right hand, chalice with poison in .R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: SSML / left hand, serpent above, of the inscription the fol- NDSMD, oko križa: CS BP lowing is visible: .S.P. NEDI Mjere: 2,3 g; 29 x 22 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, the readable letters Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KR- are: CS / CSSM/NDSMD / .S.V.R.S.N .L. I. NJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINO- Dimensions: 0.5 g.; maximum preserved measure VIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242- 247; GRÜNEWALD 21 mm; bronze plate 2001, 39; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 111 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ Opis: ovalna medaljica, 17./18. st. BEBEK 2007a, 242- 247 Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac s bradom u haljini, u desnoj ruci križ, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 121A iznad zmija, od natpisa se vidi: .S.P. NEDI Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, čitaju se slova: CS / eye, perforated twice, 17th/18th century CSSM/NDSMD / .S.V.R.S.N .L. I. Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man, rayed nim- Mjere: 0,5 g.; najveća očuvana mjera 21 mm; bus, staff with cross in right hand, chalice with poi- brončani lim son in left hand, serpent above, habit, inscription: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B, around NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242- 247 the cross: CSPB, in the cross: CSSML / NDSMD

203 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 121A Dimensions: 1.1 g; 27(29) x 23 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; bušena dva puta, 17./18. st. GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; Lice: sv. Benedikt, bradati starac, zrake sveto- KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ kruga, štap s križem u desnoj ruci, u lijevoj ruci BEBEK 2007a, 242- 247 kalež s otrovom, iznad zmija, habit, natpis: SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 129 CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci natpis: IHS.V pendicular eye, 17th/18th century .R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B, oko križa: CSPB, u križu: CSSML / NDSMD Obverse: St Anthony and the infant Jesus, St An- thony with lilies in left hand, embracing Jesus with Mjere: 1,1 g; 27(29) x 23 mm; brončani lim right arm, Jesus embracing St Anthony with left Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; arm, holding something in right hand GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, Reverse: St Oswald, male figure in profile, dressed 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- as a soldier, sword on belt, skirt, boots, mantle, scep- NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242- 247 tre in right hand, bird in left hand (hawk?), rays be- SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 129 hind him, flat cap on head Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- Dimensions: 2.4 g; 19(26) x 17 mm; cast bronze com, 17./18. st. Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 10 Lice: sv. Antun i dijete Isus, sv. Antunu lijevoj SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 294, SF 139 ruci ima ljiljane, u desnoj grli Isusa, Isus lijevom rukom grli sv. Antu, desnom rukom nešto drži Description: oval devotional medal, damaged, 17th/18th century Naličje: sv. Osvald, figura muškarca u profilu, odjeven kao vojnik, o pasu mač, suknja, čizme, Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man, enrobed, plašt, u desnoj ruci žezlo, u lijevoj ruci ptica (so- staff in right hand, in left hand chalice with serpent, kol?), iza njega zrake, na glavi plosnata kapa rayed nimbus, inscription: CRVX. BENE TI Mjere: 2,4 g; 19(26) x 17 mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: shield of St Benedict, letters preserved in the band: S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.V.B..IH., in the cross: Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 10 CSSML/DSMD, around the cross: CSPB SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 294,PN 139 Dimensions: 0.9 g; 25 x 21mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica, oštećena medaljica, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; 17./18. st. GRÜNEWALD 2001.33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; Lice: sv. Benedikt, bradati starac, u haljini, u KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ desnoj ruci štap, u lijevoj ruci kalež sa zmijom, BEBEK 2007a, 242 – 247 zrake svetokruga, natpis: CRVX. BENE TI SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 294, SF 143 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, očuvana slova u Description: oval devotional medal, broken into traci: S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.V.B..IH., u križu: two pieces, parallel eye with preserved jump ring of CSSML/DSMD, oko križa: CSPB bronze wire, 17th/18th century Mjere: 0,9 g; 25 x 21mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man, enrobed, Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; rayed nimbus around the head GRÜNEWALD 2001,33; KRNJAK 2004, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, preserved letters of 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- the inscription: CP/CS ND / . Q. ??. I. V.B. IHS/ NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242 – 247 Dimensions: 0.4 g both parts (smaller = 0.15 g, SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 294,PN 143 larger = 0.25 g); h = 23 (26) mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta u dva dijela, SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 171A paralelna ušica s očuvanom karičicom od bron- čane žice, 17./18. st. Description: oval, damaged devotional medal, 17th/18th century Lice: sv. Benedikt, bradati starac, u haljini, svetokrug od zraka oko glave Obverse: St Benedict, in vestments, staff in right hand with cross, inscription: VX.S.P. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, očuvana slova natpisa: CP/CS ND / . Q. ??. I. V.B. IHS/

204 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 0,4 g oba dijela (manji = 0,15 g, veći = Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: 0,25 g); v = 23 (26) mm; brončani lim V.R.S.N.S., in the cross: SS/DSMD, around the cross: CS B SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 171A Dimensions: 0.4 g; 20 x 17 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna, oštećena medaljica, 17./18. st. Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; Lice: sv. Benedikt, haljina, u desnoj ruci štap s GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; križem, natpis: VX.S.P. KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci:V.R.S.N.S., u BEBEK 2007a, 242 - 247 križu: SS/DSMD, oko križa: CS B Mjere: 0,4 g; 20 x 17 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 173 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; dicular eye, post-1726 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242 - 247

SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 256, PN 173 Obverse: St Aloysius Gonzaga, inscription: Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, S.ALOIS.GON.S.I., in right profile, with crucifix nakon 1726. g. in hands without corpus, in Jesuit robe, nimbus of Lice: sv. Alojzije Gonzaga, natpis: S.ALOIS. radial rays GON.S.I., u desnom profilu, u rukama drži Reverse: St Stanislaus Kostka, left half-profile, raspelo bez korpusa, u isusovačkoj haljini, sve- the naked Jesus in his right embrace whom he has tokrug od radijalnih zraka wrapped in his mantle, Jesus embracing St Stani- Naličje: sv. Stanislav Kostka, lijevi poluprofil, u slaus, Jesus with rayed nimbus, Stanislaus with or- desnome mu je naručju goli Isus kojeg je ogrnuo dinary nimbus filled with dots, inscription: S. ST. svojim plaštem, Isus grli sv. Stanislava, Isus ima KOS. svetokrug od zraka, Stanislav obični svetokrug Dimensions: 5.2 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; cast bronze, ispunjen točkama, natpis: S. ST. KOS. high relief Mjere: 5,2 g; 22(29) x 19 mm; lijevana bronca, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 128; FASSBINDER visoki reljef 2003, T57/5 (similar) Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 128; FASSBINDER SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, GR 37, SU 354, SF 198 2003, T57/5 (slična) Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, GR 37, SJ 354, PN 198 17th/18th century Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: three figures, the central figure is St Mary 17./18. st. with Jesus in right embrace, nimbate, to her right Lice: tri figure, središnja je sv. Marija s Isusom side is a figure in short robe and cap, with staff, ap- u desnom naručju, svetokrug, s njezine je desne pears like a nobleman, to her left side is a bishop strane figura u kratkoj haljini i kapi, sa štapom, with robe and cap and curved staff, down and below kao neki plemić, s njene lijeve strane je biskup u the line: S M A M haljini s kapom i zavinutim štapom, dolje ispod Reverse: St Sebastian, bound to a tree, left hand linije: S M A M above his head, right hand behind his back, pierced Naličje: sv. Sebastijan, vezan za drvo, lijeva with five arrows, long-haired young man, perizoma ruka iznad glave, desna iza leđa, proboden s pet around the hips, the branches of the trees bear leaves strelica, dugokosi mladić, perizoma oko boko- Dimensions: 2.6 g; Ø = 20, v = 29 mm; cast bronze va, grane drveta imaju listove SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 221 Mjere: 2,6 g; Ø = 20, v = 29 mm; lijevana bron- Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- ca allel eye for jump ring, 17th/18th century SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 11, SJ 256, PN 221 Obverse: St Benedict, in front of him in the lower Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- half an oval medallion with Zachary’s invocation: com za karičicu, 17./18. st. +Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFES+IHS Lice: sv. Benedikt, ispred njega donjom polo- MAR; the straight line of the border forms a sharp vicom u ovalnom medaljonu Zaharijin zaziv:

205 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

+Z+DIA+BIZ+SAB+Z+HGF+BFES+IHS octagon, chalice in right hand, serpent above, staff MAR; obrub ravnom linijom tvori oštri osme- in left hand, bearded old man; S P BEN rokut, u desnoj ruci kalež, iznad zmija, u lijevoj Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the ruci štap, bradati starac; S P BEN cross: ..CSPB/CSSML/NDSMD/, in the band: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u kri- IHS.V.R.S.N.S.S.L žu: ..CSPB/CSSML/NDSMD/, u traci: Dimensions: 1.0 g; 24 x 16 mm; bronze plate IHS.V.R.S.N.S.S.L Mjere: 1,0 g; 24 x 16 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 01, SF 247 Description: octagonal devotional medal, eye miss- SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9, SJ 01, PN 247 ing, 17th/18th century Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, nedostaje ušica, Obverse: illegible 17./18. st. Reverse: inscription Lice: nečitljivo Likely a devotional medal of the three Magi – usu- Naličje: natpis ally the obverse has a depiction of the three Magi, vjerojatno se radi o medaljici sv. tri kralja – and the reverse the inscription: SANCTI 3 REGES obično su na licu prikazi trojice kraljeva, a na GASPAR MELCHIOR BALTHASAR ORA naličju natpis: SANCTI 3 REGES GASPAR PRO NOBIS NUNC ET IN HORA MORTIS MELCHIOR BALTHASAR ORA PRO NOSTRAE; three arrows below NOBIS NUNC ET IN HORA MORTIS Dimensions: 0.7 g; 22 x 22 mm; bronze plate NOSTRAE; dolje tri strelice Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 148 Mjere: 0,7g; 22 x 22 mm; brončani lim Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 148 SECTOR 2, quadrant 12, SU 256, SF 268 Description: octagonal devotional medal, dam- SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 12, SJ 256, PN 268 aged, post-1715 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, oštećena, nakon Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, crowned, very 1715. g. poorly preserved, next to her the letters: OC to the Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, okrunjena, vrlo right side, OY to the left side, the preserved letters loše očuvana, kraj nje slova: OC s desne stra- of the inscription are: AS.LVC O.MIRAB…..M… ne, OY s lijeve strane, sačuvana slova natpisa: AR SACT., AS.LVC O.MIRAB…..M…AR SACT., Reverse: shield of St Benedict, the preserved letters Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, sačuvana slova natpi- of the inscription: I.S.M.U.S.M.Q.L.I.V. B sa: I.S.M.U.S.M.Q.L.I.V. B in the cross: SSML/NDSMD; around the cross: u križu: SSML/NDSMD; oko križa: CPB CPB Mjere: 0,7 g; 20 x 18 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.7 g; 20 x 18 mm; bronze plate Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 10, SJ 306, PN 281 SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 306, SF 281 Opis: polovica vjerojatno okrugle medaljice, Description: half of what is likely a round devo- 17./18. st. tional medal, 17th/18th century Lice: Marija u haljini (lijeva polovica sačuva- Obverse: Mary in robes (left half preserved), in- na), natpis: MARIA scription: MARIA Naličje: sv. Obitelj, u sredini dijete, desno figu- Reverse: the Holy Family, child at centre, to the ra koju drži za ruku, lijeva polovica nije saču- right the figure whose hand it holds, the left half is vana not preserved Mjere: 0,2 g; 16 x 9 mm (polovica) Dimensions: 0.2 g; 16 x 9 mm (half ) SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 9/11, GR 5, SJ 336, PN SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, GR 5, SU 336, SF 347 347 Description: oval devotional medal, very damaged Opis: ovalna medaljica, jako oštećena Obverse: angel bearing the frame of an image, along Lice: anđeo nosi okvir slike, uz desni rub slike the right edge of the image the letter S, perhaps also slovo S, možda i H = (IHS), tu negdje s vanjske H = (IHS), here near the outer edge another angel strane još jedan anđeo i između njih slova TIM, and between them the letters TIM, below LR, the

206 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ispod LR, rub slike ukrašen bisernim nizom, edge of the image is beaded, the edge of the devo- rub medaljice također tional medal is also beaded Naličje: samo otisak lica, očito je nošeno tako Reverse: only the impression of a face, it was evi- da se vidi samo prednja strana dently worn so that only the front side was visible Mjere: 0,4 g; 24 x 19 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.4 g; 24 x 19 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 392 SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 392 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel 17./18. st. eye, 17th/18th century Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac sa svetokrugom, štap Obverse: St Benedict, old man nimbate, staff in u lijevoj ruci, u desnoj ruci kalež, habit, natpis: left hand, chalice in right hand, habit, inscription: CRUX.S.P.BENEDICTI.PAT CRUX.S.P.BENEDICTI.PAT Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: .IHS Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: .IHS .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.+S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.+S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 0,6 g; 20(23) x 17 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.6 g; 20(23) x 17 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 16, SJ 256, PN 462 SECTOR 2, quadrant 16, SU 256, SF 462 Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom i Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- karičicom, 18. st. dicular eye and jump ring, 18th century Lice: Maria Wessobrunn, glava nagnuta ulije- Obverse: Maria Wessobrunn, head tilted to the vo, ima vijenac od ruža, svetokrug od zvijezda, left, with a garland of roses, nimbus of stars, medal- medaljon s Kristovim monogramom (IHS), lion with Christ’s monogram (IHS), inscription: natpis: IMAG. IMAC. … IMAG. IMAC. … Naličje: dva plamteća srca sa zrakama, ispod Reverse: two flaming hearts, rayed, two angels be- dva anđela s haljama koja drže Benediktov štit, low with robes holding Benedict’s shield, illegible nečitljiv natpis: S CORDA IESV MAR inscription: S CORDA IESV MAR Mjere: 11,3 g; 27,5(36) x 25 mm; lijevana Dimensions: 11.3 g; 27.5(36) x 25 mm; cast bronze bronca Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T18/4, T33/4 Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T18/4, (for the reverse) T33/4 (za naličje) SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 476 SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 13, SJ 256, PN 476 Description: oval damaged devotional medal, per- Opis: ovalna oštećena medaljica, otpala okomi- pendicular eye has fallen off, with prominences to ta ušica, sa strane ima istake, 17./18. st. the side, 17th/18th century Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, Isus u lijevom naruč- Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, Jesus in left embrace, ju, krune kao perjanice, zvijezde okolo, možda crowns like plumes, stars around, possibly candle- svijećnjaci sticks Naličje: sv. križ bratovštine Sirolo Reverse: holy cross of the Sirolo confraternity Mjere: 0,6 g; 14(17) x 11(17) mm, brončani Dimensions: 0.6 g; 14(17) x 11(17) mm, bronze lim plate SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 15, SJ 256, PN 477 SECTOR 2, quadrant 15, SU 256, SF 477 Opis: ovalna medaljica, 17./18. st. Description: oval devotional medal, 17th/18th Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, slova: NEDICTI century , biserni niz Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, letters: NE- Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, slova: .S.M.Q.L.I.V., DICTI , beaded u križu: C/ NDS / SM / P , biserni niz Reverse: shield of St Benedict, letters: .S.M.Q.L.I.V., Mjere: 0,4 g; 24 x 12 mm; brončani lim in the cross: C/ NDS / SM / P , beaded Dimensions: 0.4 g; 24 x 12 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 15, SJ 256, PN 482 SECTOR 2, quadrant 15, SU 256, SF 482

207 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: ovalna medaljica sa oštećenom paralel- Description: oval devotional medal with damaged nom ušicom, sekundarno bušena parallel eye, secondary perforation Lice: propao prikaz Obverse: the depiction has decayed Naličje: propao prikaz Reverse: the depiction has decayed Mjere: 3,9 g; 42(46) x 35,5 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 3.9 g; 42(46) x 35.5 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 2, kvadrant 15, SJ 256, PN 483 SECTOR 2, quadrant 15, SU 256, SF 483 Opis: ovalna, oštećena medaljica, imala paralel- Description: oval, damaged devotional medal, had nu ušicu, nakon 1715. g. a parallel eye, post-1715 Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Isus u desnom na- Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Jesus in right ručju, okrunjeni, iznad Isusa slova: IDH, IGYG embrace, crowned, above Jesus the letters: IDH, s kraticama, s lijeve strane krune OY, od natpi- IGYG with abbreviations, to the left of the crown sa u floralnoj traci očuvano: PIC: IMAGO. OY, preserved of the inscription in the floral band: MIRA.B.M.V. PIC: IMAGO.MIRA.B.M.V. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u floralnoj traci Reverse: shield of St Benedict, preserved inscrip- očuvan natpis: IHS.VR.S.I.V.B., u križu: CSS/ tion in the floral band: IHS.VR.S.I.V.B., in the NDSM, CS cross: CSS/NDSM, CS Mjere: 1,6 g; 25 x 30 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 1.6 g; 25 x 30 mm; bronze plate Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ 2001, 66- 67 2001, 66- 67 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 615 SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 615 Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta, 17./18. st. Description: oval devotional medal, fractured, Lice: starac u haljini, u desnoj ruci kalež i iznad 17th/18th century zmija, u lijevoj ruci štap, natpis: S.BENEDI I. Obverse: old man in robes, in right hand chalice ORAPN and serpent above, staff in left hand, inscription: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, nat- S.BENEDI I. ORAPN pis: CSSML/NDSMD, SPB, u traci: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscrip- .R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V. tion: CSSML/NDSMD, SPB, in the band: Mjere: 0,6 g; 20 x 19 mm; brončani lim .R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V. Analogije: KNEZ 2001,147 Dimensions: 0.6 g; 20 x 19 mm; bronze plate Analogies: KNEZ 2001.147 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 622 Opis: ovalna medaljica puknuta na pola, sekun- SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 622 darno bušena, nakon 1715. g. Description: oval devotional medal fractured at Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija ima plašt, half, secondary perforation, post-1715 veo i krunu, drži Isusa u desnoj ruci, kruna, Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary with man- iznad kratice IGYG, desno od Marijine krune tle, veil and crown, holding Jesus in right hand, OY, lijevo od Marijine krune IDH, Isus desnom crown, above the abbreviation IGYG, to the right of rukom drži Mariju, natpis: AS LVCA DEPIC: Mary’s crown OY, to the left of Mary’s crown IDH, IMAG IRA. B:M:V: TER SACT u floralnoj Jesus holding Mary with right hand, inscription: AS traci LVCA DEPIC: IMAG IRA. B:M:V: TER SACT Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: IH in floral band V.R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: IH u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB V.R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. , Mjere: 2,7 g; 40 x 34 mm; brončani lim in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ 2001, 66- 67 Dimensions: 2.7 g; 40 x 34 mm; bronze plate Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 628A 2001, 66- 67 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i karičicom, 17./18. st. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 628A

208 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Benedikt, u desnoj ruci kalež s otro- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel vom, zmija, u lijevoj štap s križem, zrake sve- eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century tokruga, biserni niz, natpis: S: BENEDICTE Obverse: St Benedict, chalice with poison in right ORA PN hand, serpent, staff with cross in left hand, rayed Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: IH nimbus, beading, inscription: S: BENEDICTE S.V.R.S.N.N.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., ORA PN u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around Mjere: 0,8 g; 22,5(25) x 19 mm; brončani lim the cross: IHS.V.R.S.N.N.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 147 in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 628B Dimensions: 0.8 g; 22.5(25) x 19 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna slomljena medaljica s paralelnom Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 147 ušicom i karičicom, 17./18. st. Lice: sv. Benedikt, u desnoj ruci kalež s otro- SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 628B vom, zmija, u lijevoj štap s križem, zrake sveto- Description: broken oval devotional medal with kruga, biserni niz, natpis: S: B parallel eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: IH Obverse: St Benedict, chalice with poison in right izlizano S.M .Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ hand, serpent, staff with cross in left hand, rayed NDSMD, oko križa: CSP nimbus, beading, inscription: S: B Mjere: 0,5 g; 19 x 19 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 147 the cross: IH worn S.M .Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSP SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, SJ 769, PN 630B Dimensions: 0.5 g; 19 x 19 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 147 sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st. Lice: sv. Benedikt, točkasta haljina, u lije- SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 630B voj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, štap s kri- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel žem u desnoj, zrake svetokruga, natpis: eye, secondary perforation, 17th/18th century .CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. Obverse: St Benedict, dot pattern vestments, chal- Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: ice with poison in left hand, serpent, staff with IHS. V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., cross in right hand, rayed nimbus, inscription: u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB .CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. Mjere: 0,8 g; 26(29) x 21 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around the cross: IHS. V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- CSPB NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Dimensions: 0.8 g; 26(29) x 21 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 90, SJ 782, PN 637 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ com, pukla, sekundarno bušena, nakon 1737. g. BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Lice: bradati svetac, zrakasti svetokrug, u lijevoj ruci križ, sjedi, natpis: .S. OAN . REG., sv. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 90, SU 782, SF 637 Ivan Franjo Regis? Description: octagonal devotional medal with Naličje: scenska slika, u sredini stup (oltar?), parallel eye, fractured, secondary perforation, post- lijevo kleči figura u molitvi 1737 Mjere: 0,9 g; 21(23,5) x 17 mm; brončani lim Obverse: bearded saint, rayed nimbus, cross in left hand, seated, inscription: .S. OAN . REG., St Jean- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 644 François Régis? Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: scenic image, at centre column (altar?), to 17. st. the left a figure kneeling in prayer

209 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukra- Dimensions: 0.9 g; 21(23.5) x 17 mm; bronze plate šenom plaštu, Isus u lijevom naručju drži kuglu u lijevoj ruci, oboje imaju krune, iza njih zrake, SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 644 lijevo i desno viseći svijećnjak Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, 17th century Naličje: sv. Venancije iz Camerina, odjeven kao rimski vojnik, stoji, plašt preko desnog ramena, Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- barjak s križem na zastavi i na štapu u lijevoj rated mantle, Jesus in left embrace holding orb in ruci, u desnoj ruci maketa grada Camerina, nat- left hand, both crowned, behind them rays, to the pis: S.VENANTIVS . DE CAM .M left and right suspended candlestick Mjere: 2,4 g; Ø = 22(31) mm; lijevana bronca Reverse: St Venantius of Camerino, dressed as a Roman soldier, standing, mantle thrown over right Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 87 shoulder, standard with cross on the pennant and SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 647 on the staff in left hand, in right hand a model of Opis: fragment medaljice od brončanog lima, the city of Camerino, inscription: S.VENANTIVS 17./18. st. . DE CAM .M Lice: vjerojatno sv. Benedikt, natpis: NOBIS Dimensions: 2.4 g; Ø = 22(31) mm; cast bronze Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci: .L . I . neja- Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 87 sno, u križu: SSML / NDS, oko križa: B SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 647 Mjere: 0,3 g; 16 x 14 mm; brončani lim Description: fragment of a devotional medal of SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 92, SJ 789, PN 650 bronze plate, 17th/18th century Opis: ovalna medaljica, otpala ušica, sekundar- Obverse: likely St Benedict, inscription: NOBIS no bušena, 17. st. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band: .L . I Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, u zvonolikom ukraše- . unclear, in the cross: SSML / NDS, around the nom plaštu, Isus u lijevom naručju drži kuglu u cross: B lijevoj ruci, oboje imaju kacige, Marija ima veo, Dimensions: 0.3 g; 16 x 14 mm; bronze plate iza njih zrake, natpis: S.MARIA LAVRETA (sancta Maria Lauretana) SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 92, SU 789, SF 650 Description: oval devotional medal, the eye has Naličje: sv. Venancije, natpis: S . VEN, kao fallen off, secondary perforation, 17th century rimski vojnik, torzo, u lijevoj ruci barjak, nema desne ruke (?!), samo rukav, svetokrug, lijevo Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, in campanulate deco- dolje zid grada Camerina, lijevo gore dva obla- rated mantle, Jesus in left embrace holding orb in ka, između zrake left hand, both helmeted, Mary with veil, behind them rays, inscription: S.MARIA LAVRETA Mjere: 2,6 g; 18 x 16 mm; lijevana bronca (sancta Maria Lauretana) Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; Reverse: St Venantius, inscription: S . VEN, as a KNEZ 2001, 121 (naličje) Roman soldier, torso, standard in left hand, no right SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 662, PN 662 hand (?!), only a sleeve, nimbus, down and to the Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom paralel- left the walls of the city of Camerino, above and to nom ušicom, 17./18. st. the left two clouds, rays between Lice: sv. Benedikt, zrakasti svetokrug, haljina, Dimensions: 2.6 g; 18 x 16 mm; cast bronze u desnoj ruci štap s križem, u lijevoj ruci kalež/ Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 235; zmija, natpis: .CRVX . S . P. . BENEDICTI. KNEZ 2001, 121 (reverse) Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 662, SF 662 IHS. V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., Description: oval devotional medal with fractured u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB parallel eye, 17th/18th century Mjere: 0,8 g; 25 x 21 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, rayed nimbus, robe, staff Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; with cross in right hand, in left hand chalice/ser- GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, pent, inscription: .CRVX . S . P. . BENEDICTI. TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- the cross: IHS. V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ

210 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

BEBEK 2007a:242-247 in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN 676 Dimensions: 0.8 g; 25 x 21 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica, sekundarno bušena, 17. st. Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac, s bradom, zrake, sve- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, tokrug, točkasta haljina, štap s križem u desnoj fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- ruci, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI BEBEK 2007a:242-247 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 676 CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim po- Description: oval devotional medal, secondary per- ljima: CSPB foration, 17th century Mjere: 0,6 g; 25 x 21 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, old man, bearded, rays, nim- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; bate, dot pattern vestments, staff with cross in right GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, hand, in left chalice with poison, serpent, inscrip- 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- tion: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band around the cross: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 2, GR 93, SJ 790, PN 677 the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross in Opis: ovalna oštećena medaljica, sekundarno dotted fields: CSPB bušena, 17. st. Dimensions: 0.6 g; 25 x 21 mm; bronze plate Lice: sv. Benedikt, štap s križem u lijevoj ruci, Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; u desnoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, haljina, zraka- GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; sti svetokrug, od natpisa jedino sačuvano: DIC KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ ORA BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci oko križa sačuvano: S.V.R.S.N.S. Q.L.I.V., u križu: SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, GR 93, SU 790, SF 677 CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim po- Description: oval damaged devotional medal, sec- ljima: CSPB ondary perforation, 17th century Mjere: 0,5 g; 23 x 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, staff with cross in left hand, chalice with poison in right hand, serpent, robe, SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 685 rayed nimbus, preserved part of the inscription as Opis: ovalna medaljica, spojena iz tri dijela, se- follows: DIC ORA kundarno bušena dolje, imala paralelnu ušicu, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, preserved in the 17./18. st. band around the cross: S.V.R.S.N.S. Q.L.I.V., in Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, u desnoj ruci drži the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross in križ sa štapom, zrakasti svetokrug, u bisernoj dotted fields: CSPB traci oko sv. Benedikta floralni motivi, s desne Dimensions: 0.5 g; 23 x 20 mm; bronze plate strane natpis: S: BENED:RA.P Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, biserni niz, u traci SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 685 oko križa: IHS.V.R. LOM . S . M . .S LOM; Description: oval devotional medal, joined from oko križa: SB, u križu: CSSML/ SMD, three sections, secondary perforation below, had a Mjere: 0,6 g; 28 x 21 mm; brončani lim parallel eye, 17th/18th century Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, in right hand SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 693 holding staff with cross, rayed nimbus, in the bead- Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- ed band around St Benedict a floral motif, to the com, 17./18. st. right side the inscription: S: BENED:RA.P Lice: sv. kuća nazaretska, u oblacima, nose je Reverse: shield of St Benedict, beading, in the band dva anđela, Marija sjedi ispred kuće, Isus stoji around the cross: IHS.V.R. LOM . S . M . .S LOM; u desnom krilu, zrakasti svetokrug, Marija ima around the cross: SB, in the cross: CSSML/ SMD, obični svetokrug, grle se, natpis: S.MARIA.LA- Dimensions: 0.6 g; 28 x 21 mm; bronze plate VRETANA (sancta Maria Lauretana)

211 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: sv. Josip, u haljini i plaštu, u desnoj ruci SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 693 drži ljiljan, u lijevoj ruci sjedi dijete Isus, de- Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- snom ga rukom blagoslivlja, u lijevoj ima kuglu, pendicular eye, 17th/18th century u haljini je, zaogrnut Josipovim ogrtačem, ima Obverse: the Holy House from Nazareth, in zrakasti svetokrug, Josip ima obični svetokrug, clouds, borne by two angels, Mary seated in front natpis: SANTVS.IOSEP.ORA.PRO.NOB of the house, Jesus standing in right lap, rayed nim- Mjere: 3,6 g; 29(38,5) x 24 mm; lijevana bron- bus, Mary with ordinary nimbus, embracing, in- ca scription: S.MARIA.LAVRETANA (sancta Maria Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 71 (lice) Lauretana) Reverse: St Joseph, in robes and mantle, holding SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 696 lily in right hand, the infant Jesus seated in left Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, hand, blessing him with right hand, with orb in 17. st. left, enrobed, wrapped in Joseph’s cloak, with rayed Lice: okrunjena Marija, veo, glava lagano po- nimbus, Joseph with ordinary nimbus, inscription: gnuta udesno, svetokrug, dijete Isus zamotano SANTVS.IOSEP.ORA.PRO.NOB u njezin plašt, kruna u lijevom naručju, natpis: Dimensions: 3.6 g; 29(38.5) x 24 mm; cast bronze S.M. M.S (Sancta Maria Mater Salvatoris – sv. Marija, Majka Spasitelja) Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 71 (lice) Naličje: Isusov monogram IHS u konveksnom SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 696 štitu u sredini, iznad IHS je križ, ispod tri streli- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- ce, okolo u traci naizmjence kuglasta izbočenja dicular eye, 17th century i zrakasti urezi Obverse: crowned Mary, veil, head slightly tilted Mjere: 3,3 g; 23,5(30,5) x 19,5 mm; lijevana to the right, nimbate, the infant Jesus wrapped in bronca her mantle, crown in left embrace, inscription: S.M. Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 295 M.S (Sancta Maria Mater Salvatoris – St Mary, Mother of the Saviour) SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 769, PN 697 Reverse: Jesus’ monogram IHS in convex shield at Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom paralel- centre, above the IHS is a cross, three arrows below, nom ušicom, 17./18. st. around in the band alternating spherical protuber- Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac, s bradom, u halji- ances and rayed incisions ni, svetokrug, zrake, u lijevoj ruci štap s kri- Dimensions: 3.3 g; 23.5(30.5) x 19.5 mm; cast žem, u desnoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: bronze S.BENEDICT RVX Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 295 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci oko križa: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.?.M. L.I.V. ., u kri- SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 697 žu: CSSML/NDSML, oko križa: CSPB Description: oval devotional medal with fractured Mjere: 0,7 g; 24 x 20 mm; brončani lim parallel eye, 17th/18th century Obverse: St Benedict, old man, bearded, enrobed, SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 702 nimbate, rays, staff with cross in left hand, chalice Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, with poison in right hand, serpent, inscription: 17. st. S.BENEDICT RVX Lice: sv. Marija sjedi u haljini, veo, plašt, dijete Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Isus u krilu, glava desno, noge lijevo, oboje ima- band around the cross: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.?.M. ju svetokrug, natpis: B.V.DE COR.I.M?; (BE- L.I.V. ., in the cross: CSSML/NDSML, around the ATA VIRGO DE CORONIS IESU MATER cross: CSPB – Blažena Djevica od krunice, Majka Isusova) Dimensions: 0.7 g; 24 x 20 mm; bronze plate Naličje: Ivan Krstitelj krsti Isusa na Jordanu (biblijski prizor), Ivan Krstitelj desno, Isus lije- SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 702 vo, ruke na prsima, Ivan Krstitelj krsti desnom Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- rukom, a u lijevoj ruci ima štap, natpis: F I M D dicular eye, 17th century (FILIUS MEUS DILECTUS – ovo je Sin moj Obverse: St Mary seated in robe, veil, mantle, the ljubljeni, Matej 17,3) infant Jesus in lap, head right, legs left, both nim- Mjere: 2,2 g; 20(27) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca

212 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 39, 43; KRNJAK bate, inscription: B.V.DE COR.I.M?; (BEATA 2008, 147, sl. 14 VIRGO DE CORONIS IESU MATER – Blessed Virgin of the Rosary, Mother of Jesus) SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 99, SJ 823, PN 733B Reverse: John the Baptist baptises Jesus in the Jor- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, dan River (biblical scene), John the Baptist right, 17. st. Jesus left, hands on chest, John the Baptist baptises Lice: Maria Wessobrunn, prilično oštećen re- with right hand, with staff in left hand, inscription: ljef, ali jasan prikaz, od natpisa čitljivo: F I M D (FILIUS MEUS DILECTUS – This is My IMAG . IM beloved Son, Matthew 17.3) Naličje: dva plamteća srca, lijevo je Isusovo, a Dimensions: 2.2 g; 20(27) x 18 mm; cast bronze desno Marijino, okolo zrake, dolje oblaci, natpis Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 39, 43; KRNJAK 2008, gore: SS COR DA IHS MAR 147, fig. 14 Mjere: 4,6 g; 20(29) x 18 mm; lijevana bronca SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 99, SU 823, SF 733B Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 59; PEUS 1982, 1029 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 808, PN 738B dicular eye, 17th century Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Obverse: Maria Wessobrunn, quite damaged relief, spojena karikom, druga pol. 17. st. but clear depiction, legible part of the inscription: Lice: Mariazell, Mariju krune dva anđela, plašt, IMAG . IM veo, u desnom naručju Isus, isto kruna, Marija Reverse: two flaming hearts, to the left Jesus’, to the stoji na oblacima, natpis: S MARIA CELLE. right Mary’s, rays encircling, clouds below, inscrip- Naličje: sv. Ivan Nepomuk, ispred Karlova mo- tion above: SS COR DA IHS MAR sta, palma u lijevoj ruci, raspelo u desnoj, na Dimensions: 4.6 g; 20(29) x 18 mm; cast bronze mostu lijevo i desno mali ljudi, natpis: S . IOA Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 59; PEUS 1982, 1029 . NP . M . Mjere: 3,4 g; 23(31) x 21 mm; lijevana bronca SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 808, SF 738B Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 776, PN 739 dicular eye, joined by jump ring, second half of the Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17th century 17./18. st. Obverse: Mariazell, Mary crowned by two angels, Lice: sv. Euharistija iz kaleža u sredini, kalež na mantle, veil, in right embrace Jesus, also crowned, oblaku, s donje ga strane podupiru dva klečeća Mary standing on clouds, inscription: S MARIA anđela, oni su isto na oblacima, od slova u nat- CELLE. pisu uokolo ostalo čitljivo samo: SI MENTU Reverse: St John of Nepomuk, in front of Charles’ Naličje: Bezgrešna na polumjesecu, stoji, halji- bridge, palm frond in left hand, crucifix in right, na, plašt, ruke sklopljene na prsima desno, glava small people on the bridge to the left and right, in- nagnuta lijevo, svetokrug od sedam zvijezda, scription: S . IOA . NP . M . okolo natpis: naziru se slova ali je nemoguće Dimensions: 3.4 g; 23(31) x 21 mm; cast bronze čitati Mjere:9,3 g; 27(35) x 24 mm; lijevana bronca SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 739 Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 100, SJ 826, PN 742 dicular eye, 17th/18th century Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, paralelna ušica Obverse: The Holy Eucharist from chalice at cen- propala, 17./18. st. tre, chalice on cloud, supported from below by two Lice: desno štalica i mali Isus Mariji u naručju, kneeling angels, they are also on clouds, the only ona sjedi, iza njih Josip, u sredini zrake, lijevo legible letters in the inscription are: SI MENTU figure tri kralja, jedan stoji, jedan poluklečeći i Reverse: The Immaculate Virgin on crescent moon, jedan klečeći, prikaz obrubljen linearnom flo- standing, robe, mantle, hands folded on chest right, ralnom trakom head tilted to the left, nimbus of seven stars, inscrip- Naličje: natpis: H.3.KON.CAS.MEL.BAL. tion around: letters discernable but unreadable BITTET FUR UNS IEZUND IN DER Dimensions: 9.3 g; 27(35) x 24 mm; cast bronze STERB STUND.

213 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Mjere:0,6 g; 17 x 19 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 100, SU 826, SF 742 Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/3; Description: octagonal devotional medal, parallel GRÜNEWALD 2001, 26; PEUS 1982, 1599; eye has decayed, 17th/18th century KRNJAK 2008,143, sl. 4 Obverse: to the right a stable and the infant Jesus cradled by Mary, she is seated, behind them Joseph, SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, GR 101, SJ 830, PN 753 at centre rays, to the left the figures of the three Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Magi, one standing, one half-kneeling and one 17./18. st. kneeling, depiction bordered by a linear floral band Lice: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, Marija sjedi u ha- Reverse: inscription: H.3.KON.CAS.MEL.BAL. ljini i plaštu s velom, u desnom naručju grli BITTET FUR UNS IEZUND IN DER STERB Isusa koji stoji na njezinu lijevom koljenu, Isus STUND. grli Mariju desnom rukom, dodiruju se obrazima, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, ispod vela Dimensions: 0.6 g; 17 x 19 mm; bronze plate proviruje kosa, natpis: S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV. Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, T9/3; ET.CHLVMEK SI GRÜNEWALD 2001, 26; PEUS 1982, 1599; Naličje: riječko raspelo, Isus na križu, INRI, KRNJAK 2008.143, fig. 4 ruka u dnu patibuluma, rana na lijevoj strani SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, GR 101, SU 830, SF 753 prsa, u pozadini vizura grada i luke s brodovima Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Mjere: 8,2 g; 29,5(38) x 27mm; lijevana bronca dicular eye, 17th/18th century Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Obverse: St Mary Help of Christians, Mary seated in robes and mantle with veil, embracing Jesus to SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 830, GR 101, PN 754 the right who is standing on her left knee, Jesus Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, embracing Mary with right arm, cheeks touching, 17./18. st. both with rayed nimbus, hair showing from be- Lice: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, Marija sjedi u halji- neath the veil, inscription: S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV. ni i plaštu s velom, u desnom naručju grli Isusa ET.CHLVMEK SI koji stoji na njezinu lijevom koljenu, Isus grli Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the cross, Mariju desnom rukom, dodiruju se obrazima, INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, ispod vela pro- the left side of the chest, in the background the vista viruje kosa, natpis: SM AVXIL PASSAV ET of the city and port with ships CHLVME Dimensions: 8.2 g; 29.5(38) x 27mm; cast bronze Naličje: riječko raspelo, Isus na križu, INRI, ruka u dnu patibuluma, rana na lijevoj strani Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 prsa, u pozadini vizura grada i luke s brodovima SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 830, GR 101, SF 754 Mjere: 10,5 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; lijevana bronca Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 dicular eye, 17th/18th century Obverse: St Mary Help of Christians, Mary seated SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 831, PN 757 in robes and mantle with veil, embracing Jesus to Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s rupicom na the right who is standing on her left knee, Jesus vrhu i karičicom, 17./18. st. embracing Mary with right arm, cheeks touching, Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, zrakasti svetokrug, both with rayed nimbus, hair showing from be- u desnoj ruci štap s križem, u lijevoj ruci kalež s neath the veil, inscription: SM AVXIL PASSAV otrovom i zmija, natpis: CRUX.S.P ET CHLVME Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, ali nije dobro otisnut Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the cross, na limu, malo je pobjegla lijeva strana izvan pa INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on natpis u traci nije do kraja čitljiv, točkasta polja the left side of the chest, in the background the vista sa slovima : CSPB of the city and port with ships Mjere: 2,2 g; 27,5 x 20,5 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 10.5 g; 29(37) x 26 mm; cast bronze Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KR- Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 NJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINO- VIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 831, SF 757 2001, 39; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 305

214 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 1, SJ 838, PN 759 Description: octagonal devotional medal with Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i small perforation at top and jump ring, 17th/18th karičicom, 17./18. st. century Lice: sv. Benedikt, natpis: .S.BENEDIKT. Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, rayed nimbus, ORA.PRO.NOBIS, starac u haljini, kalež, staff in right hand with cross, chalice with poison otrov i zmija u desnoj, zrakasti svetokrug and serpent in left hand, inscription: CRUX.S.P Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: Reverse: shield of St Benedict, but not well struck IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, u križu: into the plate, a little off to the left side rendering CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB the inscription in the band unreadable to the end, dotted field with the letters: CSPB Mjere: 1,1 g; 24(28) x 21 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 2.2 g; 27.5 x 20.5 mm; bronze plate Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 150 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KRNJAK SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 771A 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK Opis: ovalna? medaljica, vrlo lijepog plitkog 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 39; FUN- reljefa, 17. st. DORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Lice: sv. Juraj ubija zmaja, vide se zmaj, konj i SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 838, SF 759 koplje Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta i Zaharijin zaziv eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century okolo: I.Z.+.S.A. /ispod/ .S.M.V.S. – prvi fra- Obverse: St Benedict, inscription: .S.BENEDIKT. gment; H.G.F.+.B.F.R. /ispod/ .L.I.V.B – drugi ORA.PRO.NOBIS, old man in robe, chalice, poi- fragment son and serpent at right, rayed nimbus Mjere: 1,2 g; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 241 band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, in the SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 778 cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Dimensions: 1.1 g; 24(28) x 21 mm; bronze plate 17./18. st. Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 150 Lice: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, natpis: SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 771A S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV.ET.CHLVMEK SI, Ma- Description: oval (?) devotional medal, of very fine rija sjedi u haljini i plaštu s velom, u desnom na- low relief, 17th century ručju grli Isusa koji stoji na njezinu lijevom koljenu, Isus grli Mariju desnom rukom, dodiruju Obverse: St George slays the dragon, the dragon, se obrazima, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, horse and spear are visible ispod vela proviruje kosa Reverse: shield of St Benedict and Zachary’s invo- Naličje: riječko raspelo, Isus na križu, INRI, cation around: I.Z.+.S.A. /below/ .S.M.V.S. – first ruka u dnu patibuluma, rana na lijevoj strani fragment; H.G.F.+.B.F.R. /below/ .L.I.V.B – sec- prsa, u pozadini vizura grada i luke s brodovima ond fragment Mjere: 12,1 g; 30(38) x 27 mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 1.2 g; bronze plate Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 241 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 779 SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 778 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, sekundarno bu- Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- šena, loše očuvana, 17./18. st. dicular eye, 17th/18th century Lice: slika u potpunosti propala, okolo natpis u Obverse: St Mary Help of Christians, inscription: traci, sačuvano: B.M.V.I.A.SAT.M.S. S.M.AVXIL.PASSAV.ET.CHLVMEK SI, Mary seated in robes and mantle with veil, embracing Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, ostalo sačuvano Jesus to the right who is standing on her left knee, u traci oko križa: S.V. V.S.M.Q.L.I., u križu: Jesus embracing Mary with right arm, cheeks touch- CSS-/NDS-, oko križa: CP ing, both with rayed nimbus, hair showing from be- Mjere: 0,5 g; 22 x 20 mm; brončani lim neath the veil SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 888, PN 787 Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the cross, Opis: osmerokutna? medaljica, nakon 1715. g. INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on

215 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: čudotvorna slika Gospe Trsatske, natpis. the left side of the chest, in the background the vista LV RA . BVM . TARSA of the city and port with ships Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci oko Dimensions: 12.1 g; 30(38) x 27 mm; cast bronze križa: V.S.M.Q.L.I., u križu: SML/NDS, oko Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 križa: PB Mjere: 0,6 g; 18 x 16 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 779 Description: octagonal devotional medal, second- Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 ary perforation, poorly preserved, 17th/18th cen- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 846, PN 793 tury Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Obverse: image entirely decayed, inscription in the 17./18. st. band around, preserved: B.M.V.I.A.SAT.M.S. Lice: sv. Benedikt, u haljini, s bradom, zra- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, preserved in the ke svetokruga, štap s križem u desnoj ruci, band around the cross: S.V. V.S.M.Q.L.I., in the u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: cross: CSS-/NDS-, around the cross: CP CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE. Dimensions: 0.5 g; 22 x 20 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 888, SF 787 NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Description: octagonal (?) devotional medal, post- 1715 Mjere: 0,4 g; 17(19,5) x 14 mm, brončani lim Obverse: the miraculous image of Our Lady of Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; Trsat, inscription. LV RA . BVM . TARSA GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 band around the cross: V.S.M.Q.L.I., in the cross: SML/NDS, around the cross: PB SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 8, SJ 846, PN 797 Dimensions: 0.6 g; 18 x 16 mm; bronze plate Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom paralel- Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 nom ušicom, 17./18. st. Lice: sv. Benedikt, u točkastoj haljini, starac s SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 793 bradom, zrake svetokruga, štap s križem u de- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel snoj ruci, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, nat- eye, 17th/18th century pis: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE Obverse: St Benedict, enrobed, bearded, Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci oko rayed nimbus, staff with cross in right hand, in križa: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u left chalice with poison, serpent, inscription: križu: CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE. Mjere: 0,7 g; 26,5 x 21,5 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZI- Dimensions: 0.4 g; 17(19.5) x 14 mm, bronze plate NOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 114, SJ 894, PN 799 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 com, puknuta, 17./18. st. Lice: sv. Benedikt, u haljini, zrake svetokruga, SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, SU 846, SF 797 štapu desnoj ruci, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, Description: oval devotional medal with fractured zmija, natpis: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE., bi- parallel eye, 17th/18th century serni niz Obverse: St Benedict, in dotted robe, bearded old Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci oko man, rayed nimbus, staff with cross in right hand, križa: IHS.V.R.SS.M.? S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: in left chalice with poison, serpent, inscription: CS ML/ND MD, oko križa: CSPB CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE Mjere: 0,7 g; 23(24) x 19 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the band around the cross: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q

216 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KR- .L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around NJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINO- the cross: CSPB VIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD Dimensions: 0.7 g; 26.5 x 21.5 mm; bronze plate 2001, 39; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, GR 114, SJ 894, PN 802 GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33; KRNJAK 2004, 136; Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i KNEZ 2001, 46; BELAJ 2006, 274; AZINOVIĆ očuvanom karičicom, nakon 1715. g. BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija u plaštu SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 114, SU 894, SF 799 i velu, u desnom naručju Isus, desnom rukom Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- na Mariji, oboje imaju krunu, Marija na plaštu allel eye, fractured, 17th/18th century zvijezde, iznad Isusove krune kratice IGYG, li- Obverse: St Benedict, enrobed, rayed nimbus, staff jevo od Marijine krune IDH, desno od Marijine in right hand, in left chalice with poison, serpent, krune OY, natpis u floralnoj traci: A.S.LVCA inscription: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTE., beaded DEPIC: IMAGO.MIRA.B:M:V.TARSACT. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS the band around the cross: IHS.V.R.SS.M.? .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.X.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSS. S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CS ML/ND MD, ML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB around the cross: CSPB Mjere: 1,8 g; 38(43) x 33 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.7 g; 23(24) x 19 mm; bronze plate Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KRNJAK 2001, 66- 67 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 7, SJ 864, PN 807B 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 39; FUN- Opis: fragment vitičaste medaljice, nedostaje DORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 donja trećina, 17. st., T4/17 SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, GR 114, SU 894, SF 802 Lice: sv. Benedikt, EDICT.ORA PRO N:, Description: oval devotional medal with parallel starac u haljini, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, eye and preserved jump ring, post-1715 zmija, štap s križem u desnoj ruci, zrakasti sve- Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary with man- tokrug tle and veil, in right embrace Jesus, right hand on Naličje: vitičasti štit sv. Benedikta, okolo: IHS. Mary, both with crown, Mary with star on mantle, VR.S.N./M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSS/NDS, above Jesus’ crown the abbreviation IGYG, to the oko križa: CSP left of Mary’s crown IDH, to the right of Mary’s Mjere: 0,6 g; 17 x 21 mm; brončani lim crown OY, inscription in the floral band: A.S.LVCA DEPIC: IMAGO.MIRA.B:M:V.TARSACT. SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 8, GR 117, SJ 902: PN 815 Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s puknutom pa- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.X.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the ralelnom ušicom, nakon 1715. g. cross: CSS.ML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Lice: neprepoznatljiv prikaz, dolje ispod linije Dimensions: 1.8 g; 38(43) x 33 mm; bronze plate natpis: EFFI: /MONTS. Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ u dva reda, vjerojatno se radi o čudotvornoj slici 2001, 66- 67 Majke Božje Trsatske Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci, čitljiva SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 864, SF 807B samo slova: HS V V S M V, u križu: CSSML/ Description: fragment of a scroll form devotional SM, oko križa: ništa čitljivo medal, lower third missing, 17th century, T4/17 Mjere:0,7 g; 23 x 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, EDICT.ORA PRO N:, old man in robe, chalice with poison in left hand, ser- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 841 pent, staff with cross in right hand, rayed nimbus Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i Reverse: scroll form shield of St Benedict, around: karičicom, 17./18. st. IHS.VR.S.N./M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSS/ Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac s bradom, zrakasti NDS, around the cross: CSP svetokrug, točkasta haljina, križ sa štapom u Dimensions: 0.6 g; 17 x 21 mm; bronze plate desnoj ruci, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: .CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, GR 117, SU 902: SF 815

217 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. Description: octagonal devotional medal with R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ fractured parallel eye, post-1715 NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim poljima: Obverse: unrecognisable depiction, down and be- CSPB low the line the inscription: EFFI: /MONTS. Mjere: 0,7 g; 24(27) mm; brončani lim in two rows, likely the miraculous image of the Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; Mother of God of Trsat GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, band, the only legible letters are: HS V V S M V, in sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIN- the cross: CSSML/SM, around the cross: not leg- DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ ible BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Dimensions:0.7 g; 23 x 20 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 842 SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 841 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom uši- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel com,17./18. st. eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac u točkastoj haljini, u Obverse: St Benedict, bearded old man, rayed nim- desnoj ruci kalež s otrovom otrov, zmija, u li- bus, dot pattern vestments, cross with staff in right jevoj štap s križem, zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: hand, in left chalice with poison, serpent, inscrip- NEDICT.ORA.PRO.NOBIS tion: .CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, u križu: CSSML/NDSM , band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the oko križa: C PB cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross in dot- Mjere: 0,8 g; 25(28) x 20 mm; brončani lim ted fields: CSPB Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 150 Dimensions: 0.7 g; 24(27) mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 847 Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Opis: okov brevara, s vanjske strane okova po- TIII/13; KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, negdje otisci tkanine, 18. st. fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81; FASSBIND- Mjere: 2,3 g; brončani lim ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T3:10 BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 11, SJ 846, PN 848 SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 842 Opis: kožne korice brevara, na koži vidljiv oti- Description: oval devotional medal with parallel sak okrugle medaljice, ali nečitljiv eye. 17th/18th century Mjere: 0,9 g; koža Obverse: St Benedict, old man in dotted robe, chal- Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T3:10 ice with poison in right hand, serpent, staff with cross in left hand, rayed nimbus, inscription: NE- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 856 DICT.ORA.PRO.NOBIS Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the com i karičicom, 17./18. st. band: IHS.V. S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V, in the cross: Lice: sv. Benedikt, donja polovica sv. Benedik- CSSML/NDSM , around the cross: C PB ta prekrivena štitom sa Zaharijinim zazivom Dimensions: 0.8 g; 25(28) x 20 mm; bronze plate u pet redova: +Z+/DIA + BIZ/+SAB+Z+/ Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 150 BGH+BFRS/IHS MAR, štap s križem u lijevoj ruci, ostalo izlizano, natpis: S.C.BENI SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 847 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. Description: metal sheathing of a breverl, sporadic R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ impressions of fabric on the outside of the sheath- NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB ing, 18th century Mjere: 1,3 g; 24 x 16 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 2.3 g; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 857 Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T3:10 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s puknutom pa- SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 848 ralelnom ušicom, nakon 1715. g.

218 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: u štitu slika Majke Božje Trsatske, Isus u Description: leather cover binding of a breverl, the desnom naručju, oboje imaju krune, kratica de- impression of a round devotional medal is visible on sno OY, lijevo IOC, iznad H, zvijezda na plaštu the leather, but illegible desno, u traci oko štita natpis: .AS.LVCA DE : Dimensions: 0.9 g; leather IMAGOMIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009a, T3:10 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. .S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: C SML/ SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 856 NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- Mjere:0,7 g; 22,5 x 20 mm; brončani lim allel eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Obverse: St Benedict, the lower half of St Benedict is covered with a shield bearing Zachary’s invoca- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 859 tion in five rows: +Z+/DIA + BIZ/+SAB+Z+/ Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, puknuta paralel- BGH+BFRS/IHS MAR, staff with cross in left na ušica, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st. hand, the rest is worn away, inscription: S.C.BENI Lice: sv. Benedikt, starac, haljina, brada, zrake Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the svetokruga, biskupski štap u lijevoj ruci, kalež band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the s otrovom u desnoj, natpis: S.BENEDICTI. cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB ORA.PRO.NOBIS Dimensions: 1.3 g; 24 x 16 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS.V. R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/ SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 857 NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Description: octagonal devotional medal with fractured parallel eye, post-1715 Mjere: 0,7 g; 23 x 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: in the shield the image of the Mother of SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 840, PN 871 God of Trsat, Jesus in right embrace, both crowned, Opis: okrugla medaljica abbreviation to the right OY, to the left IOC, above Lice: neprepoznatljivo H, star on the mantle to the right, in the band around the shield the inscription: .AS.LVCA DE : Naličje: neprepoznatljivo IMAGOMIRA.B.V.M.TARSACT Mjere:1,1 g; Ø = 24 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 132, SJ 981, PN band: IHS. .S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the 878 cross: C SML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s rupicom, Dimensions:0.7 g; 22.5 x 20 mm; bronze plate 17./18. st. Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 68; 2008, 29 Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini sa zrakastim sve- SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 859 tokrugom, križ na štapu u desnoj ruci, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: Description: octagonal devotional medal, fractured CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. parallel eye, secondary perforation, 17th/18th century Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta: čitljivo u traci: IH S.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu:C… Obverse: St Benedict, old man, robe, bearded, .L/.D.MD, oko križa: ..PB rayed nimbus, crozier in left hand, chalice with poison in right hand, inscription: S.BENEDICTI. Mjere:1,7 g; 26,5 x 20,5 mm; brončani lim ORA.PRO.NOBIS Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KR- Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the NJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINO- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the VIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB 2001, 39; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Dimensions: 0.7 g; 23 x 20 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 130, SJ 977, PN 882 SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 840, SF 871 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom, Description: round devotional medal 17./18. st. Obverse: unrecognisable Lice: sv. Benedikt, prikaz propao, u desnoj ruci Reverse: unrecognisable biskupski štap, natpis: S.BENE CTI ORA PN Dimensions:1.1 g; Ø = 24 mm; bronze plate

219 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u tra- SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 132, SU 981, SF 878 ci: IHS.V.R.S.N.L. M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: ..PB foration, 17th/18th century Mjere: 0,6 g; 23(25,5) x 19 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict in vestments with rayed Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 147 nimbus, cross on a staff in right hand, chalice with poison in left hand, serpent, inscription: SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 134, SJ 986, PN CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI. 888A Reverse: shield of St Benedict: readable in the Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s paralelnom uši- band: IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the com i karičicom,17./18. st. cross: C….L/.D.MD, around the cross: ..PB Lice: sv. Benedikt u haljini, zrakasti svetokrug, Dimensions:1.7 g; 26.5 x 20.5 mm; bronze plate u desnoj ruci štap s križem, u lijevoj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: BENED.ORA PRON Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 39; FUN- V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: DORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Mjere: 0,8 g; 25(30) x 23 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 130, SU 977, SF 882 Description: Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KR- oval devotional medal with parallel NJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINO- eye, 17th/18th century VIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD Obverse: St Benedict, the depiction has decayed, 2001, 39; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 crozier in right hand, inscription: S.BENE CTI ORA PN SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 134, SJ 986, PN Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the 888D band: IHS.V.R.S.N.L. M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: Opis: vjerojatno medaljica CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: ..PB Lice: nečitljivo Dimensions: 0.6 g; 23(25.5) x 19 mm; bronze plate Naličje: nečitljivo Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 147 Mjere: 0,2 g; 15 x 13 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 134, SU 986, SF 888A SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 890 Description: octagonal devotional medal with par- Opis: ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, allel eye and jump ring. 17th/18th century 17./18. st. Obverse: St Benedict in vestments, rayed nimbus, Lice: sv. Marija Pomoćnica, kompozicijski – staff in right hand with cross, chalice with poison Passau, ima veo i plašt, grli Isusa u desnom na- in left hand, serpent, inscription: BENED.ORA ručju, Isus nju grli desnom rukom PRON Naličje: riječko raspelo, Isus na križu, INRI, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the ruka u dnu patibuluma, rana na lijevoj strani band: IHS.V:R:S:N:S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., prsa, u pozadini vizura grada Rijeke i luke s bro- in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: dovima CSPB Mjere: 9,8 g; 29(38) x 26 mm; lijevana bronca Dimensions: 0.8 g; 25(30) x 23 mm; bronze plate Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KRNJAK 2004, 136; KNEZ 2001, 46; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 897 2007a, 242-247; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 39; FUN- Opis: ovalna puknuta medaljica, 17./18. st. DORT KLOSTER 2000, 305 Lice: sv. Benedikt, u haljini, u desnoj ruci štap, natpis: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 134, SU 986, SF 888D Description: likely a devotional medal Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: I S.V .R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: Obverse: illegible SML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB Reverse: illegible Mjere: 0,5 g; 26 x 22 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.2 g; 15 x 13 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 898 SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 890

220 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Opis: ovalna medaljica, signirana, 17. st. Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Lice: sv. Benedikt, u haljini, u desnoj ruci štap s dicular eye, 17th/18th century križem, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, zmija, natpis: Obverse: St Mary Help of Christians, in terms of CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI, u dnu sveca signiran composition – Passau, with veil and mantle, Jesus in GM right embrace, Jesus embracing her with right hand Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: S.V Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, Jesus on the cross, .R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: INRI, hand at the base of the patibulum, wound on CSSML/NDSMD, oko križa: CSPB the left side of the chest, in the background the vista Mjere: 0,5 g; 19 x 15 mm, brončani lim of the City of Rijeka with port and ships Dimensions: 9.8 g; 29(38) x 26 mm; cast bronze SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 140, SJ 999, PN 910 Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 93 Opis: ovalna medaljica s paralelnom ušicom i SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 897 karičicom, 17./18. st. Description: oval, fractured devotional medal, Lice: sv. Benedikt, zrakasti svetokrug, u lije- 17th/18th century voj ruci kalež s otrovom, zmija, ispred donje Obverse: St Benedict, enrobed, staff in right hand, polovice štit sa Zaharijinim zazivom: +B… inscription: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI +SAB+Z+ICF+…FRS, natpis: S. BE DICT . Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the ORA.P. NO. band: I S.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis u traci: IHS. the cross: SML/NDSMD, around the cross: CSPB N.S. .S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., Dimensions: 0.5 g; 26 x 22 mm; bronze plate u križu: C / MD, oko križa: P Mjere: 0,8 g; 25(27) x 22 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 898 Description: oval devotional medal, signed, 17th Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KNEZ century 2001, 45; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 304; AZINOVIĆ Obverse: St Benedict, enrobed, staff with cross in BEBEK, 2009a, T1:3 right hand, in left chalice with poison, serpent, inscription: CRVX.S.P.BENEDICTI, at the base of SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, GR 141, SJ 1001, PN the saint the signature GM 912 Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta, 17./18. st. band: S.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in Lice: vjerojatno sv. Benedikt, prikaz propao, the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, around the cross: natpis: BEN TI E PAT CSPB Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: CSSML/ Dimensions: 0.5 g; 19 x 15 mm, bronze plate NDSMD, CSPB, u traci okolo samo vidljiva SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 140, SU 999, SF 910 slova: IHS . V N. Q . I . V . B Description: oval devotional medal with parallel Mjere: 0,5 g; 21 x 19 mm; brončani lim eye and jump ring, 17th/18th century SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 01, PN 921 Obverse: St Benedict, rayed nimbus, chalice with Opis: ovalna medaljica, paralelna ušica puknu- poison in left hand, serpent, in the foreground of ta, 17./18. st. the lower half a shield with Zachary’s invocation: Lice: sv. Benedikt, haljina, zrakasti svetokrug, +B…+SAB+Z+ICF+…FRS, inscription: S. BE štap u desnoj ruci, u lijevoj kalež s otrovom, DICT . ORA.P. NO. zmija, natpis: CRVX SP.BENEDICTI Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription in the Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: IHS.V.R.S. band: IHS. N.S. .S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., S.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/NDSMD, in the cross: C / MD, around the cross: P CSP Dimensions: 0.8 g; 25(27) x 22 mm; bronze plate Mjere: 0,7 g; 26 x 21 mm; brončani lim Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KNEZ Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; 2001, 45; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FUNDORT GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, KLOSTER 2000, 304; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK, TIII/13, KRNJAK 2008, sl.6b; BELAJ 2006, 2009a, T1:3

221 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

sl.13,14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81, FASSBIN- SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, GR 141, SU 1001, SF 912 DER 2003, T26/4,5 i T27/1,3; AZINOVIĆ Description: oval devotional medal, fractured, BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 17th/18th century Obverse: likely St Benedict, the depiction has de- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 925 cayed, inscription: BEN TI E PAT Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, s propalom paralelnom ušicom, nakon 1715. g. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB, in the band around Lice: čudotvorna slika Majke Božje Trsatske, u only the following letters are visible: IHS . V N. Q sredini Majka Božja, svetokrug sa zvijezdama, . I . V . B lijevo sv. Jeronim, desno sv. Vid, ispod linije dolje natpis: EFFI.B.V.M.MONTS. Dimensions: 0.5 g; 21 x 19 mm; bronze plate Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 01, SF 921 IHS.V.R.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I. B., u križu: Description: oval devotional medal, the parallel CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB eye has fractured, 17th/18th century Mjere: 0,6 g; 23,5 x 20 mm; brončani lim Obverse: St Benedict, vestment, rayed nimbus, staff in right hand, in left chalice with poison, serpent, SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 934 inscription: CRVX SP.BENEDICTI Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, sekundarno bu- šena, 17./18. st. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: IHS.V.R.S. S.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B., in the cross: CSSML/ Lice: sv. Benedikt, zrake svetokruga, u lije- NDSMD, CSP voj ruci biskupski štap, ispred donje polovice štit sa Zaharijinim zazivom, čitljivo: ?A+ Dimensions: 0.7 g; 26 x 21 mm; bronze plate +SAB+Z+HRF+BFRS IHS MAR, natpis: Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 6, 7, 12, 150; ORA PRONO GRÜNEWALD 2001, 33, 53; JAGGI 1987, Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: IHS.V.R. TIII/13, KRNJAK 2008, fig. 6b; BELAJ 2006, S.M. .S.M.Q. I.V.B., u križu: CSSML/NDSM, fig. 13.14; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2004, 81, FASSBIND- CSPB ER 2003, T26/4.5 and T27/1.3; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007a, 242-247 Mjere: 0,6 g; 23 x 18 mm; brončani lim Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 147 SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 925 Description: octagonal devotional medal, with de- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 936 cayed parallel eye, post-1715 Opis: ovalna medaljica, puknuta, 17./18. st. Obverse: the miraculous image of the Mother of Lice: kompozicijski je sv. Benedikt, haljina, sve- God of Trsat, at centre the Mother of God, nim- tokrug, u desnoj ruci štap biskupski, na trbuhu bus with stars, to the left St Jerome, to the right do lijeve ruke križ (možda krunica?), natpis:. St Vitus, down and below the line the inscription: SANCTE.:MAGNEP EFFI.B.V.M.MONTS. Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: I Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.N.L.I.V.B., u križu: IHS.V.R.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I. B., in the cross: CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB Mjere: 1,4 g; 24…x 23 mm; brončani lim Dimensions: 0.6 g; 23.5 x 20 mm; bronze plate SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846, PN 954 SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 934 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s okomitom uši- Description: octagonal devotional medal, second- com, puknuta, 17./18. st. ary perforation, 17th/18th century Lice: sv. Antun Padovanski, prema lijevo, de- Obverse: St Benedict, rayed nimbus, crozier in snom rukom grli dijete Isusa, stoji na oltaru, na left hand, in the foreground of the lower half a jastuku, lijevom rukom grli Antuna, desnom shield with Zachary’s invocation, legible: ?A+ rukom blagoslivlja, sv. Antun u lijevoj ruci drži +SAB+Z+HRF+BFRS IHS MAR, inscription: ljiljane ORA PRONO Naličje: sv. Osvald, plemić, stoji, u lijevoj ruci Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: ptica, u desnoj žezlo, o boku mač, na glavi kapa, IHS.V.R. S.M. .S.M.Q. I.V.B., in the cross: kraj njega iza čovjek ili plašt CSSML/NDSM, CSPB

222 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 2,8 g; 20,5(26) x 18,5 mm; lijevana Dimensions: 0.6 g; 23 x 18 mm; bronze plate bronca Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 147 Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 10 SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 936 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 01, PN 958 Description: oval devotional medal, fractured, Opis: ovalna medaljica, sekundarno bušena, 17th/18th century pukla, 17./18. st,. Obverse: in terms of composition a St Benedict Lice: sv. Benedikt, u desnoj ruci kalež s medal, vestments, nimbate, crozier in right hand, a otrovom, zmija, u lijevoj štap, preko do- cross (perhaps a rosary?) on the abdomen next to nje polovice štit sa Zaharijinim zazivom: the left hand, inscription: .SANCTE.:MAGNEP +Z+DIA+T+Z+SAP+Z+HGF X+X S, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: natpis:S.PENEDICORA.P.N. I .V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.N.L.I.V.B., in the cross: Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, natpis: CSSML/NDSMD, CSPB .R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.N.L.I., u križu: SSML/ Dimensions: 1.4 g; 24…x 23 mm; bronze plate NDSMD, CSDB Mjere: 0,9 g; 19 x 20 mm; brončani lim SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 954 Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- Analogije: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KNEZ pendicular eye, fractured, 17th/18th century 2001, 45; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 304; AZINOVIĆ Obverse: St Anthony of Padua, facing left, embrac- BEBEK 2009a, T1:3 ing the infant Jesus with right hand, standing on an altar, on a cushion, embracing Anthony with left SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 146, SJ 1012, PN hand, blessing with right hand, St Anthony with lil- 963 ies in left hand Opis: ovalna medaljica s puknutom okomitom Reverse: St Oswald, nobleman, standing, bird in ušicom, do 1796. g. left hand, sceptre in right, sword at side, cap on Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, lijevi profil, u isusovač- head, person or mantle next to him and behind koj kapi, gleda u sunce, u rukama drži otvorenu Dimensions: 2.8 g; 20.5(26) x 18.5 mm; cast knjigu Reda s natpisom: AD MAIO DEI GL, bronze habit, plašt, natpis: S.IGN.D.LOY.SI Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 10 Naličje: riječko raspelo, u donjoj polovici u pozadini vizura Rijeke, Isus stoji na raspelu na SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 01, SF 958 ruci, titulus: INRI Description: oval devotional medal, secondary per- Mjere: 8,7 g; 29,5(35) x 27 mm; lijevana bron- foration, fractured, 17th/18th century ca Obverse: St Benedict, chalice with poison in Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 right hand, serpent, staff in left hand, over the lower half a shield with Zachary’s invocation: SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 148, SJ 1017, PN +Z+DIA+T+Z+SAP+Z+HGF X+X S, inscrip- 968 tion: S.PENEDICORA.P.N. Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, inscription: 17./18. st. .R.S.N.S.N.V.S.M.N.L.I., in the cross: SSML/ Lice: Marija, jako oštećena NDSMD, CSDB Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, svetokrug, osta- Dimensions: 0.9 g; 19 x 20 mm; bronze plate lo neprepoznatljivo, natpis: S.AN.DI.PAD Analogies: FASSBINDER 2003, 239; KNEZ Mjere: 1,1 g; 20(28) mm; brončani lim 2001, 45; GRÜNEWALD 2001, 65; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 304; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 1017, PN 974 2009a, T1:3 Opis: osmerokutna medaljica, puknuta ušica, sekundarno bušena, 17./18. st. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 146, SU 1012, SF 963 Lice: Marija u zvonolikom plaštu, krune, Isus Description: oval devotional medal with fractured u lijevom naručju, loše očuvana (Mariazell ili perpendicular eye, up to 1796 Loreto) Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, left profile, with Jesuit biretta, gazing at the sun, holding the open Constitutions of the Society in hands with inscrip-

223 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Naličje: sv. Antun Padovanski, desno, lijevi tion: AD MAIO DEI GL, habit, mantle, inscrip- profil, svetokrug, lijevo stoji dijete Isus An- tion: S.IGN.D.LOY.SI tunu na desnoj ruci, natpis: S:ANTONIO. Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, in the lower half in the DI.PADOVA background a vista of the city of Rijeka, Jesus stand- Mjere: 2,6 g; 28 x 24 mm; lijevana bronca ing on a crucifix on a hand, titulus: INRI SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 979 Dimensions: 8.7 g; 29.5(35) x 27 mm; cast bronze Opis: okrugla medaljica, u potpunosti nepre- Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 poznatljivo SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 148, SU 1017, SF 968 Mjere: 6,2 g; Ø = 27 mm; lijevana bronca Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 864, PN 987 17th/18th century Opis: polovica ovalne medaljice, nakon 1715. Obverse: Mary, very damaged g. Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, nimbate, the rest Lice: Majka Božja Trsatska, Marija s djetetom unrecognisable, inscription: S.AN.DI.PAD Isusom u desnom naručju, odjeven, i ima kru- Dimensions: 1.1 g; 20(28) mm; bronze plate nu, iznad IGYG – ostalog nema, u floralnoj traci natpis: . AS . LVCA M:V: TARSACT . SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 1017, SF 974 Description: octagonal devotional medal, frac- Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, u traci tured eye, secondary perforation, 17th/18th cen- N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V., u križu: SS . ML/ tury NDSMD, oko križa u točkastim poljima: CSPB Obverse: Mary in campanulate mantle, crown, Je- sus in left embrace, poorly preserved (Mariazell or Mjere: 1,9 g; 25 x 30 mm; brončani lim Loreto) Analogije: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Reverse: St Anthony of Padua, right, left profile, 2001, 66-67 nimbate, to the left the infant Jesus stands on An- SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 151, SJ 1025, PN thony’s right hand, inscription: S:ANTONIO. 989 DI.PADOVA Opis: ovalna medaljica, nakon 1622. g. Dimensions: 2.6 g; 28 x 24 mm; cast bronze Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, lijevi profil sveca, isu- SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 979 sovačka kapa, knjiga Reda u ruci Description: round devotional medal, entirely un- Naličje: sv. Franjo Ksaverski, štap u lijevoj ruci, recognisable isusovačka kapa, desna ruka na srcu Dimensions: 6.2 g; Ø = 27 mm; cast bronze Mjere: 2,6 g; 20 x 19 mm; lijevana bronca SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 864, SF 987 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, GR 151, SJ 1025, PN Description: half of an oval devotional medal, 996A post-1715 Opis : ovalna medaljica s okomitom ušicom, do Obverse: Mother of God of Trsat, Mary with infant 1796. g. Jesus in right embrace, dressed, with crown, above Lice: sv. Ignacije Lojola, lijevi profil, u isusovač- IGYG – remainder lacking, in floral band the in- koj kapi, gleda u sunce, u rukama drži otvorenu scription: . AS . LVCA M:V: TARSACT . knjigu Reda s natpisom: AD MAIO DEI GL, Reverse: shield of St Benedict, in the band habit, plašt, natpis: S.IGN.D.LOY.SI N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V., in the cross: SS . ML/ Naličje: riječko raspelo, u donjoj polovici u NDSMD, around the cross in dotted fields: CSPB pozadini vizura Rijeke, Isus stoji na raspelu na Dimensions: 1.9 g; 25 x 30 mm; bronze plate ruci, titulus: INRI Analogies: MIRNIK 1992, 502; DOBRINIĆ Mjere : 10,3 g; 30(39) x 27 mm; lijevana bronca 2001, 66-67 Analogije: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 151, SU 1025, SF 989 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 9, SJ 846, PN 999 Description: oval devotional medal, post-1622 Opis: okrugla medaljica s okomitom ušicom, 17./18. st.

224 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lice: sv. Marija Loretska, sjedi na nazaretskoj Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, left profile of the kući koju nose dva anđela, u dnu dolje poluku- saint, Jesuit biretta, the Constitutions of the Soci- gla, okolo oblaci, Marija u desnom naručju drži ety in hand Isusa, oboje imaju zrakasti svetokrug, natpis: Reverse: St Francis Xavier, staff in left hand, Jesuit S.MA.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) biretta, right hand over heart Naličje: križ bratovštine Sirolo, lijevo i de- Dimensions: 2.6 g; 20 x 19 mm; cast bronze sno anđeli s dugim svijećama, na dnu križa je kerubin, dolje natpis: ROMA, okolo natpis: SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, GR 151, SU 1025, SF 996A SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIR Description: oval devotional medal with perpen- Mjere: 8,0 g; Ø = 26,5(34,5) mm; lijevana dicular eye, up to 1796 bronca Obverse: St Ignatius of Loyola, left profile, with Analogije: KNEZ 2001, 85 (lice) Jesuit biretta, gazing at the sun, holding the open Constitutions of the Society in hands with inscrip- SEKTOR 3, SJ 776 tion: AD MAIO DEI GL, habit, mantle, inscrip- Opis: neprepoznatljiv oblik tion: S.IGN.D.LOY.SI Lice: neprepoznatljiv prikaz Reverse: The Rijeka crucifix, in the lower half in the Naličje: neprepoznatljiv prikaz background a vista of the city of Rijeka, Jesus standing on a crucifix on a hand, titulus: INRI Mjere: 0,4 g, najveća očuvana duljina 19 mm?, bronca Dimensions: 10.3 g; 30(39) x 27 mm; cast bronze Analogies: DOBRINIĆ 2001, 63 SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846A Opis: osmerokutna medaljica s probušenom SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 999 rupicom za karičicu Description: round medal with perpendicular eye, Lice: neprepoznatljiv 17th/18th century Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, .IHS.V. / C / S Obverse: St Mary of Loreto, seated on the house from Nazareth borne by two angels, half-orb down Mjere: 0,6 g; š = 16 mm; brončani lim at the bottom, clouds around, Mary holding Jesus in SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846B right embrace, both with rayed nimbus, inscription: Opis: ovalna medaljica, 17./18. st. S.MA.LAVR. (sancta Maria Lauretana) Lice: sv. Benedikt, kalež, ORA.P.N. Reverse: cross of the Sirolo confraternity, to the left and right angels with long candles, at the base Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, S.M.Q.L.I.V. of the cross is a cherub, inscription below: ROMA, Mjere: 0,2 g; d = 17mm; brončani lim inscription around: SS.CROCEFISSO.D.SIR SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 846D Dimensions: 8.0 g; Ø = 26.5(34.5) mm; cast Opis: ovalna medaljica s rupicom za karičicu, bronze 17./18. st. Analogies: KNEZ 2001, 85 (obverse) Lice: nečitljiv, slova: ENEDIC SECTOR 3, SU 776 Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, slova u križu: CS B/ Description: unrecognisable form CS / D, u traci: IHS . R . S . N . S Obverse: unrecognisable depiction Mjere: 0,4 g; 24 x 19 mm; brončani lim Reverse: unrecognisable depiction SEKTOR 3, kvadrant 10, SJ 1002 Dimensions: 0.4 g, greatest preserved length 19 Opis: ovalna medaljica, 17./18. st. mm?, bronze Lice: nečitljiv SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846A Naličje: štit sv. Benedikta, biserni niz, slova u Description: octagonal devotional medal with per- križu: C SP / CSSML / NDS MD / u traci: foration for jump ring IHS.V.R.S.N. V.S.M. … B. Obverse: unrecognisable Mjere: 0,6 g; 23 x 19 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, .IHS.V. / C / S SLUČAJAN BR. 336 Dimensions: 0.6 g; w = 16 mm; bronze plate Opis: osmerokutna medaljica SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846B

225 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: neprepoznatljiv lik u haljini, slova s lijeve Description: oval devotional medal, 17th/18th strane: S INET, s desne: OM century Naličje: neprepoznatljivo u potpunosti Obverse: St Benedict, chalice, ORA.P.N. Mjere: 0,9 g; 18 x 15 mm; brončani lim Reverse: shield of St Benedict, S.M.Q.L.I.V. Dimensions: 0.2 g; l = 17mm; bronze plate Tabla 16 – križevi SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846D 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 1006, gr. 143, PN 984 Description: oval devotional medal with small per- Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, foration for jump ring, 17th/18th century grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti Obverse: illegible, letters: ENEDIC profilacijom, 17./18. st. Reverse: shield of St Benedict, letters in the cross: Lice: razapeti Krist sa zrakastom aureolom. Na CS B/ CS / D, in the band: IHS . R . S . N . S vrhu patibuluma nečitljiv titulus, na dnu luba- Dimensions: 0.4 g; 24 x 19 mm; bronze plate nja i prekrižene kosti. Naličje: Imakulata sklopljenih ruku stoji na po- SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1002 lumjesecu. Oko glave sedam zvjezdica. Natpis: Description: oval devotional medal, 17th/18th V IM / VIT PREST / PVRAM century Mjere: 44 x 24 mm; 3 g Obverse: illegible Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Reverse: shield of St Benedict, beading, letters in AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- the cross: C SP / CSSML / NDS MD / in the band: DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. IHS.V.R.S.N. V.S.M. … B. 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Dimensions: 0.6 g; 23 x 19 mm; bronze plate 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 769, PN 629 CHANCE FIND No. 336 Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, Description: octagonal devotional medal grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti Obverse: unrecognisable figure in robe, letters to profilacijom, 17./18. st. the left: S INET, to the right: OM Lice: razapeti Krist. Na vrhu patibuluma ne- Reverse: entirely unrecognisable čitljiv titulus, na dnu lubanja i prekrižene kosti. Dimensions: 0.9 g; 18 x 15 mm; bronze plate Naličje: Imakulata sklopljenih ruku stoji na polumjesecu, iznad glave, u polukrugu šest zvjezdica. Natpis: V IMMAC / VITAM PREST / Table 16 – crosses PURAM 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1006, gr. 143, SF 984 Mjere: 45 x 25 mm; 4 g Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- with profiling, 17th/18th century DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. Obverse: the crucified Christ with rayed aureole. Il- 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 legible titulus at the top of the patibulum, skull and 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 769, PN 648 crossed bones at the base. Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti on crescent moon. Seven stars around the head. In- profilacijom, 17./18. st. scription: V IM / VIT PREST / PVRAM Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama oko Dimensions: 44 x 24 mm; 3 g glave. Na vrhu patibuluma titulus s natpisom Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; INRI, na dnu lubanja i prekrižene kosti. AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- Naličje: Imakulata sklopljenih ruku stoji na DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; polumjesecu, iznad glave, u polukrugu sedam PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 zvjezdica. Natpis: VIR IMM / VITAM PRA- 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 629 EST / PURAM. Uz križ pronađen komadić tkanine. Mjere: 44 x 25 mm; 6 g

226 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. with profiling, 17th/18th century 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Obverse: the crucified Christ. Illegible titulus at the 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 713 top of the patibulum, skull and crossed bones at the base. Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing profilacijom, 17./18. st. on crescent moon, above the head six stars in semicircle. Inscription: V IMMAC / VITAM PREST / Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama iznad PURAM glave. Na vrhu patibuluma titulus s natpisom INRI, na dnu lubanja i ukrštene kosti. Dimensions: 45 x 25 mm; 4 g Naličje: Imakulata sa sklopljenim rukama stoji Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; na polumjesecu, oko glave u polukrugu sedam AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- zvjezdica. Natpis: VIRG IMM / VITAM PRA- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; EST / PURAM PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Mjere: 47 x 25 mm; 4 g 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 648 Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. with profiling, 17th/18th century 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Obverse: crucified Christ with incised rays around 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 823, gr. 99, PN 731 the head. At the top of the patibulum a titulus with the inscription INRI, skull and crossed bones at the Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, base. grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom, 17./18. st. Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing on crescent moon, above the head seven stars Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama oko in semicircle. Inscription: VIR IMM / VITAM glave, na vrhu patibuluma titulus s natpisom PRAEST / PURAM. Small piece of fabric found INRI, na dnu lubanja i ukrštene kosti. along with the cross. Naličje: Imakulata sklopljenih ruku stoji na po- Dimensions: 44 x 25 mm; 6 g lumjesecu, oko glave polukrug od sedam zvjezdica. Natpis: VIR IMM / VITAM PRAEST / Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; PURAM AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; Mjere: 51 x 29 mm; 6 g PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 713 DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised with profiling, 17th/18th century 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 688 Obverse: the crucified Christ with incised rays Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, above the head. At the top of the patibulum a titu- grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti lus with the inscription INRI, at the base a skull and profilacijom, 17./18. st. crossed bones. Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama oko Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing glave. Na vrhu patibuluma nečitljiv titulus, na on crescent moon, around the head seven stars in dnu lubanja i ukrštene kosti. semicircle. Inscription: VIRG IMM / VITAM Naličje: Bogorodica u zvonolikom plaštu s PRAEST / PURAM djetetom. Natpis: ?AM IA / MAT ??? / ORA Dimensions: 47 x 25 mm; 4 g PRO N Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Mjere: 46 x 27 mm; 4 g AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76

227 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 823, gr. 99, SF 731 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 285, gr. 12, PN 100 with profiling, 17th/18th century Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti Obverse: crucified Christ with incised rays around profilacijom, 17./18. st. the head, At the top of the patibulum a titulus with the inscription INRI, at the base a skull and crossed Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama oko bones. glave. Na vrhu patibuluma titulus s natpisom INRI, na dnu Adamova lubanja. Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing on crescent moon, semicircle of seven stars Naličje: Imakulata sa sklopljenim rukama stoji around the head. Inscription: VIR IMM / VITAM na polumjesecu, oko glave polukrug od sedam PRAEST / PURAM zvjezdica. Natpis: V I / MARIA MATER / GRAT ? Dimensions: 51 x 29 mm; 6 g Mjere: 34 x 18 mm; 2 g Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 688 Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, 8. SEKTOR 3, kv.11, SJ 846, PN 844 bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, with profiling, 17th/18th century grede pravokutno zaključene, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom, 17./18. st. Obverse: crucified Christ with incised rays around the head. Illegible titulus at the top of the patibu- Lice: razapeti Krist , nad galvom titulus sa sla- lum, at the base a skull and crossed bones. bo čitljivim INRI, u dnu patibuluma Adamova lubanja, iznad nje signatura GM. Reverse: Mother of God in campanulate mantle with child. Inscription: ?AM IA / MAT ??? / ORA Naličje: natpis: DOMINE MEMENTO MEI PRO N Mjere: 50 x 22,2 mm; 6 g Dimensions: 46 x 27 mm; 4 g Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, kat. br. DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; 28.19; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76

Tabla 17 – križevi 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 285, gr. 12, SF 100 Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 1, PN 234 bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised Opis: brončani križ Caravaca sa završecima gre- with profiling, 17th/18th century da u obliku tulipana, rubovi istaknuti profilaci- Obverse: crucified Christ with incised rays around jom, 17./18. st. the head. At the top of the patibulum a titulus with Lice: razapeti Krist, reljefni korpus. Natpisi: na the inscription INRI, Adam's skull at base. donjoj anteni DOMINE MEMENTO, na do- Reverse: Immaculata with clasped hands standing njem dijelu patibuluma F I, te pod njim cvijet on crescent moon, semicircle of seven stars around (?). the head. Inscription: V I / MARIA MATER / Naličje: natpis: na gornjoj anteni: V R S N S GRAT ? M V, na donjoj anteni: S / S M Q L V I B / P, Dimensions: 34 x 18 mm; 2 g na patibulumu: C / S S M L / N D S M D / B Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Mjere: 57 x 27 mm; 7 g AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; BELAJ 2006, 289, sl. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82- PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 83, kat. br. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 18 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant11, SU 846, SF 844

228 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 460, gr. 79, PN 368 Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, Opis: brončani križ Caravaca s ušicom, grede bars with rectangular terminals, edges emphasised završavaju proširenjima u obliku tulipana, 17. with profiling, 17th/18th century st. Obverse: the crucified Christ , above the head a Lice: razapeti Krist, na vrhu patibuluma titulus titulus with barely readable INRI, Adam's skull at INRI, natpis: ADO RAMU TE CRIST. the base of the patibulum, above it GM signature. Naličje: titulus INRI i arma Christi, gornja an- Reverse: inscription: DOMINE MEMENTO tena: kliješta, čekić, snop čavala, donja antena: MEI koplje, mač, ljestve, patibulum: trnova kruna, Dimensions: 50 x 22.2 mm; 6 g haljina, stup za bičevanje. Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Uz njega pronađena medaljica Marije iz Einsi- AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 254-255; FUN- edelna. DORT KLOSTER 2000, 298-299, cat. no. 28.19; Mjere: 42 x 22 mm; 3 g PAVIČIĆ 1994, 75-76 Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; BELAJ 2006, 289, sl. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82- Table 17 – crosses 83, kat. br. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 18 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 1, SF 234 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 817 Description: bronze Caravaca cross with terminals Opis: brončani križ Caravaca s ušicom i završe- in the form of tulips, edges emphasised with profil- cima greda u obliku tulipana. Nedostaje donji ing, 17th/18th century dio patibuluma, 17./18. st. Obverse: the crucified Christ, corpus in relief. In- Lice: razapeti Krist s urezanim zrakama oko scriptions: on the lower antenna DOMINE ME- glave, reljefni korpus. Na vrhu patibuluma ti- MENTO, on the lower section of the patibulum F tulus INRI. Na donjoj anteni natpis DOMIN I, below it a flower (?). MEMEN. Reverse: inscription: on the upper antenna: V R S Naličje: plitko urezan nečitljiv natpis, zaziv sv. N S M V, on the lower antenna: S / S M Q L V I B / Benedikta P, on the patibulum: C / S S M L / N D S M D / B Mjere: 40 x 26 mm; 6 g Dimensions: 57 x 27 mm; 7 g Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; BELAJ BELAJ 2006, 289, sl. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82- 2006, 289, fig. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82-83, cat. no. 83, kat. br. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 18 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 18 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 998 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 460, gr. 79, SF 368 Opis: brončani križ Caravaca s ušicom, re- Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye, bars ljefnim korpusom i završecima greda u obliku with terminals broadened in tulip form, 17th cen- tulipana, 17./18. st. tury Lice: razapeti Krist Obverse: the crucified Christ, at the top of the pati- Naličje: – bulum titulus INRI, inscription: ADO RAMU TE CRIST. Mjere: 51 x 26 mm; 8 g Reverse: titulus INRI and the , upper Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; arma Christi antenna: pincers, hammer, bundle of nails, lower BELAJ 2006, 289, sl. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82- antenna: spear, sword, ladder, patibulum: crown of 83, kat. br. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 18 thorns, robe, whipping column. 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 374 Maria of Einsiedeln devotional medal found along Opis: brončani križ Caravaca s ušicom, grede with it. zaključene proširenjima u obliku tulipana, ru- Dimensions: 42 x 22 mm; 3 g bovi istaknuti profilacijom, 17. st. Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; BELAJ Mjere: 38 x 18 mm; 2 g 2006, 289, fig. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82-83, cat. no. Analogije: BOŽEK 1997, 106, 113 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 18 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 776, PN 621 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 817

229 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: ulomak brončanog križa Carvaca sa za- Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye and vršecima greda u obliku tulipana. Rubovi ista- arm terminals in tulip form. Lower part of the pa- knuti profilacijom. tibulum missing, 17th/18th century Mjere: 29 x 22 mm; 2 g Obverse: crucified Christ with incised rays around Analogije: BOŽEK 1997, 106, 113 the head, corpus in relief. At the top of the patibulum titulus INRI. On the lower antenna inscription 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 877 DOMIN MEMEN. Opis: brončani križ Carvaca s ušicom, grede za- Reverse: shallow incised illegible inscription, St vršavaju proširenjima u obliku tulipana, 17./18. Benedict's invocation st. Dimensions: 40 x 26 mm; 6 g Lice: razapeti Krist, reljefni korpus. Na vrhu Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; BELAJ patibuluma titulus INRI, natpisi na donjoj an- 2006, 289, fig. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82-83, cat. no. teni i patibulumu nečitljivi. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 18 Naličje: natpis na gornjoj anteni nečitljiv, na donjoj anteni: SANTA, na patibulumu: CLA- 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 998 RA Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye, Mjere: 29 x 15 mm; 1 g corpus in relief and arm terminals in tulip form, 17th/18th century 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 840, PN 775 Obverse: the crucified Christ Opis: brončani križ Carvaca s ušicom i kari- Reverse: – čicom, grede sa završecima u obliku tulipana, 16./17. st. Dimensions: 51 x 26 mm; 8 g Lice i naličje ukrašeni urezima s motivom jeline Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 67; BELAJ grančice. 2006, 289, fig. 18; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82-83, cat. no. 72; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 18 Mjere: 23 x 10 mm; 0,5 g Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 374 Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye, arm 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 703 terminals broadened in tulip form, edges empha- Opis: ulomak brončanog križa, latinskog oblika s sised with profiling, 17th century ušicom, grede zaključene ispupčenjima i glavama Dimensions: 38 x 18 mm; 2 g maskerona, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom, 15./16. st. Analogies: BOŽEK 1997, 106, 113 Lice: razapeti Krist sa zrakastim urezima oko 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 776, SF 621 glave i ruku, na vrhu patibuluma nečitljivi ti- Description: fragment of a bronze Caravaca cross tulus. with arm terminals in tulip form. Edges emphasised Naličje: Bogorodica sklopljenih ruku stoji na with profiling. polumjesecu, nad njom kruna, na anteni keru- Dimensions: 29 x 22 mm; 2 g bini oko Bogorodice. Analogies: BOŽEK 1997, 106, 113 Uz križ nađeno zrno od staklene paste zelenkaste boje. 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 877 Mjere: 28 x 27 mm; 1 g Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye, bars with terminals broadened in tulip form, 17th/18th Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 century 10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 846, PN 722 Obverse: the crucified Christ, corpus in relief. At Opis: ulomak brončanog križa, latinskog oblika s the top of the patibulum titulus INRI, inscriptions ušicom, grede zaključene ispupčenjima i glavama on the lower antenna and patibulum illegible. maskerona, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom, 15./16. Reverse: inscription on the upper antenna illegible, st. on the lower antenna: SANTA, on the patibulum: Lice: razapeti Krist, nad njim titulus INRI. CLARA Naličje: Bogorodica s djetetom stoji na polu- Dimensions: 29 x 15 mm; 1 g mjesecu, nad njom golubica, na anteni kružni ornamenti. 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 840, SF 775

230 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mjere: 38 x 34 mm; 2 g Description: bronze Caravaca cross with eye and Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 jump ring, arm terminals in tulip form, 16th/17th century Tabla 18 – križevi Obverse and reverse decorated with incisions in the form of fir branch motif. 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 361 Dimensions: 23 x 10 mm; 0.5 g Opis: ulomak brončanog križa, latinskog obli- Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 ka, grede zaključene ispupčenjima i glavama maskerona, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom. Na 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 703 vrhu patibuluma fragment ušice, 15./16. st. Description: fragment of a bronze cross, Latin Lice: Bogorodica na polumjesecu, nad glavom form with eye, arm terminals with protuberances urezane trake, sa svake strane anđeo (u anteni). and mascherone heads, edges emphasised with profiling, 15th/16th century Naličje: – Obverse: the crucified Christ with rayed incisions Mjere: 29 x 38 mm; 2 g around the head and arms, at the top of the patibu- Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 lum illegible titulus. 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 349 Reverse: Mother of God clasped hands standing on Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, crescent moon, above her a crown, on the antenna grede zaključene ispupčenjima i glavama maske- cherubim around the Mother of God. rona, rubovi istaknuti profilacijom, 15./16. st. A bead of green coloured glass paste found along Lice: razapeti Krist, oko glave zrakasti urezi, pri with the cross. vrhu patibuluma ukošeni titulus INRI. Dimensions: 28 x 27 mm; 1 g Naličje: Bogorodica u zvonolikom plaštu, nad Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 njom kruna, sa svake strane kerubin, u gornjem dijelu patibuluma šestokraka zvijezda 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 846, SF 722 Description: fragment of a bronze cross, Latin Mjere: 35 x 27 mm; 2 g form with eye, arm terminals with protuberances Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 and mascherone heads, edges emphasised with pro- 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 3, SJ 1, PN 517 filing, 15th/16th century Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom Obverse: the crucified Christ, above him the titulus i karičicom, trolisni završeci greda, 17./18. st. INRI. Lice: razapeti Krist ravnih nogu, nad glavom Reverse: Mother of God with child standing on urezane zrake, u titulusu natpis INRI. crescent moon, above her a dove, circular ornamentation on the antenna. Naličje: – Dimensions: 38 x 34 mm; 2 g Mjere: 34 x 22 mm; 1 g Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 884, gr. 110, PN 781 Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, Table 18 – crosses grede zaključene trolisno, 17./18. st. Lice: razapeti Krist s radijalnim nizom ureza- 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 361 nih zraka nad glavom. Pod nogama Adamova Description: fragment of a bronze cross, Latin lubanja. Nad glavom teško čitljiv titulus INRI. form, arm terminals with protuberances and Naličje: – mascherone heads, edges emphasised with profiling. At the top of the patibulum fragment of an eye, Mjere: 33 x 15 mm; 2 g 15th/16th century Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Obverse: Mother of God on crescent moon, incised AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 251-252; BELAJ bands above the head, an angel to each side (in the 2006, 289, sl. 32; FUNDORT KLOSTER antenna). 2000, 300-301, kat. br. 28.27, 28.29a; PAVI- ČIĆ 1994, 79 Reverse: – Dimensions: 29 x 38 mm; 2 g 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 1001 Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73

231 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 349 trolisni završeci greda, 17./18. st. Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, Lice: razapeti Krist, nad glavom izlizan titulus. arm terminals with protuberances and mascherone Pod nogama Adamova lubanja i prekrižene ko- heads, edges emphasised with profiling, 15th/16th sti. century Naličje: – Obverse: the crucified Christ, rayed incisions Mjere: 33 x 15 mm; 2,2 g around the head, slanted INRI titulus near the top of the patibulum. Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 251-252; BELAJ Reverse: Mother of God in campanulate mantle, 2006, 289, sl. 32; FUNDORT KLOSTER above her a crown, cherub to either side, six-pointed 2000, 300-301, kat. br. 28.27, 28.29a; PAVI- star in the upper section of the patibulum ČIĆ 1994, 79 Dimensions: 35 x 27 mm; 2 g Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 73 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 10, SJ 294, PN 138 Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 3, SU 1, SF 517 trolisni završeci greda, rubovi istaknuti profila- Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye and cijom, 17./18. st. jump ring, trefoil arm terminals, 17th/18th century Lice: razapeti Krist, nad glavom nečitljiv titu- Obverse: the crucified Christ with straight legs, in- lus. cised rays above the head, INRI inscription in the Naličje: natpis: DOMINE MEMNTO MEI titulus. Mjere: 48 x 26 mm; 5 g Reverse: – Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 23; Dimensions: 34 x 22 mm; 1 g AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 256; FUNDORT 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 884, gr. 110, SF 781 KLOSTER 2000, 300, kat. br. 28.25; MÜN- STERER 1983, Abb. 22; ŠENKOVEC 2001, Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, tre- 27, sl. 23 foil arm terminals, 17th/18th century Obverse: the crucified Christ with radial series of 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 302, gr. 5, PN 250 incised rays above the head. Adam's skull below the Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika, trolisni feet. Above the head a poorly readable INRI titulus. završeci greda. Na gornjem vrhu patibuluma Reverse: – otvor za vrpcu, 17./18. st. Dimensions: 33 x 15 mm; 2 g Lice: razapeti Krist u reljefu, nad njim titulus INRI. Korpus zakovicom pričvršćen za križ. Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 251-252; BELAJ Naličje: – 2006, 289, fig. 32; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, Mjere: 60 x 39 mm; 9 g 300-301, cat. no. 28.27, 28.29a; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 79 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 1001 Tabla 19 – križevi Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, tre- 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 11, SJ 846, PN 829 foil arm terminals, 17th/18th century Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom i Obverse: the crucified Christ, worn titulus above korpusom. Nedostaje dno patibuluma, 17./18. the head. Adam's skull and crossed bones below the st. feet. Lice: razapeti Krist, nad njim nečitljiv titulus. Reverse: – Korpus zakovicama pričvršćen za križ. Dimensions: 33 x 15 mm; 2.2 g Naličje: – Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 32; Mjere: 68 x 49 mm; 14 g AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 251-252; BELAJ 2006, 289, fig. 32; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 5, SJ 1, PN 534 300-301, cat. no. 28.27, 28.29a; PAVIČIĆ 1994, 79 Opis: brončani korpus od lijevane bronce. Ra- zapeti Krist, u rukama i nogama rupice za za- 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 10, SU 294, SF 138 kovice, u lijevoj ruci ostala zakovica, 17./18. st. Mjere: 80 x 65 mm; 27 g

232 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 260; Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, tre- BULLY 2004, 159, fig. 30 foil arm terminals, edges emphasised with profiling, 17th/18th century Tabla 20 – križevi Obverse: the crucified Christ, illegible titulus above the head. 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 305 Reverse: inscription: DOMINE MEMNTO MEI Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika, s kor- Dimensions: 48 x 26 mm; 5 g pusom, na vrhu patibuluma ušica, grede s trolisnim završecima. Antena na krajevima ima Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 23; okrugle otvore, 17./18. st. AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 256; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, 300, cat. no. 28.25; MÜNSTER- Lice: razapeti Krist, nad glavom aureola. ER 1983, Abb. 22; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, fig. 23 Naličje: – Mjere: 84 x 55 mm; 11 g 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 302, gr. 5, SF 250 Description: bronze cross, Latin form, trefoil arm 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, PN 259 terminals. Perforation for ribbon at the upper ter- Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom minal of the patibulum, 17th/18th century i karičicom, grede se zaključuju nastavcima u Obverse: the crucified Christ in relief, INRI titulus obliku palmete, u središtu krakova probijen above him. Corpus affixed to cross with rivet. oblik manjeg križa, obje strane ornamentirane Reverse: – uspravnim i položenim ravnim linijama, 17. st. Dimensions: 60 x 39 mm; 9 g Mjere: 49 x 28 mm; 4 g Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82; ŠENKOVEC 2001, 27, sl. 21 Table 19 – crosses 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8, SJ 256, PN 75 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 829 Opis: brončani križ, latinskog oblika s ušicom, Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye grede zaključene trolisnim nastavcima u obliku and corpus. Bottom of the patibulum missing, palmete, u središtu krakova probijen oblik ma- 17th/18th century njeg križa, obje strane ornamentirane usprav- Obverse: the crucified Christ, illegible titulus above nim i položenim ravnim linijama, 17. st. him. Corpus affixed to cross with rivets. Mjere: 48 x 29 mm; 6 g Reverse: – Analogije: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82; ŠENKOVEC Dimensions: 68 x 49 mm; 14 g 2001, 27, sl. 21 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 5, SU 1, SF 534 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 12, SJ 256, PN 480 Description: bronze corpus of cast bronze. The cru- Opis: brončani Ulrichov križ, gornji krak tro- cified Christ, small perforations for rivets in hands kutasto zaključen, na vrhu trokuta provučena and feet , rivet still in left hand, 17th/18th century karičica, profilirani rubovi, 18. st. Dimensions: 80 x 65 mm; 27 g Lice: križ sv. Benedikta, vanjski natpis: Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 260; BUL- V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. IHS, izme- LY 2004, 159, fig. 30 đu krakova: C.S.P.B., okomiti natpis u kri- žu: C.S.S.M.L., vodoravni natpis u križu: N.D.S.M.D. Table 20 – crosses Naličje: u sredini slabo vidljiv lik sveca, natpis: 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 305 Zaharijin žig: (+) Z + D I A + (B) I Z (+) S A B Description: bronze cross, Latin form, with corpus, + Z + H G F + (B) F R S SEBASTIA eye at the top of the patibulum, arms with trefoil Mjere: 30 x 27 mm; 2 g terminals. Round perforations at the terminals of Analogije: KNEZ 2005, 20, sl. 4 the antenna, 17th/18th century Obverse: the crucified Christ, aureole above head. 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 891 Reverse: – Opis: ulomak križa ili privjeska u obliku go- lubice – Duha Svetoga, s paralelnom ušicom i Dimensions: 84 x 55 mm; 11 g karičicom, 16. – 18. st.

233 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lice: vodoravna greda na svakom kraju blago 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 259 savijena prema dolje, na okomitoj gredi pri dnu Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye and vidljiv dio utora za zakovicu, križ je u obliku go- jump ring, the arms terminate in palmette form lubice – Duha Svetoga extensions, at the intersection of the arms a small Mjere: 24 x 23 mm; 1 g cross form perforation, both sides ornamented with upright and horizontal straight lines, 17th century Tabla 21 – krunice, zrna krunica Dimensions: 49 x 28 mm; 4 g Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82; ŠENKOVEC 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 812/SJ 813, gr. 98, PN 2001, 27, fig. 21 721 Opis: krunica od 46 koštanih zrna, 39 okruglih 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 256, SF 75 zrna, bez ukrasa, ø = 7 mm. Šest okruglih zrna Description: bronze cross, Latin form with eye, ukrašena urezanom kanelurom, četiri ø = 11 the arms terminate in trefoil extensions in palmette mm, dvije ø = 9 mm. Valjkasto zrno čija je cijela form, at the intersection of the arms a small cross površina ukrašena urezanim kanelurama, 10 x form perforation, both sides ornamented with up- 9 mm. Zrna su povezana metalnim kukicama. right and horizontal straight lines, 17th century 17. st. Dimensions: 48 x 29 mm; 6 g Uz krunicu pronađene medaljica sv. Antuna i Analogies: PAVIČIĆ 1994, 82; ŠENKOVEC sv. Franje, medaljica sv. Antun i sv. Mihovila i 2001, 27, fig. 21 medaljica sv. Marije Loretske i bratovštine Si- rolo. 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 12, SU 256, SF 480 Analogije: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15, Description: bronze Ulrich cross, top arm with tri- FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.15; angular terminal, jump ring drawn through top of GJURAŠIN 1997, 175 triangle, profiled edges, 18th century Obverse: St Benedict cross, outer inscription: 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 888, gr. 112, PN 794 V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. IHS, between the Opis: fragmentirana krunica s 45 okruglih ma- arms: C.S.P.B., vertical inscription in the cross: njih i 5 okruglih većih koštanih zrna. Ovalna C.S.S.M.L., horizontal inscription in the cross: zrna su ukrašena profiliranim rebrom. Manja N.D.S.M.D. zrna, ø = 6 mm, veća zrna, ø = 7 mm. Zrna po- Reverse: at centre poorly visible image of a saint, vezana brončanim kukicama. Veća zrna s osta- inscription: Zachary's seal: (+) Z + D I A + (B) I lima povezana kukicama čiji je jedan kraj duži Z (+) S A B + Z + H G F + (B) F R S SEBASTIA te spiralno omotan oko ostatka kukice. 17. st. Dimensions: 30 x 27 mm; 2 g Nađena s medaljicom Mariazell i sv. Ivana Ne- pomuka. Analogies: KNEZ 2005, 20, fig. 4 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 322, gr. 29, PN 144 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 891 Opis: osam okruglih koštanih zrna. Zrna pro- Description: fragment of a cross or pendant in the bušena na sredini, povezana metalnim kukica- form of a dove – the Holy Spirit, with parallel eye ma. Ø = 6 mm. 17./18. st. and jump ring, 16th – 18th century Zrna pronađena uz medaljicu sv. Marije Loret- Obverse: horizontal arm bend slightly downwards ske i raspela. at each terminal, part of a slot for a rivet visible near the bottom of the vertical arm, the cross has the 4. SEKTOR 3, kv.10, SJ 996, gr. 139 form of a dove – the Holy Spirit Opis: okruglo koštano zrno, probušeno u sredi- Dimensions: 24 x 23 mm; 1 g ni. Ø = 6,5 mm, 18. st.

5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 344, gr. 40, PN 189 Table 21 – rosaries, rosary beads Opis: koštana prečka križa ukrašena prečnim urezanim linijama s obje strane otvora, d = 18 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 812/SU 813, gr. 98, mm, ø = 4,5 mm. Stakleno zrno, ø = 5mm. 16. SF 721 st. Description: rosary of 46 bone beads, 39 round Uz njih pronađeno 10 brončanih tankih kari- beads, without ornamentation, ø = 7 mm. Six round čica. beads decorated with incised cannelure, four ø = 11 mm, two ø = 9 mm. Cylindrical bead the entire sur-

234 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 786/SJ 776, gr. 91, PN face of which is decorated with incised cannelures, 624, PN 640, PN 653 10 x 9 mm. The beads are linked with small metal Opis: devet ovalnih koštanih zrna, probušena hooks. 17th century po dužini, 9 x 6 mm, povezana brončanim ku- Found along with the rosary were a St Anthony and kicama. Koštano zrno u obliku kalema, probu- St Francis devotional medal, a St Anthony and St šeno po dužini, 8 x 7,5 mm. Okruglo drveno Michael devotional medal and a St Mary of Loreto zrno, ø = 7,5 mm. 17./18. st. and Sirolo confraternity devotional medal. Pronađena uz medaljicu Isusa i Marije. Analogies: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15, FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.15; 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8, SJ 256, PN 440 GJURAŠIN 1997, 175 Opis: 55 okruglih koštanih zrna krunice. 5 ve- ćih, ø = 8 – 10 mm, 49 manjih, ø = 5 mm, bez 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 888, gr. 112, SF 794 ukrasa. Description: fragmented rosary with 45 small round and 5 large round bone beads. The oval beads 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 789, gr. 92, PN 654 are decorated with a profiled rib. Small beads, ø = Opis: dva valjkasta koštana zrna, probušena po 6 mm, large beads, ø = 7 mm. The beads are linked dužini, 6 x 6 mm, povezana metalnim kukica- with small bronze hooks. The large beads are linked ma. Okruglo koštano zrno, ø = 8 mm, tragovi to the others by small hooks with one longer end bojanja u plavu boju. 17. st. that is wrapped in a spiral around the other small Uz medaljicu sv. Marije Loretske i sv. Venancija. hooks. 17th century Found with a Mariazell and St John of Nepomuk Tabla 22 – krunice, zrna krunica devotional medal.

1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 799, gr. 94, PN 681 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 322, gr. 29, SF 144 Opis: okruglo koštano zrno, ø = 12 mm. Ulo- Description: eight round bone beads. Beads perfo- mak koštanog zrna ukrašenog kanelurama, 9 x rated at the centre, linked with small metal hooks . 9 mm, 18. st. Ø = 6 mm. 17th/18th century Uz medaljicu Majke Božje Trsatske i sv. Bene- Beads found along with St Mary of Loreto devo- dikta. tional medal and a crucifix. 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant10, SU 996, gr. 139 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 918 Description: round bone bead, perforated at cen- Opis: valjkasto koštano zrno ukrašeno ureza- tre. Ø = 6.5 mm, 18th century nim kanelurama. U kanelurama vidljivi ostaci crvene boje. 13,5 x 10 mm. 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 344, gr. 40, SF 189 Analogije: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; Description: bone horizontal cross arm decorated GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; THEATRUM VI- with transversal incised lines to both sides of the TAE 2002, 139, kat. br. 244 aperture, l = 18 mm, ø = 4.5 mm. Glass bead, ø = 5mm. 16th century 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 339, gr. 37, PN 441 10 thin bronze jump rings found with them. Opis: okruglo koštano zrno bez dekoracija, ø = 9,5 mm. 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 786/SU 776, gr. 91, 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 300, SF 624, SF 640, SF 653 PN 367, PN 373, PN 448, PN 451 Description: nine oval bone beads, perforated lengthwise, 9 x 6 mm, linked with small bronze Opis: koštana zrna, 34 okrugla, neukrašena (ø hooks. Bone bead in spool form, perforated length- = 5 – 7 mm), 2 ovalna neukrašena, 4 okrugla wise, 8 x 7.5 mm. Round wooden bead, ø = 7.5 mm. ukrašena s paralelnim urezanim linijama (4 x 5 17th/18th century mm), 1 poliedarsko (4 x 5 mm), 1 ovalno, na sredini ukrašeno paralelno urezanim linijama Found along with a Jesus and Mary devotional (5 x 11 mm), 2 valjkasta, ukrašena po dužini pa- medal. ralelnim kanelurama (10 x 12 mm), 2 čunjaste 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 256, SF 440 prečke križa, na jednoj tragovi crvene boje,16. Description: 55 round bone rosary beads. 5 large, – početak 18. st. ø = 8 – 10 mm, 49 small, ø = 5 mm, without ornamentation.

235 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Analogije: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 789, gr. 92, SF 654 GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; THEATRUM VI- Description: two cylindrical bone beads, perfo- TAE 2002, 139, kat. br. 244 rated lengthwise, 6 x 6 mm, linked with small metal hooks . Round bone bead, ø = 8 mm, traces of blue 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 326 colouring. 17th century Opis: četiri neukrašena okrugla koštana zrna, ø = 12mm, 16. – 18. st. Along with a St Mary of Loreto and St Venantius devotional medal. 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, gr. 71, PN 170, PN 246, PN 255, PN 259, PN 285 Table 22 – rosaries, rosary beads Opis: koštana zrna, 33 okrugla neukrašena (ø = 5 – 10 mm) od kojih tri imaju brončane ku- 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 799, gr. 94, SF 681 kice, 1 poliedarsko zrno (ø = 7 mm), 4 okrugla Description: round bone bead, ø = 12 mm. Frag- zrna ukrašena urezanim paralelnim linijama (ø ment of a bone bead decorated with cannelures, 9 x = 8 – 11 mm), 4 valjkasta zrna s kanelurama po 9 mm, 18th century dužini (12 x 10 mm), 2 valjkasta zrna ukraše- Along with a Mother of God of Trsat and St Ben- na paralelno urezanim linijama te preko njih edict devotional medal. uzdužnim kanelurama (10 x 12 mm), čunjasta prečka križa (6 x 20 mm), 16. – početak 18. st. 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 918 Analogije: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; Description: cylindrical bone bead decorated with GJURAŠIN 1997, 175 incised cannelures. Residue of red colour visible in the cannelures. 13.5 x 10 mm. 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 289, gr. 16, PN 125 Analogies: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; Opis: osam okruglih staklenih zrna, ø = 5 mm. GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; THEATRUM VITAE Okruglo drveno zrno, ø = 6 mm. Drveno zrno 2002, 139, cat. no. 244 u obliku kalema, v = 6 mm. Povezane bronča- nim kukicama. 18. st. 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 339, gr. 37, SF 441 Uz medaljicu Kraljice svete krunice i sv. Antuna Description: round bone bead without ornamenta- Padovanskog, medaljicu sv. Franje Ksaverskog i tion, ø = 9.5 mm. Ignacija Lojole i medaljicu Marije i sv. Venan- 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 300, cija. SF 367, SF 373, SF 448, SF 451 8. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 312, gr. 25, PN 270, PN Description: bone beads, 34 round, without or- 295 namentation (ø = 5 – 7 mm), 2 oval without orna- Opis: krunica od 43 staklena zrna. 41 okruglo mentation, 4 round decorated with parallel incised zrno, ø = 6 mm, jedno bijelo okruglo zrno s tri lines (4 x 5 mm), 1 polyhedral (4 x 5 mm), 1 oval, plavo-crvene linije, ø = 7mm, valjkasto zrno decorated at centre with parallel incised lines (5 x plave boje, 4 x 6 mm, 17./18. st. 11 mm), 2 cylindrical, decorated along their length Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 279; PREDOVNIK with parallel cannelures (10 x 12 mm), 2 conical et al. 2008, 50, T.10:5; SEKELJ IVANČAN, cross horizontal beams, residue of red colour on TKALČEC 2003, 29 one. 16th to early 18th century Analogies: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 986, gr. 134, PN 888 GJURAŠIN 1997, 175; THEATRUM VITAE Opis: krunica sastavljena od 35 zrna. Zrna su 2002, 139, cat. no. 244 od puhanog stakla, poliedarskog oblika, cca 11 x 10 mm. 17./18. st. 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF 326 Uz četiri medaljice sv. Benedikta. Description: four round bone beads without orna- Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 183 – mentation, ø = 12mm, 16th – 18th century 184, br. 23 – 26, BELAJ 2006, sl. 27 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, gr. 71, SF 170, SF 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 300, 246, SF 255, SF 259, SF 285 PN 373, PN 448, PN 451 Description: bone beads, 33 round without orna- Opis: zrna od stakla: 14 tirkiznih okruglih (ø = mentation (ø = 5 – 10 mm) of which three have 4 mm), 6 tamnoplavih okruglih (ø = 4 mm), 10 small bronze hooks, 1 polyhedral bead (ø = 7 mm), tirkiznih valjkastih (3 x 8 mm), 17./18. st. 4 round beads decorated with incised parallel lines

236 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 326 (ø = 8 – 11 mm), 4 cylindrical beads with canne- Opis: zrna od stakla: dva okrugla zrna crne lures along their length (12 x 10 mm), 2 cylindri- boje, poliedarsko zrno crne boje, 17./18. st. cal beads decorated with parallel incised lines and lengthwise cannelures over them (10 x 12 mm), 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, gr. 71, PN 170, PN conical cross horizontal beam (6 x 20 mm), 16th to 246, PN 255, PN 285 early 18th century Opis: zrna od stakla: 23 okrugla zrna plave do Analogies: BURIĆ 2005, 223, fig. 12 – 15; tamnoplave boje (ø = 8 mm), 1 okruglo prozir- GJURAŠIN 1997, 175 no (ø = 8 mm), 13 valjkastih plave do tamnoplave boje (5 x 10 mm), 1 valjkasto prozirno 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 289, gr. 16, SF 125 zrno (10 x 11 mm), 2 poliedarska zrna crne boje Description: eight round glass beads, ø = 5 mm. (6 x 7 mm), 1 prozirno poliedarsko zrno (10 x Round wooden bead, ø = 6 mm. Wooden bead in 13 mm), 17./18. st. spool form, h = 6 mm. Linked with small bronze hooks. 18th century Tabla 23 – krunice, zrna krunica Found along with Queen of the Holy Rosary and St Anthony of Padua; St Francis Xavier and Igna- 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 256, PN 437 tius Loyola; and Mary and St Venantius devotional Opis: 34 zrna krunice. 5 većih, od gagata, ø = medals. 13 mm, 29 manjih, od staklene paste, ø = 10 mm. 17./18. st. 8. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 312, gr. 25, SF 270, SF 295 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 804, gr. 96 Description: rosary of 43 glass beads. 41 round Opis: okruglo stakleno zrno zelene boje, ø = 8 beads, ø = 6 mm, one white round bead with three mm. blue-red lines, ø = 7mm, cylindrical bead of blue colour, 4 x 6 mm, 17th/18th century 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 264, gr. 7 Opis: prečka križa od stakla, crne boje, 22 x 10 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 279; PREDOVNIK mm. et al. 2008, 50, T.10:5; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 1015, gr. 147, PN 965 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 986, gr. 134, SF 888 Opis: krunica sastavljena od 33 zrna od gagata. 31 zrno je ovalno-poliedarskog oblika, 16 x 13 Description: rosary consisting of 35 beads. The mm. Dva okrugla zrna, ø = 19 mm, ø = 14 mm. beads are of blown glass, of polyhedral form, about Dvije pravokutne prečke križa, 30 x 10 mm, 11 x 10 mm. 17th/18th century ukrašene dvjema urezanim linijama, krajevi Found along with four St Benedict devotional med- oblikovani u križ, 16 x 12 mm, krajevi obliko- als. vani u križ, 17./18. st. Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2009, 183 – 184, Uz medaljicu sv. Marije Loretske i sv. Ivana Kr- br. 23 – 26, BELAJ 2006, fig. 27 stitelja. 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF Analogije: BELAJ 2006, sl. 24; FUNDORT 300, SF 373, SF 448, SF 451 KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.30, 28.60; PRE- Description: glass beads: 14 turquoise round (ø = DOVNIK et al. 2008, 46, T.5:2 4 mm), 6 dark blue round (ø = 4 mm), 10 turquoise 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 300, cylindrical (3 x 8 mm), 17th/18th century PN 373, PN 448 11. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF Opis: zrna od gagata: 10 okruglih (4 poveza- 326 na brončanim kukicama), ø = 5 mm, 2 okrugla Description: glass beads: two round beads of black ukrašena paralelnim linijama, ø = 6 mm, 1 bi- colour, polyhedral bead of black colour, 17th/18th konično zrno, na sredini ukrašeno dvjema para- century lelnim linijama, 9 x 11 mm, 1 poliedarsko zrno, 7 x 10 mm, 3 brončane kukice, 17./18. st. 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, gr. 71, SF 170, SF 246, SF 255, SF 285 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, gr. 71, PN 170, PN Description: glass beads: 23 round beads of blue to 255, PN 285 dark blue colour (ø = 8 mm), 1 round transparent (ø = 8 mm), 13 cylindrical of blue to dark blue col-

237 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: 9 okruglih zrna od gagata, ø = 8 – 10mm, our (5 x 10 mm), 1 cylindrical transparent bead (10 17./18. st. x 11 mm), 2 polyhedral beads of black colour (6 x 7 mm), 1 transparent polyhedral bead (10 x 13 mm), 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 823, gr. 99, PN 731 17th/18th century Opis: šest okruglih drvenih zrna, ø = 7 mm, s tragovima brončanih kukica. Valjkasto zrno, u sredini udubljeno, d = 6,5 mm, ø = 4 mm. Zrno Table 23 – rosaries, rosary beads u obliku kalema, d = 12 mm, ø = 6 mm. 17. st. 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 437 Uz medaljice sv. Marije Loretske i sv. Venancija, Description: 34 rosary beads. 5 large, of jet, ø = 13 sv. Ivana Nepomuka i sv. Peregrina i sv. Marije mm, 29 small, of glass paste, ø = 10 mm. 17th/18th Wessobrun i srca Isusa i Marije te latinski križ century s natpisom. 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 804, gr. 96 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 11, SJ 846, PN 861 Description: round glass bead of green colour, ø = Opis: dio krunice s drvenim zrnima. Šest poli- 8 mm. edarskih zrna, ø = 6 mm. Jedno oštećeno zrno u obliku kalema, d = 6 mm. Zrna povezana 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 264, gr. 7 brončanim kukicama od kojih su neke ukrašene Description: cross horizontal beam of glass, of spiralno namotanom žicom. black colour, 22 x 10 mm. 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 373 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 1015, gr. 147, SF 965 Opis: kamena zrna: 1 okruglo bijele boje (ø = Description: rosary composed of 33 beads of jet. 6 mm), 1 okruglo crvene boje (ø = 11 mm), 1 31 beads are of oval-polyhedral from, 16 x 13 mm. valjkasto bijele boje (9 x 9 mm), 16. – 18. st. Two round beads, ø = 19 mm, ø = 14 mm. Two rectangular cross horizontal beams, 30 x 10 mm, 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, gr. 71, PN 246, PN decorated with two incised lines, terminals with 255 crossbars forming terminal crosses, 16 x 12 mm, Opis: kamena zrna: dva okrugla bijela (ø = 9 terminals with crossbars forming terminal crosses, mm), jedno valjkasto tirkizno (7 x 13 mm), 16. 17th/18th century – 18. st. Found along with St Mary of Loreto and St John the Baptist devotional medal. Tabla 24 – kopče Analogies: BELAJ 2006, fig. 24; FUNDORT 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 394, PN 301 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.30, 28.60; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 46, T.5:2 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4 cm. Okrugla alkasta kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 300, da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Uži kraj trna blago SF 373, SF 448 savijen. 14. – 16. st. Description: beads of jet: 10 round (4 linked with Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, small bronze hooks), ø = 5 mm, 2 round decorated T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- with parallel lines, ø = 6 mm, 1 biconical bead, dec- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- orated at centre with two parallel lines, 9 x 11 mm, 1 ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ polyhedral bead, 7 x 10 mm, 3 small bronze hooks, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 17th/18th century T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, gr. 71, SF 170, SF 255, SF 285 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 467 Description: 9 round beads of jet, ø = 8 – 10mm, Opis: bronca. Promjer 3,8 cm. Okrugla alkasta 17th/18th century kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14. – 16. st. 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 823, gr. 99, SF 731 Description: six round wooden beads, ø = 7 mm, Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, with traces of small bronze hooks. Cylindrical bead, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- recessed at centre, l = 6.5 mm, ø = 4 mm. Bead in DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- spool form, l = 12 mm, ø = 6 mm. 17th century ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12,

238 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42; T.1:2-4, Found along with St Mary of Loreto and St Venan- ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 tius; St John of Nepomuk and St Peregrine; and St Maria Wessobrunn and Hearts of Jesus and Mary 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr.6, PN 466 devotional medals and a Latin form cross with in- Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,7 cm. Okrugla alkasta scription. kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom dijelu trn 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 861 ukrašen dvjema urezanim linijama. 14. – 16. st. Description: part of a rosary with wooden beads. Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Six polyhedral beads, ø = 6 mm. One damaged bead T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- in spool form, l = 6 mm. The beads are linked with DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- small bronze hooks some of which are decorated ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ with spiral wound wire. 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 373 T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; Description: stone beads: 1 round of white colour ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 (ø = 6 mm), 1 round of red colour (ø = 11 mm), 1 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 302 cylindrical of white colour (9 x 9 mm), 16th – 18th Opis: bronca. Promjer 5 cm. Okrugla alkasta century kopča s trnom. Blago savijen trn pričvršćen je 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, gr. 71, SF 246, za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na SF 255 tom dijelu trn ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. Description: stone beads: two round of white col- – 16. st. our (ø = 9 mm), one cylindrical of turquoise colour Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, (7 x 13 mm), 16th – 18th century T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Table 24 – buckles 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 394, SF 301 T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; Description: bronze. Diameter 4 cm. Round ring ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 303 buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,9 cm. Okrugla alka. around it. The narrower end of the prong is slightly 14. – 16. st. curved. 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 308 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 467 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,7 cm. Okrugla alkasta Description: bronze. Diameter 3.8 cm. Round ring kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom dijelu trn buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. – 16. st. around it. 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42; T.1:2-4, ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 314 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr.6, SF 466

239 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,7 cm, dužina trna 4,4 Description: bronze. Diameter 4.7 cm. Round ring cm. Okrugla alka i trn. Trn na širem kraju ukra- buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the šen plitko urezanom linijom, uži dio blago savi- buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted jen za prianjanje uz alku. 14. – 16. st. around it. At this section the prong is decorated Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, with two incised lines. 14th to 16th century T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 8. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 318 Opis: bronca. Promjer 5,2 cm. Okrugla alkasta 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 302 kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako Description: bronze. Diameter 5 cm. Round ring da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom mjestu trn buckle with prong. The slightly curved prong is fas- ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. – 16. st. tened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, is twisted around it. At this section the prong is T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- decorated with an incised line. 14th to 16th century DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 321 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Opis: bronca. Promjer 5,1 cm, dužina trna 5,2 cm. Okrugla alka i trn. Na širem kraju gdje je 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 303 savijen u kuku trn je ukrašen urezanom linijom. Description: bronze. Diameter 4.9 cm. Round 14. – 16. st. buckle frame. 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 322 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 308 Opis: bronca. Promjer 5,1 cm. Okrugla alkasta Description: bronze. Diameter 4.7 cm. Round ring kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14. – 16. st. buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, around it. At this section the prong is decorated T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- with an incised line. 14th to 16th century DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 330 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Opis: bronca. Promjer 5 cm. Okrugla alkasta kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 314 da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom dijelu trn Description: bronze. Diameter 4.7 cm, prong ukrašen dvjema urezanim linijama. 14. – 16. st. length 4.4 cm. Round buckle frame and prong. At it

240 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, wider end the prong is decorated with a shallow in- T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- cised line, the narrow section is slightly curved to fit DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- closely with the buckle frame. 14th to 16th century ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 331 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,2 cm. Okrugla alkasta 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom mjestu trn 8. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 318 ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. – 16. st. Description: bronze. Diameter 5.2 cm. Round ring Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- around it. At that section the prong is decorated ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ with an incised line. 14th to 16th century 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; Tabla 25 – kopče KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 337 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Opis: bronca. Promjer 3,9 cm. Okrugla alkasta kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 321 je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu kva- Description: bronze. Diameter 5.1 cm, prong dratna izbočina, slična, manja se nalazi na vrhu length 5.2 cm. Round buckle frame and prong. At trna. 14. – 16. st. the wider end where it is curved into a hook the prong is decorated with an incised line. 14th to Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 16th century T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 338 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,2 cm. Okrugla alkasta kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 322 da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu Description: bronze. Diameter 5.1 cm. Round ring kvadratna izbočina s trima urezanim linijama, buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the vrh trna ukrašen jednom urezanom linijom. buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted 14. – 16. st. around it. 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 340 11. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 330 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4 cm. Okrugla alkasta Description: bronze. Diameter 5 cm. Round ring kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the

241 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. – 16. st. around it. At that section the prong is decorated Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, with two incised lines. 14th to 16th century T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 380 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,3 cm. Okrugla alka. 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 331 14. – 16. st. Description: bronze. Diameter 4.2 cm. Round ring Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- around it. At that section the prong is decorated ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ with an incised line. 14th to 16th century 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 381 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,2 cm, trn dužine 4,3 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, cm. Okrugla alka i trn. Na širem je kraju trn 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 ukrašen urezanim znakom X. 14. – 16. st. Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Table 25 – buckles T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 337 ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Description: bronze. Diameter 3.9 cm. Round ring 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 around it. There is a quadrate prominence at this 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 382 point with a similar, smaller one at the tip of the prong. 14th to 16th century Opis: bronca. Promjer 3,7 cm. Okrugla alkasta kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14. – 16. st. 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 338 ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Description: bronze. Diameter 4.2 cm. Round ring 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 384 buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,2 cm. Okrugla alkasta around it. There is a quadrate prominence at this kopča s trnom. Blago savijen trn pričvršćen je za point with three incised lines, the tip of the prong alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom is decorated with a single incised line. 14th to 16th dijelu trn ukrašen urezanom linijom. 14. – 16. century st. Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ

242 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 8. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 390 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 340 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,5 cm. Okrugla alkasta Description: bronze. Diameter 4 cm. Round ring kopča sa slomljenim trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted dijelu trn ukrašen urezanom linijom. Vrh trna around it. It is decorated with an incised line at this zadebljan. 14. – 16. st. point. 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11/13, SJ 337, gr. 36, PN 409 4 SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF Opis: bronca. Promjer 4 cm. Okrugla alka. 380 14.– 16. st. Description: bronze. Diameter 4.3 cm. Round Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, buckle frame. 14th to 16th century T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 415 Opis: bronca. Promjer 5 cm. Okrugla alka. 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF 14.– 16. st. 381 Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, Description: bronze. Diameter 4.2 cm, prong T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- length 4.3 cm. Round buckle frame and prong. The DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- prong is decorated at its broader end with an incised ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ X. 14th to 16th century 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 417 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Promjer 3,6 cm. Okrugla alka. DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 14.– 16. st. 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 382 ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Description: bronze. Diameter 3.7 cm. Round ring 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 around it. 14th to 16th century Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 418 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT Opis: bronca. Promjer 5,3 cm. Okrugla alka. KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 14.– 16. st. 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE-

243 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 384 T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; Description: bronze. Diameter 4.2 cm. Round ring ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 buckle with prong. The slightly curved prong is fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted around it. At this section the prong is Tabla 26 – kopče decorated with an incised line. 14th to 16th century 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 420 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,9 cm. Okrugla alkasta 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT kopča sa slomljenim trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14.– 16. 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; st. KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 8. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 390 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, Description: bronze. Diameter 4.5 cm. Round T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ring-like buckle with broken prong. The prong is ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 421 edge is twisted around it. At this section the prong Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,2 cm. Okrugla alkasta is decorated with an incised line. The tip of the kopča sa slomljenim trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za prong is thickened. 14th to 16th century alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, dijelu trn ukrašen urezanom linijom. Vrh trna 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT zadebljan. 14.– 16. st. KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11/13, SU 337, gr. 36, SF T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 409 ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Description: bronze. Diameter 4 cm. Round buck- 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 423 le frame. 14th - 16th century Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,3 cm. Okrugla alkasta Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, kvadratna izbočina s trima urezanim linijama. 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 14.– 16. st. KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 415 ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Description: bronze. Diameter 5 cm. Round buck- 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, le frame. 14th - 16th century T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 424 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,6 cm. Okrugla alkasta 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; kopča s trnom. Blago savijen trn pričvršćen je KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE-

244 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14.– DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 16. st. 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, 11. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 417 T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- Description: bronze. Diameter 3.6 cm. Round DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- buckle frame. 14th - 16th century ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 484, gr. 83, PN 447 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,4 cm. Okrugla alkasta DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu kvadratna izbočina s dvjema urezanim linijama. 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 418 14. – 16. st. Description: bronze. Diameter 5.3 cm. Round buckle frame. 14th - 16th century Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 503, gr. 87, PN 429 Opis: bronca. Promjer 4,3 cm. Okrugla alkasta Table 26 – buckles kopča s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za alku tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. Na tom je mjestu 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 420 kvadratna izbočina s dvjema urezanim linijama. Description: bronze. Diameter 4.9 cm. Round 14. – 16. st. ring-like buckle with broken prong. The prong is Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider T.XXVI.9, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUN- edge is twisted around it. 14th - 16th century DORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.73; JAK- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, ŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.12, KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, T.19.2; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 329 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Opis: bronca. Promjer 2,5 cm. Okrugla alka. 15. st. 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 421 Analogije: KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XIV.10, Description: bronze. Diameter 4.2 cm. Round 11, T.19.5, 6; GREW, DE NEERGARD 1988, ring-like buckle with broken prong. The prong is 75, fig. 105, 106, 110 fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted around it. At this section the prong 8. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 348 is decorated with an incised line. The tip of the Opis: željezo. Dimenzije 3,6 x 3,3 cm. Kopča prong is thickened. 14th - 16th century D-oblika s trnom. Trn je pričvršćen za okvir Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, tako da je širi rub savijen oko nje. 14. – 16. st. 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT Analogije: WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 394, PN 413 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Dimenzije 3,6 x 1,9 cm. Kopča DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, D-oblika s okovom. Na okovu četiri zakovice. 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 14./15. st.

245 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Analogije: DEMO 2007, 84-85 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 423 Description: bronze. Diameter 4.3 cm. Round ring 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 94 buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the Opis: bronca. Dužina 1,8 cm, širina 2,8 cm. buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted Pravokutna pređica. Strana na koju se pričvršći- around it. There is a quadrate prominence at this vao trn uža je od ostalih. 15./16. st. point with three incised lines. 14th - 16th century Analogije: DEMO 2007, 83, kat. br. 16.1; Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, GUŠTIN et al. 2001, 244, kat. br. 504; KRA- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT BATH 2001, kat. br. XVI.8, T.22.5; RADIĆ, KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, BOJČIĆ 2004, 90, kat. br. 61 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 206 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,8 cm, širina 3,7 cm. DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, Pravokutna pređica. Strana na koju se pričvršći- 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 vao trn uža je od ostalih. 15./16. st. 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 424 Analogije: DEMO 2007, 83, kat. br. 16.1; GU- Description: bronze. Diameter 4.6 cm. Round ring ŠTIN et al. 2001, 244, kat. br. 504; buckle with prong. The slightly curved prong is fas- KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XVI.8, T.22.5; RA- tened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge DIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 90, kat. br. 61 is twisted around it. 14th - 16th century 12. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 769, PN 649 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, Opis: bronca. Dužina 5 cm, širina 3,9 cm. Kva- 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT dratna pređica zaobljenih kutova, površina va- KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, lovito ukrašena, unutarnji dio kvadratni. Ulo- 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; mak prikopče. 17./18. st. KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 Tabla 27 – kopče 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 484, gr. 83, SF 447 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 769, PN 656 Description: bronze. Diameter 4.4 cm. Round ring Opis: bronca. Dužina 5,4 cm, širina 4,5 cm. buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted kutova, površina ukrašena valovitom profilaci- around it. There is a quadrate prominence at this jom. Trapezoidna šuplja prikopča. 2. polovica point with two incised lines. 14th to 16th century 18. st. Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT br. 28.74; WHITEHEAD 1996, 103 KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 749 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Dužina 4,9 cm, širina 4 cm. Dvo- DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, dijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 kutova, površina ukrašena dvostrukom profilacijom. Očuvan nosač za trn, trn i gljivasta pri- 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 503, gr. 87, SF 429 kopča s jednim trnom. Na prikopči ostaci kože. Description: bronze. Diameter 4.3 cm. Round ring 17./18. st. buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to the buckle frame such that the wider edge is twisted 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 840, PN 961 around it. There is a quadrate prominence at this Opis: bronca. Dužina 5 cm, širina 3,3 cm. point with two incised lines. 14th to 16th century Trodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih kutova, površina ukrašena profilacijom. Trn za Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, 136, T.XXVI.9, kopčanje na nosaču između dvaju zadebljanja, 10; BURIĆ 2001, T.IV.3-4; FUNDORT na drugom nosaču dva trna. 18. st. KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.73; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 149; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 128; 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 71 KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.12, T.19.2; PRE- Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,9 cm, širina 3,4 cm. DOVNIK et al. 2008, 42, T.1:2-4; ZEKAN 1996, Kvadratna pređica zaobljenih kutova, na sredini 50; WHITEHEAD 1996, 16

246 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

kraćih strana urezi zrakastog motiva, na sredini 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 329 dužih strana ukras s motivom romba. 18. st. Description: bronze. Diameter 2.5 cm. Round Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, kat. buckle frame. 15th century br. 28.71 Analogies: KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XIV.10, 11, T.19.5, 6; GREW, DE NEERGARD 1988, 75, fig. 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 659 105, 106, 110 Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,1 cm, širina 2,8 cm. Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih 8. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 348 kutova, površina ukrašena profilacijom. Kratak Description: iron. Dimensions 3.6 x 3.3 cm. D- trn, sidrasta prikopča. 17./18. st. form buckle with prong. The prong is fastened to Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, kat. the frame such that the wider edge is twisted around br. 28.71 it. 14th to 16th century Analogies: WHITEHEAD 1996, 16 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 917 Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,3 cm, širina 2,7 cm. 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 394, SF 413 Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih Description: bronze. Dimensions 3.6 x 1.9 cm. D- kutova, površina ukrašena profilacijom, na sre- form buckle with buckle plate. Four rivets on the dini kraćih strana četiri kratka ureza. Trn i dio buckle plate. 14th/15th century prikopče. 18. st. Analogies: DEMO 2007, 84-85 Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, kat. br. 28.71 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 94 Description: bronze. Length 1.8 cm, width 2.8 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 780, PN 646 cm. Rectangular buckle frame. The side on which Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,2 cm, širina 1,8 cm. the prong is fastened is narrower that the rest. Kvadratna pređica zaobljenih kutova, na sredini 15th/16th century dužih stranica ukrašena četirima zrakastim ure- Analogies: DEMO 2007, 83, cat. no. 16.1; zima, na sredini kraćih stranica trima zrakastim GUŠTIN et al. 2001, 244, cat. no. 504; KRA- urezima. Kraj 17./početak 18. st. BATH 2001, cat. no. XVI.8, T.22.5; RADIĆ, Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. BOJČIĆ 2004, 90, cat. no. 61 br. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 608 11. .SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 206 Description: bronze. Length 2.8 cm, width 3.7 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 655 cm. Rectangular buckle frame. The side on which Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,4 cm, širina 2,1 cm. the prong is fastened is narrower that the rest. Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih 15th/16th century kutova. Sidrasta prikopča, nedostaje trn. Kraj Analogies: DEMO 2007, 83, cat. no. 16.1; 17./početak 18. st. GUŠTIN et al. 2001, 244, cat. no. 504; KRA- Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. BATH 2001, cat. no. XVI.8, T.22.5; RADIĆ, br. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. BOJČIĆ 2004, 90, cat. no. 61 608 12. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 649 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 660 Description: bronze. Length 5 cm, width 3.9 cm. Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,1 cm, širina 1,9 cm. Quadrate buckle frame with rounded corners, the Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih surface has a wavy ornamentation, the inner section kutova. Trn i sidrasta prikopča. Kraj 17./poče- is quadrate. Fragment of the chape. 17th/18th cen- tak 18. st. tury Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. br. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. Table 27 – buckles 608 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 656 10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 11, SJ 846 Description: bronze. Length 5.4 cm, width 4.5 cm. Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,5 cm, širina 2,1cm. Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice zaobljenih rounded corners, the surface is decorated with wavy kutova. Trn i sidrasta prikopča na kojoj su uti- snuta slova CD. Kraj 17./početak 18. st.

247 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. profiling. Trapezoidal hollow chape. 2nd half of the br. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 18th century 608 Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 11. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 928 28.74; WHITEHEAD 1996, 103 Opis: bronca. Dužina 4,3 cm, širina 3,1 cm. 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 749 Dvodijelna kopča zaobljene pređice, konkavno Description: bronze. Length 4.9 cm, width 4 cm. uvučene i zadebljane duže strane. Zadebljanja Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with ukrašena urezanim linijama. Trn i srcolika pri- rounded corners, surface decorated with double kopča s dva zakrivljena produžetka. 18. st. profiling. Preserved prong crossbar, prong and 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8, SJ 256, PN 77 mushroom head chape with one spike. Residual leather on the chape. 17th/18th century Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,1 cm, širina 2,3 cm. Dvodijelna kopča, konkavno uvučene pređice, 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 840, SF 961 vanjska strana ravna i ukrašena urezima, unu- Description: bronze. Length 5 cm, width 3.3 cm. tarnja zaobljena, ukrašena profilacijom. Trn i Three-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with prikopča s gumbom. Početak 18. st. rounded corners, surface decorated with profiling. Analogije: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, kat. Buckling prong on the bar between two thicken- br. 28.99 ings, two prongs on the other bar. 18th century 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 71 Tabla 28 – kopče Description: bronze. Length 3.9 cm, width 3.4 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 256, PN 132 cm. Quadrate buckle frame with rounded corners, at the centre points of the shorter sides an incised Opis: bronca. Dužina 4,9 cm, širina 4,5 cm. rayed motif, at the centre points of the longer sides Kvadratna pređica, ukrašena profilacijom i krat- a rhomb motif decoration. 18th century kim urezima. 18. st. Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, cat. no. Analogije: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 28.71 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 684 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 659 Opis: bronca. Dužina 5,4 cm, 4,4 cm. Kvadrat- Description: bronze. Length 3.1 cm, width 2.8 cm. na kopča, ukrašena višestrukom profilacijom, Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with na polovici stranica ukrašena širim ukošenim rounded corners, surface decorated with profiling. linijama. 18. st. Short prong, anchor-type chape. 17th/18th century Analogije: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, cat. no. 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 3, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 686 28.71 Opis: bronca. Dužina 4,6 cm, širina 4,4 cm. 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 917 Ulomak kvadratne pređice, ukrašena kosim Description: bronze. Length 3.3 cm, width 2.7 cm. urezima. 18. st. Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with Analogije: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 rounded corners, surface decorated with profiling, 4. SLUČAJAN NALAZ four short incisions at the centre point of the shorter sides. Prong and a part of the chape. 18th century Opis: bronca. Dužina 5, širina 4,5 cm. Kvadrat- na pređica, ukrašena dubokom dvostrukom Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSER 2000, cat. no. profilacijom. 18. st. 28.71 Analogije: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 780, SF 646 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 256, PN 385 Description: bronze. Length 2.2 cm, width 1.8 cm. Quadrate buckle frame with rounded corners, dec- Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,8 cm, širina 2,5 cm. orated at the centre point of the longer sides with Kvadratna pređica raščlanjenih rubova. Kraj four rayed incisions, and with three rayed incisions 17./početak 18. st. at the centre point of the shorter sides. Late 17th / 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 667 early 18th century Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,7 cm, širina 2,4 cm. Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice, duže stra- 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 608

248 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

nice ukrašene urezanom linijom i kratkim ubo- 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 655 dima, kraće stranice ukrašene V urezima. Dio je Description: bronze. Length 2.4 cm, width 2.1 cm. kopče bila i sidrasta prikopča. Kraj 17./početak Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with 18. st. rounded corners. Anchor-type chape, prong missing. Late 17th / early 18th century 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 11, SJ 846, PN 833 Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,4 cm, širina 2,3 cm. Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. Dvodijelna kopča kvadratne pređice, ukrašena 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 608 ornamentom u obliku slova V. Dio je kopče bila 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 660 i sidrasta prikopča. Kraj 17./početak 18. st. Description: bronze. Length 2.1 cm, width 1.9 cm. 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 902 Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with Opis: bronca. Dužina 2,8 cm, širina 2,4 cm. rounded corners. Prong and anchor-type chape. Kvadratna pređica, kutovi ukrašeni zrakastim Late 17th / early 18th century urezima, stranice rombičnim izbočinama. Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 608 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 971 Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,2 cm, širina 3 cm. Dvo- 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846 dijelna kopča kvadratne raščlanjene pređice s Description: bronze. Length 2.5 cm, width 2.1cm. gornjim dijelom prikopče. Sredina 18. st. Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame with rounded corners. Prong and anchor-type chape 10.SEKTOR 3, kv. 9, SJ 846, PN 973 onto which the letters CD are impressed. Late 17th Opis: bronca. Dužina 3,9 cm, širina 3 cm. Dvo- / early 18th century dijelna kopča raščlanjene pređice u obliku pro- Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. filiranog pletera. Kratak trn i sidrasta prikopča. 28.72; WHITEHEAD 1996, 96-97, No. 608 Sredina 18. st. 11. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 928 11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 256, PN 481 Description: bronze. Length 4.3 cm, width 3.1 Opis: bronca, staklo. Dužina 7,7 cm, širina 5,7 cm. Two-part buckle with rounded buckle frame, cm. Ulomci kvadratne pređice sastavljene od concave recessed and thickened longer sides. The niza čašica u koji su stavljane staklene kuglice. thickening is decorated with incised lines. Prong Zadnja četvrtina 18. st. and cordiform chape with two curved extensions. 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 178 18th century Opis: bronca. 1,5 x 1,5 cm. Srcolika prikopča 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8, SU 256, SF 77 s dvama zakrivljenim produžecima. Kraj 17./ Description: bronze. Length 3.1 cm, width 2.3 cm. početak 18. st. Two-part buckle, concavely recessed buckle frame, 13. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 769, PN 623 outer aspect flat and decorated with incisions, inner Opis: bronca. 2 x 0,9 cm. Sidrasta prikopča. aspect rounded, decorated with profiling. Prong Kraj 17./početak 18. st. and chape with stud. Early 18th century Analogies: FUNDORT KLOSTER 2000, cat. no. 14. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr.93, PN 678 28.99 Opis: bronca. 2,1 x 1,3 cm. Trn i sidrasta pri- kopča. Kraj 17./početak 18. st. Table 28 – buckles

Tabla 29 – kopčice, ušice 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 132 Description: bronze. Length 4.9 cm, width 4.5 cm. 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 986, gr. 134 Quadrate buckle frame, decorated with profiling Opis: brončana dvopetljasta kukica za odjeću, and short incisions. 18th century vrh prikovan, d = 15 mm, 17./početak 18. st. Analogies: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 16; AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280; BELAJ 2006, 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 684 284-285, sl. 42; BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, 174, Description: bronze. Length 5.4 cm, 4.4 cm. Quad- sl. 8, 9; DEMO 2007, 74; GJURAŠIN 1997, rate buckle, decorated with multiple profiling, dec- 169, 173; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981,

249 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

132, tab. XXXV; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. orated at the centre point of the sides with broad XXIII.7, T.26.13; OREB, ZEKAN 1979, oblique lines. 18th century 222; PLEŠE, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2005, 301; Analogies: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 48, T.6:5, T.8:4; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 3, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 686 31, sl. 29; TKALČEC et al. 2008, 134, sl. 4 Description: bronze. Length 4.6 cm, width 4.4 cm. Fragment of a quadrate buckle frame, decorated 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 334, PN 289 with oblique incisions. 18th century Opis: par brončanih dvopetljastih kopčica, uši- Analogies: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 ca: d = 19 mm, š = 11 mm, kukica: d = 42 mm, spoj petlji tordiran, 14. – 16. st. 4. CHANCE FIND Analogije: BURIĆ 2001, T.VIII-3, 4 Description: bronze. Length 5, width 4.5 cm. Quadrate buckle frame, decorated with deep dou- 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 256, PN 488 ble profiling. 18th century Opis: niz 13 parova brončanih dvopetljastih Analogies: WHITEHEAD 1996, No. 646 kukica i ušica. 15. – 17. st. Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 16; 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 385 AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280; BELAJ 2006, Description: bronze. Length 2.8 cm, width 2.5 cm. 284-285, sl. 42; BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, 174, Quadrate buckle frame with articulated edges. Late sl. 8, 9; DEMO 2007, 74; GJURAŠIN 1997, 17th / early 18th century 169, 173; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 667 132, tab. XXXV; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. Description: bronze. Length 2.7 cm, width 2.4 cm. XXIII.7, T.26.13; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 60, Two-part buckle of a quadrate buckle frame, the obr. 52; OREB, ZEKAN 1979, 222; PLEŠE, longer sides are decorated with an incised line and AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2005, 301; PREDOV- short punctations, shorter sides decorated with V NIK et al. 2008, 48, T.6:5, T.8:4; SEKELJ incisions. Also a part of the buckle was an anchor- IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, 31, sl. 29; type chape. Late 17th / early 18th century TKALČEC et al. 2008, 134, sl. 4 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 833 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 461, gr. 73, PN 369 Description: bronze. Length 2.4 cm, width 2.3 cm. Opis: 47 brončanih ušica, okrugla alka sa sti- Two-part buckle with quadrate buckle frame, deco- liziranim nastavkom, na nastavku trapezoidnog rated with an ornament in the form of a letter V. oblika tri otvora (23 restaurirane ušice), d = 11 Also a part of the buckle was an anchor-type chape. mm; dvopetljasta brončana ušica, d = 12 mm, š Late 17th / early 18th century = 7 mm. 15. st. Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 902 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. Description: bronze. Length 2.8 cm, width 2.4 cm. 2008, 50, T.10:4 Quadrate buckle frame, corners decorated with rayed incisions, the sides with rhomboid promi- 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 360, gr. 39, PN 209 nences. Opis: 19 brončanih ušica, okrugla alka sa stiliziranim biljnim nastavkom, na 19 ušica po dvije 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 971 rupe, na jednoj četiri, d = 13 mm, 15. – 18. st. Description: bronze. Length 3.2 cm, width 3 cm. Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ Two-part buckle with quadrate articulated buckle 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. frame with the upper section of a chape. Mid 18th 2008, 50, T.10:4 century 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 990, gr. 136 10.SECTOR 3, quadrant 9, SU 846, SF 973 Opis: tri bronačne ušice, okrugla alka s trokuta- Description: bronze. Length 3.9 cm, width 3 cm. stim nastavkom s trima rupicama, d = 15 mm; Two-part buckle with articulated buckle frame in dvije brončane ušice, okrugla alka sa stilizira- the form of a profiled braid. Short prong and an- nim biljnim nastavkom s dvjema rupicama, d = chor-type chape. Mid 18th century 13 mm; dvije jednopetljaste kukice, d = 12 mm; 11. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 481 brončana alka, Ø = 5 mm. 17./18. st. Description: bronze, glass. Length 7.7 cm, width 5.7 cm. Fragments of a quadrate buckle frame con-

250 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ sisting of a series of small cups into which glass orbs 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. are inserted. Last quarter of the 18th century 2008, 50, T.10:4 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 178 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846 Description: bronze. 1.5 x 1.5 cm. Cordiform Opis: dvije brončane ušice, okrugla alka sa stili- chape with two curved extensions. Late 17th / early ziranim biljnim nastavkom s dvjema rupicama, 18th century d = 11 mm, 17./18. st. 13. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 623 Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ Description: bronze. 2 x 0.9 cm. Anchor-type 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. chape. Late 17th / early 18th century 2008, 50, T.10:4 14. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr.93, SF 678 8. SLUČAJAN NALAZ Description: bronze. 2.1 x 1.3 cm. Prong and an- Četiri brončane ušice, okrugla alka s trokuta- chor-type chape. Late 17th / early 18th century stim nastavkom s trima rupicama, jednoj nedostaje vrh, d = 15 mm, 15. – 18. st. Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ Table 29 – clasps, eyes 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 986, gr. 134 2008, 50, T.10:4 Description: bronze double-looped small hook for 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 397 clothing, tip riveted, l = 15 mm, 17th / early 18th Opis: tri alkaste ušice s trapezoidnim završet- century kom s trima rupicama, d = 10 mm, jedna alka- Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 16; sta ušica s trokutastim zaključkom s pet rupica, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280; BELAJ 2006, d = 13 mm, 15./16. st. Nađene uz ulomak oko- 284-285, fig. 42; BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, 174, va za vezicu. fig. 8, 9; DEMO 2007, 74; GJURAŠIN 1997, Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ 169, 173; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 132, 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. tab. XXXV; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXIII.7, 2008, 50, T.10:4 T.26.13; OREB, ZEKAN 1979, 222; PLEŠE, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2005, 301; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 48, T.6:5, T.8:4; SEKELJ IVANČAN, Tabla 30 – ušice, okovi za vezice TKALČEC 2003, 29, 31, fig. 29; TKALČEC et al. 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 478, gr.74, PN 399 2008, 134, fig. 4 Opis: 23 alkaste ušice s trokutastim zaključ- 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 334, SF 289 kom, d = 13 mm, jedna alkasta ušica zaključka u Description: pair of bronze double-looped clasps, obliku trapeza, d = 10 mm, 15. – 17. st. Nađene eye: l = 19 mm, w = 11 mm, hook: l = 42 mm, loop uz ulomke dvaju okova za vezice. joint twisted, 14th to 16th century Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 268, sl. 47; BURIĆ Analogies: BURIĆ 2001, T.VIII-3, 4 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:4 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 256, SF 488 Description: series of 13 of bronze double-looped 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5 hook-and-eye pairs. 15th – 17th century Opis: dva ulomka okova za vezice, pločica ba- Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2006, 16; krene slitine smotana u tuljac, d = 31 mm, ø = 4 AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280; BELAJ 2006, mm. Pronađeni uz zrna krunica od više različi- 284-285, fig. 42; BUGAR, MAŠIĆ 2008, 174, tih materijala. 15. – 17. st. fig. 8, 9; DEMO 2007, 74; GJURAŠIN 1997, Analogije: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 169, 173; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 132, 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 tab. XXXV; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXIII.7, 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 397 T.26.13; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 60, obr. 52; OREB, ZEKAN 1979, 222; PLEŠE, AZINOVIĆ BEBEK Opis: ulomak okova za vezice, cjevasto omota- 2005, 301; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 48, T.6:5, na pločica bakrene slitine, d = 16 mm, ø = 2 T.8:4; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, mm. Pronađena uz alkaste ušice s trapezoidnim 31, fig. 29; TKALČEC et al. 2008, 134, fig. 4 i biljnim nastavkom (4). 15./16. st. 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 461, gr. 73, SF 369

251 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Analogije: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC Description: 47 bronze eyes, round ring with styl- 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 ised extension, three apertures in the trapezoidal extension (23 restored eyes), l = 11 mm; double- 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 457, gr. 70 looped bronze eye, l = 12 mm, w = 7 mm. 15th Opis: vrh okova za vezice, cjevasto omotana century pločica bakrene slitine, d = 16,5 mm, ø = 2 mm. Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ 15. – 17. st. 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Analogije: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 50, T.10:4 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 360, gr. 39, SF 209 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 478, gr. 74, PN 399 Description: 19 bronze eyes, round ring with styl- Opis: ulomci dvaju okova za vezice, cjevasto ised vegetative extension, two apertures on each of omotane pločice bakrene slitine. Jednom od- 19 eyes, four on one, l = 13 mm, 15th – 18th cen- lomljen vrh, d = 28 mm, ø = 3 mm. Drugom tury odlomljen donji dio koji je spojen s ušicom, d Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ = 24 mm, ø = 2 mm. Pronađeni uz 24 alkaste 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, ušice s biljnim nastavkom. 15. – 17. st. 50, T.10:4 Analogije: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 990, gr. 136 Description: three bronze eyes, round ring with tri- 6. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 453, gr. 77, PN 356 angular extension with three apertures, l = 15 mm; Opis: okov za vezice, cjevasto omotana pločica two bronze eyes, round ring with stylised vegeta- bakrene slitine, d = 24 mm, ø = 3 mm. 15. st. tive extension with two apertures, l = 13 mm; two Analogije: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC single-looped hooks, l = 12 mm; bronze ring, Ø = 5 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 mm. 17th/18th century Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ Tabla 31 – gumbi 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:4 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846 Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846 s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake Description: two bronze eyes, round ring with styl- strane ušice, ø = 21 mm, širina ušice 6 = mm. ised vegetative extension with two apertures, l = 11 Na ušici komad tekstila, 16. – 18. st. mm, 17th/18th century Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 50, T.10:4 77 8. CHANCE FIND 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 886 Four bronze eyes, round ring with triangular exten- Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb sion with three apertures, tip missing on one, l = 15 s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake mm, 15th – 18th century strane ušice, ø = 20 mm, širina ušice 7 mm. 16. Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ – 18. st. 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, 50, T.10:4 PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 397 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Description: three ring-type eyes with trapezoi- 77 dal terminals with three apertures, l = 10 mm, one 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776 ring-type eye with triangular terminal with five Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb apertures, l = 13 mm, 15th/16th century. Found s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake alongside a fragment of an aglet. strane ušice, ø = 22 mm, širina ušice 7 mm. Do- Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ nja strana probušena na nekoliko mjesta zbog 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, propadanja materijala. 16. – 18. st. 50, T.10:4

252 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl.41; EGAN, Table 30 – eyes, aglets PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 64, Obr.64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 478, gr. 74, SF 399 77 Description: 23 ring-type eyes with triangular terminals, l = 13 mm, one ring-type eye with terminal 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 694 in trapezoid form, l = 10 mm, 15th – 17th century, Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb Found with the fragments of two aglets. s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 268, fig. 47; BURIĆ strane ušice, ø = 24 mm, širina ušice 7 mm. 16. 2001, 224, T.X-13, 14; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, – 18. st. 50, T.10:4 Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Description: two aglet fragments, copper alloy 77 plate rolled into a ferrule, l = 31 mm, ø = 4 mm. Found with rosary beads of various materials. 15th 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 849 – 17th century Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb Analogies: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 strane ušice, ø = 16 mm, širina ušice 6 mm. 16. – 18. st. 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 397 Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, Description: aglet fragment, copper alloy plate PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ rolled into a ferrule, l = 16 mm, ø = 2 mm. Found 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, along with a ring-type eye with trapezoidal and veg- 77 etative extension (4). 15th/16th century 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 994, gr. 138, PN 895 Analogies: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 Opis: deformirani kalotasti brončani kompozitni gumb, na gornjem dijelu otvor za ušicu, na 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 457, gr. 70 donjem oštećenja, ø = 16 mm. 16. – 18. st. Description: aglet tip, copper alloy plate rolled into Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, a ferrule, l = 16.5 mm, ø = 2 mm. 15th – 17th cen- PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ tury 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Analogies: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, 77 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 478, gr. 74, SF 399 Opis: kompozitni kalotasti brončani gumb Description: fragments of two aglets, copper alloy s ušicom, dva otvora na donjoj strani sa svake plate rolled into a ferrule. The tip has broken off strane ušice, ø = 18 mm, širina ušice 7 mm. 16. one, l = 28 mm, ø = 3 mm. Lower section broken – 18. st. off the other one, joined to an eye, l = 24 mm, ø = Analogije: BELAJ 2006, 264, sl. 41; EGAN, 2 mm. Found with 24 ring-type eyes with vegetative PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ extensions. 15th – 17th century 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, Analogies: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, 77 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr. 93, PN 663 6. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 453, gr. 77, SF 356 Opis: brončani kompozitni gumb s ušicom, do- Description: aglet, copper alloy plate rolled into a nja strana s ušicom kalotasta, gornja praporasta, ferrule, l = 24 mm, ø = 3 mm. 15th century uz ušicu otvor, ø = 13 mm, širina ušice 6 mm, Analogies: DEMO 2007, 71; PETRINEC 1996, 17./18. st. 107; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 75, T.8:6 Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280 9. SEKTOR 2, kv. 5, SJ 79, PN 38 Table 31 – buttons Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, ø = 23 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846 mm, širina ušice 6,5 mm. 17./18. st.

253 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 782, gr. 90, PN 645 Description: composite calotte bronze button with Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, ø = 18 eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of mm, širina ušice 7 mm, sredina 18. st. the eye, ø = 21 mm, width of the eye 6 = mm. Piece of textile on the eye, 16th – 18th century 11. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 782, gr. 90, PN 635 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, ø = PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 19mm, širina ušice 8 mm, sredina 18. st. 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 12.SEKTOR 3, kv.10, SJ 993, gr. 138, PN 899 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 886 Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, na Description: composite calotte bronze button with rubu urezana linija, ø = 20 mm, širina ušice 7 eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of mm, 17./18. st. the eye, ø = 20 mm, width of the eye 7 mm. 16th – 13. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 793 18th century Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, ø = 19 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, mm, širina ušice 7 mm. 17./18. st. PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 14. SEKTOR 2, kv. 13, SJ 486, PN 412 Opis: brončani pločasti gumb s ušicom, rubovi 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776 koljenasto savijeni prema ušici, ø = 26 mm, širi- Description: composite calotte bronze button with na ušice 8 mm. Na ušici vidljivi tragovi spajanja eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of s ostatkom gumba. 17./18. st. the eye, ø = 22 mm, width of the eye 7 mm. Lower side perforated at several places as a result of the de- 15. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 346, gr. 6, PN 459 cay of the material. 16th – 18th century Opis: donji dio okruglog brončanog gumba Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig.41; EGAN, polukružnog presjeka, istaknut spojni rub, na PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, sredini dvije rupice spojene prorezom, ø = 25 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 mm, 14. – 16. st. Analogije: KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXV.1, 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 694 T.28.7; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 74, kat. br. 18 Description: composite calotte bronze button with eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of the eye, ø = 24 mm, width of the eye 7 mm. 16th – Tabla 32 – pribadače 18th century 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 761 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, Opis: brončana pribadača okrugle glave, tijelo PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, blago savijeno, d = 42 mm, ø glave = 2 mm, 15. 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 – 18. st. 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 849 Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, Description: composite calotte bronze button with fig.200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.5, eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of T.25.8; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, the eye, ø = 16 mm, width of the eye 6 mm. 16th – T.7:4 18th century 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 949 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, Opis: brončana pribadača okrugle glave, tijelo PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, blago savijeno, d = 38 mm, ø glave = 2,5 mm, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 15. – 18. st. 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 994, gr. 138, SF 895 Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, Description: deformed composite calotte bronze fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.5, button, aperture for eye on the upper section, lower T.25.8; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, section damaged, ø = 16 mm. 16th – 18th century T.7:4 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 994, gr.138 PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, Opis: brončana pribadača okrugle glave, tijelo 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 blago savijeno, d = 23 mm, ø glave = 1,5 mm, 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776 15. – 18. st.

254 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, Description: composite calotte bronze button with fig.200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.5, eye, two apertures on the lower side to each side of T.25.8; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, the eye, ø = 18 mm, width of the eye 7 mm. 16th – T.7:4 18th century 4. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 354, gr.37, PN 225 Analogies: BELAJ 2006, 264, fig. 41; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 276; KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, Opis: brončana pribadača turbanaste glave, 64, obr. 64, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 77 izvijenog tijela, d = 52 mm, ø glave = 2 mm, 14. – 16. st. 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr. 93, SF 663 Analogije: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH Description: bronze composite button with eye, 2001, kat. br. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJ- lower side with eye of calotte form, upper side of ČIĆ 2004, 74 ball form, aperture alongside the eye, ø = 13 mm, width of the eye 6 mm, 17th/18th century 5. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 375 Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 280 Opis: ulomak brončane pribadače turbanaste glave, nedostaje vrh, d = 20 mm, ø = 3,5 mm, 9. SECTOR 2, quadrant 5, SU 79, SF 38 14. – 16. st. Description: flat bronze button with eye, ø = 23 Analogije: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH mm, width of the eye 6.5 mm. 17th/18th century 2001, kat. br. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJ- ČIĆ 2004, 74 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 782, gr. 90, SF 645 Description: flat bronze button with eye, ø = 18 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 769, PN 625 mm, width of the eye 7 mm, mid 18th century Opis: brončana pribadača turbanaste glave, d = 49 mm, ø = glave 3 mm, 14. – 16. st. 11. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 782, gr. 90, SF 635 Description: flat bronze button with eye, ø = Analogije: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH 19mm, width of the eye 8 mm, mid 18th century 2001, kat. br. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJ- ČIĆ 2004, 74 12. SECTOR 3, quadrant10, SU 993, gr. 138, SF 899 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 312, gr. 25, PN 118, PN Description: flat bronze button with eye, incised 293 lines on the edge, ø = 20 mm, width of the eye 7 mm, 17th/18th century Opis: 13 brončanih pribadača turbanastih glava, jednoj nedostaje glava, d = 26 mm, ø glave = 13. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 793 1,5 mm. 14. – 17. st. Description: flat bronze button with eye, ø = 19 Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, mm, width of the eye 7 mm. 17th/18th century 299 – 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.4, T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 14. SECTOR 2, quadrant 13, SU 486, SF 412 Description: flat bronze button with eye, the edge 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 915, gr. 122, PN 816 curve in knuckle-form towards the eye, ø = 26 mm, Opis: brončana pribadača turbanaste glave, width of the eye 8 mm. Traces of the connection tijelo savijeno, d = 21 mm, ø glave = 1,5 mm. to the remainder of the button visible on the eye. Pronađena uz dvopetljastu ušicu i žičani ukras. 17th/18th century 14. – 17. st. 15. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 346, gr. 6, SF 459 EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299 – 300, fig. Description: lower section of a round bronze but- 200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.4, T.25.7; ton of semicircular cross-section, connective edges PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 prominent, at the centre two apertures joined by a 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846 slot, ø = 25 mm, 14th to 16th century Opis: brončana pribadača turbanaste glave, vrh Analogies: KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXV.1, savijen pod kutom od 90°, d = 20 mm, ø glave T.28.7; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 74, cat. no. 18 = 2 mm, vrh pribadače, d = 13 mm, 14. – 17. st. Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, Table 32 – pins 299 – 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XXI.4, T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 761 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 426, gr. 60, PN 284

255 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: brončana pribadača bez glave, d = 27mm, Description: bronze round-headed pin, body 14. – 17. st. slightly bent, l = 42 mm, head ø = 2 mm, 15th – Analogije: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 18th century 299 – 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, kat. br. Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, fig. XXI.4, T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.5, T.25.8; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, T.7:4 Tabla 33 – ukrasi za glavu 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 949 1. SEKTOR 1, kv. 4, SJ 8, PN 13 Description: bronze round-headed pin, body slightly bent, l = 38 mm, head ø = 2.5 mm, 15th – Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Četiri žice čiji 18th century su krajevi spojeni te čine oblik drveta, među- sobno zavezani žicom. Slobodni krajevi omo- Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, fig. tani spiralnom žicom. Visina „stabalca“ cca 20 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.5, T.25.8; mm. PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, T.7:4 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 769, PN 626 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 994, gr.138 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa napravljen od Description: bronze round-headed pin, body četiri žice vezane u snop. Više je snopova po- slightly bent, l = 23 mm, head ø = 1.5 mm, 15th – vezano, drugi su im krajevi savijeni u stranu 18th century te ukrašeni spiralno omotanom žicom. Visina Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299, fig. „stabalca“ cca 45 mm. 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.5, T.25.8; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78, T.2:9, T.7:4 3. SEKTOR 3, kv. 3, SJ 769, PN 628 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Više žica čine 4. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 354, gr.37, SF 225 trup „stabalca“ čiji gornji krajevi čine „krošnju“ Description: bronze pin with turban-form head, kružnim namatanjem tordiranih žica. Jedno body twisted, l = 52 mm, head ø = 2 mm, 14th to „stabalce“ ima „krošnju“ sastavljenu od četiri 16th century kruga, druga dva imaju po dva kruga, dok su če- Analogies: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH 2001, tiri kruga nađena odvojeno. Uz ukras pronađen cat. no. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, i zlatni prsten s malim okom. Visina najbolje 74 očuvanog „stabalca“ 21 mm. 16./17. st. Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 5. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 375 156b; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 81, T.7.1b Description: fragment of a bronze pin with turban- form head, tip missing, l = 20 mm, ø = 3.5 mm, 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, PN 671 14th to 16th century Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa izvedeni spiral- Analogies: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH 2001, nim omatanjem žice oko snopa dužih žica čiji su cat. no. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, krajevi povezani u „stabalce“. Visina „stabalca“ 74 24 mm. Dvije žice drže niz ušica, krajevi su im ukrašeni 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 625 spiralno omotanim žicama. Krajevi čine kružni Description: bronze pin with turban-form head, l ukras oko linije ušica. Ø ukrasa = 22 mm. = 49 mm, ø = head 3 mm, 14th to 16th century Analogies: GNALIĆ 2004, 61; KRABATH 2001, 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 840, PN 872 cat. no. XXI.7, T.25.12; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Više žica čine 74 trup „stabalca“ čiji gornji krajevi čine „krošnju“ kružnim namatanjem. „Krošnja“ je dodatno 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 312, gr. 25, SF 118, ukrašena spiralno omotanim žicama. Jedno SF 293 „stabalce“ sačuvano je u cijelosti te ima „kroš- Description: 13 bronze pins with turban-form nju“ sastavljenu iz četiri kruga (visina 19 mm, head, one lacking the head, l = 26 mm, head ø = 1.5 promjer „krošnje“ 26 mm), dva „stabalca“ imaju mm. 14th – 17th century sačuvana dva kruga, a na jednom je ostao samo Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299 – jedan. Uz njih je pronađena i alkasta ušica s bilj- 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.4, nim nastavkom. 16./17. st. T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78

256 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 915, gr. 122, SF 816 156b Description: bronze pin with turban-form head, body bent, l = 21 mm, head ø = 1.5 mm. Found 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 904 along with double-looped eye and wire ornament. Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Ostaci kružno 14th – 17th century savijenih žica ukrašenih spiralno namotanom žicom. Dijelovi „krošnje“. EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299 – 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.4, T.25.7; PRE- 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 679 DOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Napravljeni 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846 spajanjem žica i tankih trakica u „stabalce“ koje se zaključuje stiliziranom cvjetnom čaškom – Description: bronze pin with turban-form head, dva primjerka (visine 14 i 18 mm). tip bent at a 90° angle, l = 20 mm, head ø = 2 mm, tip of the pin, l = 13 mm, 14th – 17th century Drugi dio ukrasa napravljen je prepletom žica koje s jedne strane imaju nadodan niz ušica. Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299 – Ostatak pripada dijelu ukrasa od okruglo obli- 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.4, kovane žice čiji su krajevi spojeni. Prilikom sa- T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 vijanja napravljene su dvije omče koje gledaju 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 426, gr. 60, SF 284 jedna prema drugoj. Cijeli je ukras dodatno spi- Description: bronze pin without head, l = 27mm, ralno omotan tanjom žicom. Promjer elementa 14th – 17th century ukrasa je 13 mm. Analogies: EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 299 – 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 780 300, fig. 200; KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XXI.4, Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Napravljeni T.25.7; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 78 spajanjem više žica u „stabalce“. Na „stabalce“ privezane žice koje spiralno izlaze iz njega te Table 33 – ornamental headdress čine „krošnju“. Žice „krošnje“ ukrašene nizom ušica. 1. SECTOR 1, quadrant 4, SU 8, SF 13 Description: 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 11, SJ 846, PN 831 fragments of a bronze ornament. Four wires with joined ends forming a tree, bound Opis: ulomak brončanog ukrasa. Omčasto together by wire. The free ends are wound in spiral izvedena žica, na nju pričvršćen niz ušica. Ve- wire. The height of the "tree" is about 20 mm. ličina 18 mm. 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 769, SF 626 10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 915 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. „Stabalce“ consisting of four wires bound in a bundle. Several od žice na koje su pričvršćeni ovalno izvedeni bundles are bound together, the other ends bent to ukrasi na koje su pričvršćeni nizovi ušica. Dva the side and decorated with spiral wound wire. The dijela ukrasa u obliku stiliziranih listova. height of the "tree" is about 45 mm. 11. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, PN 666 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant 3, SU 769, SF 628 Opis: ulomak brončanog ukrasa. Ovalno obli- Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. kovana žica čiji su krajevi spojeni tordiranjem. Several wires form the trunk of the small "tree" the Na nju pričvršćen dupli niz ušica, s obje strane upper ends of which form the "crown" by the circu- žice. lar winding of twisted wires. One small "tree" has a 12. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 782 "crown" consisting of four circles, the other two have Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Devet ovalno two circles each, while four circles were found sepa- oblikovanih žica čiji su krajevi spojeni. Na nju rately. Found along with this ornament was a gold pričvršćen dupli niz ušica, s obje strane žice. U finger ring with a small glass setting. The height of dva primjera spojene su u „stabalce“. Dužina the best preserved small "tree" is 21 mm. 16th/17th ovalnog ukrasa 17 mm. century Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 156b; Tabla 34 – ukrasi za glavu PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 81, T.7.1b 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, SF 671 1. SEKTOR 3, kv.11, SJ 846, PN 843

257 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Nizovi ušica Description: fragments of a bronze ornament exe- izvedenih modeliranjem žice u obliku uzasto- cuted by the spiral winding of wire around a bundle pnih osmica. of longer wires the ends of which are bound into a small "tree". The height of the small "tree" is 24 mm. 2. SEKTOR 3, kv.11, SJ 846, PN 849 Two wires hold a series of eyes, their ends decorated Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Nizovi ušica with spirally wound wires. The ends form a circular izvedenih modeliranjem žice u obliku uzasto- decoration around the line of the eyes. Decoration pnih osmica. Ostaci dvaju „stabalaca“. Ø = 22 mm. 3. SEKTOR 3, kv.10, SJ 846, PN 935 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 840, SF 872 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. 11 ovalno Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Sev- oblikovanih žica ukrašenih nizovima duplih eral wires form the trunk of a small "tree" the up- ušica. Dužina 14 mm. per ends of which form a "crown" by circular wind- 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 810 ing. The "crown" is further decorated with spirally Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Ukras naprav- wound wires. One small "tree" is entirely preserved ljen od kružno oblikovane žice čiji su krajevi and has a "crown" consisting of four circles (height spojeni tordiranjem. Na tu žicu pričvršćen niz 19 mm, "crown" diameter 26 mm), while two small ušica. Na taj ukras pričvršćena još jedna kružno "trees" have two circles preserved, and only one an oblikovana žica koja je sama ukrašena spiral- anther. Found along with them was a ring-type eye no omotanom tanjom žicom. Preko promjera with vegetative extension. 16th/17th century ukrasa dodane su gusto posložene tanke ravne Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 156b žice. Sačuvano je sedam takvih dijelova ukrasa. Četiri su dijela ukrasa očuvana samo kao kruž- 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 904 no oblikovana žica ukrašena spiralnom tanjom Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Re- žicom. Veličina ulomaka cca 19 mm. mains of round twisted wire decorated with spirally wound wire. Parts of the "crown" of a "tree." 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 846, PN 812 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Ukras naprav- 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 679 ljen od kružno oblikovane žice čiji su krajevi Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Ex- spojeni tordiranjem. Preko te žice spiralno na- ecuted b the joining of wire and thin strips into a motana tanja žica. Preko promjera ukrasa pri- small "tree" that terminates in a stylised flower calyx čvršćene gusto posložene tanke ravne žice. Ø = – two specimens (with heights of 14 and 18 mm). 12 mm. The other part of the decoration is executed by the intertwining of wires that have a series of eyes added 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 883 to one side. The remainder is of a section of an orna- Opis: ulomak brončanog ukrasa. Ukras izve- ment of round formed wires the ends of which are den od tordirane žice na koju je pričvršćena žica joined. Two loops were created in twisting the wire kojom su izvedeni kružni motivi. Na tordiranu that face one another. The entire decoration is fur- žicu dodatno pričvršćene dvije tanke, međusob- ther spirally wound in thinner wire. The diameter of no isprepletene, trakice. S unutarnje su strane the element of the decoration is 13 mm. izbočene te tako daju dojam piramidalnog motiva. 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 780 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Ex- 7. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 880 ecuted by the joining of several wires to form a small Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Ostaci šest "tree." Wires are tied to the "tree" that exit it in spiral rozeta napravljenih iz tankih traka. Tri rozete fashion forming the "crown" of the tree. The wires of pričvršćene za „stabalce“ od gusto povezanih the "crown" are decorated with a series of eyes. žica. Ø rozete = 17 mm, 16. – 1. polovica 18. st. Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 11, SU 846, SF 831 158a; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 Description: fragment of a bronze ornament. Looped wire, with a series of eyes attached to it. Size 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 875, PN 806 18 mm. Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Dijelovi rozete, napravljeni modeliranjem tanke brončane 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 915 trake u tri petlje, 16. – 1. polovica 18. st. Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. A small "tree" of wire to which oval decorations are at-

258 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. tached to which, in turn, series of eyes are attached. 158a; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 Two sections of the ornament in the form of stylised leaves. 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 911 Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Dijelovi roze- 11. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, SF 666 te, napravljeni oblikovanjem žice u oval te oko Description: fragment of a bronze ornament. Wire nje gusto spiralno omotana žica i tanka traka. formed in an oval the ends of which are joined by Veličina cca 13 mm, 16. – 1. polovica 18. st. twisting. A double series of eyes attached to it to Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. both sides of the wire. 158a; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 12. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 782 10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, gr.93, PN 673, PN Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Nine 675, PN 682 wires in oval form the ends of which are joined. A Opis: ulomci brončanog ukrasa. Sastavljen od double series of eyes attached to it to both sides više varijanti: kružno oblikovane žice koja je do- of the wire. Two specimens are joined into a small datno ukrašena spiralno omotanom žicom, više "tree." The length of the oval ornament is 17 mm. njih spojenih u „stabalce“; ovalno oblikovane žice u kombinaciji s tankom trakom, spojena Table 34 – ornamental headdress u „stabalce“. Motiv tankih žica oblikovanih u koncentrične rombove, rombovi su spojeni jed- 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant11, SU 846, SF 843 nim kutom u „stabalce“, 16. – 1. polovica 18. st. Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. A se- Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. ries of eyes executed by modelling wire in the form 158a; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 of consecutive figure eights. 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant11, SU 846, SF 849 Tabla 35 – prsteni Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. A series of eyes executed by modelling wire in the form 1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 8, SJ 846, PN 790 of consecutive figure eights. The remainders of two Opis: brončani prsten, bez dekoracije, promjer small "trees." 19 mm, širina obruča 2 mm, 12. – 18. st. 3. SECTOR 3, quadrant10, SU 846, SF 935 Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. 11 1991, 218; GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, wires in oval form decorated with series of double 147; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; eyes. Length 14 mm. PETRINEC 1996 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 810 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 333, gr. 34, PN 165 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. The Opis: brončani prsten, bez dekoracije, zaglađen ornament consists of wires formed into circles the s unutarnje strane, promjer 19 mm, širina obru- ends of which are connected by twisting. A series ča 4,5 mm, 12. – 18. st. of eyes attached to this wire. Attached to the ornament is another wire formed into a circle itself Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; decorated with a spirally wound thinner wire. Thin BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD straight densely arranged wires are placed across the 1991, 218; GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, breadth of the ornament. Seven such parts of the 147; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; ornament are preserved. Four parts of the ornament PETRINEC 1996 are preserved only as wire formed in a circle deco- 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 341, gr. 38, PN 190 rated with a spiral of thinner wire. The size of the Opis: brončani prsten, bez dekoracije, promjer fragments is about 19 mm. 19 mm, širina obruča 3,5 mm, 12. – 18. st. 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 846, SF 812 Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD Ornament consisting of wire formed in a circle the 1991, 218; GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, ends of which are joined by twisting. A thinner 147; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; wire is spirally wound over this wire. Thin straight PETRINEC 1996 densely arranged wires are placed across the breadth of the ornament. Ø = 12 mm. 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 776, PN 747

259 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: brončani prsten, bez dekoracije, polu- 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 883 kružnog presjeka, zaglađen s unutarnje strane, Description: fragment of a bronze ornament. Or- promjer 21 mm, širina obruča 5 mm, 12. – 18. nament consisting of twisted wire to which a wire is st. affixed with which a circular motif is executed. Also Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; attached to the twisted wire are two thin, inter- BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD twined strips. They are arched from the inside thus 1991, 218; GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, giving the impression of a pyramidal motif. 147; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; 7. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 880 PETRINEC 1996 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 941 The remains of six rosettes fabricated of thin strips. Opis: restauriran brončani prsten, ukrašen Three of the rosettes are attached to small "trees" of profilacijom uz rubove, zaglađen s unutarnje densely bound wires. Rosette Ø = 17 mm, 16th – strane, promjer 22 mm, širina obruča 4 mm, 1st half of the 18th century 13. – 18. st. Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 158a; Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5, PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 6; BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8; DEMO 2007, 70; 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 875, SF 806 GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- VINA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, 136; JELO- Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 120, 129, 131; Parts of a rosette, fabricated by modelling thin PETRINEC 1996; PITEŠA 2009, kat. br. 279, bronze strips into three loops, 16th – 1st half of the 186; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKLAČEC 2003, 18th century 29, sl. 26 Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 158a; PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 6. SEKTOR 3. kv. 10, SJ 846, PN 941 Opis: brončani prsten, ukrašen profilacijom uz 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 911 rubove, zaglađen s unutarnje strane, promjer 18 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. mm, širina obruča 3 mm, 12. – 18. st. Parts of a rosette, fabricated by modelling wire into Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5, an oval, with wire and thin strips densely spirally 6; BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8; DEMO 2007, 70; wound around it. Size about 13 mm, 16th – 1st half GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- of the 18th century VINA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, 136; JELOVI- Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 158a; NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 120, 129, 131; PE- PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 TRINEC 1996; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKLA- 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 790, gr.93, SF 673, ČEC 2003, 29, sl. 26 SF 675, SF 682 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8/10, SJ 294, PN 191 Description: fragments of a bronze ornament. Opis: brončani prsten, blago deformiran, bez Consisting of several variations: wire formed into dekoracije, gornji dio obruča širi, promjer 25 circles are additionally decorated with spirally mm, širina obruča: gornji dio 8,5 mm, donji dio wound wire, several of these joined into a small 5 mm, 12. – 16. st. "tree"; wire formed into an oval in combination Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXXI.5 with thin strips, joined into a small "tree". A motif of thin wires formed into concentric rhombi, the 8. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8/10, SJ 294, PN 276 rhombi joined at one corner to form a small "tree", Opis: brončani prsten, bez dekoracije, ovalnog 16th – 1st half of the 18th century presjeka, promjer 23 mm, širina obruča 3 mm, Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 146, obr. 158a; 12. – 15. st. PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, T.7.2 Analogije: JELOVINA 1960, 264, T.II.132 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 986, gr. 134, PN 887 Table 35 – finger rings Opis: brončani otvoreni prsten, dva slobodna 1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, SU 846, SF 790 kraja obruča proširena, obruč pod proširenjima Description: bronze finger ring, without decora- ukrašen vitičastim ornamentom, promjer 19 tion, diameter 19 mm, hoop width 2 mm, 12th – mm, širina obruča 3 – 4 mm, 17. st. 18th century

260 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

10. SEKTOR 3, kv. 4, slučajan, PN 601 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; BURIĆ Opis: brončani prsten preklopljenih krajeva, 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218; ukrašen urezanim linijama, promjer 16 mm, GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- širina obruča 2,5 mm NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; PETRINEC 1996 11. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 465 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 333, gr. 34, SF 165 Opis: brončani tordirani prsten, promjer 22 Description: bronze finger ring, without decora- mm, širina obruča 2 mm, 15. st. tion, inner aspect smooth, diameter 19 mm, hoop width 4.5 mm, 12th – 18th century Analogije: KRABATH 2001, kat. br. XV.4, T.19.12; VRSALOVIĆ 1968, 90, tab. VII.145 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218; 12. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 304, gr. 6, PN 398 GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- Opis: brončani prsten s utorom za oko, nedo- NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; PETRINEC 1996 staje oko i dio obruča, promjer 19,5 mm, širina obruča 1 mm, širina utora 4 mm, 15./16. st. 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 341, gr. 38, SF 190 Description: bronze finger ring, without decora- Analogije: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, tion, diameter 19 mm, hoop width 3.5 mm, 12th T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- – 18th century VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; PETRINEC 1996 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218; 13. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 175 GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- Opis: zlatni prsten s okom, tamnocrveno sta- NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; PETRINEC 1996 kleno oko, utor za oko ukrašen polukružnim udubinama, promjer 20 mm, širina obruča 1 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 776, SF 747 mm, širina oka 6 mm, 13. – 17. st. Description: bronze finger ring, without decoration, semicircular cross-section, inner aspect Analogije: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, smooth, diameter 21 mm, hoop width 5 mm, 12th T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- – 18th century VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; PETRINEC 1996 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5; BURIĆ 2001, T.II.3; EGAN, PRITCHARD 1991, 218; 14. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 394, PN 264 GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- Opis: brončani prsten s okom, tamnocrveno NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 129; PETRINEC 1996 stakleno oko, utor za oko ukrašen polukružnim udubinama, promjer 21 mm, širina obruča 1 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 941 mm, širina oka 7,5 mm, 13. – 17. st. Description: restored bronze finger ring, decorated with profiling along the edges, inner aspect smooth, Analogije: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, diameter 22 mm, hoop width 4 mm, 13th – 18th T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- century VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; PETRINEC 1996 Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5, 6; BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8; DEMO 2007, 70; 15. SEKTOR 3, kv. 1, SJ 769, PN 628 GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- Opis: brončani prsten s okom, tamnocrveno NA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, 136; JELOVINA, stakleno oko, utor za oko ukrašen polukružnim VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 120, 129, 131; PETRINEC udubinama, promjer 23 mm, širina obruča 1,5 1996; PITEŠA 2009, cat. no. 279, 186; SEKELJ mm, širina oka 6,5 mm, 13. – 17. st. IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, fig. 26 Analogije: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, 6. SECTOR 3. quadrant 10, SU 846, SF 941 T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELO- Description: bronze finger ring, decorated with VINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. profiling along the edges, inner aspect smooth, XXXI.437; PETRINEC 1996 diameter 18 mm, hoop width 3 mm, 12th – 18th 16. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 431, gr. 21, PN 341 century Opis: brončani prsten s pričvršćenom kvadrat- Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXX.5, nom krunom. U kruni oko od žutog stakla. 6; BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.8; DEMO 2007, 70; Promjer 19 mm, širina obruča 3 mm, visina GUNJAČA 1955; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVI- krune 4 mm, širina krune 8 mm, 14. – 17. st. NA 1960, T.I.10, 62, T.II.89, 136; JELOVINA,

261 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

17. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 104 VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 120, 129, 131; PETRINEC Opis: brončani prsten s kvadratnom krunom. 1996; SEKELJ IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, Promjer 22 mm, širina obruča 1,5 mm, visina fig. 26 krune 3 mm, širina krune 6 mm, 14. – 17. st. 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8/10, SU 294, SF 191 18. SEKTOR 2, kv. 14, SJ 1, PN 229 Description: bronze finger ring, slightly deformed, Opis: brončani prsten s ovalnom krunom. U without decoration, upper part of the hoop is wid- kruni zeleno stakleno oko koje drže četiri kuki- er, diameter 25 mm, hoop width: upper section 8.5 ce. Promjer 15 mm, širina obruča 1 mm, visina mm, lower section 5 mm, 12th - 16th century krune 3 mm, širina krune 9 x 7,5 mm, 14. – 18. Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1992, T.XXXI.5 st. 8. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8/10, SU 294, SF 276 19. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, PN 310 Description: bronze finger ring, without decora- Opis: brončani prsten s heksagonalnom kru- tion, oval cross-section, diameter 23 mm, hoop nom. Promjer 24 mm, širina obruča 2 mm, width 3 mm, 12th - 15th century visina krune 5 mm, širina krune 10,5 x 8mm, Analogies: JELOVINA 1960, 264, T.II.132 14. – 17. st. Analogije: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 276- 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 986, gr. 134, SF 887 278; JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.VI; JELOVINA, VR- Description: bronze open finger ring, the two open SALOVIĆ 1981, tab. XI.228; PITEŠA 2009, ends of the hoop are broadened, the hoop is deco- kat. br. 264, 179; RADIĆ 2007, 102; SEKELJ rated with scrollwork ornamentation at the broad- IVANČAN, TKALČEC 2003, 29, sl. 31 enings, diameter 19 mm, hoop width 3 – 4 mm, 17th century 20. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 361, gr. 49/50, PN 403 Opis: brončani prsten s krunom cvjetnog obli- 10. SECTOR 3, quadrant 4, chance find, SF 601 ka s okom od tamnocrvenog stakla. Obruč uz Description: bronze finger ring with overlapping krunu ukrašen motivima akantusovih listova. ends, decorated with incised lines, diameter 16 mm, Promjer 19 mm, širina obruča 1,5 mm, visina hoop width 2.5 mm krune 4 mm, širina krune 7 mm, sredina 16. – 11. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 465 sredina 17. st. Description: twisted bronze finger ring, diameter Analogije: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 84, 22 mm, hoop width 2 mm, 15th century T.5.4 Analogies: KRABATH 2001, cat. no. XV.4, 21. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 256, PN 130 T.19.12; VRSALOVIĆ 1968, 90, tab. VII.145 Opis: brončani prsten s ovalnom krunom. Na 12. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 304, gr. 6, SF 398 dnu krune mali otvor za pričvršćivanje oka. S Description: bronze finger ring with setting, the vanjske strane ukrašena paralelnim linijama. setting and a part of the hoop are missing, diameter Prostor među njima raščlanjen okomitim ure- 19.5 mm, hoop width 1 mm, setting width 4 mm, zanim crticama. Obruč slično ukrašen. Promjer 15th/16th century 21 mm, širina obruča 3,5 mm, visina krune 5 mm, širina krune 7,5 x 6 mm, 13. – 15. st. Analogies: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVINA, Analogije: ZEKAN 1996, 50 VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; 22. SEKTOR 2, kv. 12, SJ 256, PN 469 PETRINEC 1996 Opis: brončani prsten s krunom cvjetnog obli- 13. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 175 ka. Obruč s obje strane krune ukrašen stilizira- Description: gold finger ring with setting, dark red nim ljiljanima i akantima. Obruč deformiran, glass setting, setting decorated with semicircular re- zaglađen s unutarnje strane. Širina obruča 3 cesses, diameter 20 mm, hoop width 1 mm, setting mm, visina krune 6 mm, širina krune 8 x 8 mm, width 6 mm, 13th - 17th century 16. – 18. st. Analogies: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, 23. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9/11, SJ 336, gr. 5, SJ 353 T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVINA, Opis: brončani prsten s kvadratnom krunom. VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; Obruč s obje strane krune ukrašen uzorkom u PETRINEC 1996 obliku palmeta. S donje strane obruč ukrašen 14. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 394, SF 264

262 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

motivom „dextrarum iunctio“, ostatak obruča Description: bronze finger ring with setting, dark ukrašen motivom rešetke. S unutarnje strane red glass setting, setting decorated with semicircu- zaglađen. Promjer 23 mm, širina obruča 4,5 – 6 lar recesses, diameter 21 mm, hoop width 1 mm, mm, visina krune 6,5 mm, širina krune 14 mm, setting width 7.5 mm, 13th - 17th century 14./15. st. Analogies: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, Analogije: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.9; PETRINEC T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVINA, 1996 VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; PETRINEC 1996 24. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 1002, PN 959 Opis: brončani prsten s plastično oblikovanim 15. SECTOR 3, quadrant 1, SU 769, SF 628 motivom „dextrarum iunctio“. Na mjestu gdje Description: bronze finger ring with setting, dark se obruč spaja s rukama precizno izrađene ljud- red glass setting, setting decorated with semicircu- ske glave. Promjer 22 mm, širina obruča 2 mm, lar recesses, diameter 23 mm, hoop width 1.5 mm, 15./16. st. setting width 6.5 mm, 13th - 17th century Analogije: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.3; GNALIĆ Analogies: DEMO 2007, 70; JAKŠIĆ 1989, 2004, 71, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 150 T.V, T.VI, 432; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 147; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, tab. III.60, tab. XXXI.437; 25. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 864, PN 821 PETRINEC 1996 Opis: zlatni prsten s plastično oblikovanim motivom „dextrarum iunctio“. Na mjestu gdje 16. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 431, gr. 21, SF 341 se obruč spaja s rukama stilizirani arhitekton- Description: bronze finger ring with quadrate box ski motivi kapitela. Obruč zaglađen s unutarnje bezel attached. A setting of yellow glass in the bezel. strane. Promjer 22 mm, širina obruča 2 mm, Diameter 19 mm, hoop width 3 mm, bezel height 4 15./16. st. mm, bezel width 8 mm, 14th – 17th century Analogije: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.3; GNALIĆ 17. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 104 2004, 71, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 150; ŠARIĆ 1992, Description: bronze finger ring with quadrate sl.2.20 bezel. Diameter 22 mm, hoop width 1.5 mm, bezel 26. SEKTOR 2, kv. 2, SJ 256, PN 203 height 3 mm, bezel width 6 mm, 14th – 17th cen- Opis: brončani prsten s heksagonalnom ukra- tury snom pločicom na kojoj je urezan simbol ribe. 18. SECTOR 2, quadrant 14, SU 1, SF 229 Na gornjem dijelu obruča s obje strane dvije Description: bronze finger ring with oval bezel. A bočne ukrasne pločice urešene ubodima. Pro- green glass setting in the bezel held by four prongs. mjer 22 mm, širina obruča 2 mm, ukrasna ploči- Diameter 15 mm, hoop width 1 mm, bezel height 3 ca 11 x 10 mm, bočne ukrasne pločice promjera mm, bezel width 9 x 7.5 mm, 14th – 18th century 6 mm, 13./14. st. Analogije: IVČEVIĆ 1994, 240; PITEŠA 19. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SF 310 2009, kat. br. 240, 166; RADIĆ 2007, 96 Description: bronze finger ring with hexagonal bezel. Diameter 24 mm, hoop width 2 mm, bezel Tabla 36 – ostali nakit, ostali nalazi height 5 mm, bezel width 10.5 x 8mm, 14th – 17th century 1. SEKTOR 2, kv. 11, SJ 256, PN 360 Analogies: AZINOVIĆ BEBEK 2007, 276-278; Opis: ulomci brončane trojagodne naušnice. JAKŠIĆ 1989, T.VI; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Nedostaje jedna jagoda, ali se pod ušicom vide 1981, tab. XI.228; PITEŠA 2009, cat. no. 264, njezini tragovi. Jagode su sastavljene od dvije 179; RADIĆ 2007, 102; SEKELJ IVANČAN, kalote ukrašene granulacijom. Ø jagoda = 9 TKALČEC 2003, 29, fig. 31 mm. 13. – 16. st. 20. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 361, gr. 49/50, SF Analogije: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, T.XXVII; 403 JELOVINA 1976, T.XIX.9, T.XX.3, Description: bronze finger ring with flower-form T.XXXVII.6, T.LIII.8, T.LXXV.5; JELOVI- bezel with setting of dark red glass. The hoop is NA, VRSALOVIĆ 1981, 116 decorated with an acanthus leaf motif at the bezel. 2. SEKTOR 3, kv. 10, SJ 840, PN 870 Diameter 19 mm, hoop width 1.5 mm, bezel height 4 mm, bezel width 7 mm, mid 16th – mid 17th century

263 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Opis: brončana naušnica. Donji dio obruča de- Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 84, T.5.4 blji te s donje strane ukrašen viticama. Ø = 18 mm. 17./18. st. 21. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 130 Description: bronze finger ring with oval bezel. 3. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 418, gr. 59, PN 269 A small aperture at the base of the bezel in which Opis: jednostavna brončana karičica, ø 14 mm. the setting is placed. Decorated on the outer aspect 14. – 18. st. with parallel lines. The space between them articu- Analogije: BURIĆ 2001, T.V.2, T.VIII.12; lated with perpendicular incised lines. Hoop deco- JAKŠIĆ 1996, 151 – 152; PETRINEC 1996; rated in similar fashion. Diameter 21 mm, hoop ZEKAN 1996, 45, 48 width 3.5 mm, bezel height 5 mm, bezel width 7.5 x 6 mm, 13th - 15th century 4. SEKTOR 3, kv. 7, SJ 888, gr. 112, PN 791 Analogies: ZEKAN 1996, 50 Opis: brončana karičica. Donji dio ukrašen spiralno namotanom brončanom žicom. Ø = 11 22. SECTOR 2, quadrant 12, SU 256, SF 469 mm. Sredina 18. st. Description: bronze finger ring with flower-form bezel. To both sides of the bezel the hoop is deco- 5. SEKTOR 3, kv. 8, SJ 840, PN 772 rated with stylised lines and acanthus ornamenta- Opis: brončana aplika. Okrugli okvir s umet- tion. Hoop deformed, inner aspect smooth. Hoop nutim zelenim poliedarskim staklenim okom width 3 mm, bezel height 6 mm, bezel width 8 x 8 koje je učvršćeno trokutastim „kandžama“. Za mm, 16th – 18th century donji dio pričvršćena tanka brončana traka koja čini neku vrstu ušice. 17./18. st. 23. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9/11, SU 336, gr. 5, SU 353 6. SEKTOR 3, kv. 3, SJ 1 Description: bronze finger ring with quadrate bez- Opis: brončani naprstak, gornji dio rupičast, el. To both sides of the bezel the hoop is decorated donja trećina zaglađena, v = 19,5 mm, ø = 16 with a pattern in the form of palmettes. The hoop mm. 15./16. st. is decorated to the lower side with the dextrarum Analogije: ČIMIN 2008, 208; GNALIĆ 2004, iunctio motif, the remainder of the hoop is decorat- 59; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, kat. br. 20 ed with a lattice motif. Inner aspect smooth. Diam- eter 23 mm, hoop width 4.5 – 6 mm, bezel height 7. SEKTOR 2, kv. 8/10, SJ 294, PN 155 6.5 mm, bezel width 14 mm, 14th/15th century Opis: ulomak brončanog naprska, očuvan do- Analogies: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.9; PETRINEC nji dio, površina korodirala, ø = 20 mm. 15./16. 1996 st. Analogije: ČIMIN 2008, 208; GNALIĆ 24. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 1002, SF 959 2004, 59; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, kat. br Description: bronze finger ring with plastically .20 formed dextrarum iunctio motif. Precisely fash- ioned human heads at the points at which the hoop 8. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 659, PN 610 meets the hands. Diameter 22 mm, hoop width 2 Opis: željezni ključ, ovalne glave, pod glavom mm, 15th/16th century kruškasto proširenje, 19. st. Analogies: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.3; GNALIĆ 2004, Analogije: GRUPA AUTORA 2008, kat. br. 71, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 150 38; GUŠTIN et al. 2001, kat. br. 290 25. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 864, SF 821 9. SEKTOR 3, kv. 4, SJ 1, PN 620 Description: gold finger ring with plastically Opis: brončano kućište sata, poklopac i kućište formed dextrarum iunctio motif. Stylised architec- ukrašeni ugraviranim linijama, na poklopcu se tural capital motifs at the point where the hoop nalazi heraldički ukras. Ø = 34 mm. 19. st. meets the hands. Inner aspect of the hoop smooth. Analogije: ŠKILJAN 2002, 176 Diameter 22 mm, hoop width 2 mm, 15th/16th century 10. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 207 Analogies: BURIĆ 2001, T.XI.3; GNALIĆ 2004, Opis: brončani okvir naočala. Okvir se sastoji 71, JAKŠIĆ 1996, 150; ŠARIĆ 1992, fig.2.20 od jedne brončane žice koja je savijena u okrugli okvir. Žica završava kukicom. Most između leća 26. SECTOR 2, quadrant 2, SU 256, SF 203 izveden je savijanjem žice, a donji dijelovi imaju

264 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

izgled petlje. Zadnja četvrtina 17. – sredina 18. Description: bronze finger ring with hexagonal st. decorative plate onto which the ichthys symbol is Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 148-149, obr. engraved. Two lateral decorative plates adorned 160 with punctations to both sides of the upper section of the hoop. Diameter 22 mm, hoop width 2 11. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 658 mm, decorative plate 11 x 10 mm, lateral decorative Opis: ostaci dijelova potplata cipele, deblje kož- plates diameter 6 mm, 13th/14th century ne trake spojene metalnim čavlićima. 16./17. st. Analogies: IVČEVIĆ 1994, 240; PITEŠA 2009, Analogije: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 83 cat. no. 240, 166; RADIĆ 2007, 96

Tabla 37 – ostali nalazi Table 36 – other jewellery, other finds

1. SEKTOR 3, kv. 2, SJ 659 1. SECTOR 2, quadrant 11, SU 256, SF 360 Opis: ostaci dijelova potplata cipele, deblje kož- Description: fragments of a three-beaded earring. ne trake spojene metalnim čavlićima. 16./17. st. One bead missing, with its trace visible under the Analogije: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 83 eye. The beads consist of two calottes decorated with granulation. Bead Ø = 9 mm. 13th - 16th cen- 2. SEKTOR 2, kv. 9, SJ 256, PN 196 tury Opis: ostaci cipele, peta i vrh, potplat od deblje Analogies: BELOŠEVIĆ 1993, T.XXVII; kožne trake spojene metalnim čavlićima, trago- JELOVINA 1976, T.XIX.9, T.XX.3, T.XXXVII.6, vi kože s rupicama za šavove, 17. st. T.LIII.8, T.LXXV.5; JELOVINA, VRSALOVIĆ Analogije: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 66-67, obr. 73 1981, 116 3. SEKTOR 1, kv. 10, SJ 116, gr. 1, PN 52 2. SECTOR 3, quadrant 10, SU 840, SF 870 Opis: brončane ploče spojene zakovicama, na- Description: bronze earring. The lower part of the knadno probijene, okov (?). 13. st. hoop is thicker and decorated on the bottom side Analogije: KRABATH 2001, kat. br. I.35, with scrollwork. Ø = 18 mm. 17th/18th century XXXVIII.116, T.36.8, T.36.5 3. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 418, gr. 59, SF 269 Description: simple bronze hoop, ø 14 mm. 14th – 18th century Analogies: BURIĆ 2001, T.V.2, T.VIII.12; JAKŠIĆ 1996, 151 – 152; PETRINEC 1996; ZE- KAN 1996, 45, 48 4. SECTOR 3, quadrant 7, SU 888, gr. 112, SF 791 Description: bronze hoop. Lower section decorated with spirally wound bronze wire. Ø = 11 mm. Mid 18th century 5. SECTOR 3, quadrant 8, SU 840, SF 772 Description: bronze appliqué. Round frame with inserted green polyhedral glass setting affixed with triangular prongs. A thin bronze strip affixed to the lower section forming an eye of sorts. 17th/18th century 6. SECTOR 3, quadrant 3, SU 1 Description: bronze thimble, upper section perforated, bottom third smooth, h = 19.5 mm, ø = 16 mm. 15th/16th century Analogies: ČIMIN 2008, 208; GNALIĆ 2004, 59; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, cat. no. 20 7. SECTOR 2, quadrant 8/10, SU 294, SF 155

265 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Description: fragment of a bronze thimble, lower section preserved, surface corroded, ø = 20 mm. 15th/16th century Analogies: ČIMIN 2008, 208; GNALIĆ 2004, 59; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 75, cat. no. .20 8. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 659, SF 610 Description: iron key, oval bow, a pear-shaped broadening under the bow, 19th century Analogies: GROUP OF AUTHORS 2008, cat. no. 38; GUŠTIN et al. 2001, cat. no. 290 9. SECTOR 3, quadrant 4, SU 1, SF 620 Description: bronze fob watch housing, cover and housing decorated with engraved lines, a heraldic ornament on the cover. Ø = 34 mm. 19th century Analogies: ŠKILJAN 2002, 176 10. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 207 Description: bronze spectacle frame. The frame consists of a bronze wire curved to form a circular frame. The wire terminates in a hook. The bridge between the lens is executed by twisting wire, with the lower section having a loop-like appearance. Last quarter of the 17th to mid 18th century Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 148-149, obr. 160 11. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 658 Description: remains of parts of the sole of a shoe, thick leather strips joined by small metal nails. 16th/17th century Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 83

Table 37 – other finds

1. SECTOR 3, quadrant 2, SU 659 Description: remains of parts of the sole of a shoe, thick leather strips joined by small metal nails. 16th/17th century Analogies: PREDOVNIK et al. 2008, 83 2. SECTOR 2, quadrant 9, SU 256, SF 196 Description: remains of a shoe, heel and toe, sole of thick leather strips joined by small metal nails, traces of leather with stitching perforations, 17th century Analogies: KRÁLÍKOVÁ 2007, 66-67, obr. 73 3. SECTOR 1, quadrant 10, SU 116, gr. 1, SF 52 Description: bronze plates joined with rivets, subsequently perforated, buckle plate (?). 13th century Analogies: KRABATH 2001, cat. no. I.35, XXX- VIII.116, T.36.8, T.36.5

266 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

267 Tabla 1 Table 1 Tabla 2 Table 2 Tabla 3 Table 3 Tabla 4 Table 4 Tabla 5 Table 5 Tabla 6 Table 6 Tabla 7 Table 7 Tabla 8 Table 8 Tabla 9 Table 9 Tabla 10 Table 10 Tabla 11 Table 11 Tabla 11 Table 11 Tabla 13 Table 13 Tabla 14 Table 14 Tabla 15 Table 15 Tabla 16 Table 16 Tabla 17 Table 17 Tabla 18 Table 18 Tabla 19 Table 19 Tabla 20 Table 20 Tabla 21 Table 21 Tabla 22 Table 22 Tabla 23 Table 23 Tabla 24 Table 24 Tabla 25 Table 25 Tabla 26 Table 26 Tabla 27 Table 27 Tabla 28 Table 28 Tabla 29 Table 29 Tabla 30 Table 30 Tabla 31 Table 31 Tabla 32 Table 32 Tabla 33 Table 33 Tabla 34 Table 34 Tabla 35 Table 35 Tabla 36 Table 36 Tabla 37 Table 37

TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Katalog Groblja Catalogue of graves

GROB 1 / SJ 116 GRAVE 1 / SU 116 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 3. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončani okov (T.37.3), željezni čavli Finds: bronze buckle plate (T.37.3), iron nails

GROB 2 / SJ 119 GRAVE 2 / SU 119 Način ukopa: u zemlju/lijes Burial method: in earth/coffin Spol/dob: ženski, 20 – 25 godina Gender/age: female, 20 – 25 years Orijentacija: Orientation: Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Nalazi: željezni čavli Finds: iron nails

GROB 3 / SJ 120 GRAVE 3 / SU 120 Način ukopa: u lijesu Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 55 – 60 godina Gender/age: male, 55 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh, Arm position: left placed on the abdo- desna ispružena uz tijelo men, right extending along the body Nalazi: željezna kopča, staklo sa zlatnom Finds: iron buckle, glass with gold thre- niti, kamen, željezni čavli ad, stone, iron nails

GROB 4 / SJ 144 GRAVE 4 / SU 144 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: istok – zapad Orientation: east – west Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Nalazi: školjka, brončani ulomak nauš- Finds: shell, bronze earring fragment?, nice?, kamen s rastaljenim staklom stone with melted glass

306 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 5 / SJ 262 GRAVE 5 / SU 262 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: druga polovica 17. – 18. st Dating: Second half of the 17th – 18th Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, century lijeva ispružena uz tijelo Arm position: right placed on the abdomen, left extending along the body

GROB 6 / SJ 263 GRAVE 6 / SU 263 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century

GROB 6 / SJ 357 GRAVE 6 / SU 357 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: muški, 50 – 55 godinao Gender/age: male, 50 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 16. st. Dating: 15th – 16th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuhu, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis

GROB 6 / SJ 496 GRAVE 6 / SU 496 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na prsa men, left on the chest Nalazi: novac salzburškog nadbiskupa Finds: Coin of Salzburg archbishop Jo- Johana II. Reisberga hann II von Reisberg

GROB 7 / SJ 264 GRAVE 7 / SU 264 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 25 – 30 godina Gender/age: female, 25 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: medaljica sv. I. Loyole/umira- Finds: St I. Loyola / the death of St F. nje sv. F. Ksaverskog, medaljica Isusa i Xavier devotional medal, Jesus and Mary Marije, medaljica s nazaretskom kućom devotional medal, Nazareth house and St i sv. Josipom (T.6.10, T.10.2, T.12.2), Joseph devotional medal (T.6.10, T.10.2, brončani titulus, ulomak željeza, staklena T.12.2), bronze titulus, fragment of iron, greda krunice (T.23.3) glass bar from a rosary (T.23.3)

307 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 8 / SJ 265 GRAVE 8 / SU 265 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. st. Dating: 16th century

GROB 9 / SJ 266 GRAVE 9 / SU 266 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 30 – 35 godina Gender/age: male, 30 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: druga polovica 17. – 18. st Dating: Second half of the 17th – 18th Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu century Arm position: left placed on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica s riječkim raspelom i Marijom Passau (T.15.1), ulomak željeza, Finds: Crucifix of Rijeka and Maria željezni čavao, ulomak stakla) Passau devotional medal (T.15.1), iron fragment, iron nail, glass fragment

GROB 10 / SJ 267 GRAVE 10 / SU 267 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: ženski, 20 – 30 godina Gender/age: female, 20 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica sv. Marije Loretske i sv. Ante (T.13.1), zrna krunice, željezni čavao Finds: St Mary of Loreto and St Ant- hony devotional medal (T.13.1), rosary beads, iron nail

GROB 12 / SJ 277 GRAVE 12 / SU 277 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: Gender/age: Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na prsa Arm position: right placed on the chest Nalazi: medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/ Finds: St Mary of Loreto devotional križ bratovštine Sirolo (T.14.4), križ medal / cross of the Sirolo confraternity PRAEST PUR (T.16.7) (T.14.4), cross PRAEST PUR (T.16.7)

308 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 13 / SJ 284 GRAVE 13 / SU 284 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 20 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 20 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: dva brončana gumba Finds: Two bronze buttons

GROB 14 / SJ 280 GRAVE 14 / SU 280 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 30 – 35 godina Gender/age: female, 30 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica sv. Benedikta (T.1.11) Finds: St Benedict devotional medal (T.1.11)

GROB 15 / SJ 282 GRAVE 15 / SU 282 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu Arm position: left placed on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica Marije Cell/sv. Trojstva Finds: Mariazell /Holy Trinity devotio- (T.3.4), željezni čavli s ostacima drveta nal medal (T.3.4), iron nails with wood residue

GROB 16 / SJ 288 GRAVE 16 / SU 288 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 60 godina Gender/age: female, over 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: ruga polovica 17. – 18. st. Dating: Second half of the 17th – 18th Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh, century desna na prsa Arm position: left placed on the abdomen, right on the chest Nalazi: medaljica Kraljice sv. krunice/sv. Ante, medaljica s monogramom MRA/ Finds: Queen of the Rosary / St Ant- sv. Venancije, medaljica sv. I. Loyole/sv. F. hony devotional medal, MRA mono- Ksaverskog, karičica, zrna krunice (drvo, gram / St Venantius devotional medal, staklo) (T.22.7), željezni čavli St I. Loyola / St F. Xavier devotional medal, hoop, rosary beads (wood, glass) (T.22.7), iron nails

309 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 17 / SJ 290 GRAVE 17 / SU 290 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina, Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years, male, muški, 45 – 55 godina 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st Dating: 18th century

GROB 19 / SJ 293 GRAVE 19 / SU 293 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen Nalazi: željezni čavli Finds: iron nails

GROB 20 / SJ 295 GRAVE 20 / SU 295 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, iznad 45 godina Gender/age: male, over 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu Arm position: left placed on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica sv. Benedikta (T.1.12), Finds: St Benedict devotional medal brončana ušica (T.1.12), bronze eye

GROB 21 / SJ 299 GRAVE 21 / SU 299 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Nalazi: brončana kukica Finds: small bronze hook

GROB 22 / SJ 301 GRAVE 22 / SU 301 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: sjever – jug Orientation: north – south Datacija: ruga polovica 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century Nalazi: brončane kukice za odjeću Finds: Small bronze hooks for clothing

GROB 23 / SJ 307 GRAVE 23 / SU 307 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 5 – 10 godina Gender/age: child, 5 – 10 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na zdjelicu Arm position: right placed on the pelvis

310 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 24 / SJ 309 GRAVE 24 / SU 309 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: east – west Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Nalazi: željezni čavli, ostaci drva Finds: iron nails, wood residue

GROB 25 / SJ 311 GRAVE 25 / SU 311 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 8 – 9 godina Gender/age: child, 8 – 9 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st.. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: 13 brončanih pribadača (T.32.7), staklena zrna krunice (T.22.8) Finds: 13 bronze pins (T.32.7), glass rosary beads (T.22.8)

GROB 26 / SJ 314 GRAVE 26 / SU 314 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 15. st. Dating: 14th – 15th century Nalazi: željezni ulomak Finds: iron fragment

GROB 27 / SJ 316 GRAVE 27 / SU 316 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 20 – 25 godina Gender/age: male, 20 – 25 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: ruga polovica 14. – 18. st. Dating: 14th – 18th century Nalazi: brončane ušice Finds: bronze eyes

GROB 28 / SJ 317 GRAVE 28 / SU 317 Način ukopa: u zemlju/lijes Burial method: in earth/coffin Spol/dob: dvije odrasle osobe Gender/age: Two adults Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: željezni klin Finds: iron wedge

311 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 29 / SJ 321 GRAVE 29 / SU 321 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: kraj 17. – 18. st.. Dating: Late 17th – 18th century Nalazi: medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/ Finds: St Mary of Loreto devotional raspelo (T.11.7), dva brončana gumba, medal / crucifix (T.11.7), two bronze zrna krunice (T.21.3) buttons, rosary beads (T.21.3)

GROB 30 / SJ 323 GRAVE 30 / SU 323 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 50 – 55 godina Gender/age: male, 50 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen

GROB 31 / SJ 325 GRAVE 31 / SU 325 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: female, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century Položaj ruku: Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončana kopčica Finds: bronze clasp

GROB 32 / SJ 326 GRAVE 32 / SU 326 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 50 – 55 godina Gender/age: female, 50 – 55 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south – north Datacija : 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na prsa“ Arm position: placed on the chest

GROB 34 / SJ 332 GRAVE 34 / SU 332 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: brončani prsten, brončane ušice Finds: bronze finger ring, bronze eyes

312 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 35 / SJ 335 GRAVE 35 / SU 335 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century

GROB 37 / SJ 339 GRAVE 37 / SU 339 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 18. st. Dating: 15th – 18th century Nalazi: koštano zrno krunice Finds: bone rosary bead

GROB 37 / SJ 365 GRAVE 37 / SU 365 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 18. st. Dating: 15th – 18th century

GROB 37 / SJ 372 GRAVE 37 / SU 372 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 18. st. Dating: 15th – 18th century

GROB 37 / SJ 373 GRAVE 37 / SU 373 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 18. st Dating: 15th – 18th century

GROB 37 / SJ 477 GRAVE 37 / SU 477 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 18. st Dating: 15th – 18th century

313 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 38 / SJ 340 GRAVE 38 / SU 340 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: female, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: kraj 17. – 18. st.. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: dvije brončane medaljice (T.13.3), brončani prsten Finds: Two bronze devotional medals (T.13.3), bronze finger ring

GROB 39 / SJ 342 GRAVE 39 / SU 342 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: dijete, 8 – 9 godina Gender/age: child, 8 – 9 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south – north Datacija: 17. – 18. st.. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: brončane ušice (T.29.5) Finds: bronze eyes (T.29.5)

GROB 39 / SJ 448 GRAVE 39 / SU 448 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 55 godina Gender/age: female, over 55 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south - north Datacija: 16. – 17. st.. Dating: 16th – 17th century Nalazi: 19 brončanih ušica (T.29.5) Finds: 19 bronze eyes (T.29.5)

GROB 40 / SJ 343 GRAVE 40 / SU 343 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south - north Datacija : druga polovica 16. st. Dating: Second half of the 16th century Nalazi: ostaci torbice s novcima (15. – Finds: Remains of a money pouch (15th druga polovica 16. st.), brončane karičice, to second half of the 16th century), ostaci koštane krunice (T.21.5) bronze hoops, remains of a bone rosary (T.21.5)

GROB 41 / SJ 349 GRAVE 41 / SU 349 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 20 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 20 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 16. st Dating: 13th - 16th century

314 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 42 / SJ 356 GRAVE 42 / SU 356 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st Dating: 16th – 18th century Nalazi: brončana kukica Finds: bronze hook

GROB 43 / SJ 369 GRAVE 43 / SU 369 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 14 – 15 godina Gender/age: child, 14 – 15 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 16. st. Dating: 13th - 16th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu Arm position: left placed on the pelvis

GROB 44 / SJ 370 GRAVE 44 / SU 370 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 10 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 10 – 12 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south - north Datacija: 13. – 16. st. Dating: 13th - 16th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbu Arm position: right placed on the abdomen

GROB 45 / SJ 382 GRAVE 45 / SU 382 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 55 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 17. st. Dating: 13th - 17th century

GROB 46 / SJ 383 GRAVE 46 / SU 383 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 6 – 8 godina Gender/age: child, 6 – 8 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 18. st. Dating: 14th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna ispružena, lijeva Arm position: right extended, left placed položena na zdjelicu on the pelvis Nalazi: brončane kopčice Finds: bronze clasps

GROB 47 / SJ 384 GRAVE 47 / SU 384 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 20 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 20 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na prsa Arm position: right placed on the chest

315 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 48 / SJ 393 GRAVE 48 / SU 393 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 10 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 10 – 12 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: desna savijena na prsima Arm position: Right bent over the chest Nalazi: brončana kukica Finds: bronze hook

GROB 49 / SJ 397 GRAVE 49 / SU 397 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 16 – 18 godina Gender/age: female, 16 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century

GROB 50 / SJ 398 GRAVE 50 / SU 398 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 20 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 20 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century

GROB 51 / SJ 403 GRAVE 51 / SU 403 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 16. st. Dating: 13th - 16th century

GROB 52 / SJ 404 GRAVE 52 / SU 404 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na zdjelicu Arm position: right placed on the pelvis

GROB 53 / SJ 408 GRAVE 53 / SU 408 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 40 – 55 godina Gender/age: female, 40 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 16. st. Dating: 15th – 16th century

316 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 54 / SJ 409 GRAVE 54 / SU 409 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 17 – 18 godina Gender/age: female, 17 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 16. st. Dating: 15th – 16th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na prsa Arm position: left placed on the chest Nalazi: novac augsburškog biskupa Pete- Finds: Coin of Augsburg bishop Peter ra von Schaumburga von Schaumburg

GROB 55 / SJ 410 GRAVE 55 / SU 410 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 55 godina Gender/age: female, over 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 16. st. Dating: 15th – 16th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na zdjeli- Arm position: right placed on the pelvis, cu, lijeva na lijevoj nozi. left on the left leg

GROB 57 / SJ 414 GRAVE 57 / SU 414 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century Nalazi: četiri brončane ušice, kukica Finds: four bronze eyes, hook

GROB 58 / SJ 416 GRAVE 58 / SU 416 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: odrasla osoba Gender/age: adult Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 18. st. Dating: 13th – 18th century

GROB 59 / SJ 417 GRAVE 59 / SU 417 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 5,5 – 6,5 godina Gender/age: child, 5.5 – 6.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 18. st. Dating: 14th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončana karičica Finds: bronze hoop

317 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 60 / SJ 422 GRAVE 60 / SU 422 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 35 – 50 godina Gender/age: female, 35 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. – 17. st. Dating: 15th – 17th century Nalazi: brončana pribadača (T.32.10), Finds: bronze pin (T.32.10), bronze eye brončana ušica

GROB 61 / SJ 433 GRAVE 61 / SU 433 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob dijete, 2 – 4 godine Gender/age: child, 2 – 4 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 18. st. Dating: 16th – 18th century

GROB 62 / SJ 427 GRAVE 62 / SU 427 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: bavarski novac Finds: Bavarian coin

GROB 63 / SJ 428 GRAVE 63 / SU 428 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 4,5 – 5,5 godina Gender/age: child, 4.5 – 5.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen

GROB 64 / SJ 434 GRAVE 64 / SU 434 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century

GROB 65 / SJ 435 GRAVE 65 / SU 435 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century

318 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 66 / SJ 436 GRAVE 66 / SU 436 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 10 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 10 – 12 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen

GROB 67 / SJ 437 GRAVE 67 / SU 437 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 30 - 40 Gender/age: female, 30 - 40 Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 15. st. Dating: 14th – 15th century

GROB 68 / SJ 438 GRAVE 68 / SU 438 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 10 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 10 – 12 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 15. st. Dating: 14th – 15th century

GROB 69 / SJ 439 GRAVE 69 / SU 439 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: female, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century

GROB 70 / SJ 440 GRAVE 70 / SU 440 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 11 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 11 – 12 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. st. Dating: 16th century Položaj ruku: ispružene uz tijelo Arm position: extended along the body Nalazi: okov za vezicu (T.30.4) Finds: Lace aglet (T.30.4)

GROB 72 / SJ 444 GRAVE 72 / SU 444 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: female, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century

319 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 73 / SJ 445 GRAVE 73 / SU 445 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 30 – 40 Gender/age: female, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century Nalazi: 48 brončanih ušica s komadima Finds: 48 bronze eyes with residual texti- tkanine (T.29.4) le (T.29.4)

GROB 74 / SJ 446 GRAVE 74 / SU 446 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 30 – 35 godina Gender/age: female, 30 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : početak 17.st. Dating: Early 17th century Položaj ruku:??????????????? Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: 24 brončane ušice, 2 okova za Finds: 24 bronze eyes, 2 lace aglets vezice (T.30.1,5), brončana kukica (T.30.1.5), bronze hook

GROB 75 / SJ 451 GRAVE 75 / SU 451 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century Nalazi: brončana ušica Finds: bronze eye

GROB 76 / SJ 450 GRAVE 76 / SU 450 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 25 – 35 godina Gender/age: female, 25 – 35 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century

GROB 77 / SJ 449 GRAVE 77 / SU 449 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 16 – 18 godina Gender/age: female, 16 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 15. st. Dating: 14th – 15th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: okov za vezicu (T.30.6) Finds: Lace aglet (T.30.6)

GROB 78 / SJ 456 GRAVE 78 / SU 456 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: female, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončane ušice Finds: bronze eyes

320 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 79 / SJ 459 GRAVE 79 / SU 459 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: female, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: kraj 17. st. Dating: late 17th century Nalazi: brončana medaljica Marije iz Finds: Maria of Einsiedeln bronze de- Einsiedelna, križ Caravaca s Arma Christi votional medal, Caravaca cross with the (T.3.1) Arma Christi (T.3.1)

GROB 80 / SJ 464 GRAVE 80 / SU 464 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 45 – 55 godina Gender/age: female, 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century

GROB 81 / SJ 465 GRAVE 81 / SU 465 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 2,5 – 3,5 godina Gender/age: child, 2.5 – 3.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 15. st. Dating: 15th century

GROB 82 / SJ 475 GRAVE 82 / SU 475 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 14. – 17. st. Dating: 14th – 17th century

GROB 84 / SJ 494 GRAVE 84 / SU 494 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 55 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na prsa Arm position: left placed on the chest

GROB 85 / SJ 495 GRAVE 85 / SU 495 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 50 – 60 godina Gender/age: male, 50 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – početak 17. st. Dating: 16th – early 17th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen

321 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 86 / SJ 498 GRAVE 86 / SU 498 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century

GROB 88 / SJ 507 GRAVE 88 / SU 507 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17.st. Dating: 16th – 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen

GROB 89 / SJ 510 GRAVE 89 / SU 510 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 13. – 15. st. Dating: 13th - 15th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu Arm position: left placed on the pelvis

GROB 90 / SJ 781 GRAVE 90 / SU 781 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica sv. F. Regisa/?, tri bron- Finds: St F. Régis / ? devotional medal, čana gumba (T.31.10,11), brončana ušica three bronze buttons (T.31.10.11), bronze eye

GROB 91 / SJ 785 GRAVE 91 / SU 785 Način ukopa: u lijesu Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na prsa, Arm position: right placed on the chest, lijeva na trbuh left on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica Isusa i Marije (T.6.5), Finds: Jesus and Mary devotional me- brončana kukica, krunica (T.21.6) dal (T.6.5), small bronze hook, rosary (T.21.6)

322 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 92 / SJ 788 GRAVE 92 / SU 788 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/sv. Finds: St Mary of Loreto/St Venantius Venancija, posrebrena dijadema/parta, devotional medal, silver plated diadem koštana zrna krunice (T.21.8) / parta headpiece, bone rosary beads (T.21.8)

GROB 93 / SJ 801 GRAVE 93 / SU 801 Način ukopa: u zidanu grobnicu Burial method: in walled grave Spol/dob: ženski, 55 – 60 godina Gender/age: female, 55 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: druga polovica 17. – 18. st. Dating: second half of the 17th – 18th Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh century Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: 6 brončanih medaljica (T.13.8, T.10.7, T.2.11, PN 676, T.13.17), po- Finds: 6 bronze devotional medals srebrena parta (T.33.4,11, T.34.10), 6 (T.13.8, T.10.7, T.2.11, SF 676, kopči (T.27.5, 9, T.28.2, 3, 6, 14), novac T.13.17), silver-plated parta headpiece mletačkog dužda Antonia Priulija, križ (T.33.4.11, T.34.10), 6 buckles (T.27.5, PREAST PUR (T.16.6), željezni čavao 9, T.28.2, 3, 6, 14), coin of the Venetian Doge Antonio Priuli, PREAST PUR cross (T.16.6), iron nail

GROB 94 / SJ 798 GRAVE 94 / SU 798 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 50 – 60 godina Gender/age: female, 50 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica Majke Božje Trsatske/ sv. Benedikta, zrno krunice (T.22.1) Finds: Mother of God of Trsat / St Benedict devotional medal, rosary bead (T.22.1)

GROB 95 / SJ 802 GRAVE 95 / SU 802 Način ukopa: u zemlju/lijes Burial method: in earth/coffin Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica s Arma Christi, medaljica Pietà/sv. Ivana Krstitelja, brončani Finds: devotional medal with the Arma gumb, željezni čavli Christi, Pietà / St John the Baptist devotional medal, bronze button, iron nails

323 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 96 / SJ 804 GRAVE 96 / SU 804 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 16 – 18 godina Gender/age: female, 16 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: stakleno zrno krunice Finds: glass rosary bead

GROB 97 / SJ 810 GRAVE 97 / SU 810 Način ukopa: u lijes Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – početak 18. st. Dating: 17th – early 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na zdjelicu Arm position: placed on the pelvis Nalazi: željezni čavao Finds: iron nail

GROB 98 / SJ 812 GRAVE 98 / SU 812 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na zdjelicu Arm position: left placed on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica sv. Ante/stigmatizacija Finds: St Anthony / The Stigmatization sv. Franje, medaljica sv. Ante/sv. Mihaela, of St Francis devotional medal, St Ant- medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/križ bra- hony / St Michael devotional medal, tovštine Sirolo (T.8.6, T.7.12,T.13.18), St Mary of Loreto devotional medal / koštana zrna krunice (T.21.1) cross of the Sirolo confraternity (T.8.6, T.7.12,T.13.18), bone rosary beads (T.21.1)

GROB 99 / SJ 822 GRAVE 99 / SU 822 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Nalazi: koštana zrna krunice (T.23.7), Finds: bone rosary beads (T.23.7), Maria medaljica Marije Wessobrun/srce Isusa Wessobrunn / Heart of Jesus and Mary i Marije, medaljica sv. I. Nepomuka/sv. devotional medal, St J. of Nepomuk / St Peregrina, medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/ Peregrine devotional medal, St Mary of sv.Venancija (T.13.22, T.8.11), križ PRA- Loreto / St Venantius devotional medal ES PUR (T.16.5), željezni čavao (T.13.22, T.8.11), PRAES PUR cross (T.16.5), iron nail

324 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 100 / SJ 826 GRAVE 100 / SU 826 Način ukopa: u lijesu Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: dijete, 11 – 12 godina Gender/age: child, 11 – 12 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica sv. Benedikta, meda- Finds: St Benedict devotional medal, ljica s poklonstvom tri kralja/njemačkim devotional medal with the Adoration of natpisom, brončana kopča the Magi / German inscription, bronze buckle

GROB 101 / SJ 829 GRAVE 101 / SU 829 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: Dvije medaljice s riječkim raspe- Finds: Two devotional medals with the lom/Marijom Passau, brončana ušica Crucifix of Rijeka / Maria Passau, bronze eye

GROB 103 / SJ 842 GRAVE 103 / SU 842 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na zdjelici Arm position: crossed over the pelvis

GROB 104 / SJ 853 GRAVE 104 / SU 853 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 5 – 6 godina Gender/age: child, 5 – 6 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: prva četvrtina 18. st. Dating: first quarter of the 18th century

GROB 105 / SJ 861 GRAVE 105 / SU 861 Način ukopa: u zemlju/lijes Burial method: in earth/coffin Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 60 godina Gender/age: female, over 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica Majke Božje Trsatske/ Finds: Mother of God of Trsat / St Be- sv. Benedikta (T.15.9), krunica, željezna nedict devotional medal (T.15.9), rosary, alka, željezni čavao iron ring, iron nail

325 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 106 / SJ 866 GRAVE 106 / SU 866 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: prva četvrtina 18. st. Dating: first quarter of the 18th century Položaj ruku: desna ispružena uz tijelo Arm position: right extending along the body

GROB 107 / SJ 869 GRAVE 107 / SU 869 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob ženski, 50 – 55 godina Gender/age: female, 50 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : druga četvrtina 18. st. Dating: second quarter of the 18th Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh century Arm position: right placed on the ab- Nalazi: brončana medaljica domen Finds: bronze devotional medal

GROB 108 / SJ 871 GRAVE 108 / SU 871 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob ženski, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: female, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south - north Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: ispružene uz tijelo Arm position: extended along the body

GROB 109 / SJ 880 GRAVE 109 / SU 880 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: jug – sjever Orientation: south - north Datacija: treća četvrtina 18. st. Dating: third quarter of the 18th century

GROB 110 / SJ 883 GRAVE 110 / SU 883 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 60 godina Gender/age: female, over 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončani križ s trolisnim završe- Finds: bronze cross with trefoil terminals cima (T.18.4) (T.18.4)

GROB 111 / SJ 885 GRAVE 111 / SU 885 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: ispružene uz tijelo Arm position: Extending along the body

Nalazi: dvije medaljice Arma Christi s Finds: two Arma Christi devotional me- krunicom dals with rosary 326 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 112 / SJ 887 GRAVE 112 / SU 887 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: komad tkanine, brončana ploči- ca, brončana naušnica (T.36.4), krunica s Finds: Piece of textile, small bronze pla- medaljicom Marije Cell/sv. I. Nepomuka te, bronze earring (T.36.4), rosary with (T.21.2)o Mariazell / St J. of Nepomuk devotional medal (T.21.2)

GROB 113 / SJ 891 GRAVE 113 / SU 891 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century

GROB 114 / SJ 893 GRAVE 114 / SU 893 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 16 – 18 godina Gender/age: male, 16 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: prekrižene na trbuhu Arm position: crossed over the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica sv. Benedikta, Kraljice Finds: devotional medals of St Benedict, sv. krunice/sv. Ante, sv. Marije Loretske/ Queen of the Holy Rosary/St Anthony, sv. Ante i Majke Božje Trsatske/sv. Bene- St Mary of Loreto/St Anthony and dikta (T4.6, T.13.4), zrna krunice Mother of God of Trsat/St Benedict (T4.6, T.13.4), rosary beads

GROB 115 / SJ 898 GRAVE 115 / SU 898 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 2,5 – 3,5 godine Gender/age: child, 2.5 – 3.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončana ušica, brončana medaljica (T.3.6) Finds: bronze eye, bronze devotional medal (T.3.6)

GROB 116 / SJ 901 GRAVE 116 / SU 901 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 35 – 45 godina Gender/age: female, 35 – 45 years Orijentacija: jever – jug Orientation: north – south Datacija : sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century

327 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 117 / SJ 903 GRAVE 117 / SU 903 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: female, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: sjever – jug Orientation: north – south Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na prsa Arm position: right placed on the chest Nalazi: medaljica Majke Božje Trsatske/ Finds: devotional medal of the Mother sv. Benedikta of God of Trsat/St Benedict

GROB 119 / SJ 906 GRAVE 119 / SU 906 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 45 – 55 godina Gender/age: male, 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : druga četvrtina 18. st. Dating: second quarter of the 18th Položaj ruku: položene na zdjelicu century Arm position: placed on the pelvis

GROB 120 / SJ 908 GRAVE 120 / SU 908 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 6,5 – 7,5 godina Gender/age: child, 6.5 – 7.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century

GROB 121 / SJ 912 GRAVE 121 / SU 912 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 25 – 30 godina Gender/age: male, 25 – 30 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: kraj 17. st. Dating: late 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis

GROB 122 / SJ 914 GRAVE 122 / SU 914 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 16 – 18 godina Gender/age: male, 16 – 18 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: prva četvrtina 18. st. Dating: first quarter of the 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: igla, kukica, žičani ukras (T.32.8), medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/ Finds: needle, hook, wire ornament križ bratovštine Sirolo (T.14.5) (T.32.8), St Mary of Loreto devotional medal / cross of the Sirolo confraternity (T.14.5)

328 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 123 / SJ 917 GRAVE 123 / SU 917 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 40 – 45 godina Gender/age: female, 40 – 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončane ušice, kapica za vezicu Finds: bronze eyes, lace aglet

GROB 124 / SJ 922 GRAVE 124 / SU 922 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 60 godina Gender/age: female, over 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen

GROB 125 / SJ 926 GRAVE 125 / SU 926 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Nalazi: medaljica Marije Cell/Marije Finds: Mariazell / Maria Tafrel devotio- Tafrel. nal medal

GROB 126 / SJ 931 GRAVE 126 / SU 931 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: sjever – jug Orientation: north - south Datacija: sredina 18. st. Dating: mid 18th century Nalazi: dvije brončane ušice Finds: two bronze eyes

GROB 127 / SJ 933 GRAVE 127 / SU 933 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 17 – 19 godina Gender/age: male, 17 – 19 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: prva četvrtina 18. st. Dating: first quarter of the 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen

GROB 128 / SJ 935 GRAVE 128 / SU 935 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: sjever – jug Orientation: North - south Datacija: druga četvrtina 18. st. Dating: second quarter of the 18th Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, century lijeva na prsa Arm position: right placed on the abdomen, left on the chest

329 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 129 / SJ 947 GRAVE 129 / SU 947 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena uz tijelo Arm position: right extended along the body Nalazi: medaljica Marije Altötting/Ma- rije u zvonolikom plaštu (T.2.10) Finds: devotional medal of Maria Altötting / Mary in campanulate mantle (T.2.10)

GROB 130 / SJ 976 GRAVE 130 / SU 976 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončana medaljica sv. Benedikta Finds: bronze St Benedict devotional medal

GROB 131 / SJ 978 GRAVE 131 / SU 978 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century

GROB 132 / SJ 980 GRAVE 132 / SU 980 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: dvije medaljice sv. Benedikta i Finds: two devotional medals of St Be- poklonstva tri kralja/natpis na njemač- nedict and the Adoration of the Magi / kom (T.9.11) inscription in German (T.9.11)

GROB 133 / SJ 983 GRAVE 133 / SU 983 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Nalazi: medaljica Majke Božje Trsatske/ Finds: Mother of God of Trsat / St Bene- sv. Benedikta (T.15.13) dict devotional medal (T.15.13)

330 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 134 / SJ 985 GRAVE 134 / SU 985 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na prsa Arm position: placed on the chest Nalazi: staklena krunica s četiri medaljice Finds: glass rosary with four St Benedict sv. Benedikta (T.22.9, T.1.6,14), prsten devotional medals (T.22.9, T.1.6.14), (T.35.9), brončana kukica finger ring (T.35.9), bronze hook

GROB 135 / SJ 987 GRAVE 135 / SU 987 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 45 – 55 godina Gender/age: female, 45 – 55 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century

GROB 136 / SJ 989 GRAVE 136 / SU 989 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončane kopčice (T.29.6)t. Finds: bronze clasps (T.29.6)

GROB 137 / SJ 991 GRAVE 137 / SU 991 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: početak 18. st. Dating: early 18th century Nalazi: medaljica Marije Cell/Marije E. Finds: Mariazell / Maria E. devotional (T.3.3) medal (T.3.3)

GROB 138 / SJ 993 GRAVE 138 / SU 993 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 30 – 40 godina Gender/age: male, 30 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: dva brončana gumba (T.31.6,12), pribadača (T.32.3) Finds: two bronze buttons (T.31.6.12), pin (T.32.3)

331 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 139 / SJ 995 GRAVE 139 / SU 995 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st Dating: 17th century

GROB 140 / SJ 998 GRAVE 140 / SU 998 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete, 0 – 0,5 godina Gender/age: child, 0 – 0.5 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: ispružene uz tijelo Arm position: Extended along the body Nalazi: brončana medaljica sv. Benedikta Finds: bronze St Benedict devotional medal

GROB 141 / SJ 1000 GRAVE 141 / SU 1000 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: dijete Gender/age: child Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Nalazi: brončana medaljica sv. Benedikta Finds: bronze St Benedict devotional medal

GROB 142 / SJ 1003 GRAVE 142 / SU 1003 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: brončana medaljica sv. I. Loyole/ sv. F. Ksaverskog (T.10.8) Finds: bronze St I. Loyola / St F. Xavier devotional medal (T.10.8)

GROB 143 / SJ 1005 GRAVE 143 / SU 1005 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na prsa Arm position: left placed on the chest Nalazi: brončana medaljica sv. Kajetana/ Finds: bronze St Cajetan / St Andrew sv. Andrije Avelina (T.9.4), brončani križ Avellino devotional medal (T.9.4), bron- PRAEST PUR (T.16.1) ze PRAEST PUR cross (T.16.1)

332 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

GROB 144 / SJ 1007 GRAVE 144 / SU 1007 Način ukopa: u lijesu Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 45 godina Gender/age: female, over 45 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Nalazi: čavli Finds: nails

GROB 145 / SJ 1009 GRAVE 145 / SU 1009 Način ukopa: u lijesu Burial method: in coffin Spol/dob: muški, 40 – 50 godina Gender/age: male, 40 – 50 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 18. st. Dating: 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na zdjelicu Arm position: right placed on the pelvis Nalazi: ostaci drveta Finds: wood residue

GROB 146 / SJ 1011 GRAVE 146 / SU 1011 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 35 – 40 godina Gender/age: female, 35 – 40 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – /18. st. Dating: 17th - 18th century Položaj ruku: položene na trbuh Arm position: both placed on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica riječkog raspela/sv. I. Loyole, brončana kukica Finds: Crucifix of Rijeka / St I. Loyola devotional medal, bronze hook

GROB 147 / SJ 1014 GRAVE 147 / SU 1014 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. – 18. st. Dating: 17th – 18th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh Arm position: right placed on the abdomen Nalazi: krunica od gagata (T.23.4), prsten, dvije medaljice sv. Marije Loretske/ Finds: rosary of jet (T.23.4), finger ring, križ bratovštine Sirolo (T.14.2, T.12.12) two devotional medals of St Mary of Loreto / cross of the Sirolo confraternity (T.14.2, T.12.12)

GROB 148 / SJ 1016 GRAVE 148 / SU 1016 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: neodređeno Gender/age: undetermined Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija : 7. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na prsa, Arm position: right placed on the chest, lijeva na trbuh left on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljica Marije/sv. Ante Finds: Mary / St Anthony devotional medal

333 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GROB 149 / SJ 1022 GRAVE 149 / SU 1022 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 55 – 60 godina Gender/age: male, 55 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 16. – 17. st. Dating: 16th – 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis

GROB 150 / SJ 1018 GRAVE 150 / SU 1018 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: muški, 55 – 60 godina Gender/age: male, 55 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: desna položena na trbuh, Arm position: right placed on the abdo- lijeva na zdjelicu men, left on the pelvis Nalazi: medaljica sv. Marije Loretske/sv. Finds: St Mary of Loreto / St F. Pavola F. Pavola (T.12.15) devotional medal (T.12.15)

GROB 151 / SJ 1024 GRAVE 151 / SU 1024 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, iznad 60 godina Gender/age: female, over 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: početak 18. st. Dating: early 18th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na trbuh Arm position: left placed on the abdomen Nalazi: medaljice sv. I. Loyole/sv. F. Ksa- verskog, bratovštine sv. Mihovila, naza- Finds: devotional medals of St I. Loyola retske kuće/sv. Pija V., riječkog raspela/ / St F. Xavier, the confraternity of St sv. I. Loyole (T.8.7, T.11.10), staklena Michael, the house from Nazareth / zrna, kopčice St Pius V, the Crucifix of Rijeka / St I. Loyola (T.8.7, T.11.10), glass beads, clasps

GROB 152 / SJ 1027 GRAVE 152 / SU 1027 Način ukopa: u zemlju Burial method: in earth Spol/dob: ženski, 55 – 60 godina Gender/age: female, 55 – 60 years Orijentacija: zapad – istok Orientation: west – east Datacija: 17. st. Dating: 17th century Položaj ruku: lijeva položena na prsa Arm position: left placed on the chest

334 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

335

KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNA, NOVOVJEKOVNA I MODERNA KERAMIKA

LATE MEDIEVAL, POST MEDIEVAL AND CONTEMPORARY CERAMICS

Josip Višnjić Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Serviceo

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

KASNOSREDNJOVJEKOVNA, LATE MEDIEVAL, NOVOVJEKOVNA I POST MEDIEVAL AND MODERNA KERAMIKA CONTEMPORARY CERAMICS

Iako je prostor obuhvaćen arheološkim istraži- Although the area covered by the archaeologi- vanjima 2008. i 2009. god. tijekom srednjega i cal research conducted in 2008 and 2009 was ranoga novog vijeka bio uglavnom predviđen used in the Medieval and Early Post Medieval za pokapanje pokojnika, ponudio je iznenađu- periods primarily for the interment of the de- juće veliku količinu keramičkih ulomaka koji ceased, it yielded a surprisingly large quantity of se mogu datirati upravo u ovo razdoblje. Kera- potsherds that can be dated to this period. The mički nalazi pokrivaju razdoblje od 13. st. pa ceramic finds cover the period from the 13th sve do sasvim recentnoga razdoblja, no pažnja century to the very recent period, but our atten- će u nastavku teksta biti uglavnom usmjerena tion further in the text will be largely given to na keramiku koja pripada vremenu od ponovno- the pottery from the period of the resettlement ga naseljavanja riječkoga Starog grada do 18. ili of the old town core of Rijeka to the 18th and eventualno 19. stoljeća. possibly into the 19th century.

Većina nalaza nažalost nije pronađena u in- Most of the finds were, unfortunately not found taktnim stratigrafskim cjelinama, odnosno ar- in intact stratigraphic contexts, i.e. the archaeo- heološki slojevi u kojima su pronađeni bili su logical layers in which they were found were for uglavnom uzurpirani. Takav je kontekst nalaza the most part usurped. This finds context was bio očekivan s obzirom na česta prekopavanja expected given the frequent excavation of the terena zbog aktivnosti vezanih uz groblje, ali i terrain resulting from activities related to the građevinskih aktivnosti koje podrazumijevaju i cemetery and construction activities that imply zemljane radove, a koje su se na ovome prostoru earthmoving work that were a continual factor kontinuirano odvijale još od kraja 19. stoljeća. in this area from the late 19th century onwards. Zbog toga su česti primjeri stratigrafskih jedini- As a result we find frequent cases of stratigraphic ca u kojima pronalazimo keramičke ulomke koji units in which we find potsherds that are, for ex- primjerice pripadaju 14. st. uz one iz 17. ili 18. ample, from the 14th century alongside those stoljeća. from the 17th or 18th centuries.

Pronađeni se srednjovjekovni i novovjekovni The Medieval and Post Medieval ceramic finds keramički nalazi u najgrubljim crtama mogu discovered can be very roughly divided into two podijeliti u dvije osnovne skupine: na grubu basic groups: coarse kitchenware and tableware kuhinjsku keramiku i onu kvalitetnije izrađenu, of higher quality fabrication. Within these two stolnu keramiku. Naravno, unutar ovih osnov- basic groups there are, of course, numerous sub- nih skupina postoje i brojne podjele koje će kroz divisions that will be treated in greater detail fur- pregled pronađenih ulomaka biti podrobnije ther in the text in the overview of the potsherds obrađene u nastavku teksta. discovered.

339 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

GRUBA KUHINJSKA KERAMIKA COARSE KITCHENWARE U ovu skupinu keramike ubrajamo sve one po- This group of ceramics includes all ware fabri- sude izrađene od više ili manje pročišćene gline cated of more or less refined clay without sub- koja naknadno nije tretirana dodatnim glazira- sequent surface glazing treatment. This includes njem površine. Riječ je prije svega o kuhinjsko- primarily kitchenware, used for the preparation me posuđu, korištenom prilikom pripreme hra- of food or its storage. Predominant among the ne ili njezina skladištenja. Među oblicima pro- forms found in Rijeka are rotund pots—some nađenim u Rijeci prevladavaju trbušasti lonci with small handles, with small bowls and lids koji se ponekad pojavljuju i s ručkicom, a znatno represented in much lesser quantity. For the manje su zastupljene zdjelice i poklopci. Naža- most part, unfortunately, only small sherds that lost, uglavnom su pronađeni tek manji ulomci could not be reconstructed were found, and posuda koje nije moguće rekonstruirati, pa su only the sherds of various rims were thus useful za pronalaženje paralela i datiranje bili korisni in finding parallels and dating. isključivo ulomci raznovrsnih oboda. Among the repertoire of coarse pottery found Među repertoarom pronađene grube keramike we can differentiate two groups of artefacts with razlikujemo dvije skupine predmeta čije su is- different source traditions. Although local pro- hodišne tradicije različite. Iako se za grubu ke- duction can be postulated for coarse pottery, the ramiku može pretpostaviti lokalna proizvodnja, influences under which individual forms are de- utjecaji pod kojima se pojedini oblici razvijaju veloped originate from various sources. Thus in dolaze s različitih strana. Tako u Rijeci prona- Rijeka we find coarse Late Medieval pottery that lazimo grubu keramiku kasnoga srednjeg vijeka can be associated with the Carniolan hinterland koja se može povezati s kranjskim zaleđem s with which the city had robust economic and kojime je grad u ovome razdoblju imao snažne political contacts during this period. The other Ulomak nenaglašenoga i ravno ekonomske i političke kontakte. Druga skupina group of artefacts have their roots in the indig- rezanoga oboda lonca (T1:1). predmeta svoje korijene ima u autohtonim ro- enous Romanesque traditions that stretch deep Sherd of an unemphasised and flat manskim tradicijama koje sežu duboko u povi- into history, right up to the late Roman period, truncated pot rim (T1:1). jest, sve do kasnoantičkoga razdoblja, a vezana that are associated primarily with the coastal je prvenstveno uz obalni belt of the northern Adriatic.1 We find very pojas sjevernoga Jadra- good confirmations for our hypotheses on the na.1 Iznimno dobre Istrian peninsula where the political situation in potvrde za naše pret- the Late Medieval and Early Post Medieval pe- postavke pronalazimo riods engendered a duality in the production of na istarskome poluoto- coarse kitchenware. Thus, in the central part of ku gdje je politička situacija the peninsula we find sherds of Late Medieval u kasnome srednjem i ranome ware with “Carniolan” characteristics, while in novom vijeku uvjetovala dvojakost the southern and western parts of the peninsula u produkciji gruboga kuhinjskog posu- were find predominantly “Romanesque” sherds, đa. Tako se u središnjemu dijelu poluotoka i.e. more similar to those found on the Italian pronalaze ulomci kasnosrednjovjekovnoga po- side of the Adriatic. suđa s „kranjskim“ karakteristikama, dok se u južnome i zapadnome dijelu poluotoka pronala- The oldest pots of the central European sphere found in Rijeka have everted unemphasised

1 Na ovome mjestu spominjemo samo područje sjevernoga Jadrana kojemu Rijeka pripada jer za 1 We refer here only to the northern Adriatic area of ostala područja istočnoga jadranskog priobalja which Rijeka is a part, as we do not have available nemamo dostupnih podataka. data for other parts of the eastern Adriatic seaboard.

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ze pretežno „romanski“ odnosno ulomci sličniji and flat, truncated rims (T1: 1-5). Their necks Ulomak višestruko profiliranoga onima pronađenim na talijanskoj strani Jadrana. are short, but emphasised. In the central Euro- oboda lonca (T2: 11). pean context these rims are most often dated Rim sherd of a pot with multiple Najstariji lonci srednjeeuropskoga kruga prona- to the 12th or 13th century (JARNEJ 2001, profiling (T2: 11). đeni u Rijeci imaju izvijene nenaglašene i ravno 465, T1: 1-3; PREDOVNIK 2003, rezane obode (T1: 1-5). Vrat im je kratak, ali 58, cat. 1-22; STADLER 1995, cat. izražen. U srednjeeuropskim kontekstima takvi A77-A84), which is also consist- se obodi najčešće datiraju u 12. ili 13. st. (JAR- ent with the period of renewed NEJ 2001, 465, T1: 1-3; PREDOVNIK 2003, intensive settlement of the city on 58, kat. 1-22; STADLER 1995, kat. A77-A84), the Rječina River and its reap- što ujedno odgovara i vremenu ponovnoga in- pearance in historical sources. A tenzivnijeg naseljavanja prostora grada na Rje- sherd of a thickened rim with an čini i njegova ponovnoga spominjanja u povije- emphasised short neck and narrow snim vrelima. Istome vremenu pripada i ulomak shoulder (T1: 6) is from the same zadebljanoga oboda s naglašenim kratkim vra- period, and we finds parallels for it tom te uskim ramenom (T1: 6) za koji paralele in Flaschberg, Austria (STADLER, nalazimo u Flaschbergu u Austriji (STADLER, 1995, cat. A17). 1995, kat. A17). The further development of rims led to their Daljnji razvoj oboda doveo je do njihova zade- thickening, creating a rostriform cross-section bljavanja, pa u presjeku imaju kljunasti oblik giving the optical impression of the presence of što je davalo optički dojam postojanja letvice na strips on the lip (T1: 7-13 T2: 1-3) frequently samome rubu (T1: 7-13 T2: 1-3), te se u znan- referred in professional publications as Leisten- stvenim objavama često nazivaju i Leistenrand. rand. These forms appear from the 13th cen- Takvi se oblici pojavljuju od 13. st., a u upora- tury and remain in use in the following century bi ostaju i u narednome stoljeću (GUTJAHR, (GUTJAHR, TIEFENGRABER 2004, 450- TIEFENGRABER 2004, 450-455; PREDOV- 455; PREDOVNIK 2003, 59; JARNEJ 2001, NIK 2003, 59; JARNEJ 2001, 466; STADLER 466; STADLER 1995, cat. A22-28, A32-A34; 1995, kat. A22-28, A32-A34; BRIŠNIK 1998). BRIŠNIK 1998).

Od 14. st. pojavljuju se obodi koji su horizon- In the 14th century rims emerge that are hori- talno raščlanjeni na dva dijela ili više njih (T2: zontally articulated into two or more sections Ulomak višestruko profiliranoga 4-15; T3: 1-3). Oni u uporabi ostaju i tijekom (T2: 4-15; T3: 1-3). They remain in use in the oboda lonca tankih stijenki (T3: 6). narednih stoljeća (PREDOVNIK 2003, 58; following centuries (PREDOVNIK 2003, 58; Rim sherd of a thin-walled pot with JARNEJ 2001, 466; STADLER 1995, kat. A22- JARNEJ 2001, 466; STADLER 1995, cat. multiple profiling (T3: 6). A28, A32-A34; VIŠNJIĆ, u tisku), dok se od A22-A28, A32-A34; VIŠNJIĆ, in print), 16. st. pojavljuju i zadebljani obodi na kojima while thickened rims emerge in the se u unutarnjoj strani nalaze utori za poklopce 16th century with lid grooves on (T3: 4, 5) (PREDOVNIK 2003, 59-60). the inner wall (T3: 4, 5) (PRE- Treba izdvojiti i nešto kvalitetnije izrađenu DOVNIK 2003, 59-60). skupinu posuda tankih stijenki za koju paralele Also noteworthy is a group of pronalazimo primjerice na utvrdi Possert (VIŠ- thin-walled ware of somewhat NJIĆ, u tisku). Ta je skupina zastupljena s ulom- higher quality fabrication for cima oboda šest lonaca (T3: 6 – 10, 12), a s obzi- which we find parallels at the Pos- rom na to da je utvrda Possert djelovala od kraja sert fortification (VIŠNJIĆ, in 14. do kraja 16. st. i naše primjere možemo da- print). This group is represented tirati u isto vrijeme. Kod jednoga primjerka na- with the rim sherds of six pots (T3: lazimo i postojanje ručkica. Osim njih, ručkice 6 – 10, 12), and given that the Possert pronalazimo na još dvama primjercima lonaca.

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U 15. ili 16. st. možemo dati- fortification was active from the late 14th to late rati i zdjelu koja ima snažno 16th century, we can also date our specimens to zadebljan obod koji u presje- the same period. On one specimen we find the ku ima oblik slova D te trbušast presence of a small handle. We find small han- oblik (T4: 1), a za koju paralele dles on a further two pot specimens. pronalazimo u Schlossbergu u Tirolu (KREIßL 2007, kat. A22- We can also date a bowl with a very thickened A24). rim with a D shaped cross-section and a rotund form (T4: 1) to the 15th or 16th century for Osim te zdjele pronalazimo i one which we find parallels at otvorenoga tipa (T3: 11; T4: 2, 3). Za zdjelu T4: 2 koja pripada tipu dubljih Schlossberg in Tyrol (KREIßL 2007, cat. A22- Ulomak višestruko profiliranoga zdjela sa širokim rubom i zadebljanim obodom A24). oboda lonca tankih stijenki (T3: 8). paralele pronalazimo na raznim srednjoeurop- Along with this bowl we also find those of the Rim sherd of a thin-walled pot with skim nalazištima gdje se datiraju u 13. ili 14. sto- open type (T3: 11; T4: 2, 3). For bowl T4: 2, multiple profiling (T3: 8). ljeće (PREDOVNIK 2003, 61). which is of the deeper bowl type with broad edg- Repertoar ukrasa iznimno je skroman. Prona- es and thickened rim, we find parallels at vari- lazimo profilirana rebra dodatno ukrašena otis- ous central European sites where they are dated cima prsta (T4: 5), jednostruku valovnicu (T4: to the 13th and 14th centuries (PREDOVNIK 4), horizontalno izvedene tanke kanelure, a na 2003, 61). pojedinim posudama se pojavljuju i gusto izve- The repertoire of decorations is very modest. We dene plitko urezane tanke linije koje prekrivaju find profiled ribbing further adorned with -fin cijeli trbuh posude. Najbogatiji ukras pronalazi- gerprint impressions (T4: 5), single wavy lines mo na ulomku lonca koji je na vratu i ramenu (T4: 4), thin horizontal cannelures, while on ukrašen trakom izvedenom utisnutim motivom some vessels we find densely distributed shal- ponavljajućih vertikalnih štapića, ispod koje se low incised lines covering the entire belly of the nazire postojanje valovnice (T1: 3). vessel. We find the most lavish decoration on a Keramika romanskih korijena vezana je uglav- sherd from a pot adorned on the neck and shoul- nom uz područja na kojima se, zbog snažne der with a band executed as an impressed motif romanizacije provedene još tijekom antičkoga of small repeating vertical bars, under which the perioda te povoljnih povijesnih okolnosti u ko- presence of a wavy line is discernable (T1: 3). jima je struktura stanovništva ostajala uglavnom Pottery of Romanesque roots is associated for nepromijenjena tijekom ranoga i razvijenoga the most part with areas in which—as a result srednjeg vijeka, obrtnička tradicija usvajana u of the intense Romanisation carried out dur- vremenima snažnoga ekonomskog prosperiteta Rekonstruirana zdjela (T4: 3). ing the Roman period and favourable histori- kontinuirano prenosila sve do kasnoga srednjeg cal circumstances in which the structure of the A reconstructed bowl (T4: 3). vijeka. Ono čime se ta keramika ra- population was largely unchanged during the zlikuje od dosada opi- early and high Medieval periods—the artisanal sane jesu znatno traditions adopted during periods of robust eco- blaže linije pre- nomic prosperity were continually propagated sjeka oboda right through to the Late Medieval. What dif- koji su često ferentiates this pottery from that described thus nenaglašeni far are significantly gentler lines in the rim cross- ili naznačeni section—often unemphasised or only slightly izvijanjem, a čak i everted, and even when they bend over the neck kada se presavijaju pre- of the vessel they never take on the characteris- ko vrata posude oni nikada tic thorn shape—the cross-section is, rather, of

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ne dobivaju karakterističan oblik trna već se u cushion-like, rounded form. These presjeku dobiva jastučast, zaobljen oblik. Ta- rims also never display the ar- kođer, kod njihovih oboda nikada ne dolazi do ticulation we see in vessels from raščlanjenosti kakvu smo sretali kod posuda iz the other group. This pottery druge skupine. Ta je keramika slabo obrađena is infrequently treated in pub- putem znanstvenih objava tako da ćemo se, što lished research and we shall, se tiče datacija, osloniti na rezultate dobivene with regard to dating, draw on istraživanjima naselja Guran u Istri (TERRIER, the results acquired during the re- JURKOVIĆ, MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007). search of the settlement of Guran in Istria (TERRIER, JURKOVIĆ, Najstariji je ulomak dio lonca s nenaglašenim, MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007). zaobljenim i izvijenim obodom s izraženim ramenom posude na kojemu se nalaze tri tanke The oldest sherd is part of a pot with Ulomak zadebljanog oboda lonca s kanelure (T4: 6). Takvi se obodi na Guranu da- an unemphasised, rounded and everted rim ukrasom dvostruke valovnice tiraju u razdoblje između 9. i 13. st. (TERRIER, with an emphasised shoulder on which we find (T4: 4) JURKOVIĆ, MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007, three narrow cannelures (T4: 6). These rims Sherd of a thickened pot rim Plance 1: 6-9, 307), a s obzirom na činjenicu da are dated at Guran to the period from the 9th decorated with a double wavy line se Rijeka u povijesnim izvorima spominje po- to 13th century (TERRIER, JURKOVIĆ, (T4: 4) novno tek od 13. st., ta se kasnija datacija čini MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007, Plance 1: 6-9, realnijom u našemu slučaju. 307), and given that Rijeka is mentioned again in historical sources only from the 13th century Istomu datacijskom okviru možemo pribrojiti i onwards, the later dating appears more realistic ulomak lagano zadebljanoga i izvijenoga u prein our case. sjeku obloga oboda, koji bez vrata prelazi u rame posude (T4:7). Na Guranu se ovakvi ulom- We can attribute the sherd of a slightly thick- ci datiraju od 11. do 13. stoljeća (TERRIER, ened and everted rim with a round cross-section JURKOVIĆ, MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007, that transitions, without a neck, to the shoulder Plance 1: 10-11, 307). of the vessel (T4: 7) to the same dating range. At Guran these sherds are dated from the 11th Najbrojnija skupina romanske keramike, s pet to 13th century (TERRIER, JURKOVIĆ, pronađenih ulomaka, lonci su sa zadebljanim MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007, Plance 1: 10- izvijenim obodima koji u presjeku imaju jastu- 11, 307). čast, zaobljen oblik, ponekad se izdužujući u trokutastu formu (T5: 1-5). Guranski primjeri The most numerous group of Romanesque pot- Ulomak jastučasto zadebljanog i izvijenog oboda lonca (T5: 1) datirani su od sredine 12. do kraja 15. stolje- tery, with five discovered sherds, are pots with ća (TERRIER, JURKOVIĆ, MATEJČIĆ, everted rims that have a cushion-like, rounded Sherd of a cushion-like thickened everted pot rim (T5: 1) RUFFIEUX 2007, Plance 1: 12-15, 307). form in cross-section, sometimes elongated into a triangular form (T5: 1-5). The spec- Posljednji je ulomak iz ove skupine nalaza izvije- imens at Guran are dated from ni obod sličnih karakteristika poput prethodno the mid 12th to late 15th cen- opisanih, no on je pripadao loncu većih dimen- tury (TERRIER, JURKOVIĆ, zija (T5: 6). Prema paralelama iz Gurana može- MATEJČIĆ, RUFFIEUX 2007, mo ga datirati u razdoblje od 13. do 15. stoljeća. Plance 1: 12-15, 307).

U inventar grube keramike ulaze i dvije minija- The last sherd from this group of turne posude koje imitiraju oblik lonaca (T6: 1, finds is an everted rim of characteris- 2). One pripadaju skupini posuđa koja se u lite- tics similar to the previously described, raturi navodi kao microvasseti. Takve su posude but from a pot of larger size (T5: 6). Based korištene za čuvanje začina i soli u kuhinji ili pak on the parallels at Guran we can date it to the za pohranu pigmenata. Najčešće se datiraju u 16. period from the 13th to 15th century.

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Ulomak zadebljanoga i zaobljenoga i 17. st., a proizvodile su se na području sjeverne The inventory of coarse pottery also includes oboda lonca (T5: 3). i srednje Italije (GUSAR 2010, 58). Oblik obo- two miniature vessels that imitate the pot form Sherd of a thickened and rounded da tih posuda, koji su snažno izvijeni i stanjeni, (T6: 1, 2). They are from a group of vessels re- pot rim (T5: 3). najviše podsjeća na talijansku grubu keramiku, ferred to in literature as microvasseti. These pa bi to mogao biti još jedan ar- vessels are used to store spices and salt in the gument za njihovu atribuciju. kitchen or to store pigments. They are most often dated to the 16th and 17th century and Posljednji je oblik zastupljen were manufactured in northern and central Italy među riječkim nalazima ulo- (GUSAR 2010, 58). The rim form of these ves- mak poklopca (T5: 7) kakvi se često sels, very flared and thinned, is most reminiscent nalaze na srednjovjekovnim nalazišti- of Italian coarse pottery, which may be a further ma i pojavljuju se kroz dugo vremensko argument for their attribution. razdoblje te stoga nisu pogodni za datiranje. The last form represented among the Rijeka finds is the sherd of a lid (T6: 3) the likes of which are frequent finds at Medieval sites and STOLNA KERAMIKA S appear over a long period of time and are thus PREMAZOM not suitable for dating. Pod ovim pojmom podrazumijevamo keramiku koja se nakon 1000. god. počinje pojavljivati COATED TABLEWARE na Mediteranu, a koju obilježava premazivanje predmeta prozirnom ili neprozirnom glazurom. This term refers to pottery that appeared in the Na prostore istočne obale Jadrana takvo je kera- Mediterranean area after the year 1000, and mičko posuđe uvoženo prvenstveno s područja that is characterised by a coating on the object sjeverne i srednje Italije te u znatno manjoj mje- of transparent or non-transparent glaze. This ri iz Španjolske. Riječ je o predmetima koji su ceramic ware was imported to the eastern Adri- predstavljali luksuzniji inventar stolnoga posu- atic seaboard for the most part from northern đa i koji si zbog visoke nabavne cijene nisu mogli and central Italy and, in a significantly lesser priuštiti svi društveni slojevi. measure, from Spain. They constituted luxury tableware inventory that, because of their high Prema tehnologiji izrade, keramika s premazom procurement cost, could not be afforded by all može se podijeliti na tri osnovne kategorije: ke- social strata. Ulomak zadebljanoga i zaobljenoga ramiku s caklinom (invetriata), keramiku s en- oboda lonca (T5: 6). gobom (engobbiata) te keramiku s majoličkim In terms of fabrication technology, coated pottery may be divided into three basic categories: Sherd of a thickened and rounded premazom (smaltata). pot rim (T5: 6). glazed pottery (invetriata), engobed pottery (engobbiata) and pottery with maiolica coating Keramika s caklinom (invetriata) (smaltata). Ovu vrstu keramike karakterizira tanak premaz prozirne ili jed- Glazed pottery (invetriata) nobojne olovne glazure koja je nanošena nakon prvoga pečenja This type of pottery is characterised by a thin predmeta. Od oblika su među coating of transparent or monochrome lead pronađenim nalazima zastupljeni glaze applied after the first firing. The forms rep- uglavnom ulomci zdjelica, ali nalazi- resented among the discovered finds are for the mo i ulomke lonaca, ulomak tave, ulo- most part sherds of small bowls, but we do also mak jednoga vrča te jedan poklopac. find sherds of pots, a sherd from a pan, a sherd from a jug and a lid.

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Izrada sve glazirane keramike podrazumijeva- The fabrication of all glazed pottery im- la je nekoliko stupnjeva proizvodnje. Predmet plied several stages of produc- bi se najprije oblikovao od gline i sušio. Potom tion. The object was se pekao prvi put, nakon čega se dobivao tzv. first shaped in clay and biskvit. Predmet je potom bio pripremljen za daljnje intervencije, odnosno različite postupke ukrašavanja. Nakon ukrašavanja predmet se pekao po drugi put čime se fiksirala boja, a glazura je postajala staklasta i nepropusna.

Među glaziranim su posudama najstariji primjeri smeđe i zeleno glazirane zdjelice s vertikalno postavljenim obodom, ispod kojega se s vanjske strane nalazi profilirano rebro. U Rijeci su pro- nađena četiri primjera takvih posuda (T6: 4-7), a na osnovu analogija (GUSAR 2006, kat. 1-5; GUSAR 2010, 40-41; BRADARA 2001, 34; CUNJA 2004, kat. 56, 57, 60; GELICHI 1986, dried. It was then fired once producing bisque Pronađeni cjelovito sačuvani T IX – 1-7, 10, 11) poznato nam je kako su bile ware. The object was then prepared for further primjerci minijaturnih posuda ( ). bikonične i imale prstenasto dno. Takve su zdje- processing, i.e. various decoration procedures. microvasseti lice proizvođene na području Veneta tijekom 14. After decoration the object was fired a second Integrally preserved specimens of st., iako se pojedini tipovi pojavljuju i tijekom miniature vessels (microvasseti) were time to fix the colours and to render the glaze found. 15. stoljeća (BRADARA 2006, 21; GELICHI vitreous and impermeable. 1986 133). Among the glazed vessels the oldest specimens Lonci su zastupljeni s jednim ulomkom. Kod are of brown and green glazed small bowls with spomenutog ulomka oboda i gornjega dijela tr- vertical rims, under which there is a profiled rib buha nalazimo glazuru zelenkaste boje samo na on the outer aspect. Four such specimens were unutarnjoj strani (T7: 1). Riječ je o trbušasto- found in Rijeka (T6: 4-7) and based on analo- me loncu s izvijenim obodom kod kojega se na gies (GUSAR 2006, cat. 1-5; GUSAR 2010, ramenu nalazi plitka kanelura. Lonac je rađen 40-41; BRADARA 2001, 34; CUNJA 2004, od dobro pročišćene gline, ima tanke stijenke i cat. 56, 57, 60; GELICHI 1986, T IX – 1-7, tvrde je fakture. Nažalost, paralele za ovaj lonac 10, 11) we know that they were biconical and nismo pronašli pa je nemoguće sa sigurnošću had an annular base. Small bowls like these were odrediti dataciju i provenijenciju. Donekle slični manufactured in the Venetia region in the 14th oblici, ali sa znatno manje naglašenim obodima, century, although some types do also appear in Rekonstruiran poklopac ukrašen tehnikom (T8: 1). nalaze se među glaziranom keramikom u Piranu the 15th century (BRADARA 2006, 21; GELI- slipware (CUNJA 2004, 88, kat. 110). CHI 1986 133). A reconstructed lid decorated in the slipware technique (T8: 1). Jedan od pronađenih ulomaka pocakljene tave Pots are represented with one sherd. On the ima raširen obod s utorom za poklopac (T8: 1). mentioned sherd of a rim and upper belly Na unutarnjoj se strani nalazi grublja caklina section we find a glaze of greenish colour crvenkaste boje dok je na vanjskoj stijenci nešto only on the inner aspect (T7: finija caklina smeđe boje. Na osnovu analogija 1). This is from a rotund takve se tave mogu datirati u 16. ili 17. stoljeće pot with an everted (CUNJA 2004, 77-78). rim and a shallow Od jedinoga ulomka vrča sačuvan je tek ulomak cannelure on the oboda i vrata (T8: 2). Vrč je imao profiliran obod shoulder. The pot is koji je horizontalno podijeljen u dva polja te vrat fabricated of well-re-

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koji se širi prema ramenu. Analogije među glazi- fined clay, has thin walls and is of hard fabric. We ranom keramikom nisu pronađene, no oblikom did not, unfortunately, find parallels for this pot gotovo identičan vrč pronalazimo u Piranu, ali making it impossible to make a determination među engobiranom i monokromno cakljenom with certainty as to its dating and provenance. keramikom (CUNJA 2004, 93, kat. 209). Somewhat similar forms, but with significantly less emphasised rims are found among the glazed Posebnu skupinu invetriate predstavljaju posude pottery in Piran (CUNJA 2004, 88, cat. 110). koje su bile ukrašavane bojanjem koje se izvodi- lo izravno na biskvit, nakon čega se na površinu One of the glazed pan sherds discovered has nanosila olovna glazura. Oslikavanje se vršilo a broad rim with lid groove (T8: 1). The in- pigmentima ili, poput naših primjera, engobom ner aspect has a coarser glaze of reddish colour (slipware). Taj je način ukrašavanja zastupljen na while the outer wall has a somewhat finer glaze dvama pronađenim predmetima. Prvi je ulomak of brown colour. Based on analogies we can bikonične zdjelice (T7: 2) za koju jedine parale- date pans like these to the 16th or 17th century le možemo pronaći u donekle sličnim oblicima (CUNJA 2004, 77-78). posuda, no s različitim dekorativnim motivima, pronađenim u Piranu i Zadru (CUNJA 2004, The only jug fragment preserved is a rim and 86, kat. 75; GUSAR 2010, kat. 56). One se da- neck sherd (T8: 2). The jug had a profiled rim tiraju u 16. i prvu polovicu 17. st. te pripisuju horizontally divided into two fields and a neck radionicama Veneta ili Emilia-Romagne. Po- that widened towards the shoulder. We did not klopac ukrašen jednakom tehnikom ima stožast find analogies among glazed pottery, but we find oblik i gumbastu ručku (T8: 3). Na se vanjskoj an almost identical form jug at Piran, but among stijenci pojavljuje motiv kružnih mrlja grupira- the engobed and monochrome glazed pottery nih u četiri skupine s po tri mrlje. Gotovo jednak (CUNJA 2004, 93, cat. 209). primjer poklopca pronalazimo u Zadru gdje je A separate group of invetriata consists of vessels datiran u 17. st. i pripisan rimskim radionicama decorated by painting executed directly on the (GUSAR 2010, 51, kat. 54). bisque, followed by an application of lead glaze on the surface. The painting was done with pig- Engobirana keramika ments or, on our specimens, by engobing (slipware). This method of decoration is represented Engobbiata je keramika djelomično ili u potpu- on two of the objects found. The first is a sherd nosti prekrivena engobom, odnosno tankim slo- from a biconical small bowl (T7: 2), for which jem bijele gline, kaolina. Engob služi kao pod- the only parallels we find are in somewhat simi- loga za glazuru ili se prije nanošenja glazure na lar vessel forms, but with different decorative njemu moglo i oslikavati. Osim toga, kao tehni- motifs, discovered at Piran and Zadar (CUNJA ka ukrašavanja engobiranih predmeta koristilo 2004, 86, cat. 75; GUSAR 2010, cat. 56). They se i urezivanje kombinirano s bojanjem čime se are dated to the 16th and first half of the 17th dobivala tzv. gravirana keramika. century and are attributed to the workshops of Venetia or Emilia-Romagna. A lid decorated Engobirana i oslikana keramika in the same technique has a conical form and Oslikavanje na engobiranoj keramici moglo se a button handle (T8: 3). The outer wall bears izvoditi nanošenjem jednobojne cakline, zatim a motif of circular spots grouped in four sets of jednobojno izvođenim ukrasom koji se nanosio three spots each. We find an almost identical lid na sloj engobe i prekrivao prozirnom caklinom specimen in Zadar where it is dated to the 17th te višebojnim oslikavanjem. century and attributed to workshops in Rome (GUSAR 2010, 51, cat. 54).

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Monokromno glazirana keramika zastupljena je Engobed pottery s ulomcima zelene i tamnosmeđe monokromne Engobbiata is pottery partially or entirely coated keramike. with engobing, i.e. a thin layer of white kaolin Među riječkim materijalom zastupljeni su oblici clay. The engobe serves as a substrate for glaze većih otvorenih zdjela ili tanjura, zatim ulomci and may be painted prior to the application of manjih zdjelica te tava. Na osnovu analogija s glaze. Another technique of engobe decoration materijalom pronađenim u Rovinju (SACCAR- involved incision combined with painting pro- DO, BRADARA, 2007, 35-36) i Ninu (GU- ducing engraved pottery. SAR, 2006, 46), takvu keramiku možemo datirati u 16. ili eventualno 17. st. i pripisati venet- Engobed and painted pottery skim radionicama. One method of painting on engobed pottery in- Izuzetak predstavlja donji dio bikonične zdjelice volved the application of a monochrome glaze, s prstenastom nogom (T9: 1) koja ispod oboda followed by a monochrome decoration applied ima utisnut karakterističan gusti zupčasti ukras to the engobe layer and coated with a transpar- u više redova otisnut pomoću kotačića (roulette ent glaze and polychrome painting. ware). Paralele za ovu posudu pronalazimo na velikome broju nalazišta (GUSAR 2010, kat. Monochrome pottery glazing is represented 2; COZZA 1988, kat. 38; BRADARA 2006, with sherds of green and dark green mono- T III-33; BRADARA 2003, sl. 9; LAZZA- chrome pottery. RINI 1987, 35; GELICHI 1988, fig. 15, 16; Represented among the material from Rijeka RIAVEZ, SACCARDO 2006, fig. 3-1). Takve are forms of large open bowls or plates, followed su zdjelice proizvođene na području Veneta by sherds of small bowls and pans. Based on tijekom 14. st., a pojedini se tipovi pojavljuju i analogies with material found at Rovinj (SAC- tijekom 15. stoljeća. CARDO, BRADARA, 2007, 35-36) and Nin Ulomak oboda tanjura (T12: 2) glaziran s vanj- (GUSAR, 2006, 46), we can date this pottery to ske i unutarnje strane te ulomak dna velike zdjele the 16th and possibly 17th century and attribute ili tanjura na diskoidnoj nozi glaziran samo na it to Venetia region workshops. unutarnjoj strani (T9: 3) dijelovi su velikih po- An exception is the lower section of a small bi- suda otvorene forme. Primjere sličnih posuda conical bowl with an annular foot (T9: 1) that možemo naći i na drugim nalazištima, primje- has a characteristic impressed dense denticulate rice u Piranu (CUNJA, 2004, kat. 160), Finale decoration under the rim in several rows ex- Emiliji (GELICHI, LIBRENTI 1998, T 6 – 20, ecuted with the aid of a wheel (roulette ware). 22, T 7 – 25, 27) ili Polesinama (LIBRENTI, We find parallels for this vessel at many sites VALLINI 2006, fig. 16-83; GUARNIERI, (GUSAR 2010, cat. 2; COZZA 1988, cat. 38; BOSI, BANDINI MAZZANTI 2006, fig. 8n- BRADARA 2006, T III-33; BRADARA 2003, 26) datirane u 16. ili 17. stoljeće. Ulomak prve fig. 9; LAZZARINI 1987, 35; GELICHI 1988, od spomenutih zdjela karakterističan je po ukra- fig. 15, 16; RIAVEZ, SACCARDO 2006, fig. su izvedenomu u plitkome reljefu na biskvitu 3-1). These small bowls were manufactured koji je kasnije također prekriven glazurom. Riječ in the Venetia region in the 14th century with je o traci s kosim linijama koja se proteže ispod some types also appearing in the 15th century. oboda na unutrašnjoj stijenci posude. A rim sherd from a plate (T12: 2) glazed on the Od manjih zdjela nalazimo ulomak trokutasto outer and inner aspects and a sherd of the base of zadebljanoga oboda koji se preko stijenke posu- a large bowl or plate on a discoid foot glazed only de preklapa u vidu trna (T12: 4). Među engo- on the inner aspect (T9: 3) are sections of large biranom monokromno glaziranom keramikom open form vessels. We find examples of similar paralele pronalazimo u Ferrari (CORNELIO

347 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

CASSAI 1992, fig. 5-11) vessels at other sites such as Piran (CUNJA, gdje se pripisuje lo- 2004, cat. 160), Finale Emilia (GELICHI, LI- kalnim radionicama i BRENTI 1998, T 6 – 20, 22, T 7 – 25, 27) or datira u 16. st., a takav Polesine (LIBRENTI, VALLINI 2006, fig. 16- oblik posude nalazimo 83; GUARNIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZ- u Polesinama ukrašen ZANTI 2006, fig. 8n-26) dated to the 16th or graviranjem na engobiranoj 17th century. The sherd of the first of the cited podlozi i datiran u 16. ili 17. bowls is characterised by decoration executed in stoljeće (LIBRENTI, VALLI- low relief on bisque that was subsequently also NI 2006, kat. 170, 171). coated with glaze. This decoration consists of a band with oblique lines that runs under the rim Tave su zastupljene s više ulomka. Riječ je on the inner wall of the vessel. o dvjema vrstama tava od kojih je prva, koju Rekonstruirana engobirana zdjelica obilježava ravno dno i na stijenku koso postav- Among smaller bowls we find a sherd of a tri- sa smeđom glazurom (T10: 7). ljena paličasta drška sa zadebljanim završetkom angular thickened rim that folds over the wall A reconstructed engobed small bowl s rupom, zastupljena primjerom jedne takve of the vessel in the form of a thorn (T12: 4). with brown glaze (T10: 7). drške (T10: 2). Na osnovu analogija takve se Among engobed monochrome glazed pottery tave mogu datirati u drugu polovicu 16. ili 17. we find parallels in Ferrara (CORNELIO CAS- stoljeća (CUNJA 2004, 77-78). Drugi oblik SAI 1992, fig. 5-11) where they are attributed to tava, manjih dimenzija, sa stožastim tijelom, local workshops and dated to the 16th century, izvijenim obodom na kojemu se nalazi utor za and we find this vessel form in Polesine decorat- poklopac, trima koničnim nožicama i trakastom ed with engraving on an engobed substrate and ručkicom, zastupljen je s jednim u potpunosti dated to the 16th or 17th century (LIBRENTI, očuvanim primjerkom (T10: 1) te još jednim VALLINI 2006, cat. 170, 171). ulomkom oboda (T25: 1). Na osnovu paralela iz Rovinja najvjerojatnije ih možemo datirati u Pans are represented with several sherds. They 17. ili eventualno 18. st. i pripisati venetskim ra- are from two types of pans of which the first - dionicama (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2006, characterised by a flat base and an obliquely set kat. 145, 146). rod handle on the wall with a thickened end and perforation - is represented here by one Među monokromno zeleno glazirano posuđe such specimen (T10: 2). Based on analogies ulazi i lončić malih dimenzija (T6: 3) koji spada these pans can be dated to the second half of u skupinu već spominjanih microvasseti. Kako je the 16th or 17th century (CUNJA 2004, 77- rečeno, one su korištene za čuvanje začina i soli 78). The other pan form, of smaller dimensions, u kuhinji ili pak za pohranu pigmenata. Najče- with conical body, everted rim with a lid groove, šće se datiraju u 16. i 17. st., a proizvodile su se three small conical feet and a strap handle, is rep- na području sjeverne i srednje Italije (GUSAR resented with one entirely preserved specimen 2010, 58). (T10: 1) and another rim sherd (T25: 1). Based on parallels from Rovinj we can most likely date Jedan primjer polukružne zdjelice na prstena- them to the 17th or possibly 18th century and stoj nozi (T11: 1) na sebi ima glazuru tamno- attribute them to Venetia workshops (SACCA- smeđe, gotovo crne boje, za što nisu pronađene RDO, BRADARA 2006, cat. 145, 146). paralele u dostupnoj literaturi. Also included among the monochrome green Među najstarije primjerke oslikane engobira- glazed ware is a very small pot (T6: 3) that bene keramike ulazi ulomak tzv. RMR keramike longs to the group of already cited microvasseti. (T12: 1). Takva se keramika proizvodila na po- As noted, they were used for the storage of spic- dručju južne Italije od 13. do sredine 14. st., a es and salt in the kitchen or for the storage of obilježava je tanak sloj engobe na kojoj se izvo- pigments. They are most often dated to the 16th dila slikana višebojna dekoracija. Sačuvan je tek

348 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

manji ulomak oboda posude kod kojega se na and 17th centuries and were manufactured in vanjskoj stijenci pojavljuje ukras izveden u crve- northern and central Italy (GUSAR 2010, 58). noj i smeđoj boji. An example of a semi-circular small bowl on an Monokromno oslikana engobirana keramika annular foot (T11: 1) has a glaze of dark brown, zastupljena je ulomcima otvorenih oblika mra- almost black colour for which parallels were not morno (ceramica marmorizzata) i mrljasto (ce- found in the available literature. ramica macullata) ukrašenih posuda. Mramorna keramika zastupljena je u Rijeci ulomcima dvaju Among the oldest specimens of painted engob- malih ulomaka dna posuda otvorenih formi. ed pottery is a sherd of RMR pottery (T12: 1). Oba ulomka imaju prstenastu nogu. Ukras se This pottery was manufactured in southern Italy kod ovakve keramike izvodio tako da se pigment from the 13th to mid 14th century and is char- miješao s engobom omogućujući na taj način acterised by a thin coating of engobe on which imitaciju šara kakve nalazimo na mramoru. Jed- a polychrome painted decoration was executed. na od posuda ima šare izvedene u plavoj boji Only a small rim sherd of a vessel has been pre- (T25: 2), što je prilično čest ukras koji nalazi- served on the outer wall of which there is a deco- mo na velikome broju nalazišta (GUSAR 2006, ration done in red and brown colour. kat. 16, 17; SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, Monochrome painted engobed pottery is rep- kat. 170, 171; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, resented with sherds of open form vessels with kat. 288; KONTOGIANNIS, AGGELOPO- marbleised (ceramica marmorizzata) and spot- ULOU 2006, fig. 15; VIŠNJIĆ, u tisku), dok ted (ceramica macullata) decoration. Marbleised je kod drugoga primjerka ukras izveden crven- pottery is represented in Rijeka with the sherds kastom bojom na žućkastoj podlozi (T25: 3), of two small fragments of the base of an open za što paralele pronalazimo u Zadru (GUSAR, form vessel. Both sherds have an annular foot. 2010, kat. 133). Decoration on this type of pottery was executed Mrljasta se dekoracija izvodila kapanjem boje ili by the mixing of pigment into the engobe pro- bacanjem spužve s bojom na engob (GUSAR viding for an imitation of the patterns we find 2006, 47). Ta je vrsta dekoracije zastupljena on marble. One of the vessels has a pattern in ulomcima dviju posuda. Od prve, ukrašene zele- blue colour (T25: 2), which is a quite frequent nom bojom na svijetloj podlozi, sačuvano je dno decoration found at many sites (GUSAR 2006, s prstenastom nogom i ispupčenjem u središtu cat. 16, 17; SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, cat. 170, 171; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. noge (T9: 2). Ukras je izveden i s unutarnje i s Cjelovito sačuvan tanjurić s vanjske strane posude. Od druge posude saču- 288; KONTOGIANNIS, AGGELOPOU- engobom i mrljastim ukrasom van je ulomak oboda ukrašen plavim mrljama LOU 2006, fig. 15; VIŠNJIĆ, in print), while (T11: 5). na svijetloj podlozi (T12: 3). Riječ je o većem the other specimen bears a decoration done An integrally preserved small plate tanjuru ili zdjeli kod koje je ukras izveden samo in reddish colour on a yellowish background with engobe and spotted decoration (T11: 5). na unutarnjoj strani, dok na vanjskoj nalazimo (T25: 3), for which we find parallels in Zadar prozirnu caklinu nanesenu na podlogu bijeloga (GUSAR, 2010, cat. 133). engoba. Tako ukrašene posude potječu iz radio- Spotted decoration is executed by drip- nica Veneta, Friulija i Emilia-Romagne iz druge ping colour or applying a sponge polovice 16. i početka 17. st., a također su česte with colour on the engobe među inventarom novovjekovnoga posuđa što (GUSAR 2006, 47). This je potvrđeno na mnogobrojnim nalazištima type of decoration is rep- (CUNJA, 2004, kat. 228, 231, 233, 239-241; resented with the sherds GUSAR 2006, kat. 19; GUSAR 2006 a, fig. 2; of two vessels. The base GUSAR 2010, kat. 126-131; SACCARDO, with annular foot and a BRADARA 2007, kat. 154-167; ZGLAV- protuberance at the centre MARTINAC 2004, kat. 281, 282; ZGLAV- of the foot is preserved of the

349 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

MARTINAC 2006, kat. 37). first specimen, decorated with green colour on U skupinu mrljasto ukra- a light background (T9: 2). The decoration has šenoga posuđa možemo been applied to the inside and outside of the ves- ubrojiti i ulomak dna s sel. A rim sherd decorated with blue spotting diskoidnom nogom veće on a light background has been preserved from posude otvorene forme the second vessel (T12: 3). This is a large plate kod koje su mrlje izve- or bowl where the decoration has been applied dene zelenom bojom, ali to the inside only, while on the outer aspect we ispod kolorirane, žućkaste find a transparent glaze applied on a substrate glazure (T9: 5). Paralele za of white engobe. Vessels decorated in this fash- ovakav ukras pronalazimo u ion originate from workshops in Venetia, Friuli Zadru (GUSAR 2010, kat. 132). and Emilia-Romagna from the second half of Još jedna posudica s vanjske stra- the 16th and early 17th century, and are also ne ima ukras izveden tamnozelenim frequent among the inventory of Post Medieval mrljicama ispod svijetlozelene glazure, dok je ware as has been confirmed at numerous sites Rekonstruirana engobirana i zeleno unutrašnjost prekrivena prozirnom glazurom (CUNJA, 2004, cat. 228, 231, 233, 239-241; glazirana tava (T9: 4). nanesenom na svijetlu engobu (T9: 4). U istu GUSAR 2006, cat. 19; GUSAR 2006 a, fig. 2; A reconstructed engobed and green se skupinu najvjerojatnije može ubrojiti i manji GUSAR 2010, cat. 126-131; SACCARDO, glazed pan (T9: 4). tanjurić kod kojega na tamnozelenoj podlozi na- BRADARA 2007, cat. 154-167; ZGLAV- lazimo ukras izveden svjetlijom zelenom bojom MARTINAC 2004, cat. 281, 282; ZGLAV- (T11: 2). MARTINAC 2006, cat. 37). We can also include a base sherd with discoid foot from a large Kasna engobirana i plavo slikana venetska ke- open form vessel (T9: 5) on which the spotting ramika zastupljena je ulomcima triju posuda has been done in green colour, but under a col- (T12: 5; T25: 5, 6). Obilježavaju je blijedoplavi oured, yellowish glaze, among the group of ves- slikani motivi valovnica, stiliziranih biljnih viti- sels with spotted decoration. We find parallels ca ili listića koji su organizirani oko središnjega for this decoration in Zadar (GUSAR 2010, cat. kružnog polja. Proizvodila se krajem 16. i počet- 132). One other small vessel has a decoration on kom 17. st. Posude slične forme i ukrasa prona- the outer aspect done in small dark green spots lazimo među materijalom iz Dioklecijanove pa- under a light green glaze, while the inside is lače i Zadra (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. coated on a transparent glaze applied on a light 274-280; GUSAR 2010, kat. 119). engobe (T9: 4). A small plate (T11: 2) on which Riječku polikromno oslikanu i engobiranu ke- we find a decoration done in light green colour ramiku možemo podijeliti u više podskupina. on a dark green background can likely also be in- Prvu predstavlja ulomak manje zdjelice koja je cluded in this group. ukrašena nepravilnim razlivenim ukrasom oker Late engobed and blue painted Venetian pot- i zelene boje na engobiranoj podlozi (T12: 6) te tery is represented with sherds from three ves- još jedne posude otvorene forme kojoj zbog fra- sels (T12: 5; T25: 5, 6). They are characterised gmentiranosti nije moguće odrediti točan oblik by pale blue painted wavy line motifs, stylised (T25: 7). Toj skupini pripada i ulomak veće plant tendrils or leaves arranged around a cir- zdjele ili tanjura kod kojega se osim razlivenih cular central field. They were manufactured in ukrasa zelene i žute boje pojavljuju i oni izvedeni the late 16th and early 17th century. We find ljubičastom bojom (T10: 3). Na osnovu analo- vessels of similar forms and decoration among gija takvu keramiku možemo datirati u 16. st. the material from Diocletian’s palace and Zadar i povezati s radionicama Venecije i Emilia-Ro- (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 274-280; magne (GUSAR, 2006, kat. 14, 15; VIŠNJIĆ, GUSAR 2010, cat. 119). u tisku).

350 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Pronađen je i ulomak posude koja se po načinu We can divide the Rijeka polychrome painted ukrašavanja može pripisati padskim radionica- and engobed pottery in several subdivisions. ma i datirati na kraj 16. i u prvu polovicu 17. The first is represented by a sherd from a small st. (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, kat. 175, bowl decorated with an irregular poured deco- 177, 178). Od posude je sačuvan ulomak izvije- ration in ochre and green colour on an engobed noga oboda na čijoj se vanjskoj stijenci pojavljuje substrate (T12: 6) and one other vessel of open mrljasti ukras zelene i žute boje na smeđoj pod- form the precise form of which cannot be deter- lozi (T12: 7). mined as a result of the high state of fragmentation (T25: 7). Also in this group is the sherd of a Sačuvan je još jedan zanimljiv ulomak kod koje- large bowl or plate that, besides poured decora- ga je, zbog fragmentiranosti i oštećenosti ulom- tions of yellow and green colour, also has those ka, teško sa sigurnošću odrediti način na koji je done in purple colour (T10: 3). Based on analo- bio ukrašen. No, najvjerojatnije je riječ o više- gies we can date this pottery to the 16th century bojno oslikanoj posudi jer se na svijetloj podlozi and attribute them to the workshops of Venetia naziru tragovi nepravilnih zelenih linija. Riječ je and Emilia-Romagna (GUSAR, 2006, cat. 14, o zdjelici s valovito izvedenim obodom, na vanj- 15; VIŠNJIĆ, in print). skoj stijenci ukrašenoj dvama zupčastim rebrima (T13: 2). A potsherd was found that by its method of decoration could be attributed to Po Valley work- Gravirana keramika shops and dated to the late 16th and first half of the 17th century (SACCARDO, BRADARA Gravirana keramika dobivala se tako da se mo- 2007, cat. 175, 177, 178). Preserved of the ves- deliran i nepotpuno suh predmet umakao u sloj sel is a sherd of the everted rim on the outer as- engobe te se potom na nepotpuno suhu engobu pect of which we find a spotted decoration in urezivao crtež. Potom se predmet pekao prvi green and yellow colour on a brown background put. Nakon prvoga pečenja predmet se ukraša- (T12: 7). vao bojama i premazivao slojem prozirne ili kolorirane glazure te pekao drugi put. Another interesting fragment has been preserved where, as a result of the fragmentation Gravirana keramika pronađena u Rijeci svoje and damage to the sherd, the method of decora- podrijetlo vuče s područja Italije. Najstarija pro- tion is difficult to ascertain. It is, however, most izvodnja te vrste keramike u Italiji datira još u likely a polychrome painted vessel as traces of 13. st. (graffita arcaica tirrenica, graffita spirale irregular green lines do appear on a light back- – cerchio, grafita tipo S. Bartolo), da bi se od kra- ground. This object is a bowl with a wavy rim ja 14. st. počela proizvoditi tzv. padska arhajska decorated on the outer wall with two denticu- graffita koja se u većoj mjeri počinje uvoziti na late ribs (T13: 2). područje istočne jadranske obale.

Najstariji ulomak gravirane keramike iz Rijeke Engraved pottery pripada najvjerojatnije upravo toj skupini. Iako Engraved pottery was produced by the dipping je to teško zaključiti na osnovu ukrasa koji se tek of a modelled and not yet thoroughly dried ob- nazire na sačuvanome fragmentu, oblik posude ject to create an engobe layer followed by the ukazuje na to kako je riječ o padskoj arhajskoj drawing of a design on the incompletely dried ili kasnoj arhajskoj keramici. Naime, radi se o engobe. The object was then subject to a first -fir ulomku zdjelice koja na vanjskoj stijenci ima dva ing. After the first firing the object was decorat- zupčasto ukrašena rebra (T13: 1), što je karak- ed with colours and coated with a layer of trans- teristična forma za posuđe ukrašavano tim sti- parent or coloured glaze and fired a second time. lom. Paralele nalazimo u Piranu (CUNJA 2004, kat. 316), Istri (BRADARA 2006, 22, kat. 13), The engraved pottery found in Rijeka has it origin in Italy. The oldest production of this type

351 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Škripu (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2006, kat. 1) ili of pottery in Italy dates to as far back as the Ninu (GUSAR 2006, kat. 42). 13th century (graffita arcaica tirrenica, graffita spirale-cerchio, grafita tipo S. Bartolo), with the Padska arhajska keramika proizvodila se na po- production of Padanian archaic graffita produc- dručju Veneta, Emilia-Romagne, Lombardije, tion beginning in the late 14th century when it istočnoga Pijemonta i Friulija, od zadnje četvr- is first imported in quantity to the eastern Adri- tine 14. st. do početka 15. st., dok se od druge i atic seaboard. treće četvrtine pojavljuje kasna arhajska keramika. Ona se razlikuje od padske arhajske kerami- The oldest fragment of engraved pottery from ke po nemarnijoj izradi dekoracije i izostankom Rijeka is, in fact, most likely from this group. Al- glaziranja vanjske stijenke posuda otvorene for- though it is difficult to ascertain on the basis of me. the decoration—barely discernable on the preserved fragment—the form of the vessel indi- Kasnoj arhajskoj keramici pripada mali ulomak cates that this is Padanian archaic or late archaic vrča (T25: 9) ukrašen motivima karakteristič- pottery. It is, namely, a small bowl sherd with nim za to razdoblje. Paralele za ovaj ulomak two denticulate ribs on the outer wall (T13: 1), nalazimo u Ninu (GUSAR, 2006, 55, kat. 59) which is a form characteristic for vessels decorat- gdje je datiran u prvu polovicu ili sredinu 15. ed in this style. We find parallels at Piran (CUN- st. i pripisan venetskim radionicama i u Padovi JA 2004, cat. 316), Istria (BRADARA 2006, 22, (MAGNANI, MUNARINI 1998, kat. 21) gdje cat. 13), Škrip (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2006, je datiran u drugu polovicu 15. st. Istoj skupini cat. 1) and Nin (GUSAR 2006, cat. 42). vjerojatno pripada i manji ulomak oboda zdjelice (T13: 3) kod kojega nalazimo ukras u vidu Po Valley archaic pottery was manufactured in polukružnih lukova ili latica kakvi su okruživali the Venetia, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, east- središnji medaljon (GUSAR 2010, kat. 150). ern Piedmont and Friuli regions from the last Ulomak je također datiran u drugu polovicu 15. quarter of the 14th to the early 15th century, st. with late archaic pottery emerging in the second and third quarters. It is differentiated from Po U skupinu gravirane keramike s pojednostavnje- Valley archaic pottery by less attention to detail nim ukrasom, koja datacijski slijedi nakon kasne in the decoration and an absence of glazing on arhajske keramike, mogu se ubrojiti i ostaci dvaju the outer wall of the open form vessels. zdjela ukrašenih motivom kružnica ispunjenih mrežastim motivom ili motivom paralelnih linja A small sherd from a jug (T25: 9) decorated in (T25: 4; T13: 4). Na većemu ulomku, odnosno motifs characteristic of the period is from the trokutasto zadebljanome obodu većega tanjura, late archaic pottery group. We find parallels for između motiva plodova nalaze se šiljasti listovi. this sherd at Nin (GUSAR, 2006, 55, cat. 59) Drugi je ulomak dio dna posude s prstenastom where they are dated to the first half or mid nogom na kojemu je sačuvan tek dio jedne kruž- 15th century and attributed to Venetian work- nice ispunjene mrežastim motivom. Posude se shops and in Padua (MAGNANI, MUNAR- najvjerojatnije mogu pripisati radionicama Emi- INI 1998, cat. 21) where they are dated to the lia-Romagne i datirati u drugu polovicu 15. ili first half of the 15th century. Also likely from prvu polovicu 16. stoljeća. the same group is a small rim sherd from a small bowl (T13: 3) where we find a decoration in the Od zadnje četvrtine 15. st. pojavljuje se renesan- form of semicircular arches or petals the likes sna gravirana keramika kod koje se osim zelene i of which encircle a central medallion (GUSAR žute boje dodaje i ljubičasta, a javljaju se i neke 2010, cat. 150). This sherd is also dated to the nove tehnike dekoracije, ukrasi i oblici. second half of the 15th century.

Tek nekoliko posuda pronađenih prilikom istra- The remains of two bowls decorated with motifs živanja pripada upravo toj skupini posuđa. Prvi of circles filled with a lattice design or a parallel

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je ulomak dno na diskoidnoj nozi (T25: 8), kod lines design (T25: 4; T13: 4) can also be includ- kojeg se prepoznaju ostaci pejzaža, odnosno mo- ed in the group of engraved pottery with simple tiva ograđenoga vrta (hortus conclusus). Središnji decoration, which chronologically follows late motivi, s ljudskim ili životinjskim prikazima, na archaic pottery. On the large sherd, the trian- renesansnoj graviranoj keramici prikazivani su gular thickened rim of a large plate, a lanceolate najčešće s pozadinom ograđenoga vrta. Stoga, leaf motif is distributed between the fruit mo- iako nam nije sačuvan središnji motiv možemo tifs. The other sherd is from the base of a ves- zaključiti kako ovaj ulomak pripada spomenutoj sel with an annular foot on which only a part of skupini posuđa, te ga možemo datirati u drugu one circle filled with a lattice motif is preserved. polovicu 15. stoljeća. Vrlo vjerojatno potječe iz The vessels can most likely be attributed to the radionica Emilia-Romagne, odnosno Ferrare. workshops of Emilia-Romagna and dated to the second half of the 15th or the first half of the Kod drugoga ulomka na obodu prepoznajemo 16th century. karakterističan ukras u vidu meandrične trake (a nastro spezzato) (T14: 4). Središnji motiv Renaissance engraved pottery appears from the nije sačuvan, ali na osnovu analogija ulomak last quarter of the 15th century with purple add- možemo datirati u drugu polovicu 15. ili prvu ed to the palette of green and yellow and some polovicu 16. st. i pripisati radionicama Veneta ili new ornamental techniques, decorations and Ferrare (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, kat. forms. 72; MAGNANI, MUNARINI 1998, kat. 95; GUSAR 2006, kat. 54; CUNJA 2004, kat. 319; Only a few of the vessels discovered during the ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 146; GUAR- research fall into this group of ware. The first is a NIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZZANTI 1998, base sherd on a discoid foot (T25: 8), on which fig. 18-141). we recognise the remains of a landscape, i.e. the motif of an enclosed garden (hortus conclusus). Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanoga oboda stepe- The central motifs, with depictions of humans nasto lomljenoga tanjura (T14: 1) na sebi tako- and animals, on Renaissance engraved pottery đer ima izveden sličan ukras. U osnovi se radi o are most often depicted with an enclosed garden istome ukrasu koji je na ovome ulomku izveden in the background. Thus, although the central nešto nemarnije. Najvjerojatnije je riječ o posudi motif has not been preserved, we can conclude izrađenoj u Venetu ili Friuliju tijekom prve polo- that this sherd is from the cited group of ware, vice 16. stoljeća. and we can date it to the second half of the 15th century. It very likely originates from the work- Na četvrtome se ulomku prepoznaje prikaz pti- shops of Emilia-Romagna or Ferrara. ce, a u pozadini se nazire stilizirani vegetabilni ukras (T14: 2). Također, pozadina je ispunje- On the other sherd we recognise a characteris- na točkicama rađenim nazubljenim kotačićem tic decoration on the rim in the form of a me- (puntinatura a rotela), što je jedno od obilježja andering band (a nastro spezzato) (T14: 4). The renesansne gravirane keramike. Ovaj se ulomak central motif has not been preserved, but based najvjerojatnije može datirati u drugu polovi- on analogy we can date the sherd to the second cu 15. st. i pripisati radionicama Ferrare (MA- half of the 15th or first half of the 16th century GNANI, MUNARINI 1998, kat. 116-118; and attribute it to the workshops of Venetia ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 146-148; or Ferrara (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, GUARNIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZZAN- cat. 72; MAGNANI, MUNARINI 1998, cat. TI 1998, kat. 113, 131, 135, 136). 95; GUSAR 2006, cat. 54; CUNJA 2004, cat. 319; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 146; Na jednome je od ulomaka na obodu sačuvan GUARNIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZZAN- stiliziran vijenac (robbiana) što je također ka- TI 1998, fig. 18-141). rakteristika renesansne keramike i to posebne podskupine, tzv. canonica (T14: 5). Riječ je o

353 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

posuđu ukrašavanom religioznim motivima A sherd of a triangular thickened rim of a koje se proizvodilo od sredine 15. st. do sredi- stepped articulated plate (T14: 1) also bears ne 16. stoljeća. Iako nemamo sačuvan središnji a similar decoration. This is basically the same motiv, na osnovu analogija iz Rovinja, Pirana, decoration, but executed with less attention to Splita ili Polesina (SACCARDO, BRADARA detail on this sherd. This is likely a vessel manu- 2007, kat. 54-56, CUNJA, 2004, kat. 332, 333; factured in Venetia or Friuli in the first half of ZGLAV-MARTINAC, 2004, kat. 150; GU- the 16th century. ARNIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZZANTI 1998, fig. 18-127, 135) ulomak možemo datirati On the fourth sherd we recognise the depiction u prvu polovicu 16. st. i pripisati venecijanskim of a bird, with a stylised vegetative decoration radionicama. discernable in the background (T14: 2). The background is also covered with points applied Na ulomku diskoidnoga dna (T16: 4) nalazimo with a pitting wheel (puntinatura a rotela), one graviran crtež čiji je motiv zbog fragmentirano- of the characteristics of Renaissance engraved sti nemoguće dešifrirati. Crtež je doslikan sme- pottery. This sherd can most likely be dated to đom, žutom i zelenom bojom te mrežastim mo- the second half of the 15th century and attrib- tivom kakav se često pojavljuje na renesansnoj uted to the workshops of Ferrara (MAGNANI, graffiti (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, kat. MUNARINI 1998, cat. 116-118; ZGLAV- 69; MATELLA 2006, kat. 15). MARTINAC 2004, cat. 146-148; GUARNIE- RI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZZANTI 1998, cat. Među inventarom gravirane keramike druge 113, 131, 135, 136). polovice 16. st. česte su monokromne posude ukrašene različitim vrstama graviranja. Takve A stylised garland (robbiana) has been preserved se posude proizvode u venetskim i emilijskim on the rim section of one sherd that is also char- radionicama, a među riječkim materijalom pro- acteristic of a particular subdivision of Renais- nalazimo posude sa zelenom, žućkastosmeđom i sance pottery known as canonica (T14: 5). This prozirnom glazurom. is ware decorated with religious motifs manufactured from the mid 15th to mid 16th century. Jedan od sačuvanih fragmenata zeleno glazira- Although the central motif has not been pre- nih posuda ukrašen je tehnikom a punta (T14: served we can, based on analogies from Rovinj, 3). Riječ je o tehnici kod koje je ukras izrađen Piran, Split and Polesine (SACCARDO, BRA- oštrim šiljkom na podlozi bijelog engoba, nakon DARA 2007, cat. 54-56, CUNJA, 2004, cat. čega je predmet premazivan zelenom glazurom. 332, 333; ZGLAV-MARTINAC, 2004, cat. Zelena glazura pokriva dijelove biskvita (tije- 150; GUARNIERI, BOSI, BANDINI MAZ- la posude), tako da crtež poprima tamnu boju. ZANTI 1998, fig. 18-127, 135) date this sherd Sačuvan je mali ulomak posude na osnovu kojeg to the first half of the 16th century and attribute možemo zaključiti kako je riječ o zdjelici na pr- it Venetian workshops. stenastoj nozi koja je bila ukrašena i u unutraš- njosti i s vanjske strane. Zbog fragmentiranosti We find an engraved design on a sherd of a dis- posude nije moguće dokučiti kakvim je dekora- coid base (T16: 4) where the motif cannot be tivnim motivom bila ukrašena, pa je jedino mo- deciphered because of the high level of fragmen- žemo okvirno datirati u 16. stoljeće. tation. The design has been applied in brown, yellow and green colour with a lattice motif the Ostalih pet ulomaka zeleno glaziranih (T15: likes of which we frequently find on Renaissance 1; T25: 10-13) posuda ukrašeni su složenijom graffita (SACCARDO, BRADARA 2007, cat. tehnikom kod koje se kombinira uporaba šiljka 69; MATELLA 2006, cat. 15). i tupoga oruđa (a punta e stecca). Na svim ulomcima pronalazimo slične ukrase kod kojih se po- Monochrome vessels decorated with various javljuju vodoravne paralelne linije kombinirane forms of engraving are frequent among the in- sa stiliziranim vegetabilnim motivima ili samo ventory of engraved pottery from the second

354 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

vegetabilni motivi. Riječ je o manjim fragmenti- half of the 16th century. These vessels were ma od kojih je jedan (T15: 1) izvijeni obod zdje- manufactured in the workshops of Venetia and lice, dok je drugi ulomak (T25: 13) dno posude Emilia, and we find vessels with green, yellow- s diskoidnom ravnom nogom. Ulomci ne pred- brown and transparent glaze among the material stavljaju dijelove iste posude, osim eventualno found in Rijeka. ulomaka T25: 10 i T25: 12 koji su osim slično- sti u dekoraciji pronađeni jedan blizu drugoga. One of the preserved fragments of a green- Sve su posude, osim noge posude T25: 13, imale glazed vessel is decorated with the a punta glazuru i na vanjskoj strani, a na ulomcima T25: technique (T14: 3). This technique involves ex- 11-13 nazire se i gravirani ukras. Sve se te posude ecuting the decoration with a sharp point on a mogu povezati s proizvodnjom takvoga posuđa base of white engobe, after which the object is u Emilia-Romagni koja se odvijala tijekom dru- coated with green glaze. The green glaze covers ge polovice 16. i u prvoj polovici 17. stoljeća. the bisque sections (the body of the vessel) such (GRKOVIĆ, LOVRIĆ 2006, fig. 3. 2, 3, 5, 6, that the design acquires a dark colour. A small fig. 4. 2, 4; GUSAR 2006, kat. 20-28; ZGLAV- sherd of a vessel has been preserved on the basis MARTINAC 2004, kat. 267). of which we can conclude that this was a bowl on an annular foot decorated on both the inner Istomu vremenskom razdoblju pripadaju i tzv. and outer aspects. Because of the high level of lionata gravirane posude koje su ukrašavane fragmentation we cannot make out what the istim tehnikama kao i zeleno glazirane posude, decorative motif was, and as such we can only no glazura je na ovim posudama bila žute do date it approximately to the 16th century. smeđe boje. Pronađeno je osam ulomaka takvih posuda, od kojih su tri ukrašene tehnikom The remaining five sherds of green glazed vessels a punta (T15: 2; T25: 17, 19), dok je za ukra- (T15: 1; T25: 10-13) are decorated by a more šavanje ostalih pet ulomka korištena tehnika a complex technique that combines the use of a punta e stecca (T25: 14-16, 18, 20). Od ulomaka sharp point and a blunt tool (a punta e stecca). ukrašenih tehnikom a punta, jedino je dio izvije- We find a similar decoration on all of the sherds noga oboda zdjelice (T15: 2) prepoznatljiv dio with horizontal parallel lines combined with posude. Ulomci su ukrašeni horizontalnim pa- stylised or non-stylised vegetative motifs. These ralelnim linijama koje se pojavljuju u kombina- are small fragments, one of which (T15: 1) is ciji s ravnim ili izlomljenim linijama. Svi ulomci the everted rim of a small bowl, while another imaju glaziranu vanjsku stijenku koja nije ukra- sherd (T25: 13) is the base of the vessel with šavana graviranjem. Na osnovu ukrasa posude a flat discoid foot. These sherds do not consti- možemo pripisati radionicama Emilia-Roma- tute parts of the same vessel, with the possible gne ili Veneta i datirati u drugu polovicu 16. ili exception of sherds T25: 10 and T25: 12 that, prvu polovicu 17. stoljeća. Tri ulomka, ukrašena besides bearing similar decoration, where found tehnikom a punta e stecca, također imaju glazuru close to one another. All of the vessels, except for na vanjskoj stijenci gdje nisu dodatno ukrašavani the foot of vessel T25: 13, were also glazed on graviranjem, dok se na dva primjerka glazura ne the outer aspect, and an engraved decoration is pojavljuje. Na unutrašnjosti su posude ukrašava- discernable on sherds T25: 11-13. All of these ne stiliziranim vegetabilnim motivima, koji su u vessels can be associated with the production of jednom slučaju kombinirani i s pužolikim viti- this ware in Emilia-Romagna in the second half cama. Dva ulomka predstavljaju diskoidna dna of the 16th and first half of the 17th century posuda, jedan predstavlja stepenasto lomljen (GRKOVIĆ, LOVRIĆ 2006, fig. 3. 2, 3, 5, 6, obod posude, dok za druga dva ulomka ne mo- fig. 4. 2, 4; GUSAR 2006, cat. 20-28; ZGLAV- žemo reći kakvim su ili kojim dijelovima posuda MARTINAC 2004, cat. 267). pripadali. Vjerojatno svi ulomci pripadaju radi- Lionata engraved ware, decorated using the onicama Veneta ili Emilia-Romagne i potječu same technique as the green glazed ware, is from iz druge polovice 16. i početka 17. stoljeća (ČI-

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MIN 2009, T. 8 – 8; GUSAR 2006, kat. 29-32; the same period, but the glaze on these vessels ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 268-273). was yellow to brown in colour. Eight sherds from these vessels were found, three of which Posljednja su podskupina monokromno glazi- are decorated using the a punta technique (T15: ranih i graviranih posuda ulomci s prozirnom 2; T25: 17, 19), while the remaining five sherds glazurom (T25: 21, 22, 24, 25). Posude obilježa- were decorated using the a punta e stecca tech- va bijela boja engoba koji je ostajao vidljiv ispod nique (T25: 14, 15, 16, 18, 20). Of the sherds prozirne cakline te graviran ukras izveden u teh- decorated with the a punta technique, only a nici a punta e stecca. Na dvama ulomcima, koji section of an everted rim of a small bowl (T15: su dijelovi širokoga ruba dubokoga i stepenasto 2) is a recognisable vessel section. The sherds profiliranoga tanjura, nalazimo ukras grupira- are decorated with horizontal parallel lines that nih paralelnih horizontalnih linija između kojih appear in combination with straight or broken se nalazi motiv romboidnih polja s upisanim lines. All of the sherds have a glazed outer wall pužolikim viticama. Ulomci su bili dio iste po- that is not decorated by engraving. Based on sude. Na druga dva ulomka pojavljuje se motiv the decoration we can attribute this ware to the paralelnih horizontalnih linija u kombinaciji sa workshops of Emilia-Romagna or Venetia in stiliziranim vegetabilnim motivom. Svi ulomci the second half of the 16th or first half of the imaju glaziranu vanjsku stijenku na kojoj se ne 17th century. Three sherds, decorated using the pojavljuju ukrasi izvedeni graviranjem. Takve a punta e stecca technique are also glazed on the su posude tijekom druge polovice 16. st. proi- outer wall where they are not further decorated zvodile venetske radionice (GUSAR 2006, kat. with engraving, while two specimens are not 34-41). glazed. The inner aspects of the vessels are deco- Najbrojnija skupina gravirane keramike prona- rated with stylised vegetative motifs, in one case đena u Rijeci takozvana je kasna gravirana kera- combined with spiralling tendrils. Two sherds mika. Ona se proizvodi tijekom druge polovice are of the discoid base of a vessel, one is the 16. i prve polovice 17. stoljeća. Obilježava je stepped rim of a vessel, while the type and ves- izobličenost ukrasnih motiva te njihova ograni- sel section the remaining two sherds originate čenost na obod i središnji dio posude. Od mo- from cannot be determined. It is likely that all of tiva u središnjemu dijelu javljaju se vegetabilni the sherds are from the workshops of Venetia or ornamenti, heraldički ili jednostavni zoomorfni Emilia-Romagna and are from the second half i antropomorfni prikazi. Od geometrijskih mo- of the 16th or early 17th century (ČIMIN 2009, tiva čest je prikaz Solomonova čvora i zvjezdica. T. 8 – 8; GUSAR 2006, cat. 29-32; ZGLAV- Česta je uporaba spiralica koje okružuju središ- MARTINAC 2004, cat. 268-273). nji motiv. The final subdivision consists of monochrome Obod tanjura stanjenoga ruba (T15: 5) koji glazed and engraved ware with transparent glaze krasi traka s pužolikim viticama i zelenim ko- (T25: 21, 22, 24, 25). These vessels are charac- sim crtama pripada venetskim radionicama i terised by a white coloured engobe visible under može se datirati u kraj 16. ili početak 17. sto- the transparent glaze and are engraved using the ljeća. Analogije za tu vrstu ukrasa pronalazimo a punta e stecca technique. On two sherds, parts u samoj Rijeci (ČIMIN 2009, T. 8 – 7), Splitu of the broad rim of a deep and step-profiled (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 230-233), plate, we find a decoration of grouped paral- Piranu (CUNJA 2004, kat. 380) ili Argenti lel horizontal lines alternating with a motif of (BRUNETTI 1992, Tav. A – 3). rhomboid fields with inscribed spiralling tendrils. These sherds were parts of the same vessel. Istomu vremenskom razdoblju i radioničkome On the other two sherds we find the motif of krugu možemo pripisati i ulomak dna posu- parallel horizontal lines in combination with a de otvorene forme (T16: 1) s ukrasom trake stylised vegetative motif. All of the sherds have pužolikih vitica doslikane zelenim mrljama na a glazed outer wall on which there is a decora-

356 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

žućkastoj podlozi. U istu skupinu nalaza ulaze tion executed by engraving. These vessels were i izvijeni obodi zdjelica (T15: 3, 4) ukrašeni manufactured in the second half of the 16th horizontalnim paralelnim linijama ispod kojih century at Venetian workshops (GUSAR 2006, se naziru dijelovi pužolikih vitica. Istovjetno cat. 34-41). ukrašeni ulomci već su poznati iz samoga grada Rijeke (ČIMIN, 2009, T. 8 – 6). The most numerous group of engraved pottery found in Rijeka is of the late engraved pottery Ulomak oboda tanjura (T16: 2) ukrašen ni- type. It was manufactured in the second half of zom paralelnih horizontalnih linija obojanih u the 16th and first half of the 17th century. It zeleno ispod kojega se pojavljuje niz spiralica u is characterised by the distortion of decorative različitim bojama karakterističan je za kraj 16. i motifs and by the fact that they are limited to početak 17. st., ali za područje Emilia-Romagne. the rims and central part of the vessel. Among Toj skupini treba pripisati i mali ulomak oboda the motifs in the central part we find vegetative na kojemu također vidimo paralelne linije i is- ornaments, heraldic or simple zoomorphic and pod njih početak spiralice (T25: 23). Paralele anthropomorphic depictions. Frequent among za te ulomke također možemo pronaći u Splitu geometric motifs are Solomon’s knot and stars. (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 234). The use of spirals encircling the central motif is frequent. Drugu skupinu nalaza obilježava središnji motiv višelatičnoga cvijeta ili nekoliko cvjetova sa sta- The rim of a plate with thinned lip (T15: 5), bljikom i špicastim lišćem i ponekad motivom decorated by a band with spiralling tendrils and spiralica (T17: 1, 4, 5). Paralele za takve posu- green oblique lines, originates from Venetian de nalazimo u samoj Rijeci (ČIMIN 2009, 337, workshops and can be dated to the late 16th or 338) i u Piranu (CUNJA 2004, kat. 384), a dati- early 17th century. We find analogies for this raju se u prvu polovicu 17. stoljeća. type of decoration in Rijeka (ČIMIN 2009, T. 8 – 7), Split (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. Na ulomku (T17: 2) dna s diskoidnom no- 230-233), Piran (CUNJA 2004, cat. 380) or gom sačuvan je izduženi floralni motiv dosli- Argenta (BRUNETTI 1992, Tav. A – 3). kan žutom i plavom bojom. Veliki broj posuda ukrašenih na sličan način pronađen je u Splitu We can attribute the sherd of the base of an open (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 208-212), a form vessel (T16: 1) with a decoration of a band datiraju se u kraj 16. i prvu polovicu 17. st. te pri- of spiralling tendrils painted with green spots on Rekonstruirana zdjela iz skupine pisuju radionicama venetskoga područja. Kod a yellowish background to the same period. Also kasne gravirane keramike (T18: 1). floralnih motiva jasno je uočljiva tendencija k from the same group is the everted rim of a small A reconstructed bowl from the pojednostavnjivanju, stiliziranju i shematizaciji bowl (T13: 3, 4) decorated with horizontal par- group of late engraved pottery (T18: 1). prikaza. Iste se karakteristike u ovome razdoblju allel lines under which we can discern sections počinju primjenjivati i kod zoomorfnih motiva of spiralling tendrils. We already (CUNJA 2004, 114, 115), što je jasno uočljivo know of identically dec- kod djelomično sačuvanoga motiva ptice na jed- orated sherds from nome od ulomaka dna s prstenastom nogom i Rijeka (ČIMIN, umbom (T17: 3). 2009, T. 8 – 6).

U skupinu kasnih graviranih posuda ukraše- A plate rim nih vegetabilnim motivima vjerojatno možemo sherd (T16: ubrojiti i rekonstruiranu zdjelu (T18: 1) ukra- 2) decorated šenu motivima višelatičnih cvjetova raspore- with a series of đenih po unutarnjoj stijenci posude i dodatno parallel horizon- obojanih intenzivnim bojama među kojima se tal lines coloured in ističe smeđa. Za posudu nisu pronađene izravne green under which we find a paralele. series of spirals in various colours

357 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

S obzirom na iznimnu jednostavnost geometrij- is characteristic of the late 16th and early 17th skih ukrasa na ulomku izvijenoga, trokutasto century, but for the Emilia-Romagna region. zadebljanoga oboda velike zdjele (T16: 3), vrlo A small rim sherd on which we also find paral- je vjerojatno da se može datirati u približno isto lel lines above the start of a small spiral (T25: vrijeme kao i prethodno opisani ulomci. Paralele 23) can also be attributed to this group. We also za takvu posudu nalazimo u Kotoru (KRIŽA- find parallels for these sherds in Split (ZGLAV- NAC 2006, kat. 24, 25), no nažalost nemamo MARTINAC 2004, cat. 234). podatke o dataciji i provenijenciji takvih posuda. Another group of finds is characterised by a central motif of a multi-petalled flower or sev- Majolika (Smaltata) eral flowers with stalk, lanceolate leaves and Krajem 12. st. na Apeninskome se poluotoku sometimes a spiral motif (T17: 1, 4, 5). We find pojavljuje nova vrsta glaziranja. Dobivala se do- parallels for this ware in Rijeka (ČIMIN 2009, davanjem kositra olovnoj glazuri čime je nasta- 337, 338) and in Piran (CUNJA 2004, cat. 384) jao neproziran bijeli premaz (smaltata). Takav je and they are dated to the first half of the 17th premaz bio idealna podloga za slikanje bojama century. nastalim na osnovi metalnih oksida (ZGLAV- An elongated floral motif painted on with yel- MARTINAC 2004, 32; GUSAR 2006, 66). low and blue colour has been preserved on a Najstariji ulomci majolike pronađeni prilikom sherd of a base with discoid foot (T17: 2). A istraživanja u Rijeci pripadaju posudama iz po- large number of vessels with similar decorations rodice arhajske majolike. were found in Split (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 208-212) and are dated to the late Arhajska majolika proizvodila se u srednjoj i 16th and first half of the 17th century and at- sjevernoj Italiji počevši od 13. stoljeća. Razliku- tributed to the workshops of the Venetia region. jemo standardnu arhajsku majoliku i plavu ar- With floral motifs there is an evident tendency hajsku majoliku. Standardna arhajska majolika towards simplification and the stylisation and ukrašavana je smeđim i zelenim dekorativnim schematisation of the depicted images. The same motivima, a od oblika su najčešće zastupljene characteristics are also applied in this period to zdjele i vrčevi. Središnji motiv ima vegetabilni, zoomorphic motifs (CUNJA 2004, 114, 115), geometrijski ili zoomorfni karakter. Plava arhaj- which is clearly evident in the partially pre- ska majolika javlja se nešto kasnije od standar- served motif of a bird on one of the sherds of a dne, a zelena boja, karakteristična za standardnu base with annular foot and umbel (T17: 3). arhajsku majoliku, biva zamijenjena plavom. Repertoar motiva ostaje isti, a proizvodi se na We can also likely include a reconstructed bowl području Toskane, Romagne i Marchea. (T18: 1) decorated with a motif of multi-petalled flowers arranged along the inner wall of U Rijeci je pronađeno nekoliko ulomaka (T26: the vessel and additionally coloured with intense 1-11) koji bi se mogli povezati s vrčevima plave colours, prominent among which is brown, arhajske majolike. Ulomci su iznimno fragmen- among the group of late engraved ware deco- tirani, pa je nemoguće dešifrirati dekorativne rated with vegetative motifs. Direct parallels for motive. Možemo zaključiti jedino da se radi o this vessel were not found. vegetabilnim ili kombinaciji vegetabilnih i geometrijskih motiva koji su slikani plavom i sme- Given the very high level of simplicity in the đom bojom. Na istočnoj obali Jadrana arhajska geometric decoration on a sherd of an everted majolika pronađena je u Poreču, Puli, Splitu, triangular thickened rim of a large bowl (T16: Ninu, Zadru i Bribiru (BRADARA 2003, 41- 3), it is very likely that it can be dated to about 45; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 101-112; the same period as the previously described GUSAR 2006, 77-78; GUSAR 2010, kat. 345- sherds. We find parallels for this vessel in Ko- 371; DELONGA 1992, 357-373). tor (KRIŽANAC 2006, cat. 24, 25), but there

358 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Kronološki nakon posuda iz skupine arhajske is, unfortunately no data on the dating or prov- majolike slijede posude ukrašene u tradiciji tzv. enance of these vessels. strogoga stila. On obuhvaća posuđe proizvede- no tijekom 15. stoljeća. Ta se skupina keramike Maiolica (smaltata) dijeli u dvije faze. Prvoj pripadaju familia verde, porodica kobaltnoga reljefa i talijansko-maurska In the late 12th century a new type of glazing porodica. Drugoj fazi pripadaju: porodica cvjet- emerged on the Apennine peninsula. It was ne gotike, porodica oka paunova repa, porodica acquired by the addition of tin to lead glaze, perzijske palmete i porodica koja oponaša por- which created an opaque white coating (smal- culan (BRADARA 2004, 42). tata). This coating was an ideal background on which to paint with colours based on metal ox- Od navedenih su podskupina u Rijeci zastuplje- ides (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, 32; GUSAR ne: porodica kobaltnog reljefa, porodica cvjetne 2006, 66). gotike i porodica koja oponaša porculan. Poro- dicu kobaltnoga reljefa karakterizira gust nanos The oldest maiolica sherds found during the re- plave boje koji daje reljefnost. Pojavljuje se kra- search in Rijeka are from vessels from the family jem 14. i početkom 15. st. u Toscani, Romagni, of archaic maiolica. Umbriji, Laziju i Marcheu. Najčešći je oblik The manufacture of archaic maiolica in central ovoidni vrč, a osnovni je crtež slikan smeđom and northern Italy started in the 13th century. bojom, dok su popune i biljni ukrasi izvedeni We differentiate standard archaic maiolica and u reljefu kobaltno plavom. Osim biljnih, pojav- blue archaic maiolica. Standard archaic maiolica ljuju se i ukrasi slova, grbova i životinja unutar is decorated with brown and green decorative dvostrukoga vijenca s bobicama (BRADARA, motifs, with bowls and jugs being the most fre- 2006, 41; GELICHI, 1988, 96). Pronađen je quently represented forms. The central motifs tek jedan ulomak (T26: 12) na kojemu se nalazi have a vegetative, geometric or zoomorphic prikaz vijenca s bobicama. Na osnovu analogi- character. Blue archaic maiolica emerges some- ja iz Svetvinčenta, Petrapilose, Splita, Zadra, what later than standard, and the green colour Imole, Castelbolognesea, Riminija (BRADA- characteristic of standard archaic maiolica is RA 2003, 46-47; BRADARA 2006a, 46-47; replaced with blue. The repertoire of motifs re- ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 114; GUSAR mains the same, and the manufacture is present 2006 a, fig. 9; GELICHI 1988, 80, 81, 90-93; in the Tuscan, Romagna and Marche regions. GELICHI 1986, 152-157) možemo ga datirati u 15. st. i pripisati radionicama Faenze. Several sherds were found in Rijeka (T26: 1-11) that can be associated with blue archaic maiolica Nešto su bolje zastupljeni ulomci vrčeva i zdje- jugs. The sherds are very highly fragmented, lica iz porodice cvjetne gotike. Takva keramika making it impossible to decipher the decorative prethodi tipičnoj renesansnoj majolici. Koristi motifs. We can conclude only that these are veg- širu paletu boja od prethodnih porodica, a od etative or a combination of vegetative and geo- motiva se pojavljuju napola savijeni list2, Kristov metric motifs painted in blue and brown colour. monogram, slovo, portret, životinjski prikaz ili On the eastern Adriatic coast archaic maiolica grb. Na vrčevima se središnji motiv nalazi u me- has been found in Poreč, Pula, Split, Nin, Zadar daljonu okruženom motivom ljestvi. Iz meda- and Bribir (BRADARA 2003, 41-45; ZGLAV- ljona se šire lepezasti izdanci ili je okružen hori- MARTINAC 2004, cat. 101-112; GUSAR zontalnim linijama između kojih je križni ukras. 2006, 77-78; GUSAR 2010, cat. 345-371; DE- Takva se keramika proizvodi u Emilia-Romagni, LONGA 1992, 357-373).

Chronologically following ware from the archaic maiolica group is ware decorated in the tradi- 2 Riječ je o takozvanomr gotičkom listu po kojemu je tion of what is referred to as the severe style. This porodica i dobila ime.

359 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Umbriji, Marcheu, Toscani, Laziju i Campagni includes ware manufactured in the 15th century. od polovice 15. st. (BRADARA, 2004, 43, GE- This pottery group is divided into two phases. LICHI, 1988, 99). Među riječkim materijalom The first includes thefamilia verde, the cobalt prevladavaju ulomci vrčeva (T26: 13-17, 19, relief family and the Italo-Moresque family; the 20) koje prepoznajemo prema karakteristično- second phase includes the floral Gothic family, me motivu ljestvi. Na nekoliko njih nalazimo i the peacock tail eye family, the Persian palmette djelomično sačuvane lepezaste izdanke. Osim and the porcelain-like family (BRADARA vrčeva, zastupljene su i zdjelice. Riječ je o trima 2004, 42). ulomcima (T19: 1; T26: 21, 22) na kojima nalazimo motive polupalmeta i pruga izvedenih u Represented in Rijeka of the cited subdivisions kobaltno plavoj i narančastoj boji ili narančasti i are the cobalt relief family, the floral Gothic plavo prikazan karakterističan motiv monticelli. family and the porcelain-like family. The cobalt Na osnovu analogija iz same Rijeke (ČIMIN, relief family is characterised by the thick applica- 2009, 340), ali i mnogobrojnih drugih nalazi- tion of blue colour creating relief. It emerged in šta Istre, Dalmacije, Italije, ali i kontinentalnoga the late 14th and early 15th century in Tuscany, zaleđa (BRADARA 2003, 31-48; BRADARA Romagna, Umbria, Lazio and Marche. The most 2006a, 46-47; GUSAR 2006, kat. 72-87; GU- frequent form is the ovoid jug, and the basic de- SAR 2006a, fig. 10; ZGLAV-MARTINAC sign is painted in brown colour, while the fill and 2004, kat. 167-169; GUARNIERI (ur.) 2006, T vegetative decorations are executed in relief co- X – 5, 6; ČIMIN 2008, 106-107; BIKIĆ 2006, balt blue. Besides vegetative, we also find deco- 205-208), većina se ulomaka može datirati u za- rations consisting of lettering, heraldic crests dnju četvrtinu 15. ili sam početak 16. st. i pri- and fauna within double garlands with berries pisati faenzinskim radionicama. Na četvrtome (BRADARA, 2006, 41; GELICHI, 1988, 96). ulomku dna prepoznajemo djelomično očuvan Only one sherd was found (T26: 12) bearing središnji medaljon s natpisom IHS dopunjen sti- a depiction of a garland with berries. Based on liziranim floralnim motivima (T26: 18). Ukra- analogies from Svetvinčenat, Petrapilosa, Split, sni motiv preuzet je iz kršćanske ikonografije, a Zadar, Imola, Castelbolognese and Rimini u umjetnosti se češće pojavljuje od 15. stoljeća. S (BRADARA 2003, 46-47; BRADARA 2006a, obzirom na fragmentiranost komada, nezahval- 46-47; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 114; no je tražiti paralele. GUSAR 2006 a, fig. 9; GELICHI 1988, 80, 81, 90-93; GELICHI 1986, 152-157) we can date it Krajem 15. i u prvoj polovici 16. st., pod utjeca- to the 15th century and attribute it to the work- jem porculana dinastije Ming, proizvodi se kera- shops of Faenza. mika koja oponaša skupocjeno kinesko posuđe. Obilježava je ukras izveden plavom bojom, po- Somewhat better represented are sherds of jugs dijeljen na središnji medaljon te biljne i geome- and small bowls from the floral Gothic family. trijske motive izvedene na stijenkama. S vanjske This pottery precedes the typical Renaissance strane nalaze se ukrasi paralelnih ravnih ili valo- maiolica. It uses a broader palette of colours vitih linija te jednostrukih ili dvostrukih krugo- than the preceding families, and among the mo- va preko kojih se nalaze križevi. Najzastupljeniji tifs we see the emergence of the semi-scrolled su oblik zvonolike zdjelice s malom prstenastom leaf2, Christ’s monogram, letters, portraits, nogom, a cijelo je tijelo posuda prekrivano slo- faunal depictions or heraldic crests. On jugs jem neprozirne glazure. Proizvodna su se sredi- the central motif is placed within a medallion šta nalazila u Emilia-Romagni, Toskani i Veneci- encircled with a ladder motif. Shoots fan out ji (BRADARA 2006, 48). from the medallion or it is encircled by a cross

Pronađeno je pet ulomaka (T19: 3, 4; T26: 23- 25) koji pripadaju porodici koja oponaša porculan. Za jedan ulomak sa sigurnošću možemo reći 2 This is the “Gothic leaf ” after which the family takes its name.

360 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

da pripada zvonolikoj zdjelici, za drugi ulomak ornament between horizontal lines. Pottery of kako predstavlja dno manjega tanjura, dok je za this type was manufactured in Emilia-Romagna, ostale ulomke zbog fragmentiranosti nemoguće Umbria, Marche, Tuscany, Lazio and Campagna utvrditi kakvomu su posuđu pripadali. Gotovo from the mid 15th century (BRADARA, 2004, identičnu zvonoliku zdjelicu pronalazimo u Istri 43, GELICHI, 1988, 99). Predominant among (BRADARA 2006, 47, T III – 46, 47), a ulomci the material from Rijeka are jug sherds (T26: posuda ukrašavanih na ovaj način nisu rijetkost 13-17, 19, 20) we recognise by the characteris- ni na drugim nalazištima (ZGLAV-MARTI- tic ladder motif. On some we also find partially NAC 2004, kat. 170, 178; GUSAR 2006, kat. preserved fanning shoots. Also represented be- 101-103; VROOM 2006, fig. 13; GUSAR sides jugs are small bowls. These are three sherds 2006a, fig. 13; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2006, (T19: 1; T26: 21, 22) on which we find the kat. 59-62; GUSAR 2010, 476-502). motif of a semi-palmette and stripes executed in cobalt blue and orange or an orange and blue Na prijelazu s 15. st. u 16. st. na keramici se depiction of the characteristic monticelli motif. počinju pojavljivati tipični renesansni motivi. Based on analogies from Rijeka itself (ČIMIN, Raspored ukrasa slijedi prethodnu fazu, bilo da 2009, 340) and from many other sites in Istria, je riječ o vrčevima s motivom ljestvi ili o tanjuri- Dalmatia, Italia and the continental hinterland ma i zdjelicama čija je unutrašnjost podijeljena (BRADARA 2003, 31-48; BRADARA 2006a, u pojaseve. Vrčevi su često u potpunosti prekri- 46-47; GUSAR 2006, cat. 72-87; GUSAR veni bojanim ukrasima, a unutar motiva ljestvi 2006a, fig. 10; ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, javlja se ukras sette di denari. Obodi tanjura cat. 167-169; GUARNIERI (ed.) 2006, T X oslikani su dvostrukom prelomljenom ispreple- – 5, 6; ČIMIN 2008, 106-107; BIKIĆ 2006, tenom vrpcom, a tijelo zdjelica prekriva motiv 205-208), most of the sherds can be dated to the presavijenih vrpca između kojih se nalaze šiljati i last quarter of the 15th or the very beginning of spiralni ukrasi (BRADARA 2006, 46). Klasične the 16th century and be attributed to the work- motive karakteristične za takvu proizvodnju ne shops of Faenza. On the fourth base sherd we nalazimo na riječkome materijalu, no pojavljuje recognise a partially preserved central medallion se nekoliko ulomaka posuđa koje se može datira- with the inscription IHS complemented by styl- ti u isto razdoblje. ised floral motifs (T26: 18). The decorative mo- Renesansne karakteristike pokazuje posuđe tif was adopted from Christian iconography and it appears more frequently in art from the 15th ukrašeno u tehnici geometrico – fiorito. Ono se proizvodi od druge polovice 16. st. u radionica- century on. Given the level of fragmentation, ma Emilia-Romagne, a obilježava ga složen geo- this sherd does not help us in finding parallels. metrijski ukras u kombinaciji s floralnim moti- Pottery is manufactured in the late 15th and vima izveden u plavoj, žutoj i narančastoj boji. first half of the 16th century under the influence U Rijeci pronalazimo dva primjera zdjelica i of Ming dynasty porcelain to imitate the costly jedan vrča. Manji ulomak trbuha vrča prekriven Chinese ware. It is characterised by decorations je kosim mrežastim uzorkom s upisanim vitica- executed in blue colour, divided into a central ma izveden u plavoj boji (T26: 27). Paralele za medallion and vegetative and geometric motifs njega pronalazimo primjerice u Splitu (ZGLAV- on the walls of the vessel. On the outer aspect MARTINAC 2004, kat. 175). Za ulomak we find a decoration of parallel straight or wavy (T19: 5) dna s prstenastom nogom ukrašen sre- lines and single or double circles overlaid with dišnjim medaljonom s geometrijskim motivom crosses. The most represented form is the bell- oslikanim plavom, narančastom i žutom bojom shaped small bowl with a small annular foot, and i okružen stiliziranim floralnim i geometrijskim the entire body of the vessel is coated with a layer motivima slikanim također u plavoj boji, paralele of opaque glaze. The production centres were in pronalazimo u Zadru (GUSAR 2010, kat. 549, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Venice (BRA- 552). Također, za ulomak T19: 2 kod kojega se DARA 2006, 48).

361 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

na obodu pojavljuje karakteristična žuta kružni- Five sherds were found (T19: 3, 4; T26: 23-25) ca u kombinaciji s crvenim linijama ispod kojih that are of the porcelain-like family. For one se pojavljuju motivi koncentričnih polukružnica sherd we can say with certainty that it is from a paralele možemo pronaći među inventarom za- bell-shaped small bowl, for another sherd that it darske keramike (GUSAR 2010, kat. 558). is from the base of a small plate, while the high level of fragmentation in the other sherds does Vrčeve s diskoidnom nogom ukrašene motivom not allow for a determination of the form of ploda voćke, lišća i grančica slikane smeđom, vessel they are from. We find an almost identi- žutom, oker, zelenom i plavom bojom (T20: cal bell-shaped small bowl in Istria (BRADARA 1), kakav je pronađen i u Rijeci, pronalazimo u 2006, 47, T III – 46, 47), and potsherds deco- Splitu (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 166) i rated in this fashion are also not rare at other Ninu (GUSAR 2006, kat. 117) gdje se datiraju sites (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 170, u 16. st. i pripisuju radionicama srednje ili južne 178; GUSAR 2006, cat. 101-103; VROOM Italije. 2006, fig. 13; GUSAR 2006a, fig. 13; ZGLAV- Još dva ulomka vrčeva s ukrasima plavih spira- MARTINAC 2006, cat. 59-62; GUSAR 2010, lica (T26: 26; T27: 1) također pripadaju tome 476-502). datacijskom okviru. Paralelu za ovakav ukras na- Typical Renaissance motifs first appear on pot- lazimo u Butrintu u Alabaniji (VROOM, 2006, tery at the turn of the 15th to 16th century. The fig. 10). arrangement of decoration follows the previous Istovremeno se s kvalitetnim i skupim majolič- phase, whether among jugs with the ladder mo- kim posuđem tijekom 15. st. proizvodi i kerami- tif or on plates and small bowls where the inner aspect is divided into belts. Jugs are frequently ka kod koje je tankim smalatom premazan samo dio posude namijenjen ukrašavanju. Ponekad entirely covered in coloured decorations and je ostali dio posude radi zaštite premazan pro- the sette di denari decoration appears within zirnom caklinom. Takva je keramika vjerojatno the ladder motif. The rims of plates are painted pripadala inventaru finijega stolnoga svakod- with double broken interlaced ribbons, and the bodies of small bowls are covered with a motif of nevnog posuđa, a poznata je kao višebojna rive- scrolled ribbons between which we find pointed stita (ZGLAV-MARTINAC, 2004, 65). and spiralled decorations (BRADARA 2006, Među našim materijalom nalazimo jedan ulo- 46). We do not find the classic motifs charac- mak posude otvorene forme, najvjerojatnije teristic for this production among the material zdjelice, koji ulazi u ovu skupinu posuđa. Riječ from Rijeka, but there are several potsherds that je o tek fragmentarno sačuvanome predmetu can be dated to the same period. (T27: 6) ukrašenom geometrijskim motivima slikanim plavim, žutim, narančastim i smeđim Ware decorated in the geometrico-fiorito tech- nijansama. Za ulomak 27: 6 paralele pronalazi- nique shows Renaissance characteristics. They mo u Splitu (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. are manufactured from the second half of the 198) i Starome Baru (GUŠTIN, BIKIĆ, MILE- 16th century at the workshops of Emilia-Ro- USNIĆ 2008, sl. 78a-2) gdje je datiran u poče- magna and are characterised by a complex geo- tak 16. st. i pripisan radionicama srednje Italije metric decoration in combination with floral (Deruta, Castelli). Takvo se posuđe uglavnom motifs executed in blue, yellow and orange col- pronalazi na području središnje Italije i očito our. In Rijeka we find two specimens of a small pripada ovomu proizvodnom krugu. Proizvodi bowl and one jug. A small sherd from the belly se tijekom druge polovice 15. i u prvoj polovici of a jug is covered with an oblique lattice pattern 16. stoljeća. Taj je ulomak ukrašen identičnim with inscribed tendrils in blue colour (T26: 27). motivom kao i ulomak majoličke zdjelice (T21: We find parallels to it at Split among other sites 1). Na posudama se pojavljuje ukras središnjega (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 175). We kruga sa stiliziranim biljnim ornamentom koji je find parallels in Zadar (GUSAR 2010, cat. 549,

362 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

okružen tangencionalno organiziranim kratkim 552) for a base sherd with an annular foot (T19: crtama. Pojava identičnih ukrasa na posudama 5) decorated with a central medallion with a izrađenim različitim tehnikama može upućiva- geometric motif painted in blue, orange and yel- ti na činjenicu da je jeftinije posuđe ponekad u low colour and encircled with a stylised floral potpunosti imitiralo skupocjenije čime je posta- and geometric motif also painted in blue. We jalo dostupnije i siromašnijim društvenim sloje- also find parallels among the inventory of Za- vima. dar pottery (GUSAR 2010, cat. 558) for sherd T19: 2, which has a characteristic yellow circle Razdoblje 16. i 17. st. zastupljeno je ulomcima in combination with red lines under which there posuđa iz skupine tzv. kasne majolike, majolike is a motif of concentric semicircles on the rim. compendiarie i majolike s ukrasom foglie d’ulivo. We also find jugs with discoid feet decorated Kasna majolika zastupljena je uglavnom ulom- with motifs of fruits, leaves and branches paint- cima vrčeva (T21: 2, 3, T22: 1; T27: 2, 4, 5) ed in brown, yellow, ochre, green and blue colour ukrašenih višebojnim slikanjem ukrasa horizon- the likes of which were found in Rijeka (T20: 1) talnih i vertikalnih crta, valovnica, stiliziranim in Split (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, cat. 166) vegetabilnim i geometrijskim motivima. Boje and Nin (GUSAR 2006, cat. 117) where they koje se koriste za ukrašavanje su žuta, plava, na- are dated to the 16th century and attributed to rančasta i zelena. Za ulomak T22: 4 paralele na- the workshops of central and southern Italy. lazimo u Splitu (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 304) gdje je datiran u drugu polovicu 16. Another two sherds from jugs with a decoration i početak 17. st., dok paralelu za ukras ulomka of blue spirals (T26: 26; T27: 1) also belong to T21: 2 pronalazimo u Piranu (MILEUSNIĆ this dating range. We find parallels for this deco- 2006, 26), također datiran u 16. i 17. stoljeće. ration at Butrint in Albania (VROOM, 2006, Vrč ukrašen širim potezima oker i zelene boje fig. 10). koji se izmjenjuju sa okomitim ravnim i valo- vitim linijama izvedenim u smeđoj boji pripa- Contemporaneous to the production of quality da produkciji rimskoga područja 17. stoljeća. and costly maiolica ware in the 15th century is Izravne paralele za njega pronalazimo u Splitu i the manufacture of pottery where a thin smal- Zadru (ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 296; tata coating is applied to only the section of the GUSAR 2010, kat. 624). vessel that is to be decorated. Sometimes the remainder of the vessel is coated with transparent Dva su ulomka vrčeva ukrašeni vijencem s cvi- glaze as a protective surface. This pottery likely jećem i voćem (alla robbiana, corona con fiori e constituted the inventory of finer everyday ta- frutti) kakav su tijekom druge polovice 16. st. bleware, and is known as polychrome rivestita proizvodile radionice srednje Italije (T22: 2; (ZGLAV-MARTINAC, 2004, 65). T27: 3). Dobre paralele pronalazimo u Zadru (GUSAR 2010, kat. 543). Among our material we find one sherd from an open form vessel, most likely a small bowl Ulomci zdjelice ukrašene središnjim motivom that belongs to this group of ware. It is a frag- palmete koja se sastoji od radijalno raspore- mentarily preserved object (T27: 6) decorated đenih duguljastih listova zelene i smeđe boje with geometric motifs painted with blue, yel- okruženih koncentričnim kružnicama žute boje low, orange and brown tones. We find parallels (T20: 2) pripadaju radionicama srednje Italije, for sherd T27: 6 in Split (ZGLAV-MARTI- najvjerojatnije s rimskoga područja, i mogu se NAC 2004, cat. 198) and Stari Bar (GUŠTIN, datirati u kraj 16. ili prvu polovicu 17. stoljeća. BIKIĆ, MILEUSNIĆ 2008, fig. 78a-2) where Izravne paralele pronalazio u Zadru i Starome it is dated to the early 16th century and attrib- Baru (GUSAR 2010, kat. 620, 621; GUŠTIN uted to the workshops of central Italy (Deruta, 2009, 153). Castelli). This ware is for the most part found in central Italy and clearly belongs to this sphere of

363 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Prema dekoracijskim rješenjima, u isti bi se ra- production. It was manufactured in the second dionički krug mogao smjestiti i ulomak zdjelice half of the 15th century and first half of the 16th (T22: 3) oslikan ukrasima geometrijskoga ka- century. This sherd is decorated with a motif raktera sa skupinama koncentričnih kružnica uz identical to that on a sherd of a maiolica small obod posude i oko njezina središta između kojih bowl (T21: 1). On the vessels we find a decora- na taj način ostaje pojas ispunjen geometrijskim tion consisting of a central circle with a stylised motivima. Ukras je slikan zelenim, narančastim, vegetative ornament encircled by tangentially žutim i plavim nijansama. organised short lines. The appearance of identical decoration on vessels fabricated using differ- Zanimljiv je i manji ulomak dna vrča premazan ent techniques may indicate that cheaper vessels kvalitetnim smalatom s obje strane (T22: 4). sometimes entirely imitated costly ware increas- Ukras u vidu kosih crta koje prate dno posude ing its availability to the more indigent social i stilizirani vegetabilni motivi nalaze se samo na strata. vanjskoj stijenci. Paralele za taj predmet teško je pronaći, no čini se kako je možda riječ o tipu The 16th and 17th century period is represented posuda koje se proizvode na području Veneta with potsherds from the group of late maiolica, krajem 18. i tijekom 19. stoljeća. Dobro sačuvan maiolica of the compendiario style and maiolica primjer takve posude nalazimo u Zadru (GU- with the foglie d’ulivo ornament. SAR 2010, kat. 633). Late maiolica is represented for the most part by Od sredine 16. st. i u prvoj polovici 17. st. pojav- sherds from jugs (T21: 2, 3, T22: 1; T27: 2, 4, ljuje se majolika s bijelim smaltatom i minimal- 5) decorated with polychrome painting of orna- nim višebojnim slikanim ukrasom, poznata pod ments consisting of horizontal and vertical lines, imenom maiolica compendiario (sažeti stil). Nje- wavy lines, stylised vegetative and geometric zina proizvodnja započinje kao reakcija na do- motifs. The colours used in the decorations are tadašnji iznimno bogat dekorativni stil istoriato. yellow, blue, orange and green. We find parallels Središte je proizvodnje te keramike bila Faenza. for sherd T27: 2 in Split (ZGLAV-MARTI- Za razliku od prilično siromašnih dekorativnih NAC 2004, cat. 304) where they are dated to the motiva, pojavljuje se iznimno bogat repertoar second half of the 16th and early 17th century, oblika posuda s vrlo bogatim, plastično obliko- while parallels for the decoration on sherd T21: vanim motivima. U Rijeci je tek nekoliko manjih 2 are found in Piran (MILEUSNIĆ 2006, 26), ulomka ukrašenih u stilu maiolice comprendiario also dated to the 16th and 17th centuries. A jug (T23: 1; T27: 7, 8, 10). Zanimljiv je oštećeni decorated with broad strokes of ochre and green ulomak najvjerojatnije plastično izvedenoga ma- alternating with vertical straight and wavy lines skerona koji se pojavljivao na tadašnjoj keramici executed in brown colour is from the produc- (npr. ZGLAV-MARTINAC 2004, kat. 313) ili tion of the Rome area in the 17th century. We reljefne pločice (npr. GUSAR, 2010, kat. 608) find direct parallels in Split and Zadar (ZGLAV- i ulomak ručkice za koji paralelu pronalazimo MARTINAC 2004, cat. 296; GUSAR 2010, u Starome Baru (GUŠTIN, BIKIĆ, MILEU- cat. 624). SNIĆ 2008, 153). Two sherds from jugs are decorated with floral Nekoliko pronađenih ulomaka (T23: 2, 3; T27: and fruit garlands (alla robbiana, corona con fiori 9) ukrašeno je motivom maslinova lišća (a foglie e frutti) the likes of which were manufactured d’ulivo) koji je bio prilično učestao na keramici in the second half of the 16th century at the proizvođenoj krajem 16. i početkom 17. stolje- workshops of central Italy (T22: 2; T27: 3). We ća. Obrisne linije ukrasnih lisnatih grančica sli- find good parallels in Zadar (GUSAR 2010, cat. kane su uglavnom plavom bojom, dok se ispuna 543). lišća slikala najčešće zelenom bojom. Sherds of a small bowl decorated with a central palmette motif consisting of radially distributed

364 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Jedan je od mlađih primjera majoličkoga po- elongated leaves of green and brown colour en- suđa zdjelica koja je u unutrašnjosti ukrašena circled by concentric circles of yellow colour motivom višelatičnoga cvijeta slikanoga žutom, (T20: 2) are from the workshops of central Italy, plavom i smeđom bojom (T23: 4). Iako točne most likely from the Rome area and can be dat- paralele za tu posudu ne pronalazimo, dekora- ed to the late 16th and first half of the 17th cen- cijska koncepcija odgovara posuđu koje se može tury. We find direct parallels in Zadar and Stari datirati u 18. ili 19. stoljeće. Bar (GUSAR 2010, cat. 620, 621; GUŠTIN 2009, 153).

Moderna keramika Based on decorative design the sherd of a small Posuđe 18. i 19. st. ovdje će biti predstavljeno bowl (T22: 3) painted with decorations of geo- s nekoliko pronađenih ulomaka posuda iz sku- metric character with groups of concentric cir- pine kamenine (creamware, Steingut, terraglia). cles along the rim of the vessel and around its Riječ je o vrsti keramike izrađenoj od svijetle gli- centre, thus leaving a belt filled with geometric ne koja sadrži visok postotak kaolina koji joj daje motifs betwixt, can be attributed to the same bjelokosnu ili žućkastobež boju (GUSAR 2010, sphere of workshops. The decoration is painted 210). Ta se vrsta keramike počela proizvoditi in green, orange, yellow and blue tones. tijekom 18. st. u Engleskoj, da bi se zbog velike Also interesting is a small base sherd from a jug popularnosti tijekom 19. st. počela proizvoditi i coated on both sides with higher quality u nekim drugim europskim zemljama. Predmeti smalta- (T22: 4). A decoration in the form of oblique su najčešće bili ukrašeni tehnikom transfernoga ta lines that follow the base of the vessel and a styl- tiska (T24: 1-3; T27: 11-13). Taj se način ukra- ised vegetative motif are found only on the outer šavanja pojavljuje polovicom 18. st. u Engleskoj, wall. It is difficult to find parallels for this arte- točnije Liverpoolu. Postupak ukrašavanja bio fact, but it appears that this may be a specimen je sljedeći: crtež se najprije urezivao u bakrenu of a type of ware manufactured in the Venetia ploču, premazivao tintom sastavljenom od boja region in the late 18th and in the 19th century. i ulja te se otiskivao na papir koji se pritiskao na We find a well-preserved example of this ware in posudu koja se nakon toga pekla po drugi put Zadar (GUSAR 2010, cat. 633). (SACCARDO, BRADARA, 2007,42). Saču- vano je nekoliko oboda tanjura ili zdjelica na Maiolica with a white smaltata and minimal- Rekonstruirana zdjelica iz skupine kojima nalazimo stilizirane vegetabilne i geome- ist polychrome painted decoration, known as kasne majolike (T24: 6). trijske ukrase. the maiolica compendiario style (abbreviated Reconstructed small bowl from the style), appears in the mid 16th century and in late maiolica group (T24: 6). Ukrasi su u najvećemu broju slučajeva otisnuti u the first century of the 17th century. Its produc- smeđoj boji, ali nalazimo i one otisnute u plavoj tion began as a reaction to the very rich decora- ili crvenoj boji. Na vanjskoj strani jedne šalice tive style that preceded it. The nalazimo prikaz s ljudskim figurama smješten istoriato centre of this production was at u ambijent vrta (T24: 2), na dnu jedne od dje- Faenza. In contrast to a rather lomično sačuvanih zdjelica nalazimo floralne spare range of decorative motive (T24: 3), dok na jednome djelomično motifs, an exceptionally očuvanome tanjuru nalazimo jedan od najo- rich repertoire of vessel miljenijih motiva tadašnjega vremena, Willow forms emerges with lav- Pattern, odnosno motiv vrbe (T24: 1). Na nje- ish, plastic motifs. There mu nalazimo stilizirani prikaz orijentalnoga are only a few small sherds pejzaža s prikazom pagode, stabla žalosne vrbe, decorated in the tri čovjeka na mostu i dvije ptice koji prikazuje maiolica style in Rijeka priču o nesretnim ljubavnicima koji se bježeći compendiario (T23: 1; T27: 7, 8, 10). There pred djevojčinim ocem pretvaraju u ptice (GU- is an interesting damaged sherd SAR 2010, 211). Identičan ulomak tanjura T24:

365 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

1 pronalazimo u Piranu (GUŠTIN 2006, fig. 7 of what is likely the plastic mascherone that ap- – 3), Starome Baru (GUŠTIN, BIKIĆ, MILE- peared on the pottery of the time (e.g. ZGLAV- USNIĆ 2008, sl. 80-9), Zadru (GUSAR 2010, MARTINAC 2004, cat. 313) or on relief tiles kat. 688, 689) i Rovinju (SACARDO, BRA- (e.g. GUSAR, 2010, cat. 608) and a small han- DARA 2007). Bojom tiska, oblikom posude, dle sherd for which we find parallels in Stari Bar ali i motivom, vrlo sličan ulomak šalici T24: 2 (GUŠTIN, BIKIĆ, MILEUSNIĆ 2008, 153). pronalazimo među materijalom s riječkoga Klo- vićeva trga (ČIMIN 2009, T XI – 5), dok isto- Several of the sherds discovered (T23: 2, 3; T27: vjetan ukras pronalazimo u Izoli (MILEUSNIĆ 9) are decorated with the olive leaf motif (a 2006, fig. 7). foglie d’ulivo) that was quite frequent on pottery manufactured in the late 16th and early 17th century. The contour lines of the decorative Pečnjaci leafy branches are for the most part painted in Iako ne ulaze u inventar posuđa, pečnjaci se blue colour, while the fill of the leaves was most mogu ubrojiti među keramičke predmete pa će often painted with green colour. nekoliko pronađenih ulomaka biti predstavljeno One of the later specimens of maiolica ware is a na ovome mjestu. small bowl decorated on the inner aspect with Pečnjaci su bili sastavni dijelovi kaljevih peći a motif of a multi-petalled flower painted with koje se razvijaju tijekom 14. st. na području yellow, blue and brown colour (T23: 4). Al- Austrije i južne Njemačke (GUŠTIN, HOR- though we do not find precise parallels for this VAT,1994, 48-49; HORVAT 1994, 215, 237). vessel, the decorative concept corresponds with Svi pronađeni pečnjaci ulaze u skupinu reljefno ware that can be dated to the 18th or 19th cen- ukrašenih koji su korišteni za dekoraciju peći, a tury. samim time i cijelih prostorija. Isprva pečnjaci nisu bili glazirani da bi se od 14. i 15. st. pojavili Contemporary pottery i oni s glazurom (ČIMIN 2008, 136, 137; GU- ŠTIN, HORVAT 1994, 57; HORVAT 1994, 18th and 19th century ware is represented here 229, 232). with several discovered sherds of the stoneware group (creamware, Steingut, terraglia). This is a U Rijeci su pronađena tek tri manja ulomka type of pottery fabricated of light-coloured clay zeleno glaziranih pečnjaka. Ulomak reljefnoga containing a high percentage of kaolin, giving pečnjaka s kaneliranim ukrasom, listom cvijeta it an ivory or yellowish-beige colour (GUSAR i dijelom gotičkoga luka (T27: 16) istovjetan 2010, 210). This type of pottery was first manu- je primjercima iz Čanjeva, Celja, Ljubljanskoga factured in England in the 18th century, with its grada, grada Planina pri Sevnici te grada Šaleka great popularity seeing production expand in (ČIMIN 2008, kat. 21-3; STOPAR 1977, 82, the 19th century to some other European coun- 92, T II-4, T XII-2; GUŠTIN, HORVAT 1994, tries. This ware was most often decorated with 77, kat. 115-117; BRIŠNIK 1997, kat. 20). Svi the transfer printing technique (T24: 1-3; T27: su navedeni primjerci datirani u drugu polovicu 11-13). This method of decoration emerged in 16. stoljeća. England—more precisely in Liverpool—in the mid 18th century. The method of decorating Na drugome primjerku (T27: 14) nalazimo dje- was as follows: the design was first etched onto lomično sačuvan reljefni prikaz viteza na konju. a copper plate onto which ink composed of pig- Konkretno, sačuvan nam je dio poprsja, noge ment and oil was applied and then impressed te ruka koja pridržava uzde. Iako se na osnovu onto paper which was in turn applied to the tako maloga ulomka teško mogu povući pouz- vessel prior to a second firing (SACCARDO, dane paralele, svakako treba napomenuti da je BRADARA, 2007, 42). Several plate and small taj motiv dosta čest na kasnosrednjovjekovnim nalazištima i da se pojavljuje u brojnim varijanta-

366 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ma. Možemo spomenuti neka od nalazišta gdje bowl rims have been preserved on which we find pronalazimo sličan motiv: Čakovec, Samobor, stylised vegetative or geometric decorations. Kutina, Zagreb – Nova Ves, Celje, Ormaž, Ru- žica grad (VIDOVIĆ 1996, 162, T – 8; STRA- In most cases the decorations were applied in HULJAK, KLOBUČAR 1958, sl. 2; BOBO- brown colour, but we do find those printed in VEC 2003, 53, kat. 23; MAŠIĆ 2002, 31, sl. 20, blue or red colour. On the outer aspect of one 21; STOPAR 1976, 281; TOMANIČ-JEVRE- cup we find a depiction with human figures in MOV 1997, 33, sl. 23; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, a garden setting (T24: 2). On the base of one 255, kat. 536). Pečnjaci se datiraju u drugu polo- of the partially preserved small bowls we find a vicu 15. ili prvu polovicu 16. stoljeća. floral motif (T24: 3), while on another partially preserved plate we find one of the most favoured Posljednji ulomak (T27: 15) pripada tipu peč- motifs of the time, the willow pattern (T24: 1). njaka ukrašavanih tehnikom „na proboj“, s pri- On it we find the stylised depiction of an ori- kazima gotičke ukrasne arhitekture koja je često ental landscape with a pagoda, a weeping wil- bila dopunjavana figurama anđela, vitezova ili low tree, three people on a bridge and two birds nekih sličnih motiva (RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, portraying the story of unfortunate lovers who, 50). Okvirno se može datirati u 15. ili 16. sto- fleeing the girl’s father, transform into birds ljeće. (GUSAR 2010, 211). We find a specimen identical to plate sherd T24: 1 in Piran (GUŠTIN 2006, fig. 7 – 3), Stari Bar (GUŠTIN, BIKIĆ, MILEUSNIĆ 2008, fig. 80-9), Zadar (GUSAR 2010, cat. 688, 689) and Rovinj (SACARDO, BRADARA 2007). We find a sherd very similar to cup T24: 2 in terms of print colour, vessel form and motif among the material from Rijeka’s Klović Square (Klovićev trg) (ČIMIN 2009, T XI – 5), and an identical decoration at Izola (MILEUSNIĆ 2006, fig. 7).

Ceramic stove tiles Although they do not constitute an element of the inventory of ware, ceramic stove tiles can be numbered among ceramic artefacts and we shall present the several sherds found here.

Ceramic stove tiles were parts of the tiled stoves developed in the 14th century in Austria and southern Germany (GUŠTIN, HORVAT, 1994, 48-49; HORVAT 1994, 215, 237). All of the stove tiles discovered are from the group of relief- ornamented tiles used to decorate stoves and, thereby, the entire room in which they were in- stalled. Stove tiles were initially not glazed, with glazed tiles emerging in the 14th to 15th century (ČIMIN 2008, 136, 137; GUŠTIN, HORVAT 1994, 57; HORVAT 1994, 229, 232).

Only three small green glazed stove tiles were discovered in Rijeka. A sherd of a relief decorat-

367 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ZAKLJUČAK ed stove tile with a cannelure decoration, flower leaf and part of a Gothic arch (T27: 16) is iden- Nalazi srednjovjekovnoga keramičkog materija- tical to specimens from Čanjevo, Celj, Ljubljan- la pronađenoga na prostoru Trga pul Vele crikve ski Grad, Planina pri Sevnici and Grad Šalek pokrivaju cijelo razdoblje u kojemu Rijeka po- (ČIMIN 2008, cat. 21-3; STOPAR 1977, 82, novno djeluje kao razvijena urbana sredina. To 92, T II-4, T XII-2; GUŠTIN, HORVAT 1994, obuhvaća razdoblje od 13. st. pa sve do današ- 77, cat. 115-117; BRIŠNIK 1997, cat. 20). All njega vremena. of the cited specimens are dated to the second Najranije razdoblje zastupljeno je nalazima gru- half of the 16th century. bih keramičkih lonaca nenaglašenih i ravno re- On the second specimen (T27: 14) we find a par- zanih oboda. Tijekom vremena dolazi do razvo- tially preserved depiction in relief of a mounted ja keramičkih formi gruboga posuđa koje svojim knight. Concretely, a part of the bust, legs and oblicima uglavnom odgovara kulturnome krugu arm holding the reins is preserved. Although it vezanome uz srednjoeuropski prostor i ocrta- is difficult to drawn reliable parallels on the ba- va snažne veze koje je Rijeka u tome razdoblju sis of a sherd this small, we should note that this održavala s kranjskim zaleđem. S druge strane, motif is quite frequent at Late Medieval sites u Rijeci je zastupljena i gruba keramika koja je and that it appears in numerous variations. Some vjerojatno vezana uz lokalne romanske tradicije of the sites at which we find similar motifs are ili eventualno kontakte s istarskim ili talijanskim Čakovec, Samobor, Kutina, Zagreb – Nova Ves, područjem. Celje, Ormož, Ružica Grad (VIDOVIĆ 1996, Već od 14. st. počinje se pojavljivati i kerami- 162, T – 8; STRAHULJAK, KLOBUČAR ka s caklinom uvožena prvenstveno s područja 1958, fig. 2; BOBOVEC 2003, 53, cat. 23; sjeverne i u manjoj mjeri srednje Italije koja ti- MAŠIĆ 2002, 31, fig. 20, 21; STOPAR 1976, jekom kasnijih stoljeća u potpunosti počinje 281; TOMANIČ-JEVREMOV 1997, 33, fig. prevladavati među inventarom keramičkoga 23; RADIĆ, BOJČIĆ 2004, 255, cat. 536). These stove tiles are dated to the second half of posuđa. Invertriata, engobirana i majolička keramika zastupljene su različitim razvojnim stup- the 15th or first half of the 16th century. njevima koji potvrđuju snažne trgovačke veze The last sherd (T27: 15) is of the stove tile type koje su talijanski trgovci održavali s područjem decorated using the “charged” technique, with cijele istočne obale tijekom razdoblja kasnoga a depiction of Gothic ornamental architecture srednjeg i ranoga novog vijeka. frequently complemented with figures of an- Postavlja se pitanje zašto se na području koje gels, knights or some similar motif (RADIĆ, se tijekom cijeloga ovog razdoblja koristi kao BOJČIĆ 2004, 50). They can be approximately gradsko groblje pojavljuje tako velika količina dated to the 15th or 16th century. keramičkih nalaza? Odgovor na to pitanje mo- žemo tražiti u činjenici da je prostor oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije intenzivno CONCLUSIONS korišten kao gradsko groblje kroz niz stoljeća, The finds of Medieval ceramic material collected što je iziskivalo njegova povremena preuređenja. at Pul Vele Crikve Square cover the entire period Većina pronađenih keramičkih ulomaka potječe during which Rijeka was once again active as a iz razdoblja 15. do 17. st., pa možemo pretpo- developed urban centre. This covers the period staviti kako su se u tom periodu događala i spo- from the 13th century to the present day. menuta preuređenja groblja. U takvim je prilikama najvjerojatnije dolazilo i do prekopavanja The earliest period is represented by finds of postojećih grobova, pa možemo pretpostaviti da coarse ceramic pots with unemphasised and flat tada nastaju i spominjane kosturnice u kojima se truncated rims. Over time the coarse ware pot- pietetno pokapaju prekopani kosturni ostaci po- tery forms developed along lines largely associat-

368 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

kojnika. Pronađeni keramički ulomci su najve- ed with the central European cultural sphere and ćim dijelom pronalaženi van grobnih cjelina, pa reflected the strong ties Rijeka had at the time stoga najvjerojatnije pripadaju nasipima kojima with the Carniolan hinterland. On the other je takav preuređeni prostor groblja izravnavan i hand coarse pottery that is likely associated with preoblikovan. local Romanesque traditions or possibly contacts with Istria and Italy is also represented in Rijeka. Iz svega navedenog razvidno je kako je Rijeka tijekom kasnoga srednjeg i ranoga novog vijeka The 14th century saw the appearance of glazed bila snažno uključena u povijesne, ekonomske i pottery imported primarily from northern and, kulturne tijekove srednjoeuropskoga i medite- to a lesser extent, central Italy. In the centuries ranskoga prostora. Grad u tom razdoblju po- that followed this pottery entirely dominated novno postaje važna trgovačka točka na sjever- the inventory of ceramic ware. Invetriata, en- nome dijelu Jadrana i stoga idealno mjesto za su- gobed and maiolica pottery are represented in sret dvaju kulturnih krugova, što se jasno očituje various stages of development, confirming the i kroz pronađeni keramički materijal. robust commercial ties maintained by Italian merchants with the entire eastern coast during the Late Medieval and Early Post Medieval.

The question that arises is why there is such a large amount of ceramic finds in an area that was used throughout this period as a municipal cemetery? We can find the answer to this question in the fact that the area around the church of the Assump- tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary was intensively used as a municipal cemetery over a number of centuries, which necessitated its periodic redevel- opment. Most of the potsherds found originate from the period of the 15th to 17th century, and we can postulate that these redevelopments of the cemetery took place in this period. At these occasions it is very likely that existing graves were excavated and that the cited ossuaries were then created in which the excavated remains of the deceased were respectfully interred. The collected potsherds were for the most part found outside of grave contexts, and thus are most likely from the fill with which the redeveloped area of the cemetery was levelled and reshaped.

From all of the above cited it is evident that there was robust participation in Rijeka in the historical, economic and cultural trends of the central European and Mediterranean spheres in the Late Medieval and Early Post Medieval periods. During this period the city regained its status as a major hub of commerce in the northern Adriatic making it an ideal junction of two cultural spheres, clearly evident in the ceramic material discovered.

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KATALOG NALAZA: Catalogue of finds:

TABLA 1 TABLE 1

☐ 1. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 8 1. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 8 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je nenaglašen Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is unem- i izvijen. Na prijelazu između vrata i ramena po- phasised and everted. There is a horizontal projec- sude nalazi se horizontalno izbočenje. Tvrdo pe- tion at the transition from the neck to the shoul- čena glina s primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Na der of the vessel. Hard fired clay with a temper of vanjskoj stijenci svijetlosmeđe boje, na unutarnjoj crushed limestone. Outer wall of light brown col- stijenci tamnosive boje, u presjeku sive boje. Saču- our, dark grey on the inner wall, grey at the core. vana širina 6 cm, sačuvana visina 4,7 cm, debljina Preserved width 6 cm, preserved height 4.7 cm, stijenke 0,7 cm, promjer oboda 15 cm. wall thickness 0.7 cm, rim diameter 15 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 8 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 8 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je nenaglašen i Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is unem- izvijen. Glina s primjesama pijeska krupnijih i sit- phasised and everted. Clay with a temper of sand nijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita. Na stijenkama and coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartz- i u presjeku boje opeke. Sačuvana širina 7,8 cm, ite. Both walls and core of brick colour. Preserved sačuvana visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,76 cm, width 7.8 cm, preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thick- promjer oboda 18 cm. ness 0.76 cm, rim diameter 18 cm. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 750 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 750 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je izvijen i pri Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is everted vrhu tek lagano trokutasto zadebljan. Na vratu se with a very slight triangular thickening at the lip. nalazi ukrasna traka s utisnutim motivom ponav- There is a decorative band on the neck with an ljajućih vertikalnih štapića ispod koje se nazire impressed motif of repeating vertical bars under postojanje valovnice. Na unutarnjoj stijenci po- which the presence of a wavy line is discernable. javljuju se gusto raspoređene horizontalne ure- There are densely distributed horizontal incised zane linije. Glina s primjesama pijeska krupnijih lines on the inner wall. Clay with a temper of sand i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita. Na vanj- and coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartz- skoj i unutarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku ite. Of grey-brown colour on the outer and inner sive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,3 cm, sačuvana visina walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 6.3 cm, 3,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm, promjer oboda preserved height 3.9 cm, wall thickness 0.6 cm, 11 cm. rim diameter 11 cm. 4. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 4. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je izvijen i Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is everted pri vrhu tek lagano trokutasto zadebljan. Tvrdo with a very slight triangular thickening at the lip. pečena glina s primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Hard fired clay with a temper of crushed lime- Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe, u stone. Of grey-brown colour on the outer and in- presjeku tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,1 cm, ner walls, dark grey at the core. Preserved width sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,64 cm, 4.1 cm, preserved height 3.1 cm, wall thickness promjer oboda 12 cm. 0.64 cm, rim diameter 12 cm. 5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 544 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 544 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je nenagla- Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is unem- šen i izvijen. Glina s primjesama pijeska i sitnijih phasised and everted. Clay with a temper of sand ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita. Na vanjskoj i unu- and fine fragments of crushed quartzite. Of grey- tarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku sive boje. brown colour on the outer and inner walls, grey Sačuvana širina 4,1 cm, sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, at the core. Preserved width 4.1 cm, preserved debljina stijenke 0,64 cm. height 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.64 cm. 6. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 354 6. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 354 Ulomak oboda, vrata i ramena lonca. Obod je za- Rim, neck and shoulder sherd from a pot. The rim debljan i snažno izvijen. Vrat je kratak i vertikalan is thickened and highly flared. The neck is short

370 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

te oštro odvojen od ramena posude. Tvrdo pečena and vertical and sharply divided from the shoul- glina dobro je pročišćena s primjesama pijeska. der of the vessel. The hard fired clay is well refined Na vanjskoj stijenci oker, na unutarnjoj stijenci and has a temper of sand. Of ochre colour on the i u presjeku boje opeke. Sačuvana širina 6,8 cm, outer wall, of brick colour on the inner wall and sačuvana visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm, at the core. Preserved width 6.8 cm, preserved promjer oboda 25 cm. height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.4 cm, rim diameter 25 cm. 7. SEKTOR II, ☐ 12/13, SJ 580 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zadebljan 7. SECTOR II, ☐ 12/13, SU 580 obod lagano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama pijeska Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is trian- i usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj gularly thickened and slightly everted. Clay with stijenci te u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,3 a temper of sand and crushed limestone. Of grey cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,77 colour on the outer and inner walls and at the cm, promjer oboda 26 cm. core. Preserved width 6.3 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thickness 0.77 cm, rim diameter 26 8. SEKTOR III, ☐ 11, SJ 954 cm. Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zadebljan obod lagano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama 8. SECTOR III, ☐ 11, SU 954 krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is trian- i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci te u gularly thickened and slightly everted. Clay with presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,1 cm, sačuva- a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed na visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,45 cm. quartzite and limestone. Of grey colour on the outer and inner walls and at the core. Preserved 9. SEKTOR III, ☐ 11, SJ 954 width 3.1 cm, preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thick- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- ness 0.45 cm. gano je izvijen. Glina s dosta primjesa krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. 9. SECTOR III, ☐ 11, SU 954 Na vanjskoj stijenci tamnosive, na unutarnjoj sti- Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- jenci crvenkastosive, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuva- ened and slightly everted. Clay with a significant na širina 4,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,8 cm, debljina quantity of coarse and fine fragments of crushed stijenke 0,53 cm. quartzite and limestone. Dark grey on the outer wall, reddish-grey on the inner wall, grey at the 10. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 core. Preserved width 4.5 cm, preserved height Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zade- 2.8 cm, wall thickness 0.53 cm. bljan obod lagano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj sti- 10. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 jenci te u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,3 Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is tri- cm, sačuvana visina 2,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,55 angularly thickened and slightly everted. Clay cm, promjer oboda 12 cm. with a temper of crushed limestone. Of grey colour on the outer and inner walls and at the core. 11. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 1 Preserved width 3.3 cm, preserved height 2.3 cm, Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zade- wall thickness 0.55 cm, rim diameter 12 cm. bljan obod lagano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita 11. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 1 i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci te u Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is trian- presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4 cm, sačuvana gularly thickened and slightly everted. Clay with visina 2,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,47 cm, promjer a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed oboda 12 cm. quartzite and limestone. Of grey colour on the outer and inner walls and at the core. Preserved 12. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 width 4 cm, preserved height 2.4 cm, wall thick- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- ness 0.47 cm, rim diameter 12 cm. gano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj 12. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 i unutarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku sive Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- boje. Sačuvana širina 3 cm, sačuvana visina 3 cm, ened and slightly everted. Clay with a temper of debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. coarse and fine fragments of crushed limestone.

371 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

13. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 Of grey-brown colour on the outer and inner Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zade- walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 3 cm, pre- bljan obod lagano je izvijen. Glina s primjesama served height 3 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita 13. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci bli- jedosmeđe boje, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is trian- širina 3,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,3 cm, debljina sti- gularly thickened and slightly everted. Clay with jenke 0,43 cm, promjer oboda 12 cm. a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of pale brown colour on the outer and inner walls, grey at the core. TABLA 2 Preserved width 3.5 cm, preserved height 2.3 cm, wall thickness 0.43 cm, rim diameter 12 cm. 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod je izvijen, s plitkom kanelurom na vanjskoj stijenci. TABLE 2 Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crne, u presjeku tamnosive boje. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- Sačuvana širina 6,2 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, ened and everted, with a shallow cannelure on the debljina stijenke 0,35 cm, promjer oboda 28 cm. outer wall. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of 2. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 8/160 black colour on the outer and inner walls, dark Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod je grey at the core. Preserved width 6.2 cm, pre- izvijen. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih served height 2.9 cm, wall thickness 0.35 cm, rim ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanj- diameter 28 cm. skoj i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive, u presjeku 2. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 8/160 sive boje. Sačuvana širina 5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm, promjer oboda Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- 13,2 cm. ened and everted. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and lime- 3. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 stone. Of dark grey colour on the outer and inner Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Trokutasto zade- walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 5 cm, pre- bljan obod je izvijen. Tvrdo pečena glina s primje- served height 2.9 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm, rim sama usitnjenog kvarcita. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj diameter 13.2 cm. stijenci smeđe-sive, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana 3. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 širina 3,6 cm, sačuvana visina 2,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,47 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is triangularly thickened and everted. Hard fired clay 4. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 with a temper of crushed limestone. Of brown- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod je grey colour on the outer and inner walls, grey horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina s primjesama kru- at the core. Preserved width 3.6 cm, preserved pnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i va- height 2.2 cm, wall thickness 0.47 cm. pnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crne, u 4. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,7 cm, sačuva- na visina 2,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened rim is horizontally articulated. Clay with a temper 5. SEKTOR I, ☐ 10, SJ 190 of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod izvi- and limestone. Of black colour on the outer and jen je i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina s primjesa- inner walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 3.7 ma pijeska te krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnje- cm, preserved height 2.3 cm, wall thickness 0.4 nog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj cm. stijenci crne, u presjeku tamnosive boje. Sačuvana 5. SECTOR I, ☐ 10, SU 190 širina 4,8 cm, sačuvana visina 2,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm, promjer oboda 12 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened rim is everted and horizontally articulated. Clay with a temper of sand and coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of

372 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

6. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 354 black colour on the outer and inner walls, dark Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod izvi- grey at the core. Preserved width 4.8 cm, pre- jen je i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina sa sitnim served height 2.2 cm, wall thickness 0.4 cm, rim primjesama usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na diameter 12 cm. vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive, u presje- 6. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 354 ku crvenkastosive boje. Sačuvana širina 7,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,39 cm, Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened promjer oboda 19 cm. rim is everted and horizontally articulated. Clay with a temper of fine fragments of crushed 7. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 quartzite and limestone. Of dark grey colour on Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Obod je lagano izvi- the outer and inner walls, reddish-grey at the core. jen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina s primjesama Preserved width 7.5 cm, preserved height 2.7 cm, usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj stijen- wall thickness 0.39 cm, rim diameter 19 cm. ci crne, na unutarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe boje, u 7. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 presjeku tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,6 cm, sačuvana visina 3,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,37 cm, Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is slightly promjer oboda 14 cm. everted and horizontally articulated. Clay with a temper of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of 8. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 black colour on the outer wall, grey-brown on the Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- inner wall, dark grey at the core. Preserved width gano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina s 6.6 cm, preserved height 3.2 cm, wall thickness primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i 0.37 cm, rim diameter 14 cm. unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive boje, u presjeku sive 8. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 boje. Sačuvana širina 3,3 cm, sačuvana visina 3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articu- 9. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 lated. Clay with a temper of crushed limestone. Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- Of dark grey colour on the outer and inner walls, gano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Na unu- grey at the core. Preserved width 3.3 cm, pre- tarnjoj stijenci utor za poklopac. Glina s primjesa- served height 3 cm, wall thickness 0.4 cm. ma usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj stijenci ta- 9. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 mnosive boje, na unutarnjoj stijenci blijedosmeđe boje, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,4 cm, Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,51 cm, ened and slightly everted and horizontally articu- promjer oboda 14 cm. lated. There is a lid groove on the inner wall. Clay with a temper of crushed limestone. Dark grey on 10. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13, SJ 256 the outer wall, pale brown on the inner wall, grey Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- at the core. Preserved width 4.4 cm, preserved gano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina height 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.51 cm, rim diam- s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnenca. Na eter 14 cm. vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive boje, u 10. SECTOR II, ☐ 13, SU 256 presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,4 cm, sačuva- na visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,55 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articu- 11. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 lated. Clay with a temper of sand and crushed Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod limestone. Of dark grey colour on the outer and lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Gli- inner walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 4.4 na s primjesama usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. cm, preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.55 Na vanjskoj stijenci crne, na unutarnjoj stijenci cm. zagasito smeđe boje, u presjeku tamnosive boje. 11. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 Sačuvana širina 3,1 cm, sačuvana visina 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,49 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articu- 12. SEKTOR I, ☐ 3, SJ 8 lated. Clay with a temper of crushed quartzite Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zade- and limestone. Of black colour on the outer wall, bljan obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno ra- deep brown on the inner wall, dark grey at the

373 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ščlanjen. Glina s primjesama usitnjenog kvarcita i core. Preserved width 3.1 cm, preserved height vapnenca. Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crven- 2.7 cm, wall thickness 0.49 cm. kastosmeđe boje, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,9 cm, sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, debljina 12. SECTOR I, ☐ 3, SU 8 stijenke 0,37 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizon- 13. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 tally articulated. Clay with a temper of crushed Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zade- quartzite and limestone. Of reddish-brown col- bljan obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščla- our on the inner and outer walls, grey at the core. njen. Glina s primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Preserved width 3.9 cm, preserved height 3.1 cm, Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crvenkastosmeđe wall thickness 0.37 cm. boje, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 2,7 cm, sačuvana visina 2,8 cm, debljina stijenke 5 cm. 13. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim 14. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 2 is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- articulated. Clay with a temper of crushed lime- gano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Glina stone. Of reddish-brown colour on the inner and s primjesama usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 2.7 unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci sivosmeđe boje, u cm, preserved height 2.8 cm, wall thickness 5 cm. presjeku tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,49 cm, 14. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 2 promjer oboda 13 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articu- 15. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 lated. Clay with a temper of crushed quartzite Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zadebljan and limestone. Of grey-brown colour on the inner obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. and outer walls, dark grey at the core. Preserved Glina s primjesama usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnen- width 4.5 cm, preserved height 2.8 cm, wall thick- ca. Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci tamnosive ness 0.49 cm, rim diameter 13 cm. boje, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,3 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,66 cm, 15. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 promjer oboda 14,1 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articulated. Clay with a temper of crushed quartz- TABLA 3 ite and limestone. Of dark grey colour on the in- 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 8, SJ 256 ner and outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 4.3 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thick- Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zade- ness 0.66 cm, rim diameter 14.1 cm. bljan obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščla- njen. Glina s primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci blijedosmeđe boje, u TABLE 3 presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,1 cm, sačuva- na visina 4,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm, promjer 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 8, SU 256 oboda 21 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally 2. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 380 articulated. Clay with a temper of crushed lime- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Snažno zadebljan stone. Of pale brown colour on the inner and obod horizontalno je raščlanjen. Tvrdo pečena outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 6.1 glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka cm, preserved height 4.3 cm, wall thickness 0.5 usitnjenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj cm, rim diameter 21 cm. stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,8 cm, sačuvana visina 3,7 cm, 2. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 380 debljina stijenke 0,49 cm, promjer oboda 10,1 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The very thickened rim is horizontally articulated. Hard fired 3. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 256 clay with a temper of coarse and fine fragments Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- of crushed limestone. Of grey-brown colour on gano je izvijen, s plitkom kanelurom na vanjskoj the outer and inner walls, dark grey at the core. stijenci. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih

374 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita. Na vanjskoj stijen- Preserved width 4.8 cm, preserved height 3.7 cm, ci crne, na unutarnjoj zagasito smeđe, u presjeku wall thickness 0.49 cm, rim diameter 10.1 cm. tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,1 cm, sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. 3. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 256 Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- 4. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 2 ened and slightly everted, with a shallow can- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod nelure on the outer wall. Clay with a temper of lagano je izvijen, s utorom za poklopac na unu- coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite. tarnjoj stijenci. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i Of black colour on the outer wall, deep brown sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. on the inner wall, dark grey at the core. Preserved Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive, u pre- width 3.1 cm, preserved height 3.1 cm, wall thick- sjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,1 cm, sačuvana ness 0.5 cm. visina 2,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,38 cm, promjer oboda 13 cm. 4. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 2 Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- 5. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 166 ened and slightly everted, with a lid groove on the Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod inner wall. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine lagano je izvijen, s utorom za poklopac na unu- fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. tarnjoj stijenci. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i Of dark grey colour on the outer and inner walls, sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. grey at the core. Preserved width 4.1 cm, pre- Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive, u preserved height 2.8 cm, wall thickness 0.38 cm, rim sjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,9 cm, sačuvana diameter 13 cm. visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,28 cm, promjer oboda 11 cm. 5. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 166 Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- 6. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 531 ened and slightly everted, with a lid groove on the Ulomak oboda, vrata i ručkice trbušastog lonca. inner wall. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine Zadebljan obod izvijen je i horizontalno raščla- fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. njen. Obod i trbuh posude spojeni su trakastom Of dark grey colour on the outer and inner walls, ručkicom. Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog grey at the core. Preserved width 4.9 cm, pre- vapnenca. Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crne, u served height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.28 cm, rim presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,8 cm, sačuva- diameter 11 cm. na visina 3,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,3 cm, promjer oboda 11 cm. 6. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 531 Rim, neck and small handle sherd from a rotund 7. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 531 pot. The thickened rim is everted and horizon- Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zadebljan tally articulated. The rim and belly of the vessel is obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. joined by a small strap handle. Clay with a temper Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnen- of sand and crushed limestone. Of black colour ca. Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci tamnosive, u on the inner and outer walls, grey at the core. presjeku svijetlosive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,4 cm, Preserved width 4.8 cm, preserved height 3.9 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,3 cm, wall thickness 0.3 cm, rim diameter 11 cm. promjer oboda 12,1 cm. 7. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 531 8. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 531 Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zade- rim is thickened and slightly everted and hori- bljan obod izvijen je i horizontalno raščlanjen. zontally articulated. Clay with a temper of sand Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnenca. and crushed limestone. Of dark grey colour on Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crne, u presjeku the inner and outer walls, light grey at the core. sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,3 cm, sačuvana visina Preserved width 6.4 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, 1,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,35 cm. wall thickness 0.3 cm, rim diameter 12.1 cm. 9. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 8. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 531 Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zadebljan Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The thick- obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. ened rim is everted and horizontally articulated. Na unutarnjoj stijenci nalazi se utor za poklopac. Clay with a temper of sand and crushed lime-

375 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnenca. stone. Of black colour on the inner and outer Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crne, u presjeku walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 3.3 cm, sive boje. Sačuvana širina 3,8 cm, sačuvana visina preserved height 1.9 cm, wall thickness 0.35 cm. 2,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,28 cm. 9. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 10. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 1 Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zade- is thickened and slightly everted and horizon- bljan obod izvijen je i horizontalno raščlanjen, a tally articulated. There is a lid groove on the in- primjećuje se trag ručkice koja je izlazila iz njega. ner wall. Clay with a temper of sand and crushed Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnenca. limestone. Of black colour on the inner and outer Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crne, u presjeku walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 3.8 cm, sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,9 cm, sačuvana visina preserved height 2.4 cm, wall thickness 0.28 cm. 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,35 cm, promjer oboda 13,1 cm. 10. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 1 Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The thick- 11. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 544 ened rim is everted and horizontally articulated, Ulomak oboda i tijela zdjele. Obod je nenaglašen. and there is a discernable trace of a small handle Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci horizontalne ure- extending from it. Clay with a temper of sand and zane linije. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih crushed limestone. Of black colour on the inner ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita. Na vanjskoj stijenci and outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width sivosmeđe, na unutarnjoj crne, u presjeku tamno- 4.9 cm, preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,8 cm, sačuvana visina 0.35 cm, rim diameter 13.1 cm. 4,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,77 cm, promjer oboda 17 cm. 11. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 544 Rim and body sherd from a bowl. The rim is un- 12. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 emphasised. There are horizontal incised lines on Ulomak oboda i vrata trbušastog lonca. Zadebljan the outer and inner walls. Clay with a temper of obod lagano je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite. Na unutarnjoj stijenci nalazi se utor za poklopac. Of grey-brown colour on the outer wall, black Glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapnenca. on the inner wall, dark grey at the core. Preserved Na unutarnjoj i vanjskoj stijenci crne, u presjeku width 4.8 cm, preserved height 4.2 cm, wall thick- sive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,5 cm, sačuvana visina ness 0.77 cm, rim diameter 17 cm. 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,29 cm, promjer oboda 12 cm. 12. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 Rim and neck sherd from a rotund pot. The rim TABLA 4 is thickened and slightly everted and horizontally articulated. There is a lid groove on the in- 1. SLUČAJAN NALAZ ner wall. Clay with a temper of sand and crushed Ulomak oboda i tijela zdjele. Zaobljen obod u limestone. Of black colour on the inner and outer presjeku ima oblik slova D. Tvrdo pečena i dobro walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 6.5 cm, pročišćena glina. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.29 cm, tamnosive boje, u presjeku boja opeke. Sačuvana rim diameter 12 cm. širina 7,1 cm, sačuvana visina 4,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,39 cm, promjer oboda 21 cm. TABLE 4

2. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 1. CHANCE FIND Ulomak oboda i tijela zdjele. Obod je lagano za- Rim and body sherd from a bowl. The rounded debljan. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih rim has a D form in cross-section. Hard fired ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanj- and well-refined clay. Of dark grey colour on the skoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crveno-sive, u presjeku outer and inner walls, brick coloured at the core. sive boje. Sačuvana širina 5,8 cm, sačuvana visina Preserved width 7.1 cm, preserved height 4.4 cm, 5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,62 cm, promjer oboda wall thickness 0.39 cm, rim diameter 21 cm. 16 cm. 2. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 Rim and body sherd from a bowl. The rim is slightly thickened. Clay with a temper of coarse

376 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

3. SEKTOR 1, ☐ 1/9, SJ 1/169 and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and lime- Rekonstruirana zdjela. Obod je lagano zadebljan. stone. Of red-grey colour on the inner and outer Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 5.8 cm, usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unu- preserved height 5 cm, wall thickness 0.62 cm, tarnjoj stijenci crveno-sive, u presjeku sive boje. rim diameter 16 cm. 4. SEKTOR I, ☐ 3, SJ 8 3. SECTOR 1, ☐ 1/9, SU 1/169 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- A reconstructed bowl. The rim is slightly thick- gano je izvijen, s ukrasom dvostruke valovnice na ened. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine frag- vanjskoj stijenci. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i ments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of sitnijih ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. red-grey colour on the inner and outer walls, grey Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crne, u presjeku at the core. tamnosive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,2 cm, sačuvana 4. SECTOR I, ☐ 3, SU 8 visina 3,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,55 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- 5. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9, SJ 160 ened and slightly everted, with a double wavy line Ulomak trbuha lonca na kojem se nalazi plastič- decoration on the outer wall. Clay with a temper na traka dodatno ukrašena otiscima prsta. Glina s of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite primjesama usitnjenog vapnenca. Na stijenkama i and limestone. Of black colour on the outer and u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,1 cm, saču- inner walls, dark grey at the core. Preserved width vana visina 4,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm. 4.2 cm, preserved height 3.2 cm, wall thickness 0.55 cm. 6. SLUČAJAN NALAZ Ulomak oboda i tijela lonca. Zaobljen nenaglašen 5. SECTOR I, ☐ 9, SU 160 obod snažno je izvijen. Na trbuhu posude nalaze Belly sherd from a pot on which there is a plastic se grupirane horizontalne kanelure. Glina s pri- band further decorated with fingerprint impres- mjesama pijeska i usitnjenog vapenca. Na vanjskoj sions. Clay with a temper of crushed limestone. i unutarnjoj stijenci tamnosive, u presjeku sive Of grey colour on both walls and at the core. boje. Sačuvana širina 7,5 cm, sačuvana visina 4,3 Preserved width 4.1 cm, preserved height 4.8 cm, cm, debljina stijenke 0,41 cm, promjer oboda 19,2 wall thickness 0.6 cm. cm. 6. CHANCE FIND 7. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13, SJ 256 Rim and body sherd from a pot. A highly flared, Ulomak oboda i tijela lonca. Zadebljan obod izvi- rounded and unemphasised rim. There are jen je i naglo prelazi u rame posude. Tvrdo pečena grouped horizontal cannelures on the belly of the glina s primjesama pijeska i usitnjenog kvarcita. vessel. Clay with a temper of sand and crushed Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crne, u presjeku limestone. Of dark grey colour on the outer and sive boje. Sačuvana širina 7,2 cm, sačuvana visina inner walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 7.5 3,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm, promjer oboda cm, preserved height 4.3 cm, wall thickness 0.41 17 cm. cm, rim diameter 19.2 cm. 7. SECTOR II, ☐ 13, SU 256 TABLA 5 Rim and body sherd from a pot. The thickened rim is everted and had an abrupt transition to the 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 11, SJ 954 shoulder of the vessel. Hard fired clay with a tem- Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod izvi- per of sand and crushed quartzite. Of black col- jen, u presjeku jastučasto zadebljan. Tvrdo pečena our on the outer and inner walls, grey at the core. glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka Preserved width 7.2 cm, preserved height 3.9 cm, usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unu- wall thickness 0.5 cm, rim diameter 17 cm. tarnjoj stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku crne boje. Sačuvana širina 7,2 cm, sačuvana visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm, promjer oboda 15,1 cm. TABLE 5 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 1, SJ 776 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 11, SU 954 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened snažno je izvijen, u presjeku jastučasto zadebljan rim is everted with a cushion-like thickening in i prelijepljen preko vanjske stijenke posude. Glina cross-section. Hard fired clay with a temper of

377 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulomaka usitnje- coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite nog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj and limestone. Of grey-brown colour on the outer stijenci sivosmeđe, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana and inner walls, black at the core. Preserved width širina 5,9 cm, sačuvana visina 3,7 cm, debljina sti- 7.2 cm, preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness jenke 0,47 cm, promjer oboda 13 cm. 0.6 cm, rim diameter 15.1 cm. 3. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 8 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 1, SU 776 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod izvi- Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened jen, u presjeku jastučasto zadebljan i prelijepljen rim is very flared with a cushion-like thickening preko vanjske stijenke posude. Na unutarnjoj i in cross-section and folds tight over the outer wall vanjskoj stijenci nalaze se gusto raspoređene ure- of the vessel. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine zane horizontalne linije. Glina s primjesama usit- fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of njenog vapnenca. Na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj stijenci grey-brown colour on the outer and inner walls, sivosmeđe, u presjeku sive boje. Sačuvana širina 7 grey at the core. Preserved width 5.9 cm, pre- cm, sačuvana visina 4,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,62 served height 3.7 cm, wall thickness 0.47 cm, rim cm, promjer oboda 13 cm. diameter 13 cm. 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 576 3. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 8 Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod la- Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The thickened gano je izvijen, u presjeku jastučasto zadebljan i rim is everted with a cushion-like thickening in prelijepljen preko vanjske stijenke posude. Tvrdo cross-section and folds tight over the outer wall pečena glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulo- of the vessel. There are densely distributed incised maka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj horizontal lines on the inner and outer walls. Clay i unutarnjoj stijenci zagasito smeđe, u presjeku with a temper of crushed limestone. Of grey- sive boje. Sačuvana širina 4,4 cm, sačuvana visina brown colour on the outer and inner walls, grey at 3,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,79 cm, promjer oboda the core. Preserved width 7 cm, preserved height 14 cm. 4.8 cm, wall thickness 0.62 cm, rim diameter 13 cm. 5. SLUČAJAN NALAZ Ulomak oboda, vrata i tijela lonca. Zadebljan 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 576 obod lagano je izvijen, u presjeku trokutastog Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- oblika. Tvrdo pečena, dobro pročišćena glina s ened and slightly everted with a cushion-like primjesama pijeska. Na vanjskoj stijenci tamnosi- thickening in cross-section and folds tight over ve boje, na unutarnjoj smeđe-sive, u presjeku sive the outer wall of the vessel. Hard fired clay with boje. Sačuvana širina 5,7 cm, sačuvana visina 5,1 a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed cm, debljina stijenke 0,47 cm, promjer oboda 17,1 quartzite and limestone. Of deep brown colour cm. on the inner and outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 4.4 cm, preserved height 3.4 cm, 6. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 wall thickness 0.79 cm, rim diameter 14 cm. Ulomak oboda i vrata lonca. Zadebljan obod lagano je izvijen, u presjeku jastučasto zadebljan i 5. CHANCE FIND prelijepljen preko vanjske stijenke posude. Tvrdo Rim, neck and body sherd from a pot. The rim is pečena glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ulo- thickened and slightly everted, of triangular form maka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanjskoj in cross-section. Hard fired, well-refined clay with i unutarnjoj stijenci zagasito smeđe, u presjeku a temper of sand. Dark grey on the outer wall, sive boje. Sačuvana širina 6,5 cm, sačuvana visi- brown-grey on the inner wall, grey at the core. na 4,2 cm, debljina stijenke 1 cm, promjer oboda Preserved width 5.7 cm, preserved height 5.1 cm, 30,2 cm. wall thickness 0.47 cm, rim diameter 17.1 cm. 7. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 6. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 Ulomak oboda i tijela poklopca. Obod je lagano Rim and neck sherd from a pot. The rim is thick- zadebljan. Glina s primjesama krupnijih i sitnijih ened and slightly everted, with a cushion-like ulomaka usitnjenog kvarcita i vapnenca. Na vanj- thickening in cross-section and folds tight over skoj i unutarnjoj stijenci crne, u presjeku sive boje. the outer wall of the vessel. Hard fired clay with Sačuvana širina 5,8 cm, sačuvana visina 3,7 cm, a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed debljina stijenke 0,6 cm, promjer oboda 16 cm. quartzite and limestone. Of deep brown colour

378 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

TABLA 6 on the inner and outer walls, grey at the core. Preserved width 6.5 cm, preserved height 4.2 cm, 1. SEKTOR I, ☐ 1, SJ 12, PN 3 wall thickness 1 cm, rim diameter 30.2 cm. Minijaturan lončić izvijenog oboda i snažno na- glašenog ramena. Glina s primjesama pijeska i 7. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 vapnenca. Crne boje. Širina 6,5 cm, visina 6 cm, Rim and body sherd from a lid. The rim is slightly debljina stijenke 0,34 cm, promjer oboda 6,2 cm. thickened. Clay with a temper of coarse and fine fragments of crushed quartzite and limestone. Of 2. SEKTOR I, ☐ 1, SJ 13A, PN 10 black colour on the outer and inner walls, grey Minijaturni lončić izvijenog oboda i snažno na- at the core. Preserved width 5.8 cm, preserved glašenog ramena. Glina s primjesama pijeska i height 3.7 cm, wall thickness 0.6 cm, rim diam- vapnenca. Sivosmeđe boje. Širina 5 cm, visina 4,7 eter 16 cm. cm, debljina stijenke 0,34 cm, promjer oboda 4,6 cm. TABLE 6 3. SEKTOR I, ☐ 1, SJ 13, PN 7 1. SECTOR I, ☐ 1, SU 12, SF 3 Minijaturan lončić izvijenog oboda i trbušastog tijela. Rađen od oker keramike. Na unutarnjoj sti- Miniature pot with everted rim and very empha- jenci ukras izveden engobom i zelenom glazurom. sised shoulder. Clay with a temper of sand and Engobirana keramika. Širina 6,2 cm, visina 5,2 limestone. Of black colour. Width 6.5 cm, height cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm, promjer oboda 5 cm. 6 cm, wall thickness 0.34 cm, rim diameter 6.2 cm. 4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 431 2. SECTOR I, ☐ 1, SU 13A, SF 10 Ulomak bikonične zdjelice s rebrom na vanjskoj stijenci ispod oboda. Rađena od narančaste ke- Miniature pot with everted rim and very empha- ramike. Vanjska i unutarnja stijenka prekrivene sised shoulder. Clay with a temper of sand and limestone. Of grey-brown colour. Width 5 cm, smeđom glazurom. Invetriata. Sačuvana širina 9,6 cm, sačuvana visina 6,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,54 height 4.7 cm, wall thickness 0.34 cm, rim diam- cm, promjer oboda 13,7 cm. eter 4.6 cm. 5. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 431 3. SECTOR I, ☐ 1, SU 13, SF 7 Ulomak bikonične zdjelice s rebrom na vanjskoj Miniature pot with everted rim and rotund body. stijenci ispod oboda. Rađena od narančaste ke- Fabricated of ochre ceramic. There is a decoration ramike. Vanjska i unutarnja stijenka prekrivene executed in engobe and green glaze on the inner wall. Engobed pottery. Width 6.2 cm, height 5.2 smeđom glazurom. Invetriata. Sačuvana širina 7,3 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,48 cm, wall thickness 0.4 cm, rim diameter 5 cm. cm. 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 431 6. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 Sherd from a biconical small bowl with a rib on Ulomak bikonične zdjelice s rebrom na vanjskoj the outer wall under the rim. Fabricated of or- stijenci ispod oboda. Rađena od narančaste kera- ange ceramic. Outer and inner wall coated with mike. Unutarnja stijenka prekrivena tamnosme- brown glaze. Invetriata. Preserved width 9.6 cm, đom, vanjska stijenka svijetlosmeđom glazurom. preserved height 6.1 cm, wall thickness 0.54 cm, rim diameter 13.7 cm. Invetriata. Sačuvana širina 4,4 cm, sačuvana visina 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. 5. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 431 7. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 Sherd from a biconical small bowl with a rib on Ulomak bikonične zdjelice s rebrom na vanjskoj the outer wall under the rim. Fabricated of or- stijenci ispod oboda. Rađena od zagasito smeđe ange ceramic. Outer and inner wall coated with keramike. Unutarnja i gornji dio vanjske stijenke brown glaze. Invetriata. Preserved width 7.3 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thickness 0.48 cm. prekrivene tamnosmeđom glazurom. Invetriata. Sačuvana širina 7 cm, sačuvana visina 5,5 cm, de- 6. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 bljina stijenke 0,65 cm. Sherd from a biconical small bowl with a rib on the outer wall under the rim. Fabricated of orange ceramic. The inner wall is coated with a dark brown glaze, the outer wall with light brown

379 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TABLA 7 glaze. Invetriata. Preserved width 4.4 cm, preserved height 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7/8, SJ 930 7. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 Ulomak oboda i tijela trbušastog lonca. Obod je nenaglašen i izvijen. Na ramenu se pojavljuje plit- Sherd from a biconical small bowl with a rib on ka kanelura. Rađen od oker keramike. Na unutar- the outer wall under the rim. Fabricated of deep njoj stijenci pojavljuje se zelena glazura. Sačuvana brown ceramic. The inner wall and upper sec- širina 9,7 cm, sačuvana visina 5,9 cm, debljina sti- tion of the outer wall are coated with dark brown jenke 0,44 cm, promjer oboda 13.7 cm. glaze. Invetriata. Preserved width 7 cm, preserved height 5.5 cm, wall thickness 0.65 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 635 Ulomak bikonične zdjelice. Rađena od naranča- TABLE 7 ste keramike. Unutarnja stijenka prekrivena glazurom ispod koje je ukras izveden potezima svi- 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 7/8, SU 930 jetlog engoba. Slipware. Sačuvana širina 10,2 cm, Rim and body sherd from a rotund pot. The rim is sačuvana visina 4,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,56 cm, unemphasised and everted. There is a shallow can- promjer oboda 20,5 cm. nelure on the shoulder of the vessel. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. The inner wall is coated with green TABLA 8 glaze. Preserved width 9.7 cm, preserved height 5.9 cm, wall thickness 0.44 cm, rim diameter 13.7 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 1 cm. Ulomak oboda i tijela tave. Obod je izvijen s uto- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 635 rom za poklopac. Rađena od tamnosive keramike. Na unutarnjoj stijenci pojavljuje se svijetlosmeđa, Sherd of a biconical small bowl. Fabricated of or- a na vanjskoj tamnosmeđa glazura. Sačuvana širi- ange ceramic. The inner wall is coated with a glaze na 5,7 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijen- under which there is a decoration executed in ke 0,35 cm. strokes of light toned engobe. Slipware. Preserved width 10.2 cm, preserved height 4.9 cm, wall 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 thickness 0.56 cm, rim diameter 20.5 cm. Ulomak oboda i vrata vrča. Obod je izvijen i horizontalno raščlanjen. Rađen od narančaste kerami- TABLE 8 ke. Na vanjskoj stijenci pojavljuje se svijetlosmeđa glazura. Sačuvana širina 4,4 cm, sačuvana visina 4 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,34 cm. Rim and body sherd from a pan. The rim is everted and has a lid groove. Fabricated of dark grey 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SJ 633 ceramic. The inner wall is coated with light brown Poklopac u obliku stošca s gumbastom ručkom i glaze, the outer wall with dark brown glaze. Pre- proširenim rubom. Rađen od narančaste kerami- served width 5.7 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, ke. Glaziran na obje stijenke, izvana ukras engo- wall thickness 0.35 cm. bom u obliku kružnih mrlja. Slipware. Visina 4,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm, promjer oboda 12,7 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 cm. Rim and neck sherd from a jug. The rim is everted and horizontally articulated. Fabricated of orange TABLA 9 ceramic. The outer wall is coated with light brown glaze. Preserved width 4.4 cm, preserved height 4 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 354 cm, wall thickness 0.34 cm. Ulomak bikonične zdjelice na prstenastoj no- 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SU 633 žici. Rađena od narančaste keramike. Vanjska i unutarnja stijenka prekrivene engobom na kojoj Conical form lid with button handle and wid- se mjestimično pojavljuju tragovi zelene glazure. ened edge. Fabricated of orange ceramic. Both Izvana je ruletni ukras izveden kotačićem. Engo- walls are glazed, with an engobe decoration on birana keramika. Sačuvana širina 7,6 cm, sačuvana the outer aspect in the form of circular spots. Slip- visina 5,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,78 cm, promjer ware. Height 4,2 cm, wall thickness 0,7 cm, rim dna 5,6 cm. diameter 12,7 cm.

380 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 1 TABLE 9 Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena od narančaste keramike. Osim dna, u cijelosti pre- 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 354 krivena ukrasom. Na engobiranoj podlozi ukras Sherd from a biconical small bowl on an annular je mrlja zelene boje. Engobirana slikana keramika. foot. Fabricated of orange ceramic. The outer and Sačuvana širina 7,1 cm, sačuvana visina 1,9 cm, inner walls are coated in engobe on which there debljina stijenke 0,52 cm, promjer dna 5,1 cm. are sporadic traces of green glaze. There is a roulette decoration on the outer aspect applied with 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 587 a wheel. Engobed pottery. Preserved width 7.6 Ulomak dna posude otvorene forme na diskoid- cm, preserved height 5.9 cm, wall thickness 0.78 noj nozi. Rađena od oker keramike. Unutarnja cm, base diameter 5.6 cm. stijenka ukrašena engobom i zelenom glazurom. Engobirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 8,4 cm, 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 1 sačuvana visina 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,93 cm. Vessel base sherd on an annular foot. Fabricated of orange ceramic. Entirely covered with deco- 4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 5, SJ 79 ration with the exception of the base. There is a Ulomak dna zdjelice na diskoidnoj nozi. Rađena green colour spotted decoration on an engobed od narančaste keramike. Posuda je na obje stijen- substrate. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved ke ukrašena slojem engobe, na unutarnjoj stijen- width 7.1 cm, preserved height 1.9 cm, wall thick- ci premazanog prozirnom glazurom, dok se na ness 0.52 cm, base diameter 5.1 cm. vanjskoj stijenci javlja premaz svijetlozelene boje i motiv mrlja tamnije zelene boje. Engobirana sli- 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 587 kana keramika. Sačuvana širina 7,2 cm, sačuvana Base sherd of an open form vessel with discoid visina 4,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,35 cm, promjer foot. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. The inner all is dna 4,1 cm. decorated with engobe and green glaze. Engobed pottery. Preserved width 8.4 cm, preserved height 5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 8, SJ 928 2.7 cm, wall thickness 0.93 cm. Ulomak dna posude na diskoidnoj nozi. Rađen od narančaste keramike. Posuda je na obje stijenke 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 5, SU 79 ukrašena slojem engobe i žućkastosmeđe glazure, Small bowl base sherd on a discoid foot. Fabri- a u unutrašnjosti se javlja motiv mrlja zelene boje. cated of orange ceramic. Both walls of the ves- Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina sel are decorated with a layer of engobe, coated 10,2 cm, sačuvana visina 1,9 cm, debljina stijenke with transparent glaze on the inner wall, while 1 cm, promjer dna 11,3 cm. the outer wall has a coating of light green colour and a motif of spots of darker green colour. En- gobed painted pottery. Preserved width 7.2 cm, TABLA 10 preserved height 4.5 cm, wall thickness 0.35 cm, 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 695 base diameter 4.1 cm. Tava sa stožastim tijelom, izvijenim obodom s 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 8, SU 928 utorom za poklopac, trakastom ručkom i ravnim Vessel base sherd on a discoid foot. Fabricated of dnom s tri stožaste nožice. U potpunosti prekri- orange ceramic. Both walls of the vessel are deco- vena engobom i zelenom glazurom. Engobirana rated with a layer of engobe and yellow-brown keramika. Visina 5,8 cm, promjer oboda 9,3 cm, glaze, with a motif of green coloured spots on the debljina stijenke 2,6 cm. inner aspect. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 1, SJ 769 width 10.2 cm, preserved height 1.9 cm, wall thickness 1 cm, base diameter 11,3 cm. Šuplja paličasta ručkica tave. Rađena od oker keramike. Djelomično očuvan ukras izveden engobom i zelenom glazurom. Engobirana keramika. TABLE 10 Dužina 5,1 cm, promjer 2,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,32 cm. 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 695 Pan with conical body, everted rim with lid 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 8, SJ 928 groove, strap handle and flat base with three small Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena conical feet. Entirely coated with engobe and od oker keramike. Iznutra engobirana, glazirana green glaze. Engobed pottery. Height 5.8 cm, rim žućkastom glazurom i oslikana motivima oker, diameter 9.3 cm, wall thickness 2.6 cm.

381 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

zelene i ljubičaste boje. Izvana neukrašena. Engo- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 1, SU 769 birana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 11,9 cm, Hollow bar handle of a pan. Fabricated of ochre sačuvana visina 3,9 cm, debljina stijenke 1,1 cm, ceramic. A partially preserved decoration execut- promjer dna 10 cm. ed with engobe and green glaze. Engobed pottery. Length 5.1 cm, diameter 2.2 cm, wall thickness TABLA 11 0.32 cm.

1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 8, SU 928 Rekonstruirana zdjelica s nenaglašenim obodom Vessel base sherd on an annular foot. Fabricated na prstenastoj nozi. Poluloptasta. Engobirana sa of ochre ceramic. Inner aspect engobed, coated smeđom glazurom. Engobirana slikana keramika. with yellowish glaze and painted with motifs in Promjer oboda 10,6 cm, promjer dna 4,9 cm, visi- ochre, green and purple colour. Outer aspect un- na 5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,68 cm. decorated. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved width 11.9 cm, preserved height 3.9 cm, wall 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 695 thickness 1.1 cm, base diameter 10 cm. Tanjurić. Rađen od oker keramike. Posuda je na obje stijenke ukrašena slojem engobe koji je TABLE 11 premazan svijetlozelenom glazurom, dodatno je ukrašena motivom mrlja tamnije zelene boje. 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 Engobirana slikana keramika. Promjer oboda 8,4 A reconstructed small bowl with an unempha- cm, visina 1,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm, pro- sised rim on an annular foot. Semi-globular. En- mjer dna 2,9 cm. gobed with brown glaze. Engobed painted pottery. Rim diameter 10.6 cm, base diameter 4.9 cm, TABLA 12 height 5 cm, wall thickness 0.68 cm.

1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 695 Ulomak oboda posude. Rađena od oker kera- Small plate. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. Both mike. Iznutra ukras izveden crvenom i smeđom walls of the vessel are decorated with a layer of bojom. RMR keramika. Sačuvana širina 5,6 cm, engobe coated with a light green glaze, further sačuvana visina 3,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,66 cm. decorated with a motif of dark green colour spots. Engobed painted pottery. Rim diameter 8.4 cm, 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 587 height 1.6 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm, base diam- Ulomak oboda posude otvorene forme. Rađena eter 2.9 cm. od narančaste keramike. Unutarnja i vanjska stijenka ukrašene engobom i zelenom glazurom, a TABLE 12 na unutarnjoj se stijenci nalazi reljefni ukras. En- gobirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 5,8 cm, saču- 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 vana visina 5,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm. Vessel rim sherd. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 There is a decoration on the inner aspect executed in red and brown colour. RMR pottery. Preserved Ulomak oboda zdjele. Rađen od narančaste kera- width 5.6 cm, preserved height 3.6 cm, wall thick- mike. Na engobiranoj podlozi ukras je mrlja plave ness 0.66 cm. boje, s vanjske strane engob prekriven prozirnom glazurom. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuva- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 587 na širina 8,4 cm, sačuvana visina 6,8 cm, debljina Rim sherd of an open form vessel. Fabricated of stijenke 1,1 cm. orange ceramic. The inner and outer walls are dec- 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 orated with engobe and green glaze, and the inner wall has a decoration in relief. Engobed pottery. Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanog oboda zdjelice. Preserved width 5.8 cm, preserved height 5.3 cm, Rađena od oker keramike. Unutarnja stijenka i wall thickness 0.7 cm. gornji rub vanjske ukrašeni engobom i zelenom glazurom. Engobirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 4,3 cm, sačuvana visina 3,5 cm, debljina stijenke Rim sherd from a bowl. Fabricated of orange ce- 0,46 cm, promjer oboda 18,4 cm. ramic. There is a blue colour spotted decoration on an engobed substrate, the engobe is coated

382 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 1 with a transparent glaze on the outer aspect. En- Ulomak izvijenog oboda zdjele. Rađen od naran- gobed painted pottery. Preserved width 8.4 cm, časte keramike. Iznutra engobiran i oslikan geo- preserved height 6.8 cm, wall thickness 1.1 cm. metrijskim motivima plave boje. Izvana engobi- 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 ran i glaziran samo u gornjem dijelu. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 6,8 cm, sačuva- Sherd of a triangular thickened small bowl rim. na visina 3,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,64 cm. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. The inner wall and upper edge of the outer wall are decorated with 6. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 engobe and green glaze. Engobed pottery. Pre- Ulomak lagano zadebljanog oboda zdjele. Rađena served width 4.3 cm, preserved height 3.5 cm, od oker keramike. Iznutra engobirana i oslikana wall thickness 0.46 cm, rim diameter 18.4 cm. motivima oker i zelene boje. Izvana engobirana 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 1 i glazirana smeđom bojom. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 6,2 cm, sačuvana visina Sherd of the everted rim of a bowl. Fabricated of 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,48 cm. orange ceramic. Inner aspect engobed and painted with geometric motifs in blue colour. Outer 7. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 875 aspect engobed and glazed only on the upper sec- Ulomak izvijenog oboda zdjelice. Rađena od tion. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved width narančaste keramike. Posuda je na obje stijenke 6.8 cm, preserved height 3.4 cm, wall thickness ukrašena slojem engobe koji je premazan smeđom 0.64 cm. glazurom, a na vanjskoj je strani dodatno ukrašen 6. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 motivom mrlja žute i zelene boje. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 5,5 cm, sačuvana Sherd of the slightly thickened rim of a bowl. visina 3,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. Fabricated of ochre ceramic. Inner aspect engobed and painted with motifs in ochre and green colour. Outer aspect engobed and coated with TABLA 13 brown glaze. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved width 6.2 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thick- 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SJ 633 ness 0.48 cm. Ulomak zaobljenog oboda zdjelice s tri plastične trake ukrašene utiskivanjem na vanjskoj stijenci. 7. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 875 Rađena od crvene keramike. Na unutarnjoj je sti- Sherd of the everted rim of a small bowl. Fabri- jenci ukras geometrijsko-vegetabilnog karaktera cated of orange ceramic. Both walls of the vessel izveden graviranjem. Gravirana keramika. Saču- are decorated with a layer of engobe coated with a vana širina 4,2 cm, sačuvana visina 3,4 cm, deblji- brown glaze. The outer aspect is further decorated na stijenke 0,65 cm. with a motif of yellow and green spots. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved width 5.5 cm, pre- 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 11, SJ 954 served height 3.5 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. Ulomak valovito izvedenog oboda zdjelice s dvije plastične trake ukrašene utiskivanjem na vanjskoj stijenci. Rađena od narančaste keramike. Posuda TABLE 13 je na obje stijenke ukrašena slojem engobe koji je 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SU 633 premazan žućkastom glazurom, a na unutarnjoj je stijenci dodatno ukrašen motivom potezima zele- Sherd of the rounded rim of a small bowl with ne boje. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana three plastic bands with impressed decorations on širina 5,2 cm, sačuvana visina 4,5 cm, debljina sti- the outer wall. Fabricated of red ceramic. There jenke 0,58 cm, promjer oboda 20,1 cm. is an engraved decoration of geometric/vegetative character on the inner wall. Engraved pottery. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 10, SJ 846 Preserved width 4.2 cm, preserved height 3.4 cm, Ulomak zaobljenog oboda zdjele. Rađena od na- wall thickness 0.65 cm. rančaste keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci ukras 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 11, SU 954 vegetabilnog karaktera izveden graviranjem, doslikan zelenom bojom. Izvana neukrašena. Gra- Sherd of the wavy rim of a small bowl with two virana keramika. Sačuvana visina 3,2 cm, debljina plastic bands with impressed decorations on the stijenke 0,7 cm, promjer oboda 10,9 cm. outer wall. Fabricated of orange ceramic. Both walls of the vessel are decorated with a layer of engobe coated with a yellowish glaze. The inner

383 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 wall is further decorated with a motif or strokes in Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanog oboda zdjele. green colour. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved Rađena od crvene keramike. Na unutarnjoj je sti- width 5.2 cm, preserved height 4.5 cm, wall thick- jenci ukras vegetabilnog karaktera izveden gravi- ness 0.58 cm, rim diameter 20.1 cm. ranjem, doslikan oker smeđom i zelenom bojom. 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 10, SU 846 Izvana neukrašena. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 16,5 cm, sačuvana visina 8,8 cm, debljina Sherd of the rounded rim of a bowl. Fabricated of stijenke 0,55 cm, promjer oboda 25 cm. orange ceramic. There is an engraved decoration of vegetative character on the inner wall, painted over in green colour. Outer aspect undecorated. TABLA 14 Engraved pottery. Preserved width 16,5 cm, preserved height 8,8 cm, wall thickness 0,55 cm, rim 1. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 diameter 25 cm. Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanog oboda zdjele. Rađena od narančaste keramike. Na unutarnjoj je 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 stijenci ukras trake a nastro spezzato izveden gra- Sherd of the triangularly thickened rim of a bowl. viranjem, doslikan žutom, smeđom i zelenom bo- Fabricated of red ceramic. There is an engraved jom. Izvana engoba i prozirna glazura. Gravirana decoration of vegetative character on the inner keramika. Sačuvana širina 6,7 cm, sačuvana visina wall, painted over in ochre brown and green col- 4,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,83 cm. our. Outer aspect undecorated. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 16.5 cm, preserved height 8.8 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 cm, wall thickness 0.55 cm, rim diameter 25 cm. Ulomak dna zdjele na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena od oker keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci prikaz ptice unutar stiliziranog pejzaža izveden gravira- TABLE 14 njem, doslikan zelenom, žutom i smeđom bojom. 1. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 Izvana se nazire ukras izveden smeđom i zelenom bojom na svijetloj podlozi engobe, a u donjem se Sherd of the triangularly thickened rim of a bowl. dijelu nalazi smeđa glazura. Gravirana keramika. Fabricated of orange ceramic. There is a decora- Sačuvana širina 8,3 cm, sačuvana visina 3,3 cm, tion consisting of an engraved band a nastro spez- debljina stijenke 0,72 cm, promjer dna 5.2 cm. zato on the inner wall, painted over in yellow, brown and green colour. Engobe and transpar- 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 8, SJ 928 ent glaze on the outer aspect. Engraved pottery. Ulomak dna zdjele na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena Preserved width 6.7 cm, preserved height 4.5 cm, od oker keramike. Na obje stijenke nalazi se ukras wall thickness 0.83 cm. izveden graviranjem i glazura zelene boje. Gravi- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 rana keramika. Sačuvana širina 6,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,79 cm. Base sherd from a bowl on an annular foot. Fab- ricated of ochre ceramic. There is an engraved de- 4. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 piction of birds in a stylised landscape on the in- Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanog oboda zdjele. ner wall, painted over in green, yellow and brown Rađena od narančaste keramike. Na unutarnjoj colour. On the outer aspect there is a discernable je stijenci ukras trake a nastro spezzato izveden decoration executed in brown and green colour graviranjem, doslikan žutom, smeđom i zelenom on a substrate of light toned engobe with brown bojom. Izvana neukrašena. Gravirana keramika. glazing over the lower section. Engraved pottery. Sačuvana širina 11,2 cm, sačuvana visina 6,9 cm, Preserved width 8.3 cm, preserved height 3.3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,8 cm. wall thickness 0.72 cm, base diameter 5.2 cm. 5. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 8, SU 928 Ulomak izvijenog oboda posude. Rađena od na- Base sherd from a bowl on an annular foot. Fab- rančaste keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci ukras ricated of ochre ceramic. There are decorations trake robbiana izveden graviranjem, doslikan on both walls executed with engraving and green smeđom i zelenom bojom. Izvana neukrašena. glaze. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 6.5 cm, Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 7,1 cm, saču- preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.79 cm. vana visina 5,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,71 cm. 4. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8

384 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

TABLA 15 Sherd of the triangularly thickened rim of a bowl. Fabricated of orange ceramic. There is a decora- 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 553 tion consisting of an engraved band a nastro spez- Ulomak izvijenog oboda zdjelice rađene od cr- zato on the inner wall, painted over in yellow, vene keramike. Prekriven zelenom glazurom na brown and green colour. Outer aspect undecorat- obje stijenke. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geo- ed. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 11.2 cm, metrijsko-vegetabilna dekoracija rađena šiljkom preserved height 6.9 cm, wall thickness 0.8 cm. i tupom alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 6,7 cm, sačuvana visina 3,9 cm, debljina sti- 5. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 jenke 0,56 cm. Sherd of the everted rim of a vessel. Fabricated of orange ceramic. There is a decoration consisting 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 1 of a robbiana engraved band on the inner wall, Ulomak izvijenog oboda zdjelice rađene od crve- painted over in brown and green colour. Outer ne keramike. Na obje stijenke prekriven žućkasto- aspect undecorated. Engraved pottery. Preserved smeđom glazurom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se width 7.1 cm, preserved height 5.8 cm, wall thick- gravirani geometrijski ukras. Gravirana keramika. ness 0.71 cm. Sačuvana širina 5,5 cm, sačuvana visina 3,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,72 cm. TABLE 15 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 553 Ulomak izvijenog oboda posude. Rađena od crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra geometrijskom Sherd of the everted rim of a small bowl fabri- dekoracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. cated of red ceramic. Both walls are coated with Izvana engoba i prozirna glazura. Gravirana kera- green glaze. There is a geometric/vegetative deco- mika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,4 cm x 3,3 cm, deblji- ration on the inner aspect executed with a point na stijenke 0,51 cm. and blunt tool. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 6.7 cm, preserved height 3.9 cm, wall thick- 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 531 ness 0.56 cm. Ulomak izvijenog oboda posude. Rađena od cr- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 1 vene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra geometrijskom dekoracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. Sherd of the everted rim of a small bowl fabri- Izvana engoba i prozirna glazura. Gravirana kera- cated of red ceramic. Both walls coated with yel- mika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,4 cm x 3,5 cm, deblji- low-brown glaze. There is an engraved geometric na stijenke 0,56 cm. decoration on the inner aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 5.5 cm, preserved height 3.9 cm, 5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 1 wall thickness 0.72 cm. Ulomak zaobljenog oboda tanjura rađenog od 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 crvene keramike. Ukrašen iznutra geometrijskom dekoracijom, doslikan oker i zelenom bojom. Sherd of the everted rim of a vessel. Fabricated of Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 11,3 cm, red ceramic. There is a geometric decoration on sačuvana visina 6,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,64 cm, the inner aspect, painted over in ochre and green promjer oboda 18,8 cm. colour. Engobe and transparent glaze on the outer aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 6.4 cm x 3.3 cm, wall thickness 0.51 cm. TABLA 16 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 531 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 685 Sherd of the everted rim of a vessel. Fabricated of Ulomak dna posude otvorene forme na prstena- red ceramic. There is a geometric decoration on stoj nozi. Rađena od crvene keramike. Ukrašena the inner aspect, painted in ochre and green col- iznutra geometrijskom dekoracijom, doslikana our. Engobe and transparent glaze on the outer oker i zelenom bojom. Gravirana keramika. Saču- aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions vane dimenzije 6,7 cm x 7,6 cm, debljina stijenke 6.4 cm x 3.5 cm, wall thickness 0.56 cm. 0,93 cm, promjer dna 10,5 cm. 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 1 2. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 Sherd of the rounded rim of a plate fabricated of Ulomak zaobljenog oboda posude. Rađena od red ceramic. There is a geometric decoration on oker keramike. Ukrašena iznutra geometrijskom the inner aspect, painted over in ochre and green

385 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

dekoracijom, doslikana oker, plavom i zelenom colour. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 11.3 bojom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije cm, preserved height 6.4 cm, wall thickness 0.64 8,1 cm x 4,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. cm, rim diameter 18.8 cm. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 531 Ulomak trokutasto zadebljanog oboda posude TABLE 16 rađene od crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra ge- 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 685 ometrijskim motivima, doslikana oker i zelenom Base sherd from an open form vessel on an an- bojom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije nular foot. Fabricated of red ceramic. There is a 10,3 cm x 8,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,76 cm. geometric decoration on the inner aspect, painted 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 over in ochre and green colour. Engraved pottery. Ulomak dna zdjele na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena Preserved dimensions 6.7 cm x 7.6 cm, wall thick- od narančaste keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci ness 0.93 cm, base diameter 10.5 cm. graviran ukras, doslikan žutom i smeđom bojom. 2. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 Izvana svijetlosmeđa glazura. Gravirana kerami- Sherd of the rounded rim of a vessel. Fabricated of ka. Sačuvana širina 5,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,5 cm, ochre ceramic. There is a geometric decoration on debljina stijenke 0,84 cm, promjer dna 10,6 cm. the inner aspect, painted over in ochre, blue and green colour. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimen- TABLA 17 sions 8.1 cm x 4.4 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 531 Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi rađenoj Sherd of a triangularly thickened rim of a vessel od crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra floralnom fabricated of red ceramic. Inner aspect decorated dekoracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. with geometric motifs, painted in ochre and Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 9,5 cm green colour. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimen- x 6,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,8 cm. sions 10.3 cm x 8.9 cm, wall thickness 0.76 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 2, SJ 769 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 Ulomak dna posude na diskoidnoj nozi rađenoj Base sherd from a bowl on an annular foot. Fabri- od crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra floralnom cated of orange ceramic. There is an engraved dec- dekoracijom, doslikana oker, plavom i zelenom oration on the inner wall, painted over in yellow bojom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije and brown colour. Light brown glaze on the outer 5,5 cm x 6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,72 cm, promjer aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved width 5.5 cm, dna 5,3 cm. preserved height 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.84 cm, base diameter 10.6 cm. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 875 Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi s umbom u sredini rađenoj od crvene keramike. Ukrašena TABLE 17 iznutra prikazom ptice, doslikana oker i zelenom 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 bojom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije Sherd of the base of a vessel fabricated of red ce- 4,5 cm x 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,8 cm. ramic. There is a floral decoration on the inner as- 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 8, SJ 840 pect, painted in ochre and green colour. Engraved Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi rađenoj od pottery. Preserved dimensions 9.5 cm x 6.6 cm, crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra floralnom de- wall thickness 0.8 cm. koracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. Gravi- 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 2, SU 769 rana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 8 cm x 8,4 cm, Vessel base sherd on a discoid foot fabricated of debljina stijenke 0,5 cm, promjer dna 6,7 cm. red ceramic. There is a floral decoration on the 5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 inner aspect, painted in ochre, blue and green col- Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi rađenoj our. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 5.5 od crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra floralnom cm x 6 cm, wall thickness 0.72 cm, base diameter dekoracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. 5.3 cm. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 15,1 cm x 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 875 5,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm, promjer dna 8 cm.

386 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

TABLA 18 Vessel base sherd on an annular foot with an umbel in the centre fabricated of red ceramic. Inner 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 560 aspect decorated with the depiction of a bird, Duboka zdjela s izvijenim obodom, rađena od painted in ochre and green colour. Engraved pot- crvene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra floralnim tery. Preserved dimensions 4.5 cm x 3.1 cm, wall motivima, doslikana oker, ljubičastom i zelenom thickness 0.8 cm. bojom. Gravirana keramika. Promjer oboda 34,5 cm, promjer dna 11,5 cm, visina 13,1 cm, debljina 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 8, SU 840 stijenke 0,9 cm. Sherd of the base of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. There is a floral decoration on the inner aspect, painted in ochre and green colour. Engraved TABLA19 pottery. Preserved dimensions 8 cm x 8.4 cm, wall 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 thickness 0.5 cm, base diameter 6.7 cm. Ulomak zaobljenog oboda zdjelice rađene od 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 oker keramike. Ukrašen je samo s unutarnje stra- Sherd of the base of a vessel fabricated of red ce- ne geometrijskim motivom slikanim plavom i ramic. There is a floral decoration on the inner as- narančastom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majo- pect, painted in ochre and green colour. Engraved lika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,9 cm x 5,9 cm, debljina pottery. Preserved dimensions 15.1 cm x 5.9 cm, stijenke 0,84 cm. wall thickness 0.7 cm, base diameter 8 cm. 2. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1 Ulomak zaobljenog oboda zdjelice, rađena od TABLE 18 narančaste keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane, iznutra površina u potpunosti prekrivena geome- 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 560 trijskim motivima izvedenim plavom, žutom i na- Deep bowl with everted rim, fabricated of red rančastom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije ceramic. Inner aspect decorated with floral mo- 7,2 cm x 4,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. tifs, painted in ochre, purple and green colour. Engraved pottery. Rim diameter 34,5 cm, base 3. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 309 diameter 11,5 cm, height 13,1 cm, wall thickness Ulomak zdjelice stanjenog i lagano izvijenog obo- 0,9 cm. da, rađena od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane, iznutra površina u potpunosti prekrivena TABLE 19 vegetabilnim motivima, a izvana prekriženi kru- govi. Za slikanje korištena kobaltno plava boja. 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,1 cm x 5,1 cm, Sherd of the rounded rim of a small bowl fabri- debljina stijenke 0,52 cm, promjer oboda 16,8 cm. cated of ochre ceramic. Only the inner aspect is 4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 decorated with a geometric motif painted in blue Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi, rađena and orange colour. Both sides are glazed. Maiol- od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane, ica. Preserved dimensions 6.9 cm x 5.9 cm, wall iznutra površina u potpunosti prekrivena vegeta- thickness 0.84 cm. bilnim motivima, a slikanje je prisutno i na vanj- 2. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1 skoj strani. Za slikanje korištena kobaltno plava Sherd of the rounded rim of a small bowl, fab- boja. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,5 cm x 4,1 ricated of orange ceramic. White glaze on both cm, debljina stijenke 0,55 cm. aspects, inner aspect entirely covered with geo- 5. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 metric motifs executed in blue, yellow and orange Ulomak dna posude otvorene forme na prstena- colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 7.2 cm x stoj nozi rađene od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s 4.9 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. obje strane, iznutra površina u potpunosti prekri- 3. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 309 vena geometrijskim motivima izvedenim plavom, Sherd of a small bowl with thinned and slightly žutom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane everted rim, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White dimenzije 7,2 cm x 6,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 glaze on both aspects, inner aspect entirely cov- cm, promjer dna 8,6 cm. ered with vegetative motifs, outer aspect with crossed circles. Cobalt blue colour used for paint-

387 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TABLA 20 ing. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 6.1 cm x 5.1 cm, wall thickness 0.52 cm, rim diameter 16.8 cm. 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SJ 633 Ulomak trbušastog vrča na diskoidnoj nozi, rađen 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 od narančaste keramike. Bijela glazura s obje stra- Vessel base sherd on an annular foot, fabricated of ne. Stilizirana vegetabilna dekoracija nalazi se s ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects, in- vanjske strane. Slikanje izvedeno zelenom, žutom, ner aspect entirely covered with vegetative motifs, narančastom, smeđom i plavom bojom. Majolika. with painting also present on outer aspect. Cobalt Promjer dna 10,5 cm, sačuvana visina 16,4 cm, de- blue colour used for painting. Maiolica. Preserved bljina stijenke 0,48 cm. dimensions 6.5 cm x 4.1 cm, wall thickness 0.55 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 2, SJ 776 Ulomak tanjura, rađen od svijetle oker keramike. 5. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 Bijela glazura samo s unutrašnje strane. Stilizira- Base sherd of an open form vessel on an annular na vegetabilno-geometrijska dekoracija nalazi foot fabricated of ochre ceramic. White glaze on se s unutarnje strane. Slikanje izvedeno plavom, both aspects, inner aspect entirely covered with narančastom, smeđom i žutom bojom. Višeboj- geometric motifs executed in blue, yellow and orna rivestita. Sačuvane dimenzije 7,6 cm x 5,9 cm, ange colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 7.2 debljina stijenke 0,81 cm. cm x 6.6 cm, wall thickness 0.7 cm, base diameter 8.6 cm. TABLA 21 TABLE 20 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 394 Ulomak dna posude otvorene forme na prstena- 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SU 633 stoj nozi, rađena od narančaste keramike. Bijela Sherd of a rotund jug on a discoid foot, fabricated glazura s obje strane. Stilizirana vegetabilno-geo- or orange ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. metrijska dekoracija nalazi se s unutarnje strane. There is a stylised vegetative motif decoration on Slikanje izvedeno plavom, narančastom i žutom the outer aspect. Figuration executed in green, bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 8,8 cm x yellow, orange, brown and blue colour. Maiolica. 6,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm, promjer dna 9 Base diameter 10.5 cm, preserved height 16.4 cm, cm. wall thickness 0.48 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 2, SU 776 Ulomak dna trbušastog vrča s višom nogom koja Plate sherd, fabricated of light ochre ceramic. se širi u stopu, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela White glaze only on inner aspect. Stylised veg- glazura s obje strane. Geometrijska dekoracija na etative/geometric decoration on the inner aspect. vanjskoj stijenci. Slikanje izvedeno žutom, zele- Figuration executed in blue, orange, brown and nom, plavom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. yellow colour. Polychrome rivestita. Preserved di- Promjer dna 11 cm, sačuvana visina 10 cm, Saču- mensions 7.6 cm x 5.9 cm, wall thickness 0.81 cm. vane debljina stijenke 0,51 cm. 3. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 242 TABLE 21 Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela gla- 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 394 zura s obje strane. Stilizirana geometrijsko-vege- Base sherd from an open form vessel on an an- tabilna dekoracija nalazi se s vanjske strane. Slika- nular foot, fabricated or orange ceramic. White nje izvedeno plavom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane glaze on both aspects. Stylised vegetative/geo- dimenzije 5,5 cm x 7,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,53 metric decoration on the inner aspect. Figura- cm. tion executed in blue, orange and yellow colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 8.8 cm x 6.5 cm, TABLA 22 wall thickness 0.6 cm, base diameter 9 cm.

1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 5, SJ 79 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 Ulomak dna vrča na diskoidnoj nozi, rađen od Base sherd of a rotund jug with tall leg broaden- oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Geo- ing at the foot, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White metrijsko-vegetabilni motiv izveden žutom, pla- glaze on both aspects. Geometric decoration on

388 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

vom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. Promjer dna the outer wall. Figuration executed in yellow, 8,8 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke green, blue and orange colour. Maiolica. Base di- 0,6 cm. ameter 11 cm, preserved height 10 cm, Preserved wall thickness 0.51 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 Ulomak dna vrča na diskoidnoj nozi, rađen od 3. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 242 oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Vege- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White tabilni ukras tipa a corona fogliata con frutta. Sli- glaze on both aspects. Stylised geometric/vegeta- kanje izvedeno žutom, zelenom, plavom i naran- tive decoration on the outer aspect. Figuration častom bojom. Majolika. Promjer dna 10,2 cm, executed in blue colour. Maiolica. Preserved di- sačuvana visina 6,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,53 cm. mensions 5.5 cm x 7.2 cm, wall thickness 0.53 cm. 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 Ulomak zdjele na prstenastoj nozi s izvijenim TABLE 22 obodom, rađena od oker keramike. Bijela glazura 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 5, SU 79 s obje strane. Geometrijski motiv izveden žutom, Base sherd from a jug on a discoid foot, fabricated zelenom, plavom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. of ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. Promjer dna 7,7 cm, visina 6,4 cm, debljina stijen- Geometric/vegetative motif executed in yellow, ke 0,61 cm. blue and orange colour. Maiolica. Base diameter 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 8.8 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thickness Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela gla- 0.6 cm. zura s obje strane. Ukras ljestava oslikan kobaltno 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 plavom bojom, središnji motiv doslikan žutom i Base sherd from a jug on a discoid foot, fabricated zelenom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 10 of ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. cm x 7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm. Vegetative decoration of the a corona fogliata con frutta type. Figuration executed in yellow, green, TABLA 23 blue and orange colour. Maiolica. Base diameter 10.2 cm, preserved height 6.5 cm, wall thickness 1. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 0.53 cm. Ulomak reljefne pločice rađene od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Ukras izveden potezi- 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 ma plave, oker, smeđe i žute boje. Majolika. Saču- Sherd of a bowl on an annular foot with everted vane dimenzije 7,9 cm x 8 cm. rim, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. Geometric motif executed in yellow, 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 1 green, blue and orange colour. Maiolica. Base di- Ulomak stanjenog oboda posude rađene od oker ameter 7.7 cm, height 6.4 cm, wall thickness 0.61 keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Iznutra ve- cm. getabilna dekoracija izvedena plavom, oker sme- đom, žutom i zelenom bojom. Majolika. Sačuva- 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 ne dimenzije 6,9 cm x 4,8 cm, debljina stijenke Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White 0,75 cm. glaze on both aspects. Ladder decoration painted in cobalt blue, central motif painted in yellow and 3. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 256 green colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 10 Ulomak nenaglašenog oboda posude rađene od cm x 7 cm, wall thickness 0.7 cm. oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Iznu- tra vegetabilna dekoracija izvedena plavom, oker smeđom, žutom i zelenom bojom. Majolika. Sa- TABLE 23 čuvane dimenzije 6,8 cm x 3,1 cm, debljina stijen- 1. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 ke 0,68 cm. Sherd from a tile in relief fabricated of ochre ce- 4. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 1 ramic. White glaze on both aspects. Decoration Poluloptasta zdjela s nenaglašenim obodom. Bije- executed in strokes of blue, ochre, brown and yel- la glazura s obje strane. Iznutra vegetabilna deko- low colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 7.9 racija izvedena plavom, smeđom i žutom. Majoli- cm x 8 cm. 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 1

389 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ka. Promjer oboda 10,6 cm, promjer dna 4,9 cm, Sherd of the thinned rim of a vessel fabricated of visina 5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,68 cm. ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. Veg- etative decoration on the inner aspect executed TABLA 24 in blue, ochre brown, yellow and green colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 6.9 cm x 4.8 cm, 1. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 227 wall thickness 0.75 cm. Ulomak tanjura rađenog od svijetle oker kerami- 3. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 256 ke. Bijela fond i prozirna glazura s obje strane. Uz Sherd of the unemphasised rim of a vessel fabri- otvor vegetabilno-geometrijski motiv, a u središtu cated of ochre ceramic. White glaze on both as- prikaz pejzaža s arhitekturom i ljudskim likovima. pects. Vegetative decoration on the inner aspect Visina 2,3 cm, debljina stijenke 5,2 cm. executed in blue, ochre brown, yellow and green 2. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13, SJ 256 colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 6.8 cm x Ulomak šalice rađene od svijetle oker keramike. 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.68 cm. Bijela fond i prozirna glazura s obje strane. Na 4. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 1 vanjskoj je strani motiv pejzaža unutar kojeg su Semi-globular bowl with unemphasised rim. smješteni ljudski likovi, rađen crvenom bojom. White glaze on both aspects. Vegetative decora- Iznutra vegetabilna dekoracija izvedena crvenom tion on the inner aspect executed in blue, brown bojom. Kamenina. Visina 7,6 cm, debljina stijen- and yellow colour. Maiolica. Rim diameter 10.6 ke 0,45 cm. cm, base diameter 4.9 cm, height 5 cm, wall thick- 3. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 8 ness 0.68 cm. Ulomak posude na prstenastoj nozi, rađena od svijetle oker keramike. Bijela fond i prozirna gla- TABLE 24 zura s obje strane. Na obje je strane vegetabilni motiv rađen smeđom bojom. Promjer dna 6,2 cm, 1. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 227 sačuvane dimenzije 6,1 x 5,8 cm, debljina stijenke Sherd from a plate fabricated of light ochre ce- 0,51 cm. ramic. White substrate and transparent glaze on both aspects. Vegetative/geometric motif along TABLA 25 the orifice. In the centre a landscape with architecture and human figures. Height 2.3 cm, wall 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 4/5, SJ 49 thickness 5.2 cm. Ulomak oboda i tijela tave. Izvijen obod s utorom 2. SECTOR II, ☐ 13, SU 256 za poklopac. U potpunosti prekrivena engobom Sherd from a cup fabricated of light ochre ceram- i zelenom glazurom. Engobirana keramika. Saču- ic. White substrate and transparent glaze on both vana širina 6,5 cm, sačuvana visina 2,7 cm, deblji- aspects. Landscape motif with human figures on na stijenke 0,45 cm. the outer aspect, executed in red colour. Vegeta- 2. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 tive decoration on the inner aspect executed in Ulomak dna posude. Rađena od narančaste ke- red colour. Stoneware. Height 7.6 cm, wall thick- ramike. Iznutra ukras izveden plavom bojom, ness 0.45 cm. izvana siva glazura. Engobirana slikana keramika. 3. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 8 Sačuvana širina 8,25 cm, sačuvana visina 4,35 cm, Sherd from a vessel on an annular foot, fabricated debljina stijenke 0,72 cm. of light ochre ceramic. White substrate and trans- 3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 1, SJ 776 parent glaze on both aspects. Vegetative motif Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi. Rađena on both aspects executed in brown colour. Base od narančaste keramike. U cijelosti prekrivena diameter 6.2 cm, preserved dimensions 6.1 X 5.8 ukrasom na žutoj podlozi slikanim mrljama crve- cm, wall thickness 0.51 cm. ne boje. Engobirana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 4,3 cm, sačuvana visina 2,9 cm, debljina sti- TABLE 25 jenke 0,72 cm. 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 4/5, SU 49 4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 256 Rim and body sherd from a pan. Everted rim with Ulomak dna zdjele na prstenastoj nozi. Rađe- lid groove. Entirely coated with engobe and green na od crvene keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci

390 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ukras vegetabilnog karaktera izveden gravira- glaze. Engobed pottery. Preserved width 6.5 cm, njem, doslikan zelenom bojom. Izvana neukraše- preserved height 2.7 cm, wall thickness 0.45 cm. na. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 2,9 cm, sačuvana visina 1,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,48 cm. 2. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 Vessel base sherd. Fabricated of orange ceramic. 5. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 There is a decoration on the inner aspect executed Ulomak vrča. Rađen od narančaste keramike. in blue colour, grey glaze on the outer aspect. En- Izvana engobiran i oslikan geometrijskim motivi- gobed painted pottery. Preserved width 4,3 cm, ma plave boje. Iznutra engobiran i glaziran. Engo- preserved height 2,9 cm, wall thickness 0,72 cm. birana slikana keramika. Sačuvana širina 5,2 cm, sačuvana visina 8,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,87 cm. 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 1, SU 776 Vessel base sherd on an annular foot. Fabricated 6. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 of orange ceramic. Entirely covered with a decora- Ulomak vrča. Rađen od narančaste keramike. tion on a yellow background painted with spots Iznutra engobiran i oslikan floralnim motivima of red colour. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved plave boje. Iznutra engobiran i glaziran. Engo- width 4.3 cm, preserved height 2.9 cm, wall thick- birana slikana keramika. Sačuvana visina 8,6 cm, ness 0.72 cm. sačuvana širina 3,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,8 cm. 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 256 7. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1 Base sherd from a bowl on an annular foot. Ulomak posude rađene od narančaste keramike. Fabricated of red ceramic. There is an engraved Iznutra engobirana, glazirana žućkastom glazu- decoration of vegetative character on the inner rom i oslikana motivima oker i zelene boje. Izvana wall, painted over in green colour. Outer aspect neukrašena. Engobirana slikana keramika. Saču- undecorated. Engraved pottery. Preserved width vana širina 5,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,96 cm. 2.9 cm, preserved height 1.4 cm, wall thickness 0.48 cm. 8. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 360 Ulomak dna zdjele na prstenastoj nozi. Rađe- 5. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 na od crvene keramike. Na unutarnjoj je stijenci Sherd from a jug. Fabricated of orange ceramic. ukras vegetabilnog karaktera izveden gravira- Inner aspect engobed and painted with floral njem, doslikan oker smeđom i zelenom bojom. motifs in blue colour. Inner aspect engobed and Izvana neukrašena. Gravirana keramika. Sačuva- glazed. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved na širina 5,7 cm, sačuvana visina 1,7 cm, debljina height 8.6 cm, preserved width 3.2 cm, wall thick- stijenke 0,7 cm, promjer dna 4,9 cm. ness 0.8 cm. 9. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SJ 633 6. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 Ulomak vrča. Rađen od narančaste keramike. Na Sherd from a jug. Fabricated of orange ceramic. unutarnjoj je stijenci ukras geometrijsko-vegeta- Outer aspect engobed and painted with geomet- bilnog karaktera izveden graviranjem, doslikan ric motifs in blue colour. Inner aspect engobed oker smeđom i zelenom bojom. Iznutra engoba and glazed. Engobed painted pottery. Preserved i prozirna glazura. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana width 5.2 cm, preserved height 8.2 cm, wall thick- širina 3,6 cm, sačuvana visina 4 cm, debljina sti- ness 0.87 cm. jenke 0,46 cm. 7. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1 10. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 Sherd of a vessel fabricated of orange ceramic. In- Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Pre- ner aspect engobed, coated with yellowish glaze kriven zelenom glazurom na obje stijenke. Na and painted with motifs in ochre and green col- unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegeta- our. Outer aspect undecorated. Engobed painted bilna dekoracija rađena šiljkom i tupom alatkom. pottery. Preserved width 5.8 cm, wall thickness Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,7 cm x 0.96 cm. 1,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,68 cm. 8. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 360 11. SEKTOR III, ☐ 4, SJ 587 Base sherd from a bowl on an annular foot. Fab- Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Pre- ricated of red ceramic. There is an engraved deco- kriven zelenom glazurom na obje stijenke. Na ration of vegetative character on the inner wall, unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegeta- painted over in ochre brown and green colour. bilna dekoracija rađena šiljkom i tupom alatkom. Outer aspect undecorated. Engraved pottery.

391 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Gravirana keramika. Sačuvana širina 4,9 cm, saču- Preserved width 5.7 cm, preserved height 1.7 cm, vana visina 4,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,63 cm. wall thickness 0.7 cm, base diameter 4.9 cm. 12. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 256 9. SECTOR III, ☐ 3/4, SU 633 Ulomak dna posude na diskoidnoj nozi, rađena Sherd from a jug. Fabricated of orange ceramic. od crvene keramike. Prekriven zelenom glazurom There is an engraved decoration of geometric/ na unutarnjoj stijenci. Na unutarnjoj strani nala- vegetative character on the inner wall, painted zi se geometrijsko-vegetabilna dekoracija rađena over in ochre brown and green colour. Engobe tupom alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane and transparent glaze on the inner aspect. En- dimenzije 4,3 cm x 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,83 graved pottery. Preserved width 3.6 cm, preserved cm. height 4 cm, wall thickness 0.46 cm. 13. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 10. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 Ulomak posude rađene od sive keramike. Prekri- Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both ven zelenom glazurom na obje stijenke. Na unu- walls are coated with green glaze. There is a geo- tarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegetabilna metric/vegetative decoration on the inner aspect dekoracija rađena šiljkom i tupom alatkom. Gra- executed with a point and blunt tool. Engraved virana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,4 cm x 3,9 pottery. Preserved dimensions 2.7 cm x 1.8 cm, cm, debljina stijenke 0,67 cm. wall thickness 0.68 cm. 14. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6/7, SJ 249 11. SECTOR III, ☐ 4, SU 587 Ulomak dna posude rađene od crvene keramike. Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both U unutrašnjosti prekriven žućkastosmeđom gla- walls are coated with green glaze. There is a geo- zurom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se graviran ge- metric/vegetative decoration on the inner aspect ometrijski ukras. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane executed with a point and blunt tool. Engraved dimenzije 5,8 cm x 4,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,94 pottery. Preserved width 4.9 cm, preserved height cm. 4.1 cm, wall thickness 0.63 cm. 15. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 12. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 256 Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Na Vessel base sherd on a discoid foot, fabricated obje stijenke prekriven žućkastosmeđom glazu- of red ceramic. The inner wall is coated in green rom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko- glaze. There is a geometric/vegetative decoration vegetabilna dekoracija rađena šiljkom i tupom on the inner aspect executed with a blunt tool. alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzi- Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 4.3 cm x je 8,6 cm x 4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,73 cm. 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.83 cm. 16. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 256 13. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 Ulomak dna posude rađene od crvene keramike. Sherd of a vessel fabricated of grey ceramic. Both Na obje stijenke prekriven žućkastosmeđom gla- walls are coated with green glaze. There is a geo- zurom. Na unutarnjoj strani se nalazi dekoracija metric/vegetative decoration on the inner aspect rađena graviranjem. Gravirana keramika. Saču- executed with a point and blunt tool. Engraved vane dimenzije 3,8 cm x 3,7 cm, debljina stijenke pottery. Preserved dimensions 4.4 cm x 3.9 cm, 0,81 cm. wall thickness 0.67 cm. 17. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11, SJ 256 14. SECTOR I, ☐ 6/7, SU 249 Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Na Vessel base sherd fabricated of red ceramic. The obje stijenke prekriven žućkastosmeđom glazu- inner aspect is coated with yellow-brown glaze. rom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se dekoracija ra- There is an engraved geometric decoration on the đena graviranjem. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane inner aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimen- dimenzije 3,2 cm x 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,58 sions 5.8 cm x 4.5 cm, wall thickness 0.94 cm. cm. 15. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 18. SEKTOR II, ☐ 8/10, SJ 294 Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Na Both walls coated with yellow-brown glaze. There obje stijenke prekriven žućkastosmeđom glazu- is a geometric/vegetative decoration on the inner rom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko- aspect executed with a point and blunt tool. En- vegetabilna dekoracija rađena šiljkom i tupom

392 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzi- graved pottery. Preserved dimensions 8.6 cm x 4 je 2,8 cm x 2,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm. cm, wall thickness 0.73 cm. 19. SEKTOR II, SJ 256 16. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 256 Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Na Vessel base sherd fabricated of red ceramic. Both obje stijenke prekriven žućkastosmeđom glazu- walls coated with yellow-brown glaze. There is rom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se graviran geo- an engraved decoration on the inner aspect. En- metrijski ukras. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane di- graved pottery. Preserved dimensions 3.8 cm x 3.7 menzije 3 cm x 2,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,46 cm. cm, wall thickness 0.81 cm. 20. SLUČAJAN NALAZ 17. SECTOR II, ☐ 11, SU 256 Ulomak izvijenog oboda posude rađene od crve- Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both ne keramike. U unutrašnjosti prekriven žućkasto- walls coated with yellow-brown glaze. There is smeđom glazurom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se an engraved decoration on the inner aspect. En- graviran geometrijski ukras. Gravirana keramika. graved pottery. Preserved dimensions 3.2 cm x 2.7 Sačuvana širina 2,7 cm, sačuvana visina 2,6 cm, cm, wall thickness 0.58 cm. debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. 18. SECTOR II, ☐ 8/10, SU 294 21. SEKTOR I, ☐ 3, SJ 8 Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Na walls coated with yellow-brown glaze. There is obje stijenke prekriven prozirnom glazurom. Na a geometric/vegetative decoration on the inner unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegeta- aspect executed with a point and blunt tool. En- bilni ukras rađen šiljkom i širom tupom alatkom. graved pottery. Preserved dimensions 2.8 cm x 2.1 Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,2 cm x cm, wall thickness 0.7 cm. 5,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,67 cm. 19. SECTOR II, SU 256 22. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. Both Ulomak zaobljenog oboda posude rađene od walls coated with yellow-brown glaze. There is an crvene keramike. Na obje stijenke prekriven pro- engraved geometric decoration on the inner as- zirnom glazurom. Na unutarnjoj strani nalazi se pect. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 3 geometrijsko-vegetabilni ukras rađen šiljkom i cm x 2.9 cm, wall thickness 0.46 cm. širom tupom alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Saču- vane dimenzije 3,9 cm x 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 20. CHANCE FIND 0,7 cm. Sherd of the everted rim of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. The inner aspect is coated with yel- 23. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 309 low-brown glaze. There is an engraved geometric Ulomak zaobljenog oboda posude. Rađena od cr- decoration on the inner aspect. Engraved pottery. vene keramike. Ukrašena iznutra geometrijskom Preserved width 2.7 cm, preserved height 2.6 cm, dekoracijom, doslikana oker i zelenom bojom. wall thickness 0.5 cm. Izvana engoba i prozirna glazura. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,2 cm x 2,5 cm, deblji- 21. SECTOR I, ☐ 3, SU 8 na stijenke 0,48 cm. Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both walls coated with transparent glaze. There is a 24. SLUČAJNI NALAZ geometric/vegetative decoration on the inner as- Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Na pect executed with a point and broad blunt tool. obje stijenke prekriven prozirnom glazurom. Na Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 4.2 cm x unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegeta- 5.4 cm, wall thickness 0.67 cm. bilni ukras rađen šiljkom i širom tupom alatkom. Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,5 cm x 22. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 4,6 cm, debljina stijenke 1 cm. Sherd of the rounded rim of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both walls coated with transparent 25. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 8 glaze. There is a geometric/vegetative decoration Ulomak posude rađene od crvene keramike. Na on the inner aspect executed with a point and obje stijenke prekriven prozirnom glazurom. Na broad blunt tool. Engraved pottery. Preserved di- unutarnjoj strani nalazi se geometrijsko-vegeta- mensions 3.9 cm x 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.7 cm. bilni ukras rađen šiljkom i širom tupom alatkom. 23. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 309

393 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Gravirana keramika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,2 cm x Sherd of the rounded rim of a vessel. Fabricated 4,8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,78 cm. of red ceramic. There is a geometric decoration on the inner aspect, painted in ochre and green TABLA 26 colour. Engobe and transparent glaze on the outer aspect. Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 2.2 cm x 2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.48 cm. Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je 24. CHANCE FIND samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima sli- Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both kanim u smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje strane. Majo- walls coated with transparent glaze. There is a lika. Sačuvane dimenzije 8,7 cm x 5,2 cm, debljina geometric/vegetative decoration on the inner as- stijenke 0,85 cm. pect executed with a point and broad blunt tool. 2. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 3.5 cm x Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen 4.6 cm, wall thickness 1 cm. je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima 25. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 8 slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje Sherd of a vessel fabricated of red ceramic. Both strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 8,8 cm x 8,9 walls coated with transparent glaze. There is a cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. geometric/vegetative decoration on the inner as- 3. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1 pect executed with a point and broad blunt tool. Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je Engraved pottery. Preserved dimensions 4.2 cm x samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima sli- 4.8 cm, wall thickness 0.78 cm. kanim u smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje strane. Majo- lika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,3 cm x 3,5 cm, debljina TABLE 26 stijenke 0,69 cm. 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima painted in brown colour. Both sides are glazed. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 8.7 cm x 5.2 cm, strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,3 cm x 3,8 wall thickness 0.85 cm. cm, debljina stijenke 0,63 cm. 2. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 5. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 8.8 cm x strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,9 cm x 3,6 8.9 cm, wall thickness 0.5 cm. cm, debljina stijenke 0,44 cm. 3. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1 6. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima painted in brown colour. Both sides are glazed. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 6.3 cm x 3.5 cm, strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,6 cm x 3 wall thickness 0.69 cm. cm, debljina stijenke 0,49 cm. 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 7. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5.3 cm x strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,3 cm x 2,8 3.8 cm, wall thickness 0.63 cm. cm, debljina stijenke 0,63 cm. 5. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs

394 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

8. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 2.9 cm x je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima 3.6 cm, wall thickness 0.44 cm. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje 6. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,2 cm x 4,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,63 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 9. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 2.6 cm x 3 je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima cm, wall thickness 0.49 cm. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje 7. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,9 cm x 3,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,48 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 10. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 3.3 cm x je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima 2.8 cm, wall thickness 0.63 cm. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje 8. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,9 cm x 4,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 11. SEKTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SJ 145 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5.2 cm x je samo s vanjske strane geometrijskim motivima 4.3 cm, wall thickness 0.63 cm. slikanim u plavoj i smeđoj boji. Glazura s obje 9. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,4 cm x 1,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,45 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 12. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4.9 cm x samo s vanjske strane motivom plavih bobica na 3.6 cm, wall thickness 0.48 cm. smeđim grančicama. Glazura s obje strane. Majo- 10. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 lika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,9 cm x 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,49 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 13. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 846 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 2.9 cm x samo s vanjske strane motivom a scalleta slikanim 4.7 cm, wall thickness 0.4 cm. plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. 11. SECTOR I, ☐ 9/10, SU 145 Sačuvane dimenzije 4 cm x 3,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,52 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with geometric motifs 14. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 304 painted in blue and brown colour. Both sides are Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5.4 cm x samo s vanjske strane motivom a scalleta slikanim 1.7 cm, wall thickness 0.45 cm. plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. 12. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 Sačuvane dimenzije 3,3 cm x 3,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with a motif of blue 15. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13, SJ 256 berries on brown boughs. Both sides are glazed. Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 2.9 cm x 2.7 cm, samo s vanjske strane motivom a scalleta slikanim wall thickness 0.49 cm. plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. 13. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 846 Sačuvane dimenzije 3,9 cm x 1,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,56 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed.

395 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

16. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 242 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4 cm x 3.6 cm, Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je wall thickness 0.52 cm. samo s vanjske strane motivom slikanim a scalleta 14. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 304 plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,2 cm x 3,6 cm, debljina sti- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the jenke 0,62 cm. outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 17. SEKTOR III, ☐ 3, SJ 553 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 3.3 cm x 3.6 cm, Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je wall thickness 0.6 cm. samo s vanjske strane motivom slikanim a scalleta 15. SECTOR II, ☐ 13, SU 256 plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 2,6 cm x 2,7 cm, debljina sti- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the jenke 0,5 cm. outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 18. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 3.9 cm x 1.9 cm, Ulomak dna zdjelice na diskoidnoj nozi rađene wall thickness 0.56 cm. od oker keramike. U unutrašnjosti ukrašen mo- 16. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 242 nogramom IHS slikanim plavom i žutom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimen- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the zije 5,1 cm x 3,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,81 cm. outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 19. SEKTOR II, ☐ 5, SJ 79 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4.2 cm x 3.6 cm, Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen je wall thickness 0.62 cm. samo s vanjske strane motivom slikanim a scalleta 17. SECTOR III, ☐ 3, SU 553 plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,7 cm x 3,6 cm, debljina sti- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the jenke 0,45 cm. outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 20. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13, SJ 503 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 2.6 cm x 2.7 cm, Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Ukrašen wall thickness 0.5 cm. je samo s vanjske strane vegetabilnim motivom 18. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 slikanim plavom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,1 cm x 4,5 cm, Base sherd of a small bowl on a discoid foot fabri- debljina stijenke 0,55 cm. cated of ochre ceramic. The inner aspect is decorated with the HIS monogram painted in blue 21. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 and yellow colour. Both sides are glazed. Maiol- Ulomak zdjelice rađene od oker keramike. Ukra- ica. Preserved dimensions 5.1 cm x 3.3 cm, wall šen je samo s unutarnje strane vegetabilno-geome- thickness 0.81 cm. trijskim motivom slikanim plavom i narančastom 19. SECTOR II, ☐ 5, SU 79 bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 7,8 cm x 3,3 cm, debljina stijenke 0,78 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the cm. outer aspect is decorated with the a scalleta motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 22. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5.7 cm x 3.6 cm, Ulomak zdjelice rađene od oker keramike. Ukra- wall thickness 0.45 cm. šen je samo s unutarnje strane geometrijskim 20. SECTOR II, ☐ 13, SU 503 motivom slikanim plavom i narančastom bojom. Glazura s obje strane. Majolika. Sačuvane dimen- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the zije 5 cm x 3,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,78 cm. outer aspect is decorated with a vegetative motif painted in blue colour. Both sides are glazed. 23. SEKTOR III, ☐ 6, SJ 587 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 6.1 cm x 4.5 cm, Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Bijela wall thickness 0.55 cm. glazura s obje strane, iznutra površina u potpuno- 21. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 sti prekrivena vegetabilnim motivima, a slikanje je prisutno i na vanjskoj strani. Za slikanje korištena Sherd of a small bowl fabricated of ochre ceramic. Only the inner aspect is decorated with a vegetative/geometric motif painted in blue and orange

396 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

kobaltno plava boja. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzi- colour. Both sides are glazed. Maiolica. Preserved je 4,5 cm x 2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,67 cm. dimensions 7.8 cm x 3.3 cm, wall thickness 0.78 cm. 24. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 309 Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Bijela 22. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 glazura s obje strane, iznutra površina u potpuno- Sherd of a small bowl fabricated of ochre ceramic. sti prekrivena vegetabilnim motivima, a slikanje je Only the inner aspect is decorated with a geomet- prisutno i na vanjskoj strani. Za slikanje korištena ric motif painted in blue and orange colour. Both kobaltno plava boja. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzi- sides are glazed. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5 je 4,1 cm x 2,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,67 cm. cm x 3.4 cm, wall thickness 0.78 cm. 25. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 23. SECTOR III, ☐ 6, SU 587 Ulomak dna posude na prstenastoj nozi, rađena Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane, White glaze on both aspects, inner aspect entirely iznutra površina u potpunosti prekrivena vegeta- covered with vegetative motifs, with painting also bilnim motivima. Za slikanje korištena kobaltno present on outer aspect. Cobalt blue colour used plava boja. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,8 cm for painting. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4.5 x 3,1 cm, debljina stijenke 0,77 cm. cm x 2 cm, wall thickness 0.67 cm. 26. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 394 24. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 309 Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela gla- Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. zura s obje strane, izvana motiv spirale izvedenim White glaze on both aspects, inner aspect entirely plavom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,9 covered with vegetative motifs, with painting also cm x 4,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm. present on outer aspect. Cobalt blue colour used for painting. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4.1 27. SEKTOR I, ☐ 7, SJ 242 cm x 2.7 cm, wall thickness 0.67 cm. Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane, izvana površina u potpunosti 25. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 prekrivena geometrijskim motivima izvedenim Vessel base sherd on an annular foot, fabricated of plavom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,9 ochre ceramic. White glaze on both aspects, in- cm x 3,6 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm. ner aspect entirely covered with vegetative motifs. Cobalt blue colour used for painting. Maiolica. TABLA27 Preserved dimensions 3.8 cm x 3.1 cm, wall thickness 0.77 cm. 1. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 394 26. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 394 Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela gla- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White zura s obje strane, izvana motiv spirale izveden glaze on both aspects, spiral motif on outer aspect plavom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 7,3 executed in blue colour. Maiolica. Preserved di- cm x 8 cm, debljina stijenke 0,6 cm. mensions 4.9 cm x 4.6 cm, wall thickness 0.6 cm. 2. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 27. SECTOR I, ☐ 7, SU 242 Ulomak vrča, rađen od narančaste keramike. Bi- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White jela glazura s obje strane. Geometrijska dekoracija glaze on both aspects, inner aspect entirely cov- na vanjskoj stijenci. Slikanje izvedeno smeđom, ered with geometric motifs executed in blue col- zelenom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. Saču- our. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 3.9 cm x 3.6 vane dimenzije 7,6 cm x 7,2 cm, debljina stijenke cm, wall thickness 0.6 cm. 0,52 cm.

3. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 TABLE 27 Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Vegetabilni ukras tipa a corona 1. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 394 fogliata con frutta. Slikanje izvedeno žutom, zele- Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White nom, plavom i narančastom bojom. Majolika. Sa- glaze on both aspects, spiral motif on outer aspect čuvane dimenzije 7 cm x 3,4 cm, debljina stijenke executed in blue colour. Maiolica. Preserved di- 0,57 cm. mensions 7.3 cm x 8 cm, wall thickness 0.6 cm. 2. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916

397 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

4. SEKTOR II, ☐ 6, SJ 587 Jug sherd, fabricated or orange ceramic. White Ulomak trbuha vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bi- glaze on both aspects. Geometric decoration on jela glazura s obje strane. Geometrijska dekoracija the outer wall. Figuration executed in brown, na vanjskoj stijenci. Slikanje izvedeno oker i pla- green and orange colour. Maiolica. Preserved di- vom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 6,8 x mensions 7.6 cm x 7.2 cm, wall thickness 0.52 cm. 5,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,5 cm. 3. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 5. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SJ 309 Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White Ulomak vrča, rađen od oker keramike. Bijela gla- glaze on both aspects. Vegetative decoration of zura s obje strane. Stilizirana vegetabilna dekora- the a corona fogliata con frutta type. Figuration cija nalazi se s vanjske strane. Slikanje izvedeno executed in yellow, green, blue and orange colour. plavom bojom. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije 4,3 Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 7 cm x 3.4 cm, cm x 3,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,47 cm. wall thickness 0.57 cm. 6. SLUČAJAN NALAZ 4. SECTOR II, ☐ 6, SU 587 Ulomak posude otvorene forme rađene od na- Body sherd from a jug, fabricated of ochre ce- rančaste keramike. Bijela glazura samo s unutraš- ramic. White glaze on both aspects. Geometric nje strane. Stilizirana vegetabilno-geometrijska decoration on the outer wall. Figuration executed dekoracija nalazi se s unutarnje strane. Slikanje in ochre and blue colour. Maiolica. Preserved di- izvedeno plavom, narančastom i žutom bojom. mensions 6,8 x 5,4 cm, wall thickness 0,5 cm. Višebojna . Sačuvane dimenzije 7 cm x rivestita 5. SECTOR II, ☐ 9/11, SU 309 4,2 cm, debljina stijenke 0,7 cm. Jug sherd, fabricated of ochre ceramic. White 7. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 glaze on both aspects. There is a stylised vegeta- Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Bije- tive motif decoration on the outer aspect. Figura- la glazura s obje strane. Ukras izveden potezima tion executed in blue colour. Maiolica. Preserved smeđe i žute boje. Majolika. Sačuvane dimenzije dimensions 4.3 cm x 3.4 cm, wall thickness 0.47 4,8 cm x 2,5 cm, debljina stijenke 0,75 cm. cm. 8. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 840 6. CHANCE FIND Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Bijela Sherd from an open form vessel fabricated or or- glazura s obje strane. Vjerojatno antropomorfni ange ceramic. White glaze only on inner aspect. prikaz izveden potezima smeđe boje. Majolika. Stylised vegetative/geometric decoration on the Sačuvane dimenzije 3,1 cm x 2 cm, debljina sti- inner aspect. Figuration executed in blue, orange jenke 0,58 cm. and yellow colour. Polychrome rivestita. Pre- served dimensions 7 cm x 4.2 cm, wall thickness 9. SEKTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SJ 337 0.7 cm. Ulomak posude rađene od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Iznutra vegetabilna dekora- 7. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 cija izvedena plavom i zelenom bojom. Majolika. Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,1 cm x 3,8 cm, debljina sti- White glaze on both aspects. Decoration execut- jenke 0,68 cm. ed in strokes of brown and yellow colour. Maiol- ica. Preserved dimensions 4.8 cm x 2.5 cm, wall 10. SEKTOR III, ☐ 7, SJ 916 thickness 0.75 cm. Ulomak bifidne ručkice rađene od oker keramike. Bijela glazura s obje strane. Ukras izveden pote- 8. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 840 zima plave, oker i žute boje. Majolika. Sačuvane Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. dimenzije 4,9 cm x 2,5 cm. White glaze on both aspects. Likely an anthropomorphic depiction executed in strokes of brown 11. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13/15, SJ 487 colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 3.1 cm x Ulomak oboda posude rađene od svijetle oker 2 cm, wall thickness 0.58 cm. keramike. Bijela fond i prozirna glazura s obje strane. Na unutarnjoj je strani geometrijski motiv 9. SECTOR II, ☐ 11/13, SU 337 rađen smeđom bojom. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,7 x Sherd of a vessel fabricated of ochre ceramic. 4,9 cm, debljina stijenke 0,45 cm. White glaze on both aspects. Vegetative decoration on the inner aspect executed in blue and

398 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

12. SEKTOR II, ☐ 9, SJ 1 green colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 5.1 Ulomak oboda posude rađene od svijetle oker cm x 3.8 cm, wall thickness 0.68 cm. keramike. Bijela fond i prozirna glazura s obje 10. SECTOR III, ☐ 7, SU 916 strane. Na unutarnjoj je strani vegetabilni motiv rađen plavom bojom. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,8 x Sherd of a small bifid handle fabricated of ochre 5,7 cm, debljina stijenke 0,45 cm. ceramic. White glaze on both aspects. Decora- tion executed in strokes of blue, ochre and yellow 13. SEKTOR II, ☐ 13/15, SJ 487 colour. Maiolica. Preserved dimensions 4.9 cm x Ulomak oboda posude rađene od svijetle oker 2.5 cm. keramike. Bijela fond i prozirna glazura s obje 11. SECTOR II, ☐ 13/15, SU 487 strane. Na unutarnjoj je strani vegetabilni motiv rađen plavom bojom. Sačuvane dimenzije 3,5 x Vessel rim sherd fabricated of light ochre ceramic. 5,4 cm, debljina stijenke 0,4 cm. White substrate and transparent glaze on both aspects. Geometric motif on the inner aspect ex- 14. SEKTOR I, ☐ 1, SJ 2 ecuted in brown colour. Preserved dimensions 5,7 Ulomak zeleno glaziranog pečnjaka s reljefnim 4,9 cm, wall thickness 0,45 cm. prikazom viteza na konju. Rađen od crvene kera- 12. SECTOR II, ☐ 9, SU 1 mike. Sačuvane dimenzije 6 x 5,8 cm Vessel rim sherd fabricated of light ochre ceramic. 15. SEKTOR I, ☐ 6, SJ 1/8 White substrate and transparent glaze on both Ulomak zeleno glaziranog pečnjaka s parcijalnim aspects. Vegetative motif on the inner aspect ex- prikazom gotičke ukrasne arhitekture. Rađen od ecuted in blue colour. Preserved dimensions 3,8 x crvene keramike. Sačuvane dimenzije 5,3 x 3,6 cm 5,7 cm, wall thickness 0,45 cm. 16. SEKTOR I, ☐ 1, SJ 2 13. SECTOR II, ☐ 13/15, SU 487 Ulomak zeleno glaziranog pečnjaka s prikazom Vessel rim sherd fabricated of light ochre ceramic. kaneliranog ukrasa, listom cvijeta i dijelom gotič- White substrate and transparent glaze on both koga luka. Rađen od crvene keramike. Sačuvane aspects. Vegetative motif on the inner aspect ex- dimenzije 9,8 x 6,3 cm ecuted in blue colour. Preserved dimensions 3,5 x 5,4 cm, wall thickness 0,4 cm. 14. SECTOR I, ☐ 1, SU 2 Sherd of a green glazed stove tile with a partially preserved depiction in relief of a mounted knight. Fabricated of red ceramic. Preserved dimensions 6 x 5,8 cm 15. SECTOR I, ☐ 6, SU 1/8 Sherd of a green glazed stove tile with a depiction of Gothic ornamental architecture. Fabricated of red ceramic. Preserved dimensions 5,3 x 3,6 cm 16. SECTOR I, ☐ 1, SU 2 Sherd of a green glazed stove tile with a cannelure decoration, flower leaf and part of a Gothic arch. Fabricated of red ceramic. Preserved dimensions 9,8 x 6,3 cm

399 Tabla 1 Table 1 Tabla 2 Table 2 Tabla 3 Table 3 Tabla 4 Table 4 Tabla 5 Table 5 Tabla 6 Table 6 Tabla 7 Table 7 Tabla 8 Table 8 Tabla 9 Table 9 Tabla 10 Table 10 Tabla 11 Table 11 Tabla 12 Table 12 Tabla 13 Table 13 Tabla 14 Table 14 Tabla 15 Table 15 Tabla 16 Table 16 Tabla 17 Table 17 Tabla 18 Table 18 Tabla 19 Table 19 Tabla 20 Table 20 Tabla 21 Table 21 Tabla 22 Table 22 Tabla 23 Table 23 Tabla 24 Table 24 Tabla 25 Table 25 Tabla 26 Table 26 Tabla 27 Table 27

KERAMIČKE LULE

CLAY SMOKING PIPES

Luka Bekić Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Service

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

KERAMIČKE LULE CLAY SMOKING PIPES

Nalazi keramičkih lula prilikom arheoloških Finds of clay smoking pipes during archaeologi- istraživanja u gradovima nisu neuobičajeni, me- cal research in urban areas are not uncommon, đutim dosad je izostalo njihovo objavljivanje, but there has been, likely for a number of rea- vjerojatno iz različitih razloga. Upravo neobjav- sons, a lack of the publication of these finds to ljivanje čini nalaze keramičkih lula rijetkim, a date. It is the lack of publication in fact that njihovo porijeklo i dataciju nepoznatima. Sto- make these finds rare, and their provenance and ga je vrlo važno da se ubuduće svi takvi nalazi dating unknown. It is thus very important that objave, barem u crtežu ili fotografiji, makar i all such finds be published in the future, at least bez komentara i određenja, kako bi se konačno as drawings or photographic records, even with- moglo na osnovu većega broja nalaza donositi i out commentary and determination, so that we neke opširnije zaključke o tipologiji i dataciji tih could finally, on the basis of a large number of zanimljivih predmeta. finds, provide some comprehensive conclusions on the typology and dating of these fascinating Prilikom istraživanja nalazišta Pul Vele crikve artefacts. pronađeno je nekoliko desetaka keramičkih lula, cijelih ili u ulomcima. Sve lule osim jedne pro- Several dozen clay smoking pipes were discov- nađene su u sektoru 3, u šest različitih stratigraf- ered during the research at the Pul Vele Crikve skih jedinica. Najvažnija je stratigrafska jedinica site, integral or in fragmentary state. All but one 695 u kvadrantu 4 jer je u njoj pronađena velika of the smoking pipes were discovered in sector 3, većina lula. Lule koje potječu iz ove zatvorene in six different stratigraphic units. The most -im cjeline čine vrlo zanimljiv skup te će se njemu u portant is stratigraphic unit 695 in quadrant 4, ovome radu obratiti posebna pažnja. as a large number of smoking pipes were found here. The smoking pipes that originate from this Lule u SJ 695 pronalažene su tijekom iskopava- closed context constitute a very interesting as- nja u 19 navrata, u dane 8. i 9. prosinca 2008. semblage and it shall be treated with particular te 18. prosinca 2008. godine. Prema opisima attention in this article. iskopavača u terenskoj dokumentaciji, riječ je o jami veće zapremine s ispunom crne zemlje u ko- The smoking pipes at SU 695 were discovered joj se nalazilo mnoštvo lula i drugih keramičkih during excavation on nineteen occasions, on ulomaka. U istoj su stratigrafskoj jednici pri- 8 and 9 December 2008 and on 18 December kupljene i tri kovanice. To su 20 fillera iz 1893. 2008. According to the descriptions of the exca- god. (PN 572b), 10 centesima iz 1923. god. (PN vators in the field documentation, this is a pit of 572a) te jedan neodredivi, možda antički no- large volume with a fill of black earth contain- vac (PN 591). Jama je bila omeđena tragovima ing a large number of smoking pipes and other drvenih dasaka sa stupovima u kutu, pa postoji potsherds. Three coins were also collected from mogućnost da je riječ o fekalnoj tzv. crnoj jami. this stratigraphic unit. These are a 20 Fillér coin U jami se pronašlo nekoliko desetaka lula vrlo from 1893 (SF 572b), a 10 Centesimi coin from različitih po svome obliku, načinu proizvodnje 1923 (SF 572a) and one undetermined, perhaps i ukrašavanju, porijeklu te načinu uporabe. Ta- Roman coin (SF 591). The pit was bordered kođer je zanimljivo to što se u jami našlo barem with traces of wooden planks with posts in the

431 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

pet parova istih lula, a sveukupan je broj različi- corners, so it is possible that this was a faecal, i.e. tih tipova barem 14. Upravo to čini taj skup vrlo cesspit. Several dozen smoking pipes were found neobičnim i tajanstvenim. in the pit of highly varied form, production and decoration method, provenance and method of Lule dijelimo na dva osnovna oblika. Prvi su lule use. It is also interesting that at least five pairs of mediteranskoga oblika koje imaju veću ili manju identical smoking pipes were found in the pit, čašicu te redovno kratak tuljac u koji se umetala with the overall number of different types being drvena cjevčica, kamiš. Nazvane su mediteran- at least fourteen. It is this, in fact, that makes this skima zato što su takve lule tipičan domaći proi- assemblage both unusual and mysterious. zvod u zemljama na obalama Mediterana te su se odatle širile prema susjednim zemljama (BEKIĆ We classify smoking pipes into two basic forms. 2000, 250). Nasuprot njima postoji i potpuno The first are the Mediterranean form smoking drugačiji koncept lula, odnosno lule zapadno- pipes with a large or small bowl and a routinely ga oblika. Za njih je karakteristično da su izra- short shank into which a wooden pipe, the stem, đene iz jednoga dijela, odnosno iz čašice izlazi was inserted. They are referred to as Mediterra- dugačak tanji tuljac kroz koji se na kraju uvlači nean because these smoking pipes are a typical dim, bez umetanja drvenoga kamiša. Zapadnim domestic product of the countries on the shores su nazvane zbog toga što je njihova proizvodnja of the Mediterranean, and spread from there to bila tipična za zemlje zapadne i sjeverozapadne neighbouring countries (BEKIĆ 2000, 250). Europe (BEKIĆ 2000, 250). The other form is of an entirely different concept of the smoking pipe, i.e. the western form Pet lula pripada austrijskoj proizvodnji. To su smoking pipe. Characteristic of these pipes is parovi istih lula 1 i 2 te 3 i 4. Uz njih tu je i osa- that they are fabricated in one piece, i.e. a long mljena lula broj 5. thin shank extends from the bowl through the Lule 1 i 2 standardnoga su oblika za proizvod- end of which smoke is drawn, without an insert- Slika 1. Prikaz orla sličan prikazu na nju na području Austro-Ugarske Monarhije 19. ed wooden stem. They are referred to as west- lulama kat. 3, 4 – austrijski orao na ern because their production was typical of the Hofburgu u Beču, na Martinstoru u stoljeća. Odlike su visoka čašica, reljefni prikaz na prednjemu dijelu te nabori na dnu čašice, tzv. countries of western and northwestern Europe Freiburgu i službeni prikaz iz 1815. (BEKIĆ 2000, 250). god. školjkasti motiv. Na te dvije lule nisu utisnuti Figure 1. Depiction of an eagle pečati proizvođača, inače česti na ovakvim lula- Five smoking pipes are of Austrian production. similar to that on pipes under ma. Upada u oči istrošenost kalupa (slabo pre- These are pairs of identical pipes 1 and 2, and 3 catalogue nos. 3 and 4 – the slikan reljefni prikaz) te slabija kvaliteta gline s Austrian eagle at Hofburg in and 4. Also in this group is solitary pipe speci- Vienna, at Martinstor in Freiburg obzirom na srodnu proizvodnju. Možda je riječ men number 5. and an official depiction from 1815. o provincijalnoj proizvodnji u starim kalupima? Smoking pipes 1 and 2 are of the standard form of production in the Austro-Hungarian Mon- archy of the 19th century. They are characterised by a tall bowl, a depiction in relief on the frontal section and scalloping at the base of the bowl, known as the shell motif. Manufacturer’s marks have not been impressed into these two; otherwise a frequent feature of these smoking pipes. What strikes the eye is the detrition of the mould (a poorly transferred relief depiction) and a lesser quality of clay in relation to related production. This may be an example of provin- cial manufacture using old moulds.

432 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Lule broj 3 i 4 imaju na sebi reljefni prikaz dvo- Smoking pipes numbers 3 and 4 bear a depiction glavoga orla (Doppeladler) koji u ovome kontek- in relief of a two-headed eagle (Doppeladler) stu simbolizira Austriju i njezinu monarhiju. To that, in this context, symbolises Austria and its je inače prilično raširen motiv koji se na lulama monarchy. This is otherwise a quite widespread upotrebljava od početka 18.st. (Freiburg, SCH- motif used on pipes from the early 18th century MAEDECKE 1989, abb. 3:1,2) pa sve do 20. (Freiburg, SCHMAEDECKE 1989, abb. 3:1,2) stoljeća. Zanimljivo je da orao, koji u desnoj up to the 20th century. It is interesting that the kandži drži mač, nije prikazan kako drži kuglu u eagle, holding a sword in its right claw, is not de- lijevoj kandži, već vladarsku palicu, a na prsima picted holding a globe in its left claw, but rather mu se ne nalazi uobičajen prikaz grba. Na tuljcu a sceptre, and the usual heraldic shield is absent i dnu čašice nalazi se veći broj nabora koji vuku from the eagle’s breast. There are a number of porijeklo iz školjkastoga ukrasa.

Lula broj 5 tipična je lula tipa Kaffehäuspfeife. Slika 3. Pečat na donjoj i bočnoj Takve visoke bijele lule, uglavnom šestostranič- strani pete lule kat. 22. ne reljefno ukrašene čašice, iznajmljivale su se Figure 3. Stamp on the bottom and tijekom 19.st. gostima bečkih kavana (RUPP, lateral aspects of the heel of pipe FELLNER 1991, 32). Punjenje tih lula duha- no. 22. nom gostima se naplaćivalo 2 do 4 krajcara, ovisno o kvaliteti duhana. Vjerojatno se s vremenom takav običaj proširio i na druge gradove Au- stro-Ugarske Monarhije. Lula na sebi ima oznaku meni nepoznatoga proizvođača J S (ili S J) koja je izvedena preslikavanjem iz kalupa. scallops on the shank and bowl base that draw Kao zanimljiv dodatak u jami SJ 695 pronađena their origins from the shell decoration. je i jedna lula hrvatske proizvodnje koja pripada Smoking pipe number 5 is a typical Kaffehäu- zelovskim tipovima (broj 7). Te lule nisu poseb- spfeife type. These tall white smoking pipes, no česte izvan Dalmatinske zagore, ali katkad with for the most part six-sided relief decorated ih se pronalazi sve do Istre. Usporedbu ovoj luli bowls, were rented to the patrons of 19th cen- možemo pronaći u sačuvanim primjerima kalu- tury Vienna coffee houses (RUPP, FELLNER pa iz Zelova koji se datiraju u 19. stoljeće (BE- 1991, 32). These pipes were filled with tobacco KIĆ 2001, 49, fig. 19). for patrons at a price of from 2 to 4 Kreutzers, Od turskih je tipova ovdje zastupljeno šest lula. depending on the quality of the tobacco. It is Sve su iz jame SJ 695, osim crveno bojane koja likely that, over time, this custom spread to je iz SJ 875. Lule broj 7 i 8 gotovo su iste, a ra- other cities in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. zlika je samo u visini čašice. Vrlo slične lule pro- The pipe bears the symbol of a manufacturer (J nalažene su i u Chioggiji u Italiji (BOSCOLO S or S J) that I have not been able to determine 2000, 37.1(69); 73), međutim na njima je vidljiv executed by transfer from the mould. pečat na tuljcu te ostaci crvene boje na vanjskoj As an interesting addition pit SU 695 also yield- površini. Pronalažene su i u raznim inačicama u ed one smoking pipe of Croatian production karanteni luke Pomegues u Francuskoj gdje bi of the Zelovo type (number 7). These smoking se datirale u sredinu 18. stoljeća (GOSSE 2003, pipes were not particularly frequent outside of typ T1a). Zanimljivo je da je francuska tvorni- the Dalmatinska Zagora region, but are found at ca lula Bonnaud proizvodila istovjetne lule za times as far away as Istria. We find analogies to potrebe svoga tržišta, no s tom razlikom da su this smoking pipe in preserved mould specimens lule bile ukrašene putem kalupa, bez naknadno- from Zelovo that are dated to the 19th century ga utiskivanja i urezivanja (GOSSE 2003, 21). (BEKIĆ 2001, 49, fig. 19).

433 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Nadalje, lule slične našoj 7 i 8 pronalažene su i u Six smoking pipes of the Turkish type are rep- Grčkoj u Korintu i na atenskoj Agori (ROBIN- resented here. All are from pit SU 695 with the SON 1985, 165, C93-94, A20). Robinson ih exception of a red coloured pipe from SU 875. uspoređuje s tipovima Sarchane Type X i Varna Smoking pipes numbers 7 and 8 are almost iden- Type I koji se datiraju u 19. stoljeće. Stančeva lule tical, the difference being only in the height of tog tipa objavljuje kao nalaze iz Varne, proizvod the bowl. Very similar pipes were also found in domaćih lulara (STANČEVA 1972, 86, 87, obr. Italy’s Chioggia (BOSCOLO 2000, 37.1(69); 8) te ih također datira u 18. stoljeće. Osim u Bu- 73). On those, however, the maker’s mark is garskoj, takve su lule pronađene i u Rumunjskoj visible, as are the remains of red colour on the te Rusiji, ali možemo biti sigurni kako je njihovo outer surface. They were also found in various radioničko porijeklo zasigurno negdje s prostora versions at the quarantine at the French port of unutar granica Otomanskoga Carstva. Pomegues where they are dated to the mid 18th century (GOSSE 2003, type T1a). It is interest- Lula broj 9 nije u cijelosti sačuvana, no može se ing that the French smoking pipe factory Bon- otprilike prepoznati njezin cjeloviti oblik. Slične naud manufactured identical pipes for its own lule (Sacklike 2) pronađene su također u karante- market, but with the difference that these pipes ni luke Pomegues (GOSSE 2003, broj 235, 107, were decorated by way of the mould, without 108). Gosse navodi kako se lula može pripisati subsequent impression or incision (GOSSE egipatskoj proizvodnji i datirati okvirno u 18. 2003, 21). Smoking pipes similar to our numbers stoljeće. Slične lule pronalažene su i u Korintu i 7 and 8 were also found in Greece at Corinth atenskoj Agori (ROBINSON 1985, A10, C27). and at the Athenian Agora (ROBINSON 1985, Robinson ih datira u drugu polovinu 18. stoljeća. 165, C93-94, A20). Robinson compares them Crveno bojana lula pod brojem 11 ima sličnosti to the Sarchane Type X and Varna Type I forms that are dated to the 19th century. Stančeva published smoking pipes of this type as finds from Slika 2. Pečat na luli kat. 9. Varna, and as the production of domestic pipe Figure 2. Stamp on pipe no. 9. makers (STANČEVA 1972, 86, 87, obr. 8) and also dates them to the 18th century. Besides in Bulgaria, these smoking pipes have been found in Romania and in Russia, but we can be certain that their manufacturing origin was somewhere within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.

Smoking pipe number 9 has not been entirely preserved, but its integral form can be approximately recognised. Similar pipes (Sacklike 2) were also found at the quarantine of the port of Pomegues (GOSSE 2003, numbers 235, 107 i u mađarskim i turskim tipovima. Primjerice, and 108). Gosse notes that this pipe can be at- lule iz Korinta i Kerameikosa mogle bi pripadati tributed to Egyptian production and be ap- otomanskoj proizvodnji (ROBINSON 1983, proximately dated to the 18th century. Similar 273, taf. 52:2; 1985, 173, C10). Datirale bi se pipes were found in Corinth and at the Athe- u 17./18.st., mada Robinson navodi sličnosti s nian Agora (ROBINSON 1985, A10, C27). lulama iz Mađarske i Bugarske, gdje su posebno Robinson dates them to the second half of the česte. Naprimjer, primjerak iz Simontornya u 18th century. zbirci muzeja Wosinsky Mor vrlo je sličan naše- mu (GAÁL 2004, kat. 34). Doduše, slične jed- The red coloured smoking pipe under number nostavne crveno bojane mađarske lule često su 11 has similarities with both Hungarian and veće i fasetirane, dok naš primjerak nije. Zato je Turkish types. Pipes from Corinth and Keramei-

434 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

uputnije pitanje porijekla ove lule ostaviti otvo- kos, for example, could be of Ottoman produc- renim. tion (ROBINSON 1983, 273, taf. 52:2; 1985, 173, C10). They are dated to the 17th and 18th Talijanske su lule zastupljene s četiri komada, od centuries, although Robinson cites similarities kojih su tri iz SJ 695, a jedna iz SJ 1. Dvije lule, with pipes from Hungary and Bulgaria, where broj 13 i 14, pripadaju tipu lončarskih lula (pipe they are particularly frequent. A specimen from al tornio) koje ime duguju svojoj tehnici proi- Simontornya in the collection of the Wosinsky zvodnje. Takve su lule naime proizvodili lonča- Mor museum, for example, is very similar to our ri na padovanskome i polesinskome području, specimen (GAÁL 2004, cat. 34). Similar simple odnosno na širemu području rijeke Po (Boscolo red coloured Hungarian pipes are, admittedly, 2000, 45). Takve su se lule izrađivale tako da se often larger and faceted, which our specimen is napravila manja čašica koja se potom poklopila not. The question of the provenance of this pipe drugom, a između njih su probijene tri rupe za is, therefore, better left open. prolaz dima. Na taj se način dim hladio u malome „pretprostoru“ što se smatralo ugodnijim Italian pipes are represented by four pieces, three za pušenje. of which are from SU 695, and one from SU 1. Two smoking pipes, numbers 13 and 14, are of Lule broj 12 i 15 pripadaju proizvodnji s pod- the type of pipes made on a potter’s wheel (pipe ručja grada Chioggije. Zanimljivo je da je lula ) that owe their name to the technique 1 al tornio broj 12 dosad ostala potpuno nepoznata . Ta- of their manufacture. These pipes were, namely, kođer je vrlo posebna po tome što na dnu čašice manufactured by potters in the Padua and Poles- ima samo jednu veznu rupu, uz dno čašice, dok ine area, i.e. in the broader Po River area (Bos- su na svim ostalim meni poznatim primjercima colo 2000, 45). These smoking pipes were manu- uobičajene tri vezne rupe i to kroz dno čašice. factured such that a small bowl was covered by a Prema elaboriranome ukrasu ipak je možemo second bowl, with three draught holes made be- bez sumnje smjestiti u Boscolovo treće razdoblje tween them for the passage of smoke. Thus the chioggianskih lula koje datira između 1850. i smoke was cooled in the small “antechamber” 1945. godine. Za lulu broj 15 ne možemo biti which was deemed more pleasant for smoking. sigurni jer je vrlo slabo sačuvana, ali zasigurno pripada nekomu od vrlo rasprostranjenih chi- Pipes numbers 12 and 15 were manufactured in oggianskih tipova. the Chioggia area. It is interesting that smoking pipe number 12 has to date remained entirely Velik broj ulomaka pripada lulama zapadnoga unknown.1 It is also very special in that the base oblika. Takve su se lule proizvodile u gradovi- of the bowl has only one draught hole, along the ma – većim proizvodnim središtima u kojima su base of the bowl, while on all other specimens djelovale brojne radionice. Takva središta nala- known to me there are customarily three draught zila su se u Engleskoj, Nizozemskoj, Njemačkoj, holes through the base of the bowl. Based on the Francuskoj, itd. Usprkos brojnoj literaturi koja elaborated decoration we can, however, without opisuje proizvodnju tih zemalja, nisam uspio a doubt place it in Boscolo’s third period of Chi- pronaći izravne usporedbe koje bi razjasnile po- oggian pipes, dated from 1850 to 1945. We can- rijeklo tih lula. not be certain for smoking pipe number 15 as Nažalost, skoro nijedna nema oznaku proizvo- it is very poorly preserved, but certainly is from đača prema kojoj bi se moglo pokušati odrediti one of the very widespread Chioggian types.

1 Nema je ni u jednom Boscolovu katalogu, 1 It does not appear in any of the Boscolo catalogues, ni u ostalim objavama s brojnim ilustriranim nor in other publications with numerous illustrated chioggianskim tipovima (ARTICUS 1999; BEKIĆ Chioggian types (ARTICUS 1999; BEKIĆ 2000; 2000; GUSAR 2006). GUSAR 2006).

435 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

porijeklo. Jedina lula koja ima petu, a koje su A large number of the sherds are of western form inače gotovo redovita pojava, na njoj ima oznaku pipes. These pipes were manufactured in cities— proizvođača B. Pregledom dostupne literature, large production centres in which many work- jedini sličan pečat koristila je radionica Benoit iz shops were active. These centres were in Eng- Saint-Quentina u Francuskoj (LECLAIRE, A., land, the Netherlands, Germany, France and so LECLAIRE, M. 2008, 80, T.41), međutim na forth. In spite of the great amount of literature sačuvanome primjerku nema bočnih oznaka. Ta that describes the production in these countries, je obitelj proizvodila lule u nekoliko generacija I have not been able to find direct analogies that od sredine 18. do kraja 19. stoljeća. would clarify the provenance of these pipes.

Lula 24 ima ukras nabora na donjemu dijelu ča- Almost none, unfortunately, bear the maker’s šice koji podsjeća na školjku pa se i naziva type mark whereby we could endeavour to deter- Coquille (LECLAIRE, A., LECLAIRE, M. mine their provenance. The only smoking pipe 2008, 51). Taj je ukras karakterističan za vlada- with a heel, otherwise an almost routine feature, vinu Luja XV. pa se tako može reći kako se na bears the manufacturer’s mark B. A review of the lulama javlja od sredine 18.st., a u Saint-Quenti- available literature shows that the only similar nu su se tako ukrašene lule počele proizvoditi od maker’s mark was used by the Benoit workshop 19. stoljeća. Ulomak lule 25 očigledno čini par of Saint-Quentin in France (LECLAIRE, A., s lulom 24, a ni jedna ni druga nemaju pečat ili LECLAIRE, M. 2008, 80, T.41), however the drugu raspoznatljivu oznaku osim spomenutoga preserved specimen lacks the lateral marks. This ukrasa. family manufactured pipes over several genera- tions from the mid 18th to late 19th century.

Slika 4. Pečatna traka na tuljcu lule Smoking pipe 24 has a scalloped decoration on kat. 21. the lower section of the bowl that is reminiscent Figure 4. Stamp band on the shank of a shell and is thus referred to as the Coquille of pipe no. 21. type (LECLAIRE, A., LECLAIRE, M. 2008, 51). This decoration is characteristic of the reign of Louis XV and it can as such be said that it appears on pipes from the mid 18th century, while at Saint-Quentin pipes thus decorated were first manufactured in the 19th century. The sherd of pipe 25 clearly is a pair with pipe 24, and neither bear a maker’s mark or other recognisable mark other than the cited decoration.

Slika 5. Pečatna traka na tuljcu lule The bearded head with turban depicted on kat. 23. smoking pipe 19 is a quite frequent motif not Figure 5. Stamp band on the shank only on pipes of the western form, but also on of pipe no. 23. some Mediterranean forms—we also find them on Chioggian types. Other than that the pipe has no other characteristic symbol or maker’s mark that would assist us in its determination.

Smoking pipes 16, 17, 18 and 20 are almost entirely undecorated, and as such precise determination is very difficult. Shanks with a decorative band with rhombi (21) are from these pipes, and there is a decoration consisting of a series of short lines (23), but it is not certain what bowl

436 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Bradata glava s turbanom prikazana na luli 19 it belongs to. These two types of band decora- prilično je čest motiv ne samo na lulama zapad- tions, with series of short lines and rhombi on noga oblika, već i na nekima mediteranskoga the broader section of the shank, are unknown oblika, pa ih tako nalazimo i na chioggianskim to me from the available literature. tipovima. Osim toga lula nema nijedan drugi ka- rakterističan znak ili pečat koji bi nam pomogao All in all, however, based on the size of the bowl, u njezinu određenju. we can say that these smoking pipes are also of 19th century production, while their French Lule 16, 17, 18, 20 gotovo uopće nisu ukrašene origin for the moment remains only a possible pa će ih biti vrlo teško preciznije odrediti. Njima determination. pripadaju tuljci s ukrasnom trakom s rombovima (21), a postoji i ukras s nizom crtica (23), ali nije sigurno kakvoj čašici on pripada. Ta su dva tipa trakastih ukrasa, s nizovima kratkih crtica te rombova koji se javljaju na širemu dijelu tuljaca, u meni dostupnoj literaturi sasvim nepoznata.

No sve u svemu, na osnovu veličine čašice mo- žemo reći kako te lule također mogu pripadati proizvodima 19.st., a njihovo francusko porijeklo zasad je samo mogućnost.

437 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

KATALOG NALAZA2 CATALOGUE OF FINDS2

1. PPD 19, UPT 15, DSČ 3, VPD 61. Sek. 3, kv. 1. TCD 19, SMD 15, BWT 3, TCH 61. Sec. 3, qua- 4, SJ 695. drant 4, SU 695. Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula. Izrađena od Very well preserved clay smoking pipe. Fabricated pročišćene gline, svijetlosmeđe boje, s tragovima of refined clay, of light brown colour, with traces glatke tamnije smeđe boje na površini. Na pred- of smooth darker brown colour on the surface. njoj strani izdužene čašice nalazi se u ovalnom To the frontal aspect of the elongated bowl we okviru reljefni ljudski lik koji stoji sučelice. Lula find a human figure standing facing in relief in an je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa pomoću kojeg su oval frame. The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided preneseni ukrasi. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. mould from which the decoration is transferred. Na tuljcu se nalazi naknadno probijena rupa. One draught hole along the base of the bowl. Austrijski tip, 19.st. There is a subsequently pierced perforation on the shank. 2. PPD 19, UPT 15, DSČ 3, VPD 61. Sek. 3, kv. Austrian type, 19th century 4, SJ 695. Dobro očuvana keramička lula, čašica je odlo- 2. TCD 19, SMD 15, BWT 3, TCH 61. Sec. 3, qua- mljena pri vrhu. Izrađena od pročišćene gline, svi- drant 4, SU 695. jetlosmeđe boje, s tragovima glatke tamnije smeđe Well preserved clay smoking pipe, the top of the boje na površini. Na prednjoj strani izdužene ča- bowl is chipped. Fabricated of refined clay, of šice nalazi se u ovalnom okviru reljefni ljudski lik light brown colour, with traces of smooth darker koji stoji sučelice. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog brown colour on the surface. To the frontal aspect kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni ukrasi. Jedna of the elongated bowl we find a human figure vezna rupa uz dno čašice. Na tuljcu se nalazi na- standing facing in relief in an oval frame. The pipe knadno probijena rupa. is fabricated in a two-sided mould from which Austrijski tip, 19.st. the decoration is transferred. One draught hole along the base of the bowl. There is a subsequently 3. PPD 21, UPT 11, DSČ 4, VPD 58. Sek. 3, kv. pierced perforation on the shank. 4, SJ 695. Austrian type, 19th century Odlično očuvana keramička lula. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Na bočnim stranama 3. TCD 21, SMD 11, BWT 4, TCH 58. Sec. 3, qua- izdužene čašice nalazi se po jedan reljefni prikaz drant 4, SU 695. dvoglavog austrijskog orla. Iznad njega reljefno su Superbly preserved clay smoking pipe. Fabricated prikazane viseće cvjetne girlande. Lula je izrađena of highly refined clay, of white colour. On both iz dvostranog kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni lateral sides of the elongated bowl are depictions ukrasi. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. in relief of a two-headed Austrian eagle. Above it Austrijski tip, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19.st. is a depiction in relief of hanging floral garlands. The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided mould from 4. PPD 21, UPT 11, DSČ 4, VPD 58. Sek. 3, kv. which the decoration is transferred. One draught 4, SJ 695. hole along the base of the bowl. Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula, odlomljen Austrian type, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19th century dio tuljca. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Na bočnim stranama izdužene čašice nalazi 4. TCD 21, SMD 11, BWT 4, TCH 58. Sec. 3, qua- se po jedan reljefni prikaz dvoglavog austrijskog drant 4, SU 695. orla. Iznad njega reljefno su prikazane viseće Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, part of the cvjetne girlande. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog shank has broken off. Fabricated of highly refined kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni ukrasi. Jedna clay, of white colour. On both lateral sides of the vezna rupa uz dno čašice. elongated bowl are depictions in relief of a two-

2 Kratice: PPD – promjer prostora za duhan; UPT – 2 Abbreviations: TCD – tobacco chamber diameter; unutrašnji promjer tuljca; DSČ – debljina stijenke SMD – shank mortise diameter; BWT – bowl wall čašice; VPD – visina prostora za duhan; NNT – thickness; TCH – tobacco chamber height; GLT – najveća i najmanja debljina tuljca. greatest and least shank thickness.

438 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Austrijski tip, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19.st. headed Austrian eagle. Above it is a depiction in relief of hanging floral garlands. The pipe is fabri- 5. PPD 19, UPT 11, DSČ 4, VPD 49. Sek. 3, kv. cated in a two-sided mould from which the deco- 4, SJ 695. ration is transferred. One draught hole along the Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula, odlomljen base of the bowl. dio čašice. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bi- Austrian type, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19th century jele boje. Izdužena čašica podijeljena je na 6 stranica na kojima se nalaze motivi biljnih girlandi. 5. TCD 19, SMD 11, BWT 4, TCH 49. Sec. 3, qua- Na tuljcu se sa svake strane nalazi reljefno slovo, s drant 4, SU 695. lijeve slovo J i s desne obrnuto S. Lula je izrađena Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, part of iz dvostranog kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni the bowl has broken off. Fabricated of highly re- ukrasi. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. fined clay, of white colour. The elongated bowl is Austrijski tip, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19.st. divided into six sides bearing floral garland motifs. There is a letter in relief on each side of the 6. UPT 15. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 750. shank, to the left the letter J and to the right an Dio keramičke lule, sačuvan tuljac i početak ča- inverse letter *obrnuto S. The pipe is fabricated šice. Izrađena iz vrlo pročišćene gline, narančaste in a two-sided mould from which the decoration boje. Na vanjskoj površini mjestimično vidljivi is transferred. One draught hole along the base of tragovi crvene boje. Na tuljcu su ukrasi u vidu the bowl. reljefnih simboličkih listova. Lula je izrađena iz Austrian type, Kaffehäuspfeife, 19th century dvostranog kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni ukrasi. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. 6. SMD 15. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 750. Hrvatska lula zelovskog tipa, 19.st. Part of a clay smoking pipe, shank and beginning of the bowl preserved. Fabricated of highly re- 7. PPD 27, UPT 16, DSČ 4, VPD 39. Sek. 3, kv. fined clay, of orange colour. Sporadic traces of red 4, SJ 695. colour visible on the outer surface. A decoration Vrlo dobro sačuvana keramička lula, odlomljen of symbolic leaves in relief on the shank. The pipe manji dio vrha tuljca. Izrađena iz vrlo pročišćene is fabricated in a two-sided mould from which gline, smeđe boje. Obla čašica podijeljena je ure- the decoration is transferred. One draught hole zanim crtama u deset polja na kojima se nalaze along the base of the bowl. utisnuti cvjetni motivi. Na isti je način ukrašen Croatian smoking pipe of the Zelovo type, 19th i turbanasti donji dio čašice. Greben je naglašen century i omeđen crtama izvedenim kotačićem. Donji je dio tuljca fasetiran. 7. TCD 27, SMD 16, BWT 4, TCH 39. Sec. 3, Lula je izrađena iz kalupa, ali su ukrasi utisnuti quadrant 4, SU 695. naknadno, pečatiranjem, urezivanjem i kotačićem Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, a small u još nepečenu glinu. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno part of the tip of the shank has chipped off. Fab- čašice. ricated of highly refined clay, of brown colour. Turska lula, 19.st. The rounded bowl is divided with incised lines into ten fields on which floral motifs have been 8. PPD 25, UPT 15, DSČ 4, VPD 27. Sek 3, Kv 4, impressed. The turban-like lower section of the SJ 695. bowl is decorated in the same fashion. The keel is Vrlo dobro sačuvana keramička lula, odlomljen emphasised and bordered by lines executed with a manji dio vrha tuljca. Izrađena iz vrlo pročišćene roulette. The lower section of the shank is faceted. gline, smeđe boje. Obla čašica podijeljena je ure- The pipe was fabricated in a mould, but the deco- zanim crtama u deset polja na kojima se nalaze rations were impressed subsequently by stamp- utisnuti cvjetni motivi. Na isti je način ukrašen ing, incision and roulette on unfired clay. One i turbanasti donji dio čašice. Greben je naglašen draught hole along the base of the bowl. i omeđen crtama izvedenim kotačićem. Donji je Turkish smoking pipe, 19th century dio tuljca fasetiran. Lula je izrađena iz kalupa, ali su ukrasi utisnuti na- 8. TCD 25, SMD 15, BWT 4, TCH 27. Sec. 3, knadno, pečatiranjem, urezivanjem i kotačićem u quadrant 4, SU 695. još nepečenu glinu. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, a small Turska lula, 19.st. section of the tip of the shank has broken off.

439 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

9. PPD 20?, UPT 13, DSČ 2? Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of brown colour. Dobro sačuvana keramička lula, odlomljen dio The rounded bowl is divided with incised lines tuljca i vrh čašice. Izrađena iz vrlo pročišćene gli- into ten fields on which floral motifs have been ne, smeđe boje. Na obloj čašici nisu vidljivi ukrasi. impressed. The turban-like lower section of the Greben nije naglašen, ali je omeđen trostrukim bowl is decorated in the same fashion. The keel is crtama izvedenim kotačićem. Tuljac je obao, a emphasised and bordered by lines executed with a crtom izvedenom kotačićem odvojen na mjestu roulette. The lower section of the shank is faceted. gdje se spaja s čašicom te na mjestu gdje prelazi The pipe was fabricated in a mould, but the deco- u zadebljani dio. Na desnoj strani tuljca nalazi se rations were impressed subsequently by stamp- utisnuti znak na arapskom pismu. Lula je izrađena ing, incision and roulette on unfired clay. One iz kalupa, ali su ukrasi utisnuti naknadno, pečati- draught hole along the base of the bowl. ranjem, urezivanjem i kotačićem u još nepečenu Turkish smoking pipe, 19th century glinu. Jedna široka vezna rupa uz dno čašice. Turska lula, 19.st. 9. TCD 20?, SMD 13, BWT 2? Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 10. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Well preserved clay smoking pipe, a section of the Dio vrha čašice keramičke lule. Izrađena iz pro- shank and top of the bowl has broken off. Fab- čišćene gline s tragovima pijeska srebrnastog sja- ricated of highly refined clay, of brown colour. ja. Sive boje u prijelomu, izvana crne boje. Pod There are no visible decorations on the rounded obodom tuljca nalazi se ukras mrežastog polja u bowl. The keel is not emphasised, but is bordered kojem se nalazi niz rombova. Ukras je izveden pe- by a triple line executed with a roulette. The shank čatiranjem u nepečenu glinu? is rounded, and is bordered at the point where it Turska lula, 19.st. meets the bowl and where it transitions to the wider section with a line executed with a roulette. 11. PPD 14, DSČ 3, VPD 30. Sek. 3, kv. 7, SJ 875. To the ride side of the shank there is an impressed Dio keramičke lule, sačuvana polovica čašice, do sign in Arabic script. The pipe was fabricated in a početka tuljca. Izrađena iz vrlo pročišćene gline, mould, but the decorations were impressed sub- svijetlosmeđe boje. Na vanjskoj površini vidljiva sequently by stamping, incision and roulette on crvena boja. Neukrašena. Jedna vezna rupa uz unfired clay. One broad draught hole along the dno čašice. base of the bowl. Turska ili mađarska lula, 18.st. Turkish smoking pipe, 19th century 12. PPD 18, UPT 10, DSČ 4, VPD 40. Sek. 3, kv. 10. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 4, SJ 695. Part of the top of the bowl of a clay smoking pipe. Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula, nedostaje dio Fabricated of refined clay with traces of sand of tuljca. Izrađena od pročišćene gline, svijetlosme- silver sheen. Of grey colour at the core, black on đe boje. Čašica je izduženog, bačvastog oblika s the outer aspects. There is a lattice field decora- 16 faseta. Na vrhu, sredini i dnu čašice nalazi se tion with a series of rhombi under the rim of the nekoliko vodoravnih obruča. Tuljac je ukrašen shank. The decoration may have been stamped biljnim motivom koji je izveden tako da izgleda into unfired clay. kao da čašica raste iz grmlja. Lula je izrađena iz Turkish smoking pipe, 19th century dvostranog kalupa pomoću kojeg su preneseni ukrasi. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. 11. TCD 14, BWT 3, TCH 30. Sec. 3, quadrant Talijanska lula, Chioggia, druga polovica 19.st. do 7, SU 875. prve polovice 20.st. Part of a clay smoking pipe, half of the bowl has been preserved, up to the beginning of the shank. 13. PPD 18, UPT 11, DSČ 3, VPD 26. Sek. 3, kv. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of light brown 4, SJ 695. colour. Red colour visible on the outer surface. Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula. Izrađena od Unadorned. One draught hole along the base of pročišćene gline, svijetlosmeđe do narančaste the bowl. boje. Čašica je izduženog, bačvastog oblika. Ne- Turkish or Hungarian smoking pipe, 18th century ukrašena. Lula je izrađena na lončarskom kolu iz dvaju dijelova. Tri vezne rupe na dnu čašice. 12. TCD 18, SMD 10, BWT 4, TCH 40. Sec. 3, Talijanska lula, Al tornio, 19.st. quadrant 4, SU 695.

440 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

14. PPD 18, UPT 11, DSČ 3, VPD 24. Sek. 3, kv. Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, part of 4, SJ 695. the shank is missing. Fabricated of refined clay, Odlično očuvana keramička lula. Izrađena od of light brown colour. The bowl has an elongated, pročišćene gline, svijetlosmeđe boje. Čašica je iz- barrel form with 16 facets. There are several hori- duženog, bačvastog oblika. Neukrašena. Lula je zontal hoops at the top, mid-section and base of izrađena na lončarskom kolu iz dvaju dijelova. Tri the bowl. The shank is decorated with a vegeta- vezne rupe na dnu čašice. tive motif such that the bowl appears to grow out of a shrub. The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided Talijanska lula, Al tornio, 19.st. mould from which the decoration is transferred. 15. Sek. 1, kv. 6, SJ 1. One draught hole along the base of the bowl. Središnji dio keramičke lule, nedostaje gornji dio Italian smoking pipe, Chioggia, second half of the čašice i tuljac. Izrađena od pročišćene gline svije- 19th century to first half of the 20th century tložute boje. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Tri vezne rupe na dnu čašice. 13. TCD 18, SMD 11, BWT 3, TCH 26. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Talijanska lula, Chioggia, 18./19.st. Very well preserved clay smoking pipe. Fabricated 16. PPD 19, UPT 2, DSČ 2, VPD 50, NNT 10 – 5. of refined clay, of light brown to orange colour. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. The bowl is of elongated, barrel form. Una- Vrlo dobro očuvana keramička lula, nedostaje dorned. The pipe is fabricated in two parts on a vrlo mali dio tuljca (sam tuljac sačuvan u dužini potter’s wheel. Three draught holes at the base of od 200 mm). Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, the bowl. bijele boje. Ukras čini red rupica izveden kota- Italian smoking pipe, Al tornio, 19th century čićem uz rub oboda te slabo vidljiv ukras trake s rombovima na tuljcu. Lula je izrađena iz dvostra- 14. TCD 18, SMD 11, BWT 3, TCH 24. Sec. 3, nog kalupa. Na spoju između čašice i tuljca, gre- quadrant 4, SU 695. benu, vidljivi su polukružni tragovi skidanja viška Superbly preserved clay smoking pipe. Fabricated gline. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. of refined clay, of light brown colour. The bowl is of elongated, barrel form. Unadorned. The pipe is Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. fabricated in two parts on a potter’s wheel. Three 17. PPD 19, UPT 2, DSČ 2, VPD 50, NNT 10 – 9. draught holes at the base of the bowl. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Italian smoking pipe, Al tornio, 19th century Čašica keramičke lule s manjim dijelom tuljca. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. 15. Sec. 1, quadrant 6, SU 1. Ukras čini red rupica izveden kotačićem uz rub Central section of a clay smoking pipe, the upper oboda. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Na section of the bowl and the shank are missing. spoju između čašice i tuljca, grebenu, vidljivi su Fabricated of refined clay of light yellow colour. polukružni tragovi skidanja viška gline. Jedna ve- The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided mould. zna rupa uz dno čašice. Na sačuvanom dijelu tulj- Three draught holes at the base of the bowl. ca vidljivi su tragovi naknadnog sužavanja tuljca, Italian smoking pipe, Chioggia, 18th / 19th century što je trag naknadne uporabe lule, nakon što se tuljac odlomio. 16. TCD 19, SMD 2, BWT 2, TCH 50, GLT 10 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. Very well preserved clay smoking pipe, a very 18. PPD 19, UPT 2, DSČ 2, VPD 50, NNT 10 – 9. small part of the shank is missing (the shank is Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. preserved in a length of 200 mm). Fabricated of Oštećena čašica keramičke lule s manjim dijelom highly refined clay, of white colour. The decora- tuljca. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele tion consists of a row of small cavities executed boje. Ukras čini red rupica izveden kotačićem uz by a roulette along the edge of the rim and a rub oboda. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. poorly visible decorative band with rhombi on Na spoju između čašice i tuljca, grebenu, vidljivi the shank. The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided su polukružni tragovi skidanja viška gline. Jedna mould. Semicircular traces of the removal of ex- vezna rupa uz dno čašice. cess clay evident at the juncture of the bowl and shank and on the heel. One draught hole along Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. the base of the bowl.

441 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

19. PPD 20, UPT 2, DSČ 1, VPD 51, NNT 10 – 7. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. 17. TCD 19, SMD 2, BWT 2, TCH 50, GLT 10 – Čašica keramičke lule s manjim dijelom tuljca. 9. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Ukras čini red rupica izveden kotačićem uz rub Bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a small sec- oboda te reljefni prikaz bradate ljudske glave s tion of the shank. Fabricated of highly refined turbanom na čašici. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog clay, of white colour. The decoration consists kalupa. Na prednjem i zadnjem dijelu čašice, mje- of a row of small cavities executed by a roulette stu spoja kalupa, vidljivi su kosi tragovi skidanja along the edge of the rim. The pipe is fabricated viška gline. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. in a two-sided mould. Semicircular traces of the removal of excess clay evident at the juncture of Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. the bowl and shank and on the heel. One draught 20. PPD 19, UPT 2, DSČ 2, VPD 50, NNT 10 – 8. hole along the base of the bowl. Traces of post- Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 718. fabrication narrowing are visible on the preserved section of the shank; evidence of the reuse of the Čašica keramičke lule s dijelom tuljca. Izrađena pipe after the shank broke off. od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Ukras čini red rupica izveden kotačićem uz rub oboda. Lula Western form smoking pipe, 19th century je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Na spoju izme- 18. TCD 19, SMD 2, BWT 2, TCH 50, GLT 10 – đu čašice i tuljca, grebenu, vidljivi su polukružni 9. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. tragovi skidanja viška gline. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. The damaged bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a small part of the shank. Fabricated of highly Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. refined clay, of white colour. The decoration 21. NNT 9 – 7. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. consists of a row of small cavities executed by a roulette along the edge of the rim. The pipe is fab- Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od ricated in a two-sided mould. Semicircular traces 127 mm. Na dijelu tuljca koji vodi prema čašici of the removal of excess clay evident at the junc- vidljivi su polukružni tragovi skidanja viška gline. ture of the bowl and shank and on the heel. One Na dijelu je tuljca slabo vidljiv ukras trake s rom- draught hole along the base of the bowl. bovima. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. 22. PPD 21, UPT 2, DSČ 3, VPD 42, NNT 10 – 8. 19. TCD 20, SMD 2, BWT 1, TCH 51, GLT 10 – Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a small section Čašica keramičke lule s dijelom tuljca. Izrađena of the shank. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Ukras čini white colour. The decoration consists of a row red rupica izveden kotačićem uz rub oboda. Na of small cavities executed by a roulette along the grebenu se nalazi kružna peta. Na dnu je pete edge of the rim and the depiction in relief of a reljefno slovo B, a lijevo bočno nalazi se prikaz bearded human head with turban on the bowl. grba, dok je znak na desnoj strani nečitljiv. Lula je The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided mould. izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Jedna vezna rupa Oblique traces of the removal of excess clay evi- uz dno čašice. dent at frontal and posterior sections of the bowl Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. and at the mould joint. One draught hole along 23. NNT 8 – 7. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. the base of the bowl. Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 143 Western form smoking pipe, 19th century mm. Na dijelu je tuljca slabo vidljiv ukras trake 20. TCD 19, SMD 2, BWT 2, TCH 50, GLT 10 – s nizovima kratkih crtica te jajastim ukrasom uz 8. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 718. rubove trake. Bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a section of the Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. shank. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white 24. PPD 20, UPT 2, DSČ 2, VPD 51, NNT 10 – 7. colour. The decoration consists of a row of small Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. cavities executed by a roulette along the edge of the rim. The pipe is fabricated in a two-sided Čašica keramičke lule s dijelom tuljca. Izrađena mould. Semicircular traces of the removal of ex- od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Ukras čini cess clay evident at the juncture of the bowl and

442 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

red rupica izveden kotačićem uz rub oboda te re- shank and on the heel. One draught hole along ljefni ukras latica na dnu čašice. Također, na tuljcu the base of the bowl. se nalaze reljefni spiralno postavljeni nizovi lišća. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Jedna vezna rupa uz dno čašice. Na sačuvanom dijelu tuljca 21. GLT 9 – 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. vidljivi su tragovi naknadnog sužavanja tuljca, što Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved je trag naknadne uporabe lule, nakon što se tuljac to a length of 127 mm. Semicircular traces of the odlomio. removal of excess clay evident on the shank sec- Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. tion towards the bowl. A band decoration with rhombi poorly visible on a part of the shank. 25. NNT 10 – 7. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 90 mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. 22. TCD 21, SMD 2, BWT 3, TCH 42, GLT 10 – Na tuljcu se nalaze reljefni spiralno postavljeni ni- 8. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. zovi lišća. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog kalupa. Bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a section of the Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. shank. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. The decoration consists of a row of small 26. NNT 12 – 10. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. cavities executed by a roulette along the edge of Dio tuljca porculanske lule sačuvan u dužini od the rim. There is a circular heel on the keel. There 45 mm. Izrađena od bijelog porculana, izvana is a letter B in relief on the bottom of the heel, smeđe cakljena. Ukras je reljefni prikaz lišća te with a shield to the left side, while the symbol on uzdužnih crta. Lula je izrađena iz dvostranog ka- the right side is illegible. The pipe is fabricated in lupa? a two-sided mould. One draught hole along the Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. base of the bowl. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 27. NNT 9 – 8. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 23. GLT 8 – 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 56 mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved boje. Na dijelu je tuljca slabo vidljiv ukras trake to a length of 143 mm. There is poorly visible s rombovima. decoration on the shank in to the form of a band Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. with a series of short lines and an ovoid decoration along the edges of the band. 28. NNT 6 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 116 mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje, 24. TCD 20, SMD 2, BWT 2, TCH 51, GLT 10 – Na samom kraju tuljca nalazi se zadebljanje koje 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. je služilo za pridržavanje lule zubima. Bowl of a clay smoking pipe with a section of the Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. shank. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. The decoration consists of a row of small 29. NNT 6 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. cavities executed by a roulette along the edge of Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 80 the rim and a relief decoration of petals on the mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. bottom of the bowl. There is a spiralling series of Na samom kraju tuljca nalazi se zadebljanje koje leaves in relief on the shank. The pipe is fabricated je služilo za pridržavanje lule zubima. in a two-sided mould. One draught hole along Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. the base of the bowl. Traces of post-fabrication narrowing are visible on the preserved section of 30. NNT 6 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. the shank; evidence of the reuse of the pipe after Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 99 the shank broke off. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. 25. GLT 10 – 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 31. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 80 to a length of 90 mm. Fabricated of highly refined mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. clay, of white colour. There is a spiralling series of Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st.

443 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

32. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. leaves in relief on the shank. The pipe is fabricated Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 73 in a two-sided mould. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. 26. GLT 12 – 10. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 33. NNT 7 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Part of the shank of a porcelain smoking pipe pre- Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 70 served to a length of 45 mm. Fabricated of white mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. porcelain, with brown glaze on the outer aspect. The decoration consists of a depiction in relief of Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. leaves and longitudinal lines. The pipe is fabricat- 34. NNT 7 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. ed in a two-sided mould? Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 70 Western form smoking pipe, 19th century mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. 27. GLT 9 – 8. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved 35. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. to a length of 56 mm. Fabricated of highly refined Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 68 clay, of white colour. There is a poorly visible mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. decoration consisting of a band with rhombi on a part of the shank. Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 36. NNT 6 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 65 28. GLT 6 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 116 mm. Fabricated of highly re- Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. fined clay, of white colour. There is a lip on the 37. NNT 5 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. mouthpiece of the shank used to hold the pipe Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 60 with the teeth. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. 29. GLT 6 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 38. NNT 7 – 7. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 48 to a length of 80 mm. Fabricated of highly refined mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. clay, of white colour. There is a lip on the mouthpiece of the shank used to hold the pipe with the Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. teeth. 39. NNT 6 – 5. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 52 mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. 30. GLT 6 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. to a length of 99 mm. Fabricated of highly refined 40. NNT 7 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. clay, of white colour. Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 40 Western form smoking pipe, 19th century mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. 31. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved 41. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. to a length of 80 mm. Fabricated of highly refined Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 42 clay, of white colour. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. 32. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. 42. NNT 7 – 7. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 44 to a length of 73 mm. Fabricated of highly refined mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. clay, of white colour. Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century

444 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

43. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 695. 33. GLT 7 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 50 Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. to a length of 70 mm. Fabricated of highly refined Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 44. NNT 6 – 6. Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 544.3 Dio tuljca keramičke lule sačuvan u dužini od 69 34. GLT 7 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. mm. Izrađena od vrlo pročišćene gline, bijele boje. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved Lula zapadnog oblika, 19.st. to a length of 70 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 35. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 68 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 36. GLT 6 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 65 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 37. GLT 5 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 60 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 38. GLT 7 – 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 48 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 39. GLT 6 – 5. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 52 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 40. GLT 7 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 40 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 41. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 42 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 3 U ovoj je stratigrafskoj jednici pronađena i kovanica od pola solda iz 1788. godine (PN 494). 42. GLT 7 – 7. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695.

445 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 44 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 43. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 4, SU 695. Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 50 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century 44. GLT 6 – 6. Sec. 3, quadrant 3, SU 544.3 Part of the shank of a clay smoking pipe preserved to a length of 69 mm. Fabricated of highly refined clay, of white colour. Western form smoking pipe, 19th century

Zaključak Conclusion Ovaj zanimljiv skup lula pruža više pitanja nego This interesting assemblage of smoking pipes odgovora. Već je sama stratigrafska situacija, da poses more questions than it answers. The strati- je u crnoj jami SJ 695 pronađeno nekoliko de- graphic situation alone, in which several dozen setaka ulomaka lula, a vrlo malo ostalih nalaza, smoking pipe fragments were found in cesspit neobična. SU 695, and very few other finds, is unusual.

Prvo logično tumačenje bilo bi kako je riječ o The first logical interpretation would be that crnoj jami koju je koristio neki strastveni pušač this was a cesspit frequented by a passionate koji je često lomio svoje lule i odbacivao ih na smoker who frequently broke his pipes and dis- isto mjesto. No riječ je o skupini lula od najma- carded them at the same site. This is, however, a nje 14 različitih tipova koje pripadaju sasvim group of pipes of at least fourteen different types oprečnim glavnim oblicima – mediteranskome i of entirely different main forms—Mediterra- zapadnome. Postavlja se pitanje iz kojega je izvo- nean and western. Then there is the question of ra dobavljao sve te različite lule jer nam takva the source from which this hypothetical smoker raznolikost unutar jedne cjeline dosad nije bila procured all these diverse pipes, as this level of poznata. Također, kako su tehnika i ugođaj pu- diversity within a single context is previously šenja iz tih lula veoma različiti, vjerojatnije je da unknown to us. Given that the techniques and je taj skup lula upotrebljavalo više ljudi. Kod pu- experience of smoking from these pipes is very šača lula inače je običaj i navika da se puši jedan different, it is more likely that this assemblage of tip duhana i to iz jednoga tipa lule godinama, pipes was used by more than one person. Among a pušenje lule s drvenim kamišem ili glinenim pipe smokers the custom is to smoke one type tuljcem konceptualno je sasvim različito. of tobacco and from one type of pipe for years, and smoking a pipe with a wooden stem or a clay Više je vjerojatno kako je riječ o crnoj jami neke shank is conceptually entirely different. krčme u koju su se odbacivale slomljene lule i ostalo posuđe razbijeno za stolovima gostiju. Velika raznolikost oblika i porijekla mogle bi se opravdati činjenicom da je Rijeka lučki grad te su moreplovci mogli lomiti svoje osobne lule koje su donijeli sa sobom iz različitih krajeva. 3 A 1788 half Soldo coin was also found in this stratigraphic unit (SF 494).

446 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Mada će točno radioničko porijeklo tih lula za- It is more likely that this was the cesspit of a tav- sad ostati uglavnom nepoznato, možemo reći ern into which broken pipes and other ware bro- kako lule toga skupa potječu s područja Austro- ken at the tables of guests were discarded. The Ugarske Monarhije i Otomanskoga Carstva, sje- great diversity of forms and provenance could be verne Italije i neke zasad nepoznate zapadne ze- justified by the fact that Rijeka is a port city and mlje, možda Francuske. Pitanje njihove datacije that mariners could have broken the personal također će morati ostati donekle nerazriješeno.4 pipes they carried with themselves from divers Zajedničko je svim lulama toga skupa kako je regions. moguće da su se proizvodile u 19. stoljeću. Ipak, neke se često datiraju u 18.st. ili drugu polovicu Although the exact workshop origin of these 18.st., a druge češće u drugu polovicu 19. stolje- smoking pipes remains for the most part cur- ća. Neka srednja vrijednost bila bi prva polovica rently unknown, we can say that the pipes of ili sredina 19.st., ali to je svakako podložno ra- this assemblage originate from the territory of spravi. the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and of the Ottoman Empire, northern Italy and other, for Ostale lule nađene na ovome nalazištu, kat. 6, now, unknown countries—perhaps France. The 11, 15, također su zanimljive zbog svoga različi- question of their dating shall also have to remain tog porijekla. Hrvatske lule zelovskoga tipa rije- somewhat unclear.4 What is common to all of dak su nalaz izvan Dalmacije kao turske/mađar- the pipes from this assemblage is that it is pos- ske lule slične kat. 11. Uz njih, tu je i klasična, če- sible that they were manufactured in the 19th sta chioggianska lula kat. 15, koje su najčešće na century. Some, however, are frequently dated to sjevernome Jadranu, Primorju pa i u Dalmaciji. the 18th century or the second half of the 18th century, and others frequently to the second Ovaj vrijedan i tajnovit skup različitih lula sva- half of the 19th century. On average that would kako će pridonijeti istraživanju ove zanimljive place them in the first half or mid-19th century, problematike. but that is certainly open to debate.

The other pipes found at this site, catalogue nos. 6, 11 and 15, are also interesting because of their different provenance. Croatian smoking pipes of the Zelovo type are a rare find outside of the Dalmatian region, as are Turkish/Hungarian pipes similar to that under catalogue no. 11. There is also the classic and frequent Chioggian pipe under catalogue no. 15, most frequent on the northern Adriatic seaboard, the Primorje littoral and the Dalmatian region.

This valuable and mysterious assemblage of diverse pipes will certainly contribute to the research of this fascinating topic.

4 Zahvaljujem kolegi Davidu Higginsu, stručnjaku za lule zapadnoga oblika, na savjetodavnoj pomoći u 4 I thank western form smoking pipe specialist Dr potrazi za radioničkim porijeklom ovih tajanstvenih David Higgins for his counsel in researching the lula. workshop provenance of these mysterious pipes.

447 Tabla 1 Table 1 Tabla 2 Table 2 Tabla 3 Table 3

SREDNJOVJEKOVNI I NOVOVJEKOVNI STAKLENI NALAZI

MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL GLASS FINDS

Ivica Pleština Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Service

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

SREDNJOVJEKOVNI I MEDIEVAL AND POST NOVOVJEKOVNI STAKLENI MEDIEVAL GLASS FINDS NALAZI

U svjetlu promatranja srednjovjekovnoga stakla, With regard to Medieval glass the Rijeka area područje Rijeke bilo je smješteno među veneci- was situated between the Venetian, Slovenian janskim, slovenskim te sjevernohrvatskim radio- and northern Croatian glass workshops. Most nicama stakla. Većina je ulomaka malih dimen- of the fragments are of small size and, as such, zija tako da se velik broj njih neće moći odrediti are not determinable in terms of both chronol- ni kronološki ni tipološki. ogy and typology.

Srednji vijek Medieval Pronađeno je nekoliko fragmenata čaša. Za njih Several fragments of cups were found. They are su karakteristična dna bijele boje koja imaju tan- characterised by bases of white colour with thin ku stjenku stope te se datiraju u prvu polovicu walls at the foot and are dated to the first half of 16. do 18. stoljeća. the 16th to the 18th century.

Pronađene su dvije ručkice izrađene od muran- Two small handles fabricated of Murano glass skoga stakla (T1: 2, 3). One su proizvod vene- were found (T1: 2, 3). They are the product of cijanskih radionica te se datiraju u kasno 16. Venetian workshops and are dated to the late stoljeće. Ručkica svijetlozelene boje nalazila se 16th century. The light green coloured small na čaši s nogom, i to točno na prijelazu tanke handle is from a goblet, precisely at the transition nožice u gornji dio čaše. Nasuprot nje nalazila of the thin foot to the upper section of the gob- se identična ručkica (YOUNGER–NELSON let. Opposite to it was an identical small handle 2009, 5). Druga je ručkica izrađena od ljubiča- (YOUNGER–NELSON 2009, 5). The other stoga stakla te je blago presavijena na gornjemu small handle was fabricated of purplish glass dijelu. Ne može se odrediti njezina pripadnost and was slightly curved at the top. To what exact Slika 1. Ručkica izrađena od muranskoga stakla (T1: 3) određenome tipu posude, iako najvjerojatnije vessel form it belongs to cannot be determined, pripada čaši. Takve se ručkice pojavljuju od 16. although it is most likely from a cup. These Figure 1. A small handle fabricated of Murano glass (T1: 3) do 18. stoljeća te su uvoz iz venecijanskih radi- types of handles appear from the 16th to 18th onica. Venecijansko je staklo izrazito prozirno century and were imported from Vene- i bezbojno. Uspon izrade venecijanskoga stakla tian workshops. Venetian glass is počinje u 13. stoljeću kada se proizvodnja pre- particularly transparent and col- mješta iz Venecije na otočić Murano. Važnu su ourless. The rise of Venetian ulogu u razvoju venecijanskoga stakla odigrali glassmaking begins bizantski majstori. Oni dolaze iz Konstantino- in the 13th pola u jeku Četvrtoga križarskog rata 1204. go- century dine, te novi val koji stiže nakon pada Konstan- tinopola 1453. godine. Do 16. stoljeća bizantski majstori ovladavaju svim tehnikama izrade i ukrašavanja staklenih predmeta. Unatoč nasto- janjima da sačuvaju tehniku izrade unutar Vene-

455 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

cije, postaju poznati širom Europe gdje se poči- when production moved from Venice to the nje proizvoditi takav tip stakla. Ipak, majstori iz small island of Murano. Byzantine master crafts- Murana stoljećima su držali monopol na izradu men played a major role in the development of kvalitetnoga stakla. Razvijali su i unaprjeđivali Venetian glass. They came from Constantinople mnoge tehnologije i tehnike kao što su: višeboj- at the height of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, no staklo, mliječno staklo, gravirano staklo, na- followed by a second wave after the fall of Con- rebreno staklo, itd. Većina je srednjovjekovnoga stantinople in 1453. By the 16th century the stakla na istočnoj jadranskoj obali izravni uvoz Byzantine master craftsmen had mastered all of iz venecijansko-muranskih radionica zbog jakih the techniques of the manufacture and decora- trgovačkih veza između Venecije i naših obalnih tion of glass objects. In spite of their efforts to gradova. Također, postoje dokazi koji nam go- keep the manufacturing techniques within Ven- vore o prisutnosti venecijanskih majstora stakla ice, they were disseminated across Europe where na našoj obali (DELONGA 1987, 109). the manufacture of this type of glass took hold. The masters of Murano did, however, maintain Izdvaja se i mala sferična posuda s visokim uskim a monopoly for centuries in the manufacture of vratom bijele neprozirne boje (T1: 1). Takav high quality glass. They developed and improved oblik posude sugerira nam da njezin sadržaj many technologies and techniques such as mul- istječe polako ili čak u kapljicama (I. LAZAR, ticoloured glass, milk glass (lattimo), engraved H. WILMOTT, 102). Vjerojatno je služila za glass, ribbed glass and so forth. Most of the Me- pohranu parfema. Takve posude svoje podrijetlo dieval glass on the eastern Adriatic seaboard was vuku još od četvrtoga stoljeća iz sirijskih radio- directly imported from the Venetian-Murano nica (I. LAZAR, H. WILMOTT, 102). Staklo workshops as a result of the robust commer- je kvalitetno te je ukrašeno staklenom niti (va- cial links between Venice and our coastal cities. lovnica) koja je omotana oko vrata. Takve su There is also evidence indicating the presence of posude izrazito izduženoga vrata tipične i jako Venetian glasswork masters on our coast (DE- popularne već od 12. stoljeća (LAZAR–WILL- Slika 2. Dug cilindričan vrat staklene LONGA 1987, 109). boce (T1: 5) MOTT 2006, 102) te su se proizvodile još četiri stoljeća (LAZAR–WILLMOTT 2006, 102). Prominent is a small spherical vessel with a tall Figure 2. The long cylindrical neck of a glass bottle (T1: 5) narrow neck of white opaque colour (T1: 1). Pronađena je boca svijetlozelene boje s tamno- This vessel form suggests that its contents were smeđom patinom s dugim cilindričnim vratom poured out slowly or perhaps even in drops (I. koji se sužava u smjeru trbuha (T1: 5). Staklo je LAZAR, H. WILMOTT, 102). It was likely mutno i neprozirno. Ukrašena je četirima latica- used for the storage of perfume. These vessels ma. Sačuvan je samo dio trbuha. Datira se u 14. i draw their origins from fourth century Syrian 15. stoljeće (RADIĆ–BOJČIĆ 2004, 221). workshops (I. LAZAR, H. WILMOTT, 102). Fragment prozorskoga stakla od bijele neprozir- The glass is of high quality and is decorated with ne boje (T1: 6) koji ima oblik maloga kružnog a glass filament (wavy line) wrapped around tanjura s uzdignutim rubovima obično se dovo- the neck. Vessels of this kind with very elon- di u vezu sa sakralnim objektima i reprezentativ- gated necks were typical and very popular from nim građevinama, poglavito u gotskome razdo- the 12th century on (LAZAR–WILLMOTT blju (KOROŠEC 1985, 113;PEŠIĆ 2006, 117). 2006, 102) and were in production for a further four centuries (LAZAR–WILLMOTT 2006, 102).

Novi vijek A bottle was found of light green colour with dark brown patina and a long cylindrical neck Što se tiče novovjekovnoga stakla, pronađeno je that narrows towards the belly (T1: 5). The glass nekoliko dna boca iz 19. i 20. stoljeća s otisnutim is cloudy and opaque. It is decorated with four imenom i grbom proizvođača (Maraschino, Ro- petals. Only a part of the belly is preserved. It is mano Zara Vlahov). Sva četiri pronađena grba

456 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

nalazila su se na prijelazu trbuha u vrat boce. Na dated to the 14th and 15th century (RADIĆ– njima se javljaju natpisi: BOJČIĆ 2004, 221).

1. MARASCHINO – ROMANO – VLA- A fragment of window glass of white opaque HOV – J.R. colour (T1: 6) having the form of a small round plate with raised edges is usually associated with 2. R – DI – G – CALLIGARICH – ZARA sacral structures and showpiece edifices, in par- – ?? ticular during the Gothic period (KOROŠEC 3. ROMANO – VLAHOV – ZARA 1985, 113;PEŠIĆ 2006, 117).

Zaključak Post Medieval Predmeti obrađeni u ovome članku, iako ma- Finds from the Post Medieval period comprise lobrojni, mogu nam ponuditi nekakvu sliku the bases of several bottles from the 19th and vremena u kojemu su korišteni. To su uglavnom 20th centuries bearing the impressed names and predmeti svakodnevne uporabe kakvi se nalaze crests of manufacturers (Maraschino, Romano i na ostalim lokalitetima u Hrvatskoj. Većina se Zara Vlahov). All four of the crests found were srednjovjekovnih staklenih predmeta okvirno situated at the transition of the belly to the neck može datirati od 14. do 18. stoljeća, te pripada ve- of the bottle. The following inscriptions appear necijanskomu krugu radionica. Tri novovjekovna on them: grba s imenom proizvođača svjedoče nam o indu- 1. MARASCHINO – ROMANO – VLA- strijskome razvitku zadarske tvornice Maraska. HOV – J.R.

1. PR – DI – G – CALLIGARICH – ZARA – ??

1. ROMANO – VLAHOV – ZARA

Conclusion The artefacts treated in this chapter, although few in number, do offer us a picture of the time in which they were used. They are, for the most part, objects of daily use the likes of which are also found at other sites in Croatia. Most of the Medieval glass artefacts can be approximately dated to the period from the 14th to 18th century and are of Venetian provenance. Three Post Medieval crests with the names of the manufacturers bear witness to the industrial development of the Maraska manufactory in Zadar.

457 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

TABLE: TABLE:

1. Vrat posude s ukrasom (valovnica) koji je aplici- 1. Neck of a vessel with a decoration (wavy line) ap- ran na vrat bijele neprozirne boje. Duž. 5 cm, šir. plied to a neck of white opaque colour. Length 5 2 – 2,5 cm, deb. 0,1 cm. Sektor 1, SJ 8, PN 68. cm, width 2 – 2.5 cm, thickness 0.1 cm. Sector 1, 2. Ručka ljubičaste neprozirne boje. Duž. 4,5 cm, šir. SU 8, SF 68. 0,5 – 1,5 cm, deb. 0,2 – 1 cm. Sektor 2, SJ 256. 2. Handle of purplish opaque colour. Length 4.5 cm, 3. Ručkica od bijelog i zelenog stakla. Duž. 4 cm, šir. width 0.5 – 1.5 cm, thickness 0.2 – 1 cm. Sector 0,5 cm, deb. 0,2 – 0,5 cm. Sektor 1, SJ 12, PN 2, SU 256. 4. Dno sa dijelom tijela posude od prozirnog žućka- 3. Small handle of white and green glass. Length 4 stog stakla. Duž. 5,5 cm, šir. 4,5 cm, deb. 0,1 cm. cm, width 0.5 cm, thickness 0.2 – 0.5 cm. Sector Sektor 3, SJ 587, PN 526. 1, SU 12, SF 5. Vrat boce s dijelom trbuha neprozirne zelene boje. 4. Base with a part of the body of a vessel of transpar- Duž. 16 cm, šir. 4 – 7 cm, deb. 0,25 – 0,5 cm. Sek- ent yellowish glass. Length 5.5 cm, width 4.5 cm, tor 1, SJ 12, PN 4. thickness 0.1 cm. Sector 3, SU 587, SF 526. 6. Fragment kružnog prozorskog stakla neprozirne 5. The neck of a bottle with a section of the belly of bijele boje. Duž. 7,5 cm, šir. 2 cm, deb. 0,2 – 0,5 opaque green colour. Length 16 cm, width 4 – 7 cm. Sektor 2, SJ 152. cm, thickness 0.25 – 0.5 cm. Sector 1, SU 12, SF 4. 6. Fragment of a circular window glass pane of opaque white colour. Length 7.5 cm, width 2 cm, thickness 0.2 – 0.5 cm. Sector 2, SU 152.

458 Tabla 1 Table 1

NUMIZMATIČKI NALAZI SREDNJEGA I NOVOGA VIJEKA TE MODERNOGA DOBA

NUMISMATIC FINDS FROM THE MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS AND THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

Luka Bekić Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Servic

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

NUMIZMATIČKI NALAZI NUMISMATIC FINDS FROM SREDNJEGA I NOVOGA VIJEKA THE MEDIEVAL AND POST TE MODERNOGA DOBA MEDIEVAL PERIODS AND THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

Uvod Introduction Prilikom istraživanja Trga pul Vele crikve i dijela A large number of Medieval, Post Medieval and Užarske ulice 2008. i 2009. god., pronađeno je contemporary coins were found during the re- mnoštvo srednjovjekovnoga, novovjekovnoga i search at Pul Vele Crikve Square and a part of modernoga novca (VIŠNJIĆ, ČATAJ, JANEŠ, Užarska Street in 2008 and 2009 (VIŠNJIĆ, BEKIĆ, PLEŠTINA, JENGIĆ, KLOFUTAR ČATAJ, JANEŠ, BEKIĆ, PLEŠTINA, 2009). Od sveukupno 269 komada novca, 185 JENGIĆ, KLOFUTAR 2009). Of a total of ih pripada navedenomu razdoblju. Uz njih, u 269 coins, 185 are from the cited period. This ovome će se poglavlju obraditi i dvanaest srod- chapter shall also treat twelve related find types: nih nalaza: žetona, medalja, znački, olovnih jetons, tokens, medals, badges, lead seals and plombi i slično. Ovaj se rad nadovezuje na već the like. This paper continues on the already objavljene numizmatičke nalaze 15. – 20. sto- published 15th to 20th century numismatic ljeća pronađene prilikom istraživanja Principija finds discovered during research at theprincipia (BEKIĆ 2009b) i gdje je već mnogo toga reče- (BEKIĆ 2009b) where much has already been Karta 1. Kovnice zastupljene u no o poslijeantičkim nalazima. Novi nalazi ipak noted regarding post-antiquity finds. The new Rijeci od 12. do 17. st. dobrano nadopunjuju i proširuju numizmatičku finds do, however, significantly supplement and Map 1. The mints represented sliku srednjega vijeka u Rijeci. broaden the numismatic picture of the Medieval in Rijeka from the 12th to 17th period in Rijeka. century.

Kontekst Novac modernoga doba (19. – 20.st.) nalazi se uglavnom u površinskim slojevima. Poneki primjerci pronalaze se i u dubljim slojevima i to uglavnom na mjestima gdje su bila brojna prekopavanja zbog polaganja raznih cjevovoda. Neke stratigrafske jedinice djeluju kao „sabirne jame“ sustava odvodnje oborinskih voda (grupice PN- ova 557, 560, 561, 563 sve u SJ 560 ili PN 16 u SJ 8), pa se u njima nagomilalo mnoštvo sitnih nalaza. Takav slučaj poznat nam je i iz istraživa- nja Principija.

Nešto stariji, srednjovjekovni i novovjekovni novac, pak, možemo pronaći u velikome broju slojeva. Nekoliko je razloga tomu. Kao prvo, od 12. do 18.st. dolazilo je do velikih promjena arhitektonskoga rasporeda ovoga gradskog prostora. Trg se povećavao i smanjivao razmjerno sa

463 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

zgradama koje ga okružuju. Uz crkvu se nalazilo Context groblje koje je stalno prekopavano i očigledno se tu novac lako gubio. Jedan dio novca čak je i na- Coins of the contemporary period (19th to 20th mjerno ukopavan s pokojnicima. Novac iz raz- century) are, for the most part, found in surface doblja od 12. do 20.st. pronađen prilikom ovih layers. Some specimens are also found in deeper istraživanja puno je brojniji od antičkoga novca, layers—for the most part at places that were sub- a dobrim dijelom to je stoga što su pronađene ject to frequent excavation for the instalment of neke grobne cjeline s više primjeraka novca uko- various conduits. Some stratigraphic units act panoga s pokojnikom. Treći razlog treba tražiti as the “collector pits” of the rainwater drainage u nedostatku popločenja otvorenih prostora u system (small SF groups 557, 560, 561 and 563 ono doba, što je imalo za posljedicu lako gublje- all in SU 560 or SF 16 in SU 8), and an abun- nje kovanica u blatu i prašini. Svakako je najveći dance of very small finds were accumulated in broj starijega novca pronađen u sektoru 2, u slo- them. We also know this phenomenon from the jevima povezanim s grobljem. Pitanje namjerno- research of the principia. ga ukopavanja novca u grobove kod crkve zaseb- We find somewhat older, Medieval and Post no je pitanje, pa će kasnije tako i biti obrađeno. Medieval coins, however, in a great number of layers. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, there were significant changes to the architectural disposition of this part of the city from the 12th to 18th centuries. The square was en- larged and reduced in size in proportion to the buildings that surround it. There was a cemetery alongside the church that was constantly dug up and coins were evidently easily lost here. Some coins were intentionally buried along with the deceased. Coins found during this research campaign from the 12th to 20th century period are significantly more numerous than Roman coinage, which is largely due to the fact that some grave contexts were found with several coin specimens interred along with the deceased. The third reason lies in the lack of paving at the time on open areas, which had as its consequence the easy loss of coins in mud or dirt. Certainly the Slika 1. Prikaz greatest number of older coins was found in sec- kasnosrednjovjekovne kovnice kako ju je vidio Jost Amman 1568. god. tor 2, in the layers associated with the cemetery. The issue of the intentional interment of coins in Fig. 1. A depiction of a Late Medieval mint as it was seen by Jost graves at the church is a separate question, and Amman in 1568. shall be thus addressed further in the text.

464 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Katalog novca Catalogue of coins

12. stoljeće 12th century

1. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 1, SJ 1. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, quadrant 776, PN 704. 1, SU 776, SF 704. Orio Malipiero (1178. – 1192.) ili Enrico Dan- Orio Malipiero (1178 – 1192) or Enrico Dan- dolo (1192. – 1205.). Venezia. dolo (1192 – 1205). Venezia. Ae. 10 – 12 mm. Denaro piccolo scodellato. Ae. 10 – 12 mm. Denaro piccolo scodellato. Av: S[MARCV]S+ Obv: S[MARCV]S+ Križ u krugu. Cross in a circle. Rv: Nečitljiv. Rev: Illegible. Ovaj je novac za razliku od standardnih kovan Unlike the standard coin this one is struck of od taline bakra pa je možda riječ o krivotvorini? copper alloy #taline bakra and may be a for- gery?

2. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 10, SJ 1, 2. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, quadrant PN 940. 10, SU 1, SF 940. Orio Malipiero (1178. – 1192.) ili Enrico Dan- Orio Malipiero (1178 – 1192) or Enrico Dan- dolo (1192. – 1205.). Venezia. dolo (1192 – 1205). Venezia. Ar. 10 – 12 mm. Denaro piccolo scodellato. Ar. 10 – 12 mm. Denaro piccolo scodellato. Av: [+SMARC]VS Obv: [+SMARC]VS Križ u krugu. Cross in a circle Rv: Nečitljiv. Rev: Illegible.

13. stoljeće 13th century

3. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 13, SJ 3. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 954, PN 473d. 13, SU 954, SF 473d. Meinhard II. (1286. – 1295.). Tirol. Merano. Meinhard II (1286 – 1295). Tyrol. Merano. Ar. 18 mm. Kreuzer (Križar). Ar. 18 mm. Kreutzer. Av: [ME IN HAR] DVS+ Obv: [ME IN HAR] DVS+ Dvostruki križ. Double cross. Rv: [+COMES*TYROL+] Rev: [+COMES*TYROL+] Raskriljeni okrunjeni orao. Crowned eagle, wings spread. Osim prema legendi, koja ovdje nije sasvim čit- Besides by the legend, which is here not entirely ljiva, Meinhardov se križar razlikuje od kasnijeg legible, Meinhard’s Kreutzer differs from the Sigismundova prema glavi orla. . later Sigismund Kreutzer by the eagle’s head.

465 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

14. stoljeće 14th century

4. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 11/13, 4. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant SJ 337, PN 372. Grob 36. 11/13, SU 337, SF 372. Grave 36. Stjepan IV. Babonić (1310. – 1316.). Zagreb. Stjepan IV Babonić (1310 – 1316). Zagreb. Ar. 16 mm. Denar (Banovac). Ar. 16 mm. Denar (Banovac). Av: •MONETA[REGIS P S]CLA[VO]NIA Obv: •MONETA[REGIS P S]CLA[VO]NIA Kuna trči nalijevo, iznad i ispod zvijezde. Marten running left, stars above and below. Rv: K ┴ S Rev: K ┴ S Dvostruki križ u sredini, iznad lijevo zvijezda, Double cross centred, star above left, crescent desno polumjesec. Ispod sučelice dvije okrunje- right. Two crowned heads facing below. ne glave. (MIRNIK 1992, 183, 224; MIMICA 1994, (MIRNIK 1992, 183, 224; MIMICA 1994, 385) 385)

5. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 13, SJ 5. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 954, PN 473a. 13, SU 954, SF 473a. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Venezia. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Venezia. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Av: +FRADAN DVLO•DVX• Obv: +FRADAN DVLO•DVX• Dužd stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Doge standing left, holding high banner. Rv: +S•MARCVS•VENETI Rev: +S•MARCVS•VENETI Mletački lav stoji nalijevo drži visoku zastavu. Lion of Venice standing left holding high (CNI VII, 27, str. 65) banner. (CNI VII, 27, pg. 65)

6. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 13, SJ 6. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 954, PN 473b. 13, SU 954, SF 473b. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Venezia. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Venezia. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Av: +FRA•DAN DVLO•DVX Obv: +FRA•DAN DVLO•DVX Dužd stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Doge standing left, holding high banner. Rv: +[S•MA]RCVS•V[ENE]TI Rev: +[S•MA]RCVS•V[ENE]TI Mletački lav stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Lion of Venice standing left, holding high (CNI VII, 27, str. 65) banner. (CNI VII, 27, pg. 65)

7. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 13, SJ 7. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 954, PN 473c. 13, SU 954, SF 473c. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Venezia. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Venezia. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Av: +[FR]A•DAN DVLO•DVX Obv: +[FR]A•DAN DVLO•DVX Dužd stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Doge standing left, holding tall banner. Rv: +S•MA[RCVS]•VENETI Rev: +S•MA[RCVS]•VENETI Mletački lav stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Lion of Venice standing left, holding high (CNI VII, 27, str. 65) banner. (CNI VII, 27, pg. 65)

466 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

8. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 13, SJ 8. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 954, PN 473e. 13, SU 954, SF 473e. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Venezia. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Venezia. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Ar. 16 – 17 mm. Soldino. Av: [+FRA]DAN [DVL]O•DVX Obv: [+FRA]DAN [DVL]O•DVX Dužd stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Doge standing left, holding high banner. Rv: +S•MA[RCVS]•VENETI Rev: +S•MA[RCVS]•VENETI Mletački lav stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Lion of Venice standing left, holding high (CNI VII, 27, str. 65) banner. (CNI VII, 27, pg. 65)

9. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 9. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, quadrant 256, PN 116. 9, SU 256, SF 116. Ludovik I. Anžuvinac (1342. – 1382.). Buda. Louis the Great (Angevin) (1342 – 1382). 1359. – 1364. g. Buda. 1359 – 1364. Ar. 13 mm. Denar. Ar. 13 mm. Denar. Av: S•LADIS LAVS•[R] Obv: S•LADIS LAVS•[R] + + F F ┴B ┴B Sv. Ladislav stoji sučelice, u desnici drži hele- St Ladislaus standing facing, holding halberd in bardu, u ljevici kuglu s križem. Oznaka kovnice right hand, globe with cross in left hand. Fleur ljiljan i ispod slova FB. de lis mint mark and letters FB below. Rv: [LO]DOVICI•R•VNGARI[E] Rev: [LO]DOVICI•R•VNGARI[E] Anžuvinski grb u sredini. Angevin shield in centre. (RETHY, L, PROBSZT, G. 1958, 94var; UN- (RETHY, L, PROBSZT, G. 1958, 94var; UN- GER 1974, 429Q, str. 83, T.XXII). GER 1974, 429Q, pg. 83, T.XXII).

467 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

10. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 11, SJ 10. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 954, PN 864. drant 11, SU 954, SF 864. Ludovik I. Anžuvinac (1342. – 1382.). Pécs. Louis the Great (Angevin) (1342 – 1382). Pécs. 1359. – 1371. 1359 – 1371. Ar. 14 mm. Denar. Ar. 14 mm. Denar. Av: S[•LADIS] LAVSR• Obv: S[•LADIS] LAVSR• + + ┴0 ┴0 Sv. Ladislav stoji sučelice, u desnici drži helebar- St Ladislaus standing facing, holding halberd in du, u ljevici kuglu s križem. Oznaka kovnice je right hand, globe with cross in left hand. Fleur ljiljan i ispod glava saracena. de lis mint mark and Saracen head below. Rv: [LODOV]ICIRVNGARIE Rev: [LODOV]ICIRVNGARIE Anžuvinski grb u sredini. Angevin shield in centre. (RETHY, L, PROBSZT, G. 1958, 94var; UN- (RETHY, L, PROBSZT, G. 1958, 94var; UN- GER 1974, 429x, str. 83, T.XXII). GER 1974, 429x, pg. 83, T.XXII).

11. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 12, SJ 11. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 541, PN 495. drant 12, SU 541, SF 495. Francesco Da Carrara (1355. – 1388.). Padova. Francesco Da Carrara (1355 – 1388). Padova. Ar. 10 mm. Zdjelasti denar. Ar. 10 mm. Concave Denar. Av: CIV[ITA]S Obv: CIV[ITA]S •F• •F• U sredini gotičko slovo F okruženo četirima Gothic letter F at centre surrounded by four točkicama. small points. Rv: P A D [V A] Rev: P A D [V A] Zvijezda sa šest tankih krakova koji razdjeljuju Star with six thin rays dividing the legend. legendu. (CNI VI, 67, pg. 199, t.IX:18) (CNI VI, 67, str. 199, t.IX:18)

12. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 12. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 134. drant 9, SU 256, SF 134. Andrea Contarini (1368. – 1382.). Venezia. Andrea Contarini (1368 – 1382). Venezia. Ar. 13 – 14 mm. Soldino. Ar. 13 – 14 mm. Soldino. Av: ANDR•9 TAR’DVX Obv: ANDR•9 TAR’DVX Γ┴ Γ┴ Dužd stoji nalijevo, drži visoku zastavu. Doge standing left, holding high banner. Rv: +S•MARCUS•VENETI Rev: +S•MARCUS•VENETI Mletački krilati lav leži sučelice, drži knjigu. Venetian winged lion lying facing, holding a (CNI VII, 25var, T.IV-3, str. 97) book. U CNI se ne navodi sigla Γ pa je zato označen (CNI VII, 25var, T.IV-3, pg. 97) kao varijanta. The CNI does not cite the Γ sigla and the coin has therefore been designated as a variant.

468 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

13. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 11/13, 13. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- SJ 256, PN 446. drant 11/13, SU 256, SF 446. Wilhelm i Albrecht IV./V. (1395. – 1406.). Wilhelm and Albrecht IV/V (1395 – 1406). Österreich. Wien. Österreich. Wien. Ar. 14 – 16 mm. Jednostrani pfeninng. Ar. 14 – 16 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb, iznad kruna, desno slovo W, a lijevo E? Obv: Shield, crown above, right letter W, and Rv: nije otkovan. left letter E? (CNA Fa 3) Rev: Not struck. (CNA Fa 3)

14. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 14. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a70, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a70, Grave 40. Ernst I. i Wilhelm III. (1397. – 1435.). Bayern. Ernst I and Wilhelm III (1397 – 1435). Bayern. München. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo, u krugu. Obv: Monk’s head left, in a circle. Rv: Slova E W u krugu. Rev: Letters E W in a circle. (WITTELSBACH 160 – 165var; ALRAM (WITTELSBACH 160 – 165var; ALRAM 2001, 43, str. 489, 495) 2001, 43, pg. 489, 495)

15. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 15. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a50, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a50, Grave 40. Ernst I. i Wilhelm III. (1397. – 1435.). Bayern. Ernst I and Wilhelm III (1397 – 1435). Bayern. München. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo, u krugu. Obv: Monk’s head left, in a circle. Rv: Slova E W u krugu. Rev: Letters E W in a circle. (WITTELSBACH 164 – 165var; ALRAM (WITTELSBACH 164 – 165var; ALRAM 2001, 43, str. 489, 495) 2001, 43, pg. 489, 495)

15. stoljeće 15th century

16. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 11, SJ 16. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 840, PN 855. drant 11, SU 840, SF 855. Antonio II. Panciera di Portogruaro (1402. – Antonio II Panciera di Portogruaro (1402 – 1411.). Aquileia. 1411). Aquileia. Ar. 17 – 18 mm. Denaro. Ar. 17 – 18 mm. Denaro. Av: [+]ANTONIVS*PATRI[ARCA] Obv: [+]ANTONIVS*PATRI[ARCA] Nejednako vodoravno rasječen grbovni štit s Unequally horizontally divided coat of arms kosom trodijelnom šahiranom gredom, gore i u shield with diagonal three-part chessboard bar, podnožju sedmerokraka zvijezda. seven pointed star above and below. Rv: *AQV*[ILE*GEN]*SIS* Rev: *AQV*[ILE*GEN]*SIS* Akvilejski orao raširenih krila, s glavom nalijevo. Aquileian eagle, wings spread, head left. (MIRNIK 1994, br. 55-588) (MIRNIK 1994, br. 55-588)

469 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

17. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 17. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a66, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a66, Grave 40. Heinrich IV. (1393. – 1450.). Bayern-Landshut. Heinrich IV (1393 – 1450). Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. Ötting. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Pas hoda nalijevo, iza njega krošnja. Obv: Dog advancing left, crown of a tree be- Rv: Slovo H između dva prstena, sve unutar hind it. vijenca. Rev: The letter H between two rings, all within (WITTELSBACH 3435, str. 510; ALRAM a wreath. 2001, 67, str. 490, 496) (WITTELSBACH 3435, pg. 510; ALRAM 2001, 67, pg. 490, 496)

18. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 18. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a55, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a55, Grave 40. Heinrich IV. (1393. – 1450.). Bayern-Landshut. Heinrich IV (1393 – 1450). Bayern-Landshut. Landshut. 1406. – 1430. g. Landshut. 1406 – 1430. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Šljem. Obv: Helmet. Rv: Slovo H između dvije četverolisne rozete. Rev: The letter H between two quatrefoil ro- (WITTELSBACH 3426, str. 509; ALRAM settes. 2001, 58 – 61, str. 490, 496) (WITTELSBACH 3426, pg. 509; ALRAM 2001, 58 – 61, pg. 490, 496)

19. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 19. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a54, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a54, Grave 40. Albert III. der Fromme (1438. – 1460.). Albert III der Fromme (1438 – 1460). Bayern. Bayern. München. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo, s križem oko Obv: Monk’s head left, cross around neck. vrata. Rev: Letter A between two points, all in pear- Rv: Slovo A između dvije točke, sve u bisernom led circle. krugu. (WITTELSBACH 175var, pg. 25) (WITTELSBACH 175var, str. 25)

20. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 7, SJ 20. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 360, PN 357, Gr. 39. drant 7, SU 360, SF 357, Gr. 39. Peter von Schaumburg (1424. – 1469.). Bayern. Peter von Schaumburg (1424 – 1469). Bayern. Bistum Augsburg. 1441. g. Bistum Augsburg. 1441. Ar. 12 – 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 12 – 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava biskupa sučelice, s kapom i štapom. Obv: Bishop’s head facing, with cap and staff. Rv: B Rev: B Kovničar je vjerojatno bio Franz Bäsinger. The minter was likely Franz Bäsinger. (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, str. 43, 91; ALRAM (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, pg. 43, 91; ALRAM 2001, 89, str. 492, 497 2001, 89, pg. 492, 497)

470 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

21. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 7, SJ 21. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 864, PN 823. drant 7, SU 864, SF 823. Peter von Schaumburg (1424. – 1469.). Bayern. Peter von Schaumburg (1424 – 1469). Bayern. Bistum Augsburg. 1441. g. Bistum Augsburg. 1441. Ar. 11 – 12 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 11 – 12 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava biskupa sučelice, s kapom i štapom. Obv: Bishop’s head facing, with cap and staff. Rv: B Rev: B Kovničar je vjerojatno bio Franz Bäsinger. The minter was likely Franz Bäsinger. (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, str.43,91; ALRAM (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, pg.43,91; ALRAM 2001, 89, str.492, 497) 2001, 89, pg. 492, 497)

22. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 22. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 409, PN 262. Grob 54. drant 9, SU 409, SF 262. Grave 54. Peter von Schaumburg (1424-1469). Bayern. Peter von Schaumburg (1424-1469). Bayern. Bistum Augsburg. 1441.g. Bistum Augsburg. 1441. Ar. 11 – 12 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 11 – 12 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava biskupa sučelice, s kapom i štapom. Obv: Bishop’s head facing, with cap and staff. Rv: B Rev: B Kovničar je vjerojatno bio Franz Bäsinger. The minter was likely Franz Bäsinger. (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, str. 43, 91; ALRAM (DEMO 2007, 21.5 – 7, pg. 43, 91; ALRAM 2001, 89, str. 492, 497) 2001, 89, pg. 492, 497)

23. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 23. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a47, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a47, Grave 40. Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV (1441 (1441. – 1452.). Salzburg. – 1452). Salzburg. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb s lavom u lijevom polju i dvije vodorav- Obv: Shield with lion in left field and two hori- ne grede u desnom polju. zontal bars in right field. (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34 – 36, str. 488, 495) (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34 – 36, pg. 488, 495)

24. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9 III, 24. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- SJ 305, PN 193. Grob 6? drant 9 III, SU 305, SF 193. Grave 6? Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV (1441 (1441. – 1452). Salzburg. – 1452). Salzburg. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb s lavom u lijevom polju i dvije vodorav- Obv: Shield with lion in left field and two hori- ne grede u desnom polju. zontal bars in right field. Rv: Nije otkovan. Rev: Not struck. (CNA A 55; RITTER 2003, 1244; ALRAM (CNA A 55; RITTER 2003, 1244; ALRAM 2001, 34 – 36, str. 488, 495) 2001, 34 – 36, pg. 488, 495)

471 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

25. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 25. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a60, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a60, Grave 40. Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV (1441 (1441. – 1452.). Salzburg. – 1452). Salzburg. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb s lavom u lijevom polju i dvije vodorav- Obv: Shield with lion in left field and two hori- ne grede u desnom polju. zontal bars in right field. (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34-36, str. 488, 495) (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34-36, pg. 488, 495)

26. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 26. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a68, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a68, Grave 40. Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV (1441 (1441. – 1452.). Salzburg. – 1452). Salzburg. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb s lavom u lijevom polju i dvije vodorav- Obv: Shield with lion in left field and two hori- ne grede u desnom polju. zontal bars in right field. (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34 – 36, str. 488, (CNA A 55; ALRAM 2001, 34 – 36, pg. 488, 495) 495)

27. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 27. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a56, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a56, Grave 40. Ernst I. i Adolf (1435. – 1438.). Bayern. Ernst I and Adolf (1435 – 1438). Bayern. München. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo. Otkovana izvan Obv: Monk’s head left. Struck off-centre. središta polja. Rev: Letters E [A] in a circle. Rv: Slova E [A] u krugu. (WITTELSBACH 168,169var; ALRAM (WITTELSBACH 168,169var; ALRAM 2001, 43, pg. 489, 495; BELAJ 2007, fig. 2., 2001, 43, str. 489, 495; BELAJ 2007, sl. 2., str. pg. 62) 62) Ernst I minted this coin with his initial E to- Ernst I. kovao je ovakav novac sa svojim inicija- gether with his brother Wilhelm III (W) and lom E zajedno s bratom Wilhelmom III. (W) i nephew Adolf, whose initial A is recognised nećakom Adolfom, čiji je inicijal A što se na ovom on this coin on the left stem #hasti of the letter novcu prepoznaje na lijevoj hasti slova uz slovo E. alongside the letter E#što se na ovom novcu prepoznaje na lijevoj hasti slova uz slovo E.

28. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 28. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a24, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a24, Grave 40. Sigismund I. Münzreiche (1446. – 1490.). Ti- Sigismund I Münzreiche (1446 – 1490). Tyrol. rol. Merano. Merano. Ar. 18 mm. Grosso. Ar. 18 mm. Grosso. Av: [+]S[I] GIS MVN D[VS] Obv: [+]S[I] GIS MVN D[VS] Dvostruki križ koji razdjeljuje natpis. Double cross dividing the legend. Rv: [COMES•TIROL] Rev: [COMES•TIROL] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (CNA J 45) (CNA J 45)

472 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

29. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 29. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a25, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a25, Grave 40. Sigismund I. Münzreiche (1446. – 1490.). Ti- Sigismund I. Münzreiche (1446 – 1490). Tyrol. rol. Merano. Merano. Ar. 18 mm. Grosso. Ar. 18 mm. Grosso. Av: +SI GIS MVN DVS Obv: +SI GIS MVN DVS Dvostruki križ koji razdjeljuje natpis. Double cross dividing the legend. Rv: +COM[ES•]TIROL Rev: +COM[ES•]TIROL Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (CNA J 45) (CNA J 45)

30. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 30. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a53, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a53, Grave 40. Ludwig IV. (1436. – 1449.), Johann von Neu- Ludwig IV (1436 – 1449), Johann von Neu- markt i Otto I. von Mosbach (1443. – 1460.). markt and Otto I von Mosbach (1443 – 1460). Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg 1448. – 1449. g. Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg 1448 – 1449. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Grb s dva grba, u lijevom stojeća životinja, u Obv: Shield charged with two coats of arms, in desnom kose vrpčaste grede. the left a standing animal, in the right diagonal Rv: Slova A M u krugu ribbon-like bars. (DEMO 2007, 21.2., str. 43 ,91; ALRAM Rev: The letters A M in a circle. 2001, 58-61, str. 490, 496) (DEMO 2007, 21.2., pg. 43 ,91; ALRAM 2001, 58-61, pg. 490, 496)

31. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 31. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a63, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a63, Grave 40. Ludwig IV. (1436. – 1449.), Johann von Neu- Ludwig IV (1436 – 1449), Johann von Neu- markt i Otto I. von Mosbach (1443. – 1460.). markt and Otto I von Mosbach (1443 – 1460). Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg 1448. – 1449. g. Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg 1448 – 1449. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Grb s dva grba, u lijevom stojeća životinja, u Obv: Shield charged with two coats of arms, in desnom kose vrpčaste grede. Iznad slova L H. the left a standing animal, in the right diagonal Rv: Slova A M u krugu. ribbon bars. Letters L H above. (DEMO 2007, 21.2., str. 43, 91; ALRAM Rev: The letters A M in a circle. 2001, 80, str. 491, 497) (DEMO 2007, 21.2., pg. 43, 91; ALRAM 2001, 80, pg. 491, 497)

32. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 32. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a65, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a65, Grave 40. Ludwig IX. (1450. – 1479.). Bayern-Landshut. Ludwig IX (1450 – 1479). Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. 1450. – 1460. g. Ötting. 1450 – 1460. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Pas hoda nalijevo, iza njega krošnja. Obv: Dog advancing left, crown of a tree be- Rv: Slovo L između dva prstena, sve unutar hind it. vijenca. Rev: The letter L between two rings, all within (WITTELSBACH 3451, str. 511; ALRAM a wreath. 2001, 72, str. 491, 496) (WITTELSBACH 3451, pg. 511; ALRAM 2001, 72, pg. 491, 496)

473 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

33. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 33. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a42, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a42, Grave 40. Ludwig IX. (1450. – 1479.). Bayern-Landshut. Ludwig IX (1450 – 1479). Bayern-Landshut. Braunau. Braunau. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Grb s rombovima, sa svake strane grana, sve Obv: Shield with rhombi, branch to each side, unutar bisernog vijenca. all within pearled wreath. Rv: Slovo L između dviju zvjezdica. Rev: The letter L between two small stars. (WITTELSBACH 3452, str. 511) (WITTELSBACH 3452, pg. 511)

34. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 34. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a26, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a26, Grave 40. Leonhard I. (1454. – 1500.). Gorica (Görz). Leonhard I (1454 – 1500). Gorizia (Görz). Lienz. Lienz. Ar. 18 mm. Krajcar. Ar. 18 mm. Kreutzer. Av:+LEONH’COM’GORICI Obv: +LEONH’COM’GORICI Grb Gorice, u lijevom polju vodoravne grede, a Shield of Gorizia, horizontal bars in left field, u desnom lav. lion in right. Rv: MON ETA NOVA LVEN Rev: MON ETA NOVA LVEN Dvostruki križ koji razdjeljuje natpis. Uz jedan Double cross divides the legend. Small letter L krak malo slovo L. alongside one arm. (CNA K 41var; MIMICA 1997, 39, str. 222) (CNA K 41var; MIMICA 1997, 39, pg. 222)

35. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 35. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a62, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a62, Grave 40. Albrecht VI. (1458. – 1463.) ili Friedrich III. Albrecht VI (1458 – 1463) or Friedrich III (1463. – 1525.). Enns. (1463 – 1525). Enns. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb grada Ennsa. U lijevom polju dvije Obv: Shield of the City of Enns. Two vertical okomite grede, a u desnom orao. bars in left field, eagle in right. (CNA Fa 65; MIMICA 1997, 49, str. 320) (CNA Fa 65; MIMICA 1997, 49, pg. 320)

36. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 36. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a58, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a58, Grave 40. Albert IV. der Weise (1465. – 1508.). Bayern. Albert IV der Weise (1465 – 1508). Bayern. München. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Grb s rombovima. Obv: Shield with rhombi. Rv: Slova H A u krugu. Rev: Letters H A in a circle. (WITTELSBACH 206-208var, str. 32) (WITTELSBACH 206-208var, pg. 32)

37. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 37. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a48, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a48, Grave 40. 15. st. Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. 15th century. Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Pas hoda nalijevo, iza njega krošnja. Obv: Dog advancing left, tree crown behind it. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

474 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

38. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 38. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a51, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a51, Grave 40. 15. st. Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. 15th century. Bayern-Landshut. Ötting. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Pas hoda nalijevo, iza njega krošnja. Obv: Dog advancing left, tree crown behind it. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

39. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 39. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a52, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a52, Grave 40. 15. st. Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg. 15th century. Pfalz-Oberpfalz. Amberg. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Slova AM. Rev: The letters AM.

40. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 40. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 429, PN 287. Grob 62. drant 9, SU 429, SF 287. Grave 62. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 10 mm. Pfennig. Ar. 10 mm. Pfennig. Av: gotičko slovo G. Obv: Gothic letter G. Rv: Nejasan znak – orao? Rev: indeterminate device – eagle?

41. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 41. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a43, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a43, Grave 40. 15. st. Österreich. 15th century. Österreich. Ar. 14 mm. Jednostrani pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. One-sided Pfennig. Av: Grb u trolistu, iznad i sa svake strane po Obv: Shield in trefoil, a letter above and to each slovo. side.

42. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 42. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a45, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a45, Grave 40. 15. st. München. 15th century. München. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo, u krugu. Obv: Monk’s head left, in a circle. Rv: Slova u krugu. E? Rev: Letter in a circle. E?

43. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 43. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a57, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a57, Grave 40. 15. st. München. 15th century. München. Ar. 14 mm. Ar. 14 mm. Av: Glava redovnika nalijevo. Obv: Monk’s head left. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

475 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

44. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 44. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a44, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a44, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

45. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 45. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a59, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a59, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Slovo L? Rev: The letter L?

46. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 46. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 294, PN 140. drant 10, SU 294, SF 140. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfening. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo Rev: Illegible.

47. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 47. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a46, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a46, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

48. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 48. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a49, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a49, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

49. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 49. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a61, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a61, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Slovo A? Rev: The letter A?

476 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

50. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 50. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a64, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a64, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

51. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 51. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a67, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a67, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

52. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 52. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a69, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a69, Grave 40. 15. st. 15th century. Ar. 14 mm. Pfenning. Ar. 14 mm. Pfennig. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

53. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 11, SJ 53. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 930, PN 854. drant 11, SU 930, SF 854. 15. – 16. st.? 15th to 16th century? Ae. 20 mm. Ae. 20 mm. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible. Rv: Nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible.

54. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 5, SJ 54. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 577, PN 596. drant 5, SU 577, SF 596. 15. – 17. st. 15th to 17th century. Ae. 20 mm. Ae. 20 mm. Av: Orao u krugu, nečitljivo. Obv: Eagle in a circle, illegible. Rv: Duga crta, nečitljivo. Rev: Long line, illegible. Možda je riječ o tirolskom orlu? Perhaps a Tyrolean eagle?

477 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

16. stoljeće 16th century

55. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 55. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a23, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a23, Grave 40. Maximilian I. Habsburg (1486. – 1519.). Tirol. Maximilian I Habsburg (1486 – 1519). Tyrol. Hall. 1502. – 1519. g. Hall. 1502 – 1519. Ar. 18 mm. Krajcar. Ar. 18 mm. Kreutzer. Av: ARCH D[VX] IL[LU TRIS]I Obv: ARCH D[VX] IL[LU TRIS]I Dvostruki križ koji razdjeljuje natpis. Double cross dividing the inscription. Rv: +COMES [TI]ROL Rev: +COMES [TI]ROL Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread.

56. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 56. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a1, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a1, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [ME¬DIVS:]SOLI[DVS:]BVRGGRAVI Obv: [MEDIVS:]SOLI[DVS:]BVRGGRAVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: +MO¬NET:NOVA Letter S below. [:ARGENTEA:MINOR] Rev: +MO Raskriljeni orao. NET:NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MINOR] (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

57. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 57. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a2, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a2, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [ME¬DIVS:SO]LIDVS[:BVRGGR]AVI Obv: [MEDIVS:SO]LIDVS[:BVRGGR]AVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: [+MO¬NET:NOVA:ARGENT] Letter S below. EA:MINO[R] Rev: [+MONET:NOVA:ARGENT] Raskriljeni orao. EA:MINO[R] (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

58. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 58. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a3, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a3, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME¬DIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGGRAVI+ Obv: MEDIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGGRAVI+ Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: +MO¬NET:NOVA:A[RGENTEA: ] Letter S below. MINOR Rev: +MONET:NOVA:A[RGENTEA: ] Raskriljeni orao. MINOR (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531 Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

478 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

59. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 59. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a5, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a5, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME¬DIVS:SOLIDVS[:BVRGG]RAVI Obv: MEDIVS:SOLIDVS[:BVRGG]RAVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: Letter S below. [+MO¬NET:NOVA:ARGENTEA:MINOR] Rev: [+MO Raskriljeni orao. NET:NOVA:ARGENTEA:MINOR] (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

60. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 60. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a6, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a6, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [M]E¬DIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGGRAVI Obv: [M]EDIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGGRAVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: +MO¬NE[T:NOVA:]ARGEN[TEA:] Letter S below. MINOR Rev: +MONE[T:NOVA:]ARGEN[TEA:] Raskriljeni orao. MINOR (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

61. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 61. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a15, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a15, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [ME¬DIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGG]RA[VI] Obv: [MEDIVS:SOLIDVS:BVRGG]RA[VI] Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: +MO[¬NET:NOVA:] Letter S below. ARG[ENTEA:MINOR] Rev: +MO[NET:NOVA:] Raskriljeni orao. ARG[ENTEA:MINOR] (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

479 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

62. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 62. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a17, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a17, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME¬DIVS[:SOLIDVS:BVR]GGRAVI Obv: MEDIVS[:SOLIDVS:BVR]GGRAVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo S. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: [+MO¬NET: ] Letter S below. NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MINOR] Rev: [+MONET: ] Raskriljeni orao. NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MINOR] (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

63. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 63. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a18, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a18, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Schwabach. nburg. Schwabach. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [ME¬DIVS:SOLIDVS:]BVRGGRAVI Obv: [MEDIVS:SOLIDVS:]BVRGGRAVI Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: [+MO¬NET:] Rev: [+MONET:] NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MINOR] NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531) (SAURMASCHE 1215, ill. 531)

64. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 64. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a4, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a4, Grave 40. Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). Brande- denburg. Nürnberg. nburg. Nürnberg. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME¬DIVM:SOLIDVS[:BVRGGRAVI] Obv: MEDIVM:SOLIDVS[:BVRGGRAVI] Grb s likom lava u trolistu. Ispod slovo M. Shield with the image of a lion in a trefoil. Rv: [+MO¬NET:NOVA:ARGENTEA: Letter M below. MINOR] Rev: [+MO Raskriljeni orao. NET:NOVA:ARGENTEA:MINOR] (SAURMASCHE 1219, ill. 532 Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1219, ill. 532)

480 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

65. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 65. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a7, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a7, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Obv: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: Rev: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: MINOR] MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

66. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 66. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a8, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a8, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: MEDIVM:[SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Obv: MEDIVM:[SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: [+MONE] Rev: [+MONE] TA:NO[VA:ARGENTEA:MI]NOR TA:NO[VA:ARGENTEA:MI]NOR Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (Saurmasche 1151, ill. 505) (Saurmasche 1151, ill. 505)

67. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 67. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a9, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a9, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME[DIVM:SOLI]DVS:NVRNBERG Obv: ME[DIVM:SOLI]DVS:NVRNBERG Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: +MONETA:NOVA[:ARGENTEA:] Rev: +MONETA:NOVA[:ARGENTEA:] MINOR MINOR Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

68. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 68. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a10, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a10, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schilling. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Obv: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: Rev: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: MINOR] MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

481 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

69. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 69. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a11, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a11, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [MEDI]VM:SOLIDV[S:NVRNBERG] Obv: [MEDI]VM:SOLIDV[S:NVRNBERG] Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: [+MONETA:N] Rev: [+MONETA:N] OVA:ARGE[NTEA:MINOR] OVA:ARGE[NTEA:MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

70. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 70. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a12, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a12, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: ME[DIVM:SOLID]VS[:NVRNBE]RG Obv: ME[DIVM:SOLID]VS[:NVRNBE]RG Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: Rev: [+MONETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: MINOR] MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

71. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 71. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a13, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a13, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: MEDIV[M:SOLIDVS:NVR]NBERG Obv: MEDIV[M:SOLIDVS:NVR]NBERG Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: +MONETA:NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MIN]O Rev: Raskriljeni orao. +MONETA:NOVA[:ARGENTEA:MIN]O (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

72. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 72. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a14, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a14, Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:]NVRNBERG Obv: [MEDIVM:SOLIDVS:]NVRNBERG Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: +[MON]ETA:NOVA: ARG[ENTE] Rev: +[MON]ETA:NOVA: ARG[ENTE] A:MIN A:MIN Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

482 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

73. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 73. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a,16 Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a,16 Grave 40. Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Av: MEDIVM[:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Obv: MEDIVM[:SOLIDVS:NVRNBERG] Četverolist s gradskim grbom. U lijevom polju Quatrefoil with municipal shield. Eagle in left orao, a u desnom kose grede. Ispod slovo N. field, diagonal bars in right. Letter N below. Rv: +MON[ETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: Rev: +MON[ETA:NOVA:ARGENTEA: MINOR] MINOR] Raskriljeni orao. Eagle, wings spread. (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505) (SAURMASCHE 1151, ill. 505)

74. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 74. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a19, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a19, Grave 40. 16. st. Brandenburg. 16th century. Brandenburg. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 schillinga. Ar. 20 mm. 1/2 Schilling. Na jednoj strani još su sačuvani dijelovi tkanine Traces of fabric preserved on one side in the u koroziji metala. metal corrosion.

75. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 75. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a27, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a27, Grave 40. Leonardo Loredan (1501. – 1521.). Venezia. Leonardo Loredan (1501 – 1521). Venezia. 1517. g. 1517. Ar. 19 – 21 mm. 4 solda. Ar. 19 – 21 mm. 4 Soldi. Av: [L]•LAVRED•S•M•[VE]NETI Obv: [L]•LAVRED•S•M•[VE]NETI DV♦┴ DV♦┴ D•G• D•G• Sveti Marko sjedi s desne, blagoslivlja i drži St Mark sitting right, blessing and holding zastavu, s lijeve dužd preuzima zastavu. banner, Doge to left accepting banner. Rv: •GLORIA •TIBI•SOLI• Rev: •GLORIA •TIBI•SOLI• IC ┴ XC IC ┴ XC Spasitelj stoji na oblacima sučelice, desnicom Saviour standing on clouds facing, blessing with blagoslivlja, a u ljevici drži Evanđelje. right hand, holding the Gospel in left hand. (CNI VII, 132 – 135, str. 219) (CNI VII, 132 – 135, pg. 219) Kovan u vrijeme kovničara Domenica Gritija Struck during the time of minter Domenico koji je tu dužnost obavljao 1517. g. Gritti, who held the office in 1517.

483 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

76. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 76. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a20, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a20, Grave 40. Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Venezia. Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venezia. Ar. 15 mm. Bezzo ili 1/2 solda. Ar. 15 mm. Bezzo or 1/2 Soldo. Av: ANDREAS•GRITI•DVX Obv: ANDREAS•GRITI•DVX Grčki križ s po tri točke na krajevima. Greek cross with three dots at end of each arm. Rv: [INHOCS VINCIT] Rev: [INHOCS VINCIT] Lav stoji nalijevo, šapom drži knjigu. Lion standing left, holding book in paw. (CNI VII, 363-368, str. 281-282; MIRNIK (CNI VII, 363-368, pg. 281-282; MIRNIK 1984, 1398, str. 267) 1984, 1398, pg. 267)

77. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 77. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a21, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a21, Grave 40. Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Venezia. Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venezia. Ar. 15 mm. Bezzo ili 1/2 solda. Ar. 15 mm. Bezzo or 1/2 Soldo. Av: [AN]DREA[S•GRITI•DVX ] Obv: [AN]DREA[S•GRITI•DVX ] Grčki križ s po tri točke na krajevima. Greek cross with three dots at end of each arm. Rv: [INHOCS ]VINCIT Rev: [INHOCS ]VINCIT Lav stoji nalijevo, šapom drži knjigu. Lion standing left, holding book in paw. (CNI VII, 363-368, str. 281-282; MIRNIK (CNI VII, 363-368, pg. 281-282; MIRNIK 1984, 1398, str. 267) 1984, 1398, pg. 267)

78. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 78. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a29, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a29, Grave 40. Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Venezia. 1525. g. Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venezia. 1525. Ar. 16 mm. 2 solda. Ar. 16 mm. 2 Soldi. Av: S•M•VENET AND•GRIT •DVX• Obv: S•M•VENET AND•GRIT •DVX• Sveti Marko stoji s lijeva, drži zastavu, desno St Mark standing left, holding banner, Doge stoji dužd. standing right. Rv: IC ┴ XC Rev: IC ┴ XC Spasitelj stoji sučelice, desnicom blagoslivlja, a u Saviour standing facing, blessing with right ljevici drži evanđelje. hand, holding the Gospel in left hand. (CNI VII, 63, 65, str. 246, 247) (CNI VII, 63, 65, pg. 246, 247) Kovan u vrijeme kovničara Bernardina da Cana- Struck during the time of minter Bernardino da la koji je tu dužnost obavljao 1525. g. Canal #, who held the office in 1525.

484 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

79. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 79. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a30, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a30, Grave 40. Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Venezia. 1532. g. Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venezia. 1532. Ar. 26 mm. Marcello. Ar. 26 mm. Marcello. Av: S•M•VENETI AND GRITI Obv: S•M•VENETI AND GRITI DVX DVX V ┴ M V ┴ M Sveti Marko stoji s lijeva, drži zastavu, desno St Mark standing left, holding banner, Doge stoji dužd. standing right. Rv: [•GLORIA•] •TIBI•SOLI• Rev: [•GLORIA•] •TIBI•SOLI• IC ┴ XC IC ┴ XC Spasitelj sjedi sučelice na prijestolju, među stu- Saviour sitting facing enthroned, between pi- povima, desnicom blagoslivlja. llars, blessing with right hand. (CNI VII, 160, str. 258; MIRNIK 1984, 1400, (CNI VII, 160, pg. 258; MIRNIK 1984, 1400, str. 267) pg. 267) Kovan u vrijeme kovničara Vettora Malipiera Struck during the time of minter Vettoro Mali- koji je tu dužnost obavljao 1532. g. piero #, who held the office in 1532.

80. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 80. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a22, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a22, Grave 40. Ercole II. d’Este, (1534. – 1559.). Ferrara. Ercole II d’Este, (1534 – 1559). Ferrara. Ar. 20 mm. Grossetto ili Doppio soldo. Ar. 20 mm. Grossetto or Doppio Soldo. Av: HER•II•DVX•FERRAR•IIII• Obv: HER•II•DVX•FERRAR•IIII• Poprsje nalijevo. Bust left. Rv: PERFECIT•ET•9FICIT• Rev: PERFECIT•ET•9FICIT• Saturn stoji nalijevo, drži zmiju koja se grize za Saturn standing left, holding ouroboros. rep. (CNI X, 76, pg. 463, XXXI:19) (CNI X, 76, str. 463, XXXI:19)

81. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 81. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a31, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a31, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ — — * * Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. Peto- holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. kraka ispod dvostruke crte odsječka. Na reversu A five pointed star under the double line of vidljivi tragovi dvostrukog kovanja ili prekiva- the exergue. Visible traces of a double strike or nja. overstrike on the reverse. (CNI VII, 335var, str. 602) (CNI VII, 335var, pg. 602)

485 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

82. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 82. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a32, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a32, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 19 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 19 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +•SANCTVS•MARCVS•VENETVS• Obv: +•SANCTVS•MARCVS•VENETVS• ┴ ┴ •A• •A• Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: •IVSTITIA M DILIGITE Rev: •IVSTITIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ •B• •B• Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 288var, str. 597) (CNI VII, 288var, pg. 597)

83. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 83. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a33, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a33, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS • Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS • Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315var, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315var, pg. 600)

4. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 84. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a34, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a34, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +S[ANCTVS MA]RCVS VENETVS Obv: +S[ANCTVS MA]RCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315, pg. 600)

486 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

85. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 85. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a35, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a35, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: [+SANCTVS] MARCVS [VENETVS] Obv: [+SANCTVS] MARCVS [VENETVS] Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: [IVSTICIA M DILIGITE] Rev: [IVSTICIA M DILIGITE] Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, str. 596. – 602.) (CNI VII, pg. 596 – 602.)

86. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 86. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a36, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a36, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICI AM DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICI AM DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315var, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315var, pg. 600)

87. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 87. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a37, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a37, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315, pg. 600)

487 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

88. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 88. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a38, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a38, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIAM DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIAM DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315var, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315var, pg. 600)

89. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 89. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a39, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a39, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice crowned sitting facing between two lava, u desnici drži mač a u ljevici vagu. lions, holding sword in right hand, and scales (CNI VII, 315var, str. 600) in left. (CNI VII, 315var, pg. 600)

90. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 90. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a40, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a40, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550.g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS• •MARC[VS V]ENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS• •MARC[VS V]ENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: [IVSTI]CIA M DILIGITE Rev: [IVSTI]CIA M DILIGITE ┴ ┴ • * • • * • Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. (CNI VII, 315var, str. 600) (CNI VII, 315var, pg. 600)

488 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

91. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 91. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a41, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a41, Grave 40. Anonimni kov. Venezia. 1539. – 1550. g. Anonymous strike. Venezia. 1539 – 1550. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. Ar. 18 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. Av: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Obv: +SANCTVS MARCVS VENETVS Krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod šapom drži otvo- Winged lion standing right, holding open book renu knjigu. under paw. Rv: IVSTICIAM DILIGITE Rev: IVSTICIAM DILIGITE ┴ ┴ — — * * Okrunjena Pravda sjedi sučelice između dva Justice, crowned, sits facing between two lions, lava, u desnici drži mač, a u ljevici vagu. Peto- holding sword in right hand, and scales in left. kraka ispod dvostruke crte odsječka. A five pointed star under the double line of the (CNI VII, 335var, str. 602) exergue. (CNI VII, 335var, pg. 602)

92. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 92. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 344, PN 188a28, Grob 40. drant 9, SU 344, SF 188a28, Grave 40. Francesco Donato (1545. – 1553.). Venezia. Francesco Donato (1545 – 1553). Venezia. 1547. g. 1547. Ar. 18 mm. 4 solda. Ar. 18 mm. 4 Soldi. Av: S•M•VENET• FRANDONDVX• Obv: S•M•VENET• FRANDONDVX• Sveti Marko sjedi s lijeve, drži zastavu, s desne St Mark sitting left, holding banner, Doge right dužd preuzima zastavu. receiving banner. Rv: •GLORIA •TIBI•SOLI• Rev: •GLORIA •TIBI•SOLI• ┴ ┴ A•C• A•C• Spasitelj stoji sučelice, desnicom blagoslivlja, a u Saviour standing facing, blessing with right ljevici drži kuglu. hand, holding globe in left. (CNI VII, 34, str. 322) (CNI VII, 34, pg. 322) Kovan u vrijeme kovničara Alvisa Contarinija Struck during the time of minter Alvise Conta- koji je tu dužnost obavljao 1547. g. rini, who held the office in 1547.

93. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, SJ 1, PN 93. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, SU 1, 463. SF 463. Alvise I. Mocenigo. (1570. – 1577.). Venezia. Alvise I Mocenigo (1570 – 1577). Venezia. Ae. 17 mm. Sesino. Ae. 17 mm. Sesino. Av: +A[LO]YMOC[ENIGOD]VXVS Obv: +A[LO]YMOC[ENIGOD]VXVS Križ okružen točkama. Cross encircled by dots. Rv: +SA[NCTVSMARCVSVENETVS] Rev: +SA[NCTVSMARCVSVENETVS] Krilati lav sučelice. Winged lion facing.

489 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

94. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9/11, 94. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- SJ 336, PN 325. Grob 5. drant 9/11, SU 336, SF 325. Grave 5. Ferdinand II. (1590. – 1637.). Ferdinand II (1590 – 1637). Ar. 20. 3 kreuzera. Ar. 20. 3 Kreutzers. Av: FERDINANDVS+DG•ARCHIDVX Obv: FERDINANDVS+DG•ARCHIDVX Poprsje nadesno. Ipod u ovalnom krugu 3. Bust right. 3 below in oval # Ipod u ovalnom Rv: [AVSTRI]A•DVX•BVRGVNDI• krugu 3. STRYI• Rev: [AVSTRI]A•DVX•BVRGVNDI• Tri grba u trolistu. STRYI• Three shields in trefoil.

17. stoljeće 17th century

95. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 2, SJ 790, 95. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, quadrant PN 683. Grob 93. 2, SU 790, SF 683. Grave 93. Antonio Priuli (1618. – 1623.). Venezia. Antonio Priuli (1618 – 1623). Venezia. Ae 19 – 20 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae 19 – 20 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: [DEFENS•]NOSTER Obv: [DEFENS•]NOSTER Isus Krist sučelice. Jesus Christ facing. Rv: [•S•M•VE•A]NT•P[R] Rev: [•S•M•VE•A]NT•P[R] ┴ ┴ [•12•] [•12•] Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix.

96. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 7, SJ 96. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 846, PN 803. drant 7, SU 846, SF 803. Francesco Contarini (1623. – 1624.). Venezia. Francesco Contarini (1623 – 1624). Venezia. Ae. 19 – 20 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae. 19 – 20 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: •S•M•V•FRANC•CONT Obv: •S•M•V•FRANC•CONT Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo s zastavom. ding crucifix with banner. Rv: :+DEFENS• •NOSTE+ Rev: :+DEFENS• •NOSTE+ Krist Iskupitelj stoji sučelice, blagoslivlja desni- Christ the Saviour stands facing, blessing with com, a u ljevici drži Evanđelje. right hand, holding Gospel in left. (CNI VIII, 103var, str. 101) (CNI VIII, 103var, pg. 101) Razlika je u tome što natpis na revesu nema The difference is that the legend on the reverse slovo R na kraju. does not end with a letter R.

490 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

97. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 97. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 587, PN 537. drant 4, SU 587, SF 537. Giovanni I. Cornaro (1625. – 1629.). Venezia. Giovanni I Cornaro (1625 – 1629). Venezia. Ae. 21 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae. 21 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: •DEFENS NOST[ER] Obv: •DEFENS NOST[ER] Isus Krist sučelice. Jesus Christ facing. Rv: •S•M[•VIC]CORN Rev: •S•M[•VIC]CORN ┴ ┴ •12• •12• Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix.

98. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 11, SJ 98. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 414. drant 11, SU 256, SF 414. Francesco Erizzo (1631. – 1641.). Venezia. Francesco Erizzo (1631 – 1641). Venezia. Ae. 20 mm. 12 denara – 1 soldino. Ae. 20 mm. 12 Denar – 1 Soldino. Av: +DEF[EN]S NOS[T]ER Obv: +DEF[EN]S NOS[T]ER Krist sučelice. Christ facing. Rv: [S• ]M•V•FRANC•E[RI•] Rev: [S• ]M•V•FRANC•E[RI•] ┴ ┴ *12* *12* Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix.

99. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 5, SJ 99. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 587, PN 584. drant 5, SU 587, SF 584. Francesco Erizzo (1631. – 1641.). Venezia. Francesco Erizzo (1631 – 1641). Venezia. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Rv: [S•M•V•FRA•]ERI• Rev: [S•M•V•FRA•]ERI• ┴ ┴ *12* *12* Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix. Av: Nečitljivo. Obv: Illegible.

491 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

100. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 8, SJ 100. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 846, PN 764. drant 8, SU 846, SF 764. Francesco Erizzo (1631. – 1641.). Venezia. Francesco Erizzo (1631 – 1641). Venezia. Ae 20 mm. Soldo. Ae 20 mm. Soldo. Rv: S•M•V•FRA•ERI• Rev: S•M•V•FRA•ERI• ┴ ┴ *12* *12* Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix. Av: +[DEF]EN[S] NOSTE+ Obv: +[DEF]EN[S] NOSTE+ Krist sučelice. Christ facing. (CNI VIII, 259-262, str. 172,173) (CNI VIII, 259-262, pg. 172,173)

101. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 101. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 366. drant 9, SU 256, SF 366. 17. st. Venezia. 17th century. Venezia. Ae. 19 – 21 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae. 19 – 21 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: [DEFENS•N]OSTE+ Obv: [DEFENS•N]OSTE+ Isus Krist sučelice. Christ facing. Rv: •S•M•V• [ ] Rev: •S•M•V• [ ] ┴ ┴ •12• •12• Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix. Možda je riječ o duždu Francescu Errizu iz dru- This may be Doge Francesco Errizo from ge četvrtine 17. st. jer je on običavao ispuštati the second quarter of the 17th century as slovo R iz NOSTER. he commonly dropped the letter R from NOSTER.

102. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 102. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 2, qua- 294, PN 157b. drant 10, SU 294, SF 157b. Marcantonio Giustinian (1684. – 1688.). Ve- Marcantonio Giustinian (1684 – 1688). Ve- nezia. nezia. Ae. 20 – 21 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae. 20 – 21 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: [D]EFENS•NOSTER Obv: [D]EFENS•NOSTER Isus Krist sučelice. Christ facing. Rv: S•M•V•M[•A•IV]STIN• Rev: S•M•V•M[•A•IV]STIN• ┴ ┴ *12* *12* Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix. (CNI VIII, 68, s. 325, T.XVIII:1) (CNI VIII, 68, s. 325, T.XVIII:1)

492 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

103. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 103. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 163. drant 9, SU 256, SF 163. 17. – 18. st. Venezia. 17th – 18th century. Venezia. Ae. 19 mm. Ae. 19 mm. Av: [+DEFEN]S [NOSTER] Obv: [+DEFEN]S [NOSTER] Krist sučelice. Christ facing. Rv: [ ]V•S[ Rev: [ ]V•S[ ┴ ┴ •16• •16• Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix.

104. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 104. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 840, PN 924. drant 10, SU 840, SF 924. 17. st. Venezia. 17th century. Venezia. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Av: [DEFENS•]NOS[TER] Obv: [DEFENS•]NOS[TER] Isus Krist sučelice. Christ facing. Rv: nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible. ┴ ┴ •12• •12• Mletački krilati lav stoji nadesno, pod lijevom Winged lion of Venice standing at right, open šapom otvorena knjiga, lijevo kleči dužd, drži book under left paw, Doge kneeling left, hol- raspelo. ding crucifix.

105. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 105. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 76. drant 9, SU 256, SF 76. 17. st. Venezia. 17th century. Venezia. Ae. 19 – 24 mm. Bezzo od 6 bagatina. Ae. 19 – 24 mm. Bezzo of 6 Bagattini. Av: *R*C***L*A* Obv: *R*C***L*A* *6* *6* Majka Božja s djetetom na desnoj strani. Mother of God with infant right. Rv: *SAN*MARC*VEN* Rev: *SAN*MARC*VEN* Sveti Marko stoji sučelice, drži knjigu u ruci. St Mark stands facing, holding book. (CNI VIII, 590, s. 630, XL-17) (CNI VIII, 590, s. 630, XL-17) Kovan prema propisu (Legge) od 22. siječnja Struck according to the regulation (Legge) of 1604. g. Riječ je o anonimnom kovu, vjerojatno 22 January 1604. This is an anonymous strike, iz druge polovice 17. st. likely from the second half of the 17th century.

493 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

106. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 106. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 2, qua- 294, PN 157a. drant 10, SU 294, SF 157a. 17. st. Venezia. 17th century. Venezia. Ae. 22 mm. Bezzo. Ae. 22 mm. Bezzo. Av: *R*C* * *L*A* Obv: *R*C* * *L*A* ┴ ┴ *6* *6* Majka Božja s djetetom u naručju, sučelice. Mother of God with infant in hand, facing. Rv: *SAN•MARC•VEN* Rev: *SAN•MARC•VEN* Sveti Marko stoji sučelice. St Mark stands facing. (CNI VIII, 593, s. 622, 631) (CNI VIII, 593, s. 622, 631) Novac nije kovan u ime nekog određenog vlada- This coin was not struck on behalf of a given ra, a ne nosi ni siglu gravera, pa ga je stoga teško ruler, and does not bear the engraver’s sigla, and datirati. Ove nominale kovane su zakonom iz is thus difficult to date. These denominations 1604 .g. sve do početka 18. stoljeća. Ovaj je were struck on the basis of an at of law from primjerak vjerojatno kovan krajem 17. st., mada 1604 right up to the start of the 18th century. se navodi i mogućnost kovanja u prvom deset- This specimen was likely struck in the late 17th ljeću 18. stoljeća. century, although a possibility of it having been struck in the first decade of the 18th century is mentioned.

107. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 107. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 2, qua- 294, PN 157c. drant 10, SU 294, SF 157c. 17.st. Venezia. 17th century. Venezia. Ae. 22 mm. Bezzo. Ae. 22 mm. Bezzo. Av: *R*C* * *L*[A*] Obv: *R*C* * *L*[A*] ┴ ┴ *6* *6* Majka Božja s djetetom u naručju, sučelice. Mother of God with infant in hand, facing. Rv: [*SA]N•MARC•VEN* Rev: [*SA]N•MARC•VEN* Sveti Marko stoji sučelice. St Mark stands facing. (CNI VIII, 593, s. 622, 631) (CNI VIII, 593, s. 622, 631) Novac je kovan možda čak i iz istog kalupa kao i This coin may have been struck with the same primjerak 453. die as specimen 453.

494 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

18. stoljeće 18th century

108. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 108. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 673, PN 555. drant 4, SU 673, SF 555. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Wien. Wien. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 174[ ] 174[ ] W W Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: nečitljivo. Rev: Illegible. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

109. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 109. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 498. drant 3, SU 1, SF 498. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. 1747. g. 1747. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1747 1747 Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

110. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 110. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 576, PN 521. drant 3, SU 576, SF 521. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Wien. 1749. g. Wien. 1749. Ae. 22 mm.Soldo. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1749 1749 W W Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

495 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

111. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 111. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 576, PN 523. drant 3, SU 576, SF 523. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Nagybànya. 1765. g. Nagybànya. 1765. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1765 1765 G• G• Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

112. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Slučajan nalaz. 112. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Chance find. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Nagybànya, 1767. g. Nagybànya, 1767. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1767 1767 G• G• Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

496 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

113. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, Kv. 3, SJ 113. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 576, PN 519. drant 3, SU 576, SF 519. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Nagybànya. 1767. g. Nagybànya. 1767. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1767 1767 G G Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

114. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, Kv. 4, SJ 114. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, Qua- 673, PN 551. drant 4, SU 673, SF 551. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Nagybànya. 1767. g. Nagybànya. 1767. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1767 1767 G G Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

115. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, Kv. 3, SJ 115. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, Qua- 576, PN 505. drant 3, SU 576, SF 505. Maria Theresia (1740. – 1780.) za Goricu. Maria Theresia (1740 – 1780) for Gorizia. Nagybànya. 1768. g. Nagybànya. 1768. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Ae. 22 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO 1768 1768 G G Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

497 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

116. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, Kv. 10, SJ 116. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 846, PN 913. drant 10, SU 846, SF 913. Josip II (1765. – 1790.). Wien. 1781. g. Joseph II (1765 – 1790). Wien. 1781. Ae. 13 mm. 1/4 kreutzera (Križar). Ae. 13 mm. 1/4 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 4 4 KREUTZER KREUTZER 1781 1781 A A Rv: IOS•II•D•G•R•I•S•A•GE•HV•BO•R Rev: IOS•II•D•G•R•I•S•A•GE•HV•BO•R EX•A•A EX•A•A Glava nadesno, ovjenčan. Head right, laureate.

117. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 117. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 544, PN 494. drant 3, SU 544, SF 494. Josip II. (1780. – 1790.) za Goricu. Kremnitz. Joseph II (1780 – 1790) for Gorizia. Kremnitz. 1788. g. 1788. Ae. 17 mm. 1/2 solda. Ae. 17 mm. 1/2 Soldo. Av: 1 Obv: 1 2 2 SOLDO SOLDO 1788 1788 K K Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 507) (MIMICA 1997, 507)

118. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 118. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 689, PN 565. drant 3, SU 689, SF 565. Leopold II. (1790. – 1792.) za Goricu. Wien. Leopold II (1790 – 1792) for Gorizia. Wien. 1791. g. 1791. Ae. 17 mm. Soldo. Ae. 17 mm. Soldo. Av: 1 Obv: 1 2 2 SOLDO SOLDO 1791 1791 A A Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia. (MIMICA 1997, 508) (MIMICA 1997, 508)

498 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

119. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 9, SJ 119. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 981. drant 9, SU 1, SF 981. Franjo II. (I.) (1792. – 1835.) za Goricu. Kre- Francis II (I) (1792 – 1835) for Gorizia. Kre- mnitz. 1799. g. mnitz. 1799. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Av: 2 Obv: 2 SOLDI SOLDI 1799 1799 K K Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb, iznad kruna. Rev: Shield of Gorizia, crown above. (MIMICA 1997, 508) (MIMICA 1997, 508)

120. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 9, SJ 120. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 840, PN 960. drant 9, SU 840, SF 960. Österreich. Za Goricu. 1734. – 1802. g. Österreich. For Gorizia. 1734 – 1802. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Ae. 20 mm. Soldo. Av: •1• Obv: •1• SOLDO SOLDO Natpis u vijencu. Legend in wreath. Rv: Gorički grb. Rev: Shield of Gorizia.

19. stoljeće 19th century

121. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ, 121. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- PN 531. drant 4, SU, SF 531. Österreich. Wien. 1816. g. Österreich. Wien. 1816. Ae. 22 mm. 1/2 kreuzera. Ae. 22 mm. 1/2 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 2 2 KREUZER KREUTZER 1816 1816 A A Ispod dvije prekrižene grančice s lišćem. Two crossed branches foliate below. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- DEMUNZE DEMUNZE Okrunjeni grb. Crowned shield.

499 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

122. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 8, SJ 122. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 361, PN 231. drant 8, SU 361, SF 231. Österreich. 1816. g. Österreich. 1816. Cu. 25 mm. 1 kreuzer. Cu. 25 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: [EI]N Obv: [EI]N [KRE]UZ[ER] [KRE]UZ[ER] [1816] [1816] Rv: [K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI] Rev: [K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES DE[MUNZE•] SCHEI]DE[MUNZE•] Dvoglavi austrijski orao u okrunjenom grbu. Two-headed Austrian eagle in crowned shield. Mada godina nije vidljiva, ovaj je tip novca ko- Although the year is not visible, this type of van samo 1816. g. coin was struck only in 1816.

123. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 5, SJ 123. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 708, PN 594. drant 5, SU 708, SF 594. Regno Lombardo Veneto. 1822. g. Regno Lombardo Veneto. 1822. Ae. 25 mm. 5 centesima. Ae. 25 mm. 5 Centesimo. Av: 5 Obv: 5 CENTESIMI CENTESIMI 1822 1822 Rv: [REG]NO LOMBARDO V[ENETO] Rev: [REG]NO LOMBARDO V[ENETO] Kruna u sredini. Crown centred. Ovaj je novac kovan za austrijsku pokrajinu This coin was struck for the Austrian province Lombardo-Veneto od 1815. do 1859. g. of Lombardo-Veneto from 1815 to 1859.

124. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 124. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 673, PN 553. drant 4, SU 673, SF 553. Österreich. 1851. g. Österreich. 1851. Ae. 23 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 23 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 KREUZER KREUTZER 1851 1851 Rv: [K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: [K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES SCHE- DEMUNZE•] IDEMUNZE•] Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

125. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 125. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 478. drant 3, SU 1, SF 478. Österreich. 1858. g. Österreich. 1858. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1858 1858 L L Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEIDE- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEI- MUNZE DEMUNZE Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

500 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

126. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 11, SJ 126. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 256, PN 126. drant 11, SU 256, SF 126. Österreich. Wien. 1858. g. Österreich. Wien. 1858. Cu 17 mm. 5/10 kreuzera. Cu. 17 mm. 5/10 Kreutzer. Av: 5 Obv: 5 10 10 1858 1858 A A Rv: K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: K•K•OESTERREICHISCHES SCHE- DEMUNZE IDEMUNZE Dvoglavi okrunjeni austrijski orao. Crowned two-headed Austrian eagle.

127. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 1, SJ 127. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 776, PN 735. drant 1, SU 776, SF 735. Österreich. 1858. g. Österreich. 1858. Ae. 16 mm. 5/10 kreuzera. Ae. 16 mm. 5/10 Kreutzer. Av: 5 Obv: 5 10 10 1858 1858 A A Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K. [OESTERREICHISCHES] Rev: K.K. [OESTERREICHISCHES] SCHEIDEM[UNZE•] SCHEIDEM[UNZE•] Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

128. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 128. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 475. drant 3, SU 1, SF 475. Österreich. Wien. 1860. g. Österreich. Wien. 1860. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1860 1860 A A Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEIDE- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEI- MUNZE• DEMUNZE• Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

129. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 129. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 758, PN 613. drant 4, SU 758, SF 613. Österreich. 1880. – 1889. g. Österreich. 1880 – 1889. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 188[ ] 188[ ] Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- DEMUNZE• DEMUNZE• Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

501 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

130. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 10, SJ 130. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 905. drant 10, SU 1, SF 905. Österreich. 1881. g. Österreich. 1881. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1881 1881 Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEIDE- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEI- MUNZE DEMUNZE Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

131. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 131. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 648, PN 538. drant 4, SU 648, SF 538. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1882. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1882. Ae. 17 mm. 5/10 krajczár. Ae. 17 mm. 5/10 Kreutzer. Av: 5 Obv: 5 10 10 1882 1882 KB KB Natpis unutar vijenca. Inscription within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓ PÉNZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓ PÉNZ U sredini okrunjen grb. Crowned shield centred.

132. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 1, SJ 132. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 53, PN 34. drant 1, SU 53, SF 34. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1885. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1885. Ae. 18 mm. 1 krajczár. Ae. 18 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1885 1885 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ Ugarski grb. Shield of Hungary.

133. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 133. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 497. drant 4, SU 1, SF 497. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1885. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1885. Ae. 18 mm. 1 krajczár. Ae. 18 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1885 1885 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ Ugarski grb. Shield of Hungary.

502 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

134. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 10, SJ 134. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 846, PN 906. drant 10, SU 846, SF 906. Österreich. 1885. g. Österreich. 1885. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1885 1885 Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- DEMUNZE• DEMUNZE• Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

135. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 10, SJ 135. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 846, PN 893. drant 10, SU 846, SF 893. Österreich. 1885. g. Österreich. 1885. Ae. 19 mm. 1 kreuzer. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1885 1885 Slova unutar vijenca od hrastova lišća. Letters within a wreath of oak leaves. Rv: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- Rev: K.K.OESTERREICHISCHES SCHEI- DEMUNZE• DEMUNZE• Dvoglavi austrijski orao. Two-headed Austrian eagle.

136. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 136. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557h. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557h. Österreich. 1892. g. Österreich. 1892. Ni. 21 mm. 20 filler. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Fillér. Av: 20 Obv: 20 FILLER FILLER Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ 1892 1892 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

137. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 5, SJ 137. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 587, PN 529. drant 5, SU 587, SF 529. Österreich. 1892. – 1915. g. Österreich. 1892 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

503 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

138. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 138. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557j. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557j. Österreich. 1892. – 1915. g. Österreich. 1892 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

139. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 139. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557l. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557l. Österreich. 1892. – 1915. g. Österreich. 1892 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

140. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 140. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557m. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557m. Österreich. 1892. – 1915.g. Österreich. 1892 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

141. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 141. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 192. drant 10, SU 1, SF 192. Österreich. 1892. – 1915. g. Österreich. 1892 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 [ ] [ ] Rv: Dvoglavi okrunjen austrijski orao s grbom Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on na prsima. breast.

142. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 142. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557a. Österreich. 1892. – 1916. g. Österreich. 1892 – 1916. Ni. 21 mm. 20 heller. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Heller. Av: 20 Obv: 20 [ ] [ ] Rv: Austrijski dvoglavi orao sučelice. Rev: Austrian two-headed eagle facing.

504 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

143. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 143. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557d. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557d. Magyarország. 1892. – 1916. g. Magyarország. 1892 – 1916. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO[PENZ] Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO[PENZ] [ ] [ ] Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

144. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 144. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16i. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16i. Magyarország. 1893. – 1915. g. Magyarország. 1893 – 1915. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 [ ] [ ] Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRAL[YI VAL]TOPENZ * Rev: MAGYAR KIRAL[YI VAL]TOPENZ * [ ] [ ] Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

145. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 145. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 652, PN 540. drant 4, SU 652, SF 540. Magyarország. 1892. – 1918. g. Magyarország. 1892 – 1918. Ae. 19 mm. 1 krajczar. Ae. 19 mm. 1 Kreutzer. Av: 1 Obv: 1 [ ] [ ] Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR [KIRALYI VAL]TOPENZ Rev: MAGYAR [KIRALYI VAL]TOPENZ Ugarski okrunjeni grb. Crowned shield of Hungary.

146. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 3, SJ 146. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 512. drant 3, SU 1, SF 512. Magyarország. 1893. g. Magyarország. 1893. Ae billon. 17 mm. 1 heller. Ae billon. 17 mm. 1 Heller. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1893 1893 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

505 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

147. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 8, SJ 147. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- ?, PN 213. drant 8, SU ?, SF 213. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1893. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1893. Ni. 19 mm. 10 filler. Ni. 19 mm. 10 Fillér. Av: 10 Obv: 10 FILLER FILLER KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI V[A]LTOPENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI V[A]LTOPENZ 1893 1893 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

148. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 148. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 695, PN 572b. drant 4, SU 695, SF 572b. Magyarország. 1893. g. Magyarország. 1893. Ni. 21 mm. 20 filler. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Fillér. Av: 20 Obv: 20 [FI]LLER [FI]LLER Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ 1893 1893 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

149. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 3, SJ 149. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 32. drant 3, SU 1, SF 32. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1894.g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1894. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ 1894 1894 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

150. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 4, SJ 150. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 560, PN 559a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 559a. Österreich. 1894. g. Österreich. 1894. Ar. 23 mm. 1 Krone. Ar. 23 mm. 1 Krone. Av: 1 Obv: 1 1894 1894 Iznad broja kruna, sa strane maslinove grančice. Crown above number, olive branches to the Rv: FRANC•IOS•I•D•G•IMP•AVSTR•R sides. EX•BOH•GAL•ILL•ETCETAP•REX•HV Rev: FRANC•IOS•I•D•G•IMP•AVSTR•R NG* EX•BOH•GAL•ILL•ETCETAP•REX•HV Car, nadesno, ovjenčan. NG* Emperor, right, laureate.

506 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

151. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 4, SJ 8. 151. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. g. drant 4, SU 8. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. Av: 2 Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. K·B Obv: 2 Unutar vijenca. K·B Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Within the wreath. 1895 Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Ugarska kruna. 1895 Hungarian crown.

152. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 152. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16f. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16f. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * 1895 1895 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

153. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 153. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16h. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16h. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1895. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * 1895 1895 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

154. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 154. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16c. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16c. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1896. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1896. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * 1896 1896 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

507 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

155. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 155. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 562c. drant 4, SU 560, SF 562c. Österreich. 1897. g. Österreich. 1897. Ae. 19 mm. 2 hellera. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 1897 1897 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

156. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 156. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557f. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557f. Magyarország. 1899. g. Magyarország. 1899. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: [MAGYAR KI]RALYI VAL[TOPENZ] Rev: [MAGYAR KI]RALYI VAL[TOPENZ] 1899 1899 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

20. stoljeće 20th century

157. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 157. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, quadrant 560. 4, SU 560. Kraj 19. st. – poč. 20. st. Rijeka. Late 19th to early 20th century. Rijeka. Ae billon. 20 mm. Žeton. Ae billon. 20 mm. Token. Av: HOTEL I RISTOR • Obv: HOTEL I RISTOR • ZARA ZARA Rv: : 1 Rev: : 1 4 4 LITRE LITRE Ovo nije novac već „žeton“ nekada zvan i Bier- This is not a coin, but rather a token once also marke. Njegova vrijednost iznosi četvrtinu litre known as a Biermarke. Its value was a quarter nekog pića, vjerojatno piva ili vina, a prema litre of a beverage, likely beer or wine, and, natpisu mogla se iskoristiti u hotelu i restoranu based on the preserved legend, could be used Zara. Sličan žeton pronađen je i prilikom istra- at the Zara hotel & restaurant. A similar token živanja Principija u Rijeci. was discovered during the research at Rijeka’s (slično kod DOLENEC 1993, br. 618, str.1 85; principia. BEKIĆ 2009b, br. 24, str. 320). (similar in DOLENEC 1993, no. 618, pg.1 85; BEKIĆ 2009b, no. 24, pg. 320).

158. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 158. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557e. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557e. Kraj 19. st. – poč. 20. st. Rijeka. Late 19th to early 20th century. Rijeka. Ni. 22 mm. Žeton. Ni. 22 mm. Token. Av: RESTAURANT PUBBLICO Obv: RESTAURANT PUBBLICO GIARDINO GIARDINO Rv: RESTAURANT PUBBLICO Rev: RESTAURANT PUBBLICO GIARDINO GIARDINO Vjerojatno žeton za obrok u restoranu. Likely a token for a restaurant meal.

508 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

159. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 159. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16a. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16a. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1901. g. Magyarország. Körmöcbánya. 1901. Ae. 19 mm. 2 filler. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Fillér. Av: 2 Obv: 2 KB KB Unutar vijenca. Within the wreath. Rv: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * Rev: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTOPENZ * 1901 1901 Ugarska kruna. Hungarian crown.

160. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 5, SJ 160. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 662, PN 600. drant 5, SU 662, SF 600. Österreich. 1901. – 1909. g. Österreich. 1901 – 1909. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 [ ]0[ ] [ ]0[ ] Unutar okvira i ukrašeno maslinovim granči- Within a frame and adorned with olive cama. branches. Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

161. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 161. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16k. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16k. Österreich. 1910. g. Österreich. 1910. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 1910 1910 Rv: Dvoglavi okrunjeni austrijski orao s grbom Rev: Two-headed crowned Austrian eagle with na prsima. shield on breast.

162. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 162. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 562b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 562b. Kraljevina Srbija. 1912. g. Kingdom of Serbia. 1912. Ni/Cu. 20 mm. 10 para. Ni/Cu. 20 mm. 10 Para. Av: КРАЉЕВИНА СРБИЈА ·1912· ПАРА Obv: КРАЉЕВИНА СРБИЈА ·1912· ПАРА 10 10 Rv: Rev: Dvoglavi okrunjen orao s grbom na prsima. Two-headed crowned eagle with shield on breast.

509 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

163. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 163. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 561b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 561b. Bulgarija. 1912. g. Bulgaria. 1912. Ni. 21 mm. 20 stotinki. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Stotinka. Av: 20 Obv: 20 СТОТИНКА СТОТИНКА 1912 1912 Rv: СЪЕДИНЕНИЕТО ПРАВИ Rev: СЪЕДИНЕНИЕТО ПРАВИ СИЛАТА* БЪЛГАРИЯ * СИЛАТА* БЪЛГАРИЯ * U sredini grb. Shield, centred.

164. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 164. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557b. Österreich. 1912. g. Österreich. 1912. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 1912 1912 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

165. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 165. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 561a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 561a. Österreich. 1914. g. Österreich. 1914. Ae. 19 mm. 2 heller. Ae. 19 mm. 2 Heller. Av: 2 Obv: 2 1914 1914 Rv: Dvoglavi austrijski orao s grbom na prsima. Rev: Two-headed Austrian eagle with shield on breast.

166. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 166. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 239. drant 9, SU 1, SF 239. Österreich. Prva republika. 1918. – 1938.g. Österreich. First Republic. 1918 – 1938. Cu/Ni. 21 mm. 10 Groschen. Cu/Ni. 21 mm. 10 Groschen. Av: 10 Obv: 10 [GROSCHEN] [GROSCHEN] Rv: [REPUBLIK OESTERREICH] Rev: [REPUBLIK OESTERREICH]

167. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka. Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 167. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka. Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 562a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 562a. Regno d’Italia. 1919. g. Kingdom of Italy. 1919. Ae. 21 mm. 20 centesimi. Ae. 21 mm. 20 Centesimi. Av: CENT Obv: CENT 20 20 1919 1919 Tekst u šesterokutnom okviru, naokolo vijenac. Text in hexagon frame, wreath encircling. Rv: REGNO D’ ITALIA Rev: REGNO D’ ITALIA Unutar vijenca talijanski grb, iznad njega kruna. Shield of Italy within the wreath, crown above.

510 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

168. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 168. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557g. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557g. Italia. 1919. – 1937.g. Italia. 1919 – 1937. Ae 22 mm. 10 centesimi. Ae 22 mm. 10 Centesimi. Av: C. 10 Obv: C. 10 [ ] [ ] Pčela na cvijetu. Bee on a flower. Rv: [VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: [VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA] ITALIA] Glava nalijevo. Head left.

169. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 169. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557c. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557c. Italija. 1919. – 1937.g. Italia. 1919 – 1937. Ae. 19 mm. 5 centesimi. Ae. 19 mm. 5 Centesimi. Av: C. 5 Obv: C. 5 19[ ] 19[ ] U sredini klas žita. Ear of wheat, centred. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE [III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE [III RE D’ ITALIA] ITALIA] Glava nalijevo. Head left.

170. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 170. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16g. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16g. Italia. Roma. 1920. g. Italia. Roma. 1920. Ni. 21 mm. 20 centesimi. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Centesimi. Av: C. 20 Obv: C. 20 1920 1920 R R LBISTOLFI M. / L.GIORGI INC. LBISTOLFI M. / L.GIORGI INC. Sloboda u plaštu leti nalijevo, u ispruženoj ljevi- Draped Liberty flying left, holding torch be- ci drži baklju iza sebe. Ispod okrunjeni talijanski hind in extended left hand. Crowned Shield of grb. Italy below. Rv : ITALIA Rev : ITALIA Glava božice nalijevo u ruci drži klas (Mater Head of goddess left holding ear of wheat (Ma- Frugum). ter Frugum).

171. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 171. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 361, PN 245. drant 9, SU 361, SF 245. Kraljevina Jugoslavija. 1920. g. Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 1920. Talina 21 mm. 10 para. Alloy #Talina 21 mm. 10 Para. Av: 10 Obv: 10 [ΠАРА] PA[RA] [ΠАРА] PA[RA] [19]20 [19]20 Rv: Grb Kraljevine Jugoslavije Rev: Shield of Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

511 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

172. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 172. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16j. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16j. Italia. Roma. 1921. g. Italia. Roma. 1921. Ae. 19 mm. 5 centesima. Ae. 19 mm. 5 Centesimi. Av: C. 5 Obv: C. 5 1921 1921 R R U sredini klas žita. Ear of wheat, centred. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

173. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 173. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 561c. drant 4, SU 560, SF 561c. Italia. 1921.g. Italia. 1921. Ae. 19 mm. 5 centesima. Ae. 19 mm. 5 Centesimi. Av: C. 5 Obv: C. 5 1921 1921 U sredini klas žita. Ear of wheat, centred. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

174. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 174. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16e. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16e. Italia. Roma. 1921. g. Italia. Roma. 1921. Ni. 21 mm. 20 centesima. Ni. 21 mm. 20 Centesimi. Av: C. 20 Obv: C. 20 1921 1921 R R LBISTOLFI M. / L.GIORGI INC. LBISTOLFI M. / L.GIORGI INC. Sloboda u plaštu leti nalijevo, u ispruženoj ljevi- Draped Liberty flying left, holding torch be- ci drži baklju iza sebe. Ispod okrunjeni talijanski hind in extended left hand. Crowned Shield of grb. Italy below. Rv : ITALIA Rev : ITALIA Glava božice nalijevo u ruci drži klas (Mater Head of goddess left holding ear of wheat (Ma- Frugum). ter Frugum).

512 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

175. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 8, SJ, 175. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- PN 827. drant 8, SU, SF 827. Italia. 1921. g. Italia. 1921. Ae 22 mm. 10 centesima. Ae 22 mm. 10 Centesimi. Av: C. 10 Obv: C. 10 [19]21 [19]21 Pčela na cvijetu. Bee on flower. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

176. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 176. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557k. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557k. Italia. 1921. g. Italia. 1921. Ae. 19 mm. 5 centesima. Ae. 19 mm. 5 Centesimi. Av: C. 5 Obv: C. 5 1921 1921 U sredini klas žita. Ear of wheat, centred. Rv: [VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: [VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA] ITALIA] Glava nalijevo. Head left.

177. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 177. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557i. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557i. Italia. 1922. – 1935. g. Italia. 1922 – 1935. Ni. 27 mm. 1 lira. Ni. 27 mm. 1 lira. Av: BVONO Obv: BVONO DA L.1 DA L.1 R R Natpis unutar vijenca. Inscription within the wreath. Rv : ITALIA Rev : ITALIA [ ] [ ] Italija sjedi nalijevo, u ispruženoj desnici drži Italy sitting left, holding olive branch in exten- maslinovu grančicu a u desnici Viktoriju. ded right hand, Victory in right #Italija sjedi nalijevo, u ispruženoj desnici drži maslinovu grančicu a u desnici Viktoriju.

178. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 178. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 695, PN 572a. drant 4, SU 695, SF 572a. Italia. 1923. g. Italia. 1923. Ae 22 mm. 10 centesima. Ae 22 mm. 10 Centesimi. Av: C. 10 Obv: C. 10 1923 1923 Pčela na cvijetu. Bee on flower. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

513 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

179. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 179. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16b. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16b. Italia. 1923. g. Italia. 1923. Ae 22 mm. 10 centesima. Ae 22 mm. 10 Centesimi. Av: C. 10 Obv: C. 10 1923 1923 Pčela na cvijetu. Bee on flower. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

180. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 180. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16d. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16d. Italia. Roma. 1935.g. Italia. Roma. 1935. Ae 22 mm. 10 centesima. Ae 22 mm. 10 Centesimi. Av: C. 10 Obv: C. 10 R 1935 R 1935 Pčela na cvijetu. Bee on flower. Rv: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ Rev: VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ ITALIA ITALIA Glava nalijevo. Head left.

181. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 181. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 1, PN 539. drant 4, SU 1, SF 539. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1965. 1965. g. Ae. 23 mm. 20 Para. Ae. 23 mm. 20 para. Obv: 20 Av: 20 ПАРА•PARA•ПАРИ•PAR• ПАРА•PARA•ПАРИ•PAR• 19 65 19 65 Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

182. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 182. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 205. drant 10, SU 1, SF 205. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1973. 1973.g. Alloy #Talina . 28 mm. 5 Dinars. Talina. 28 mm. 5 dinara. Obv: 5 Av: 5 ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ 1973 1973 Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

514 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

183. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 183. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 208b. drant 10, SU 1, SF 208b. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1975. 1975.g. Alloy #Talina . 16 mm. 5 Para. Talina. 16 mm. 5 para. Obv: 5 Av: 5 19 ПАРА•PARA 75 ПАРИ•PAR• 19 ПАРА•PARA 75 ПАРИ•PAR• Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

184. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 184. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 208. drant 10, SU 1, SF 208. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1977. 1977. g. Alloy #Talina . 30 mm. 10 Dinars. Talina. 30 mm. 10 dinara. Obv: 10 Av: 10 ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ 1977 1977 Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

185. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 10, SJ 185. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 202. drant 10, SU 1, SF 202. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1980. 1980. g. Alloy #Talina . 24 mm. 2 Dinars. Talina. 24 mm. 2 dinara. Obv: 2 Av: 2 ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ 1980 1980 Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

186. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 186. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1, PN 201. drant 9, SU 1, SF 201. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1981. 1981. g. Alloy #Talina . 24 mm. 2 Dinars. Talina. 24 mm. 2 dinara. Obv: 2 Av: 2 ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ ДИНАРА DINARA DINARJEV ДИНАРІ 1981 1981 Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

515 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

187. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 2, kv. 9, SJ 187. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 2, qua- 1. drant 9, SU 1. Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1990. 1990. g. Ae. 22 mm. 50 Para. Ae. 22 mm. 50 para. Obv: 50 Av: 50 ПАРА·PARA·ПАРИ·PAR·1990· ПАРА•PARA•ПАРИ•PAR•1990• Rev: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- Rv: СФР ЈУГОСЛАВИЈА•SFR JUGOSLA- VIJA• VIJA• Shield of Yugoslavia. Jugoslavenski grb.

Militaria i ostali nalazi Militaria and other finds

188. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 188. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 16l. drant 3, SU 8, SF 16l. 1922. 1922. Pb. 13 mm. Plomba. Pb. 13 mm. Seal. Av: I.N. Obv: I.N. SP SP Rv: 9 Rev: 9 1922 1922

189. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 1, kv. 3, SJ 189. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 1, qua- 8, PN 278. drant 3, SU 8, SF 278. Poč. 20. st. Early 20th century. Pb. 20 mm. Plomba. Pb. 20 mm. Seal. Av: [ ]D*[ ] Obv: [ ]D*[ ] Nečitljiv prikaz u sredini. Illegible device, centred. Rv: [ ]E[ ]E Rev: [ ]E[ ]E Između dva polja ispunjenih okomitim crtama. Between two fields of vertical lines.

190. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 6, SJ 190. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 658, PN 541. drant 6, SU 658, SF 541. 20 mm. 20 mm. Mjedeni gumb. Brass button. Natpis TREBLE GILT RICH OR ENG Inscription: TREBLE GILT RICH OR ENG

191. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 191. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 559b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 559b. 1915. g. 1915. Ni? 28 mm. Ratna Medalja. Ni? 28 mm. War medal. Av: 1914 – 1915 Obv: 1914 – 1915 Njemački car i austrijski car, poprsja nadesno. German and Austrian emperors, bust right. Rv: Njemački križ. Rev: German cross. Unutar križa natpis W W inscribed in cross 1915 1915

516 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

192. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 192. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 559c. drant 4, SU 560, SF 559c. Rijeka. 1916. g. Rijeka. 1916. Ni? 24 mm. Sportska medalja. Ni? 24 mm. Sports medal. Av: prazno Obv: Empty Rv: FIUME Rev: FIUME GARE DI NUOTO GARE DI NUOTO II II PREMIO PREMIO 1916 1916

193. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 193. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 560a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 560a. Poč. 20. st. Early 20th century. Ni., emajl. 13 x 21 mm. Politička značka. Ni, enamel. 13 x 21 mm. Political badge. Av: Talijanska trobojnica, u sredini zlatni fascio. Obv: Italian tricolour, gold fascio centred.

194. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 194. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 560b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 560b. Poč.20.st. Early 20th century. Ni., emajl. 13 x 21 mm. Politička značka. Ni, enamel. 13 x 21 mm. Political badge. Av: Talijanska trobojnica, u sredini zlatni fascio. Obv: Italian tricolour, gold fascio centred.

195. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 195. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 557. drant 4, SU 560, SF 557. Poč. 20. st. Early 20th century. Cu., emajl. 16 x 19 mm. Vojna oznaka. Cu, enamel. 16 x 19 mm. Military badge. Av: Crveni romb u kojem se nalazi crveni fascio. Obv: Red fascio in red rhomb. Rv: DIPO[ ] Rev: DIPO[ ]

196. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 196. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 563b. drant 4, SU 560, SF 563b. 1932. g. 1932. Ae. 25 mm. Politička medalja. Ae. 25 mm. Political medal. Av: BENITO MUSSOLINI Obv: BENITO MUSSOLINI Glava nadesno. Head right. RV: PRIMI RV: PRIMI DECENNALE DECENNALE DELLA DELLA RIVOLUZIONE RIVOLUZIONE FASCISTA FASCISTA MCMXXXII MCMXXXII A.X. A.X. Uz lijevi rub veliki fascio. Large fascio along left edge.

517 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

197. Pul Vele crikve, Rijeka, Sek. 3, kv. 4, SJ 197. Pul Vele Crikve, Rijeka, Sector 3, qua- 560, PN 563a. drant 4, SU 560, SF 563a. 1940. g. 1940. Ae. 31 mm. Strukovna medalja. Ae. 31 mm. Professional medal. Av: RADVNO NAZIONALE POSTELE- Obv: RADVNO NAZIONALE POSTELE- GRAFONICI GIVGNO 1940 XVIII • GRAFONICI GIVGNO 1940 XVIII · Glava Benita Mussolinija nalijevo, pod šljemom. Head of Benito Mussolini left, helmeted. Rv: PREDAPPIO Rev: PREDAPPIO Vizura grada s bedemima i tornjem. Cityscape with ramparts and towers.

518 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

519 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grobni nalazi novca Grave coin finds Prilikom arheoloških istraživanja na Trgu pul A significant number of graves from the Medi- Vele crikve u Rijeci otkriven je veći broj grobova eval and Post Medieval periods were discovered iz srednjega i novoga vijeka. Srednjovjekovno i during the archaeological research at Rijeka’s Pul novovjekovno groblje čiji su ostaci istraženi sa- Vele Crikve Square. The Medieval and Post Me- čuvano je uglavnom uz južni zid crkve Uznese- dieval cemetery, where remains were investigat- nja Blažene Djevice Marije i djelomično na za- ed, is preserved for the most part along the south padnoj strani crkve. Tom prilikom istraženo je wall of the church of the Assumption of the i dokumentirano preko 152 groba. Oni datiraju Blessed Virgin Mary and partially to the west od 13.st. do 1773. god. kada se općenito prestaje side of the church. Over 152 graves were investi- s ukopima u gradskim sredinama. U pojedinim gated and documented. They date from the 13th su se grobovima na ovome nalazištu uz ljudske century to the year 1773 when burials were no kosti nalazili i različiti predmeti, poput svetač- longer performed in urban cores. Besides human kih medaljica, krunica, ogrlica, križeva, pojasnih bones some of the graves at this site also yielded kopči, prstenja te kovanoga novca. various objects such as saint’s medals, rosaries, necklaces, crosses, belt buckles, rings and coins. Grob 40 Grave 40 Slika 3. Tragovi tkanine vrećice Tijekom iskopavanja pronađen je i istražen grob očuvani u koroziji. broj 40, orijentiran u smjeru sjever – jug, opisan Grave 40 was discovered and investigated during Fig. 3. Traces of fabric from a pouch u terenskoj dokumentaciji kao oštećen ukop s the excavation, oriented along the north-south preserved in the corrosion. djelomično sačuvanim kosturom odrasle osobe. axis and is described in the field documentation as a damaged burial with the partially preserved skeleton of an adult. This deviation from the normal orientation is caused, in the interpretation of the excavators, by adaption to the remains of existing Roman architecture (JANEŠ, here). Based on the anthropological analysis the person interred in this grave has been determined as a male between the age of 36 and 45.1

The grave also yielded a large number of bronze hoops #karičica (likely parts of headdress), but this appears to be the result of the subsequent excavation of the grave, and not an in situ find. A greenish lump, later determined to be a corroded aggregation of coins, was found alongside the head of the deceased.

A green aggregation was, then, found alongside the remains of the deceased that in fact consisted of silver coinage. Traces of fabric were recognised on the aggregation, and we can conclude that these coins were the content

1 The anthropological analysis of the skeleton from this grave was entrusted to the esteemed laboratory led by Dr. Mario Šlaus.

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Taj je otklon od ustaljene orijentacije uzrokovan, prema tumačenju iskopavača, prilagođavanju ostacima postojeće antičke arhitekture (JANEŠ, ovdje). Osoba ukopana u tome grobu prema an- tropološkoj je analizi sačuvanih kostiju određe- na kao muškarac starosti između 36 i 45 godina.1

U grobu je također pronađen i veći broj bron- čanih karičica (vjerojatno dijelova oglavlja), ali čini se kao plod kasnijega prekopavanja groba, a ne kao in situ nalaz. Zelenkasta grudica, za koju se ispostavilo de je korodirana nakupina novca, pronađena je uz glavu pokojnika.

Uz ostatke je pokojnika dakle pronađen zeleni grumen koji je ustvari sadržavao srebrni novac. Na grumenu su prepoznati tragovi tkanine, pa možemo zaključiti kako je riječ o sadržaju plat- nene vrećice s novcem koju je pokojnik imao uza se. Razdvajanjem i čišćenjem novca ustanovljeno je da se u vrećici nalazilo oko 70 srebrnih kovani- of a small linen pouch the deceased had on his Slika 2. Sadržaj vrećice iz groba 40. ca, uglavnom austrijskih, bavarskih i mletačkih, person. The separation and cleaning of the in- Fig. 2. The contents of the pouch manjih i srednjih nominala. Prilikom čišćenja od dividual coins established about seventy silver from grave 40. zemlje na površini korozije prepoznati su tragovi coins in the pouch, for the most part Austrian, tkanine koji nam svjedoče da se novac nalazio u Bavarian and Venetian, of smaller and medium platnenoj vrećici te možda za života visio o pasu denominations. Traces of fabric were identified pokojnika. Mukotrpnim čišćenjem i razdvaja- during the removal of earth from the surface of njem izdvojeno je sedamdeset primjeraka novca. the corrosion that indicate that the coins were in a linen pouch and that they may have hung from Novac je vrlo slabo očuvan, što nije čudno s ob- the belt of the deceased while alive. The difficult zirom na okolnosti nalaza. Naime, novac koji cleaning and separation process yielded seventy potječe iz grobova često je vrlo korodiran zbog coin specimens. kemijskih procesa prilikom raspadanja tijela, za razliku od novca koji se pronalazi u nekim osta- The coins are very poorly preserved, which does vama, pohranjen u posudama. Također, prona- not come as a surprise given the circumstances đeni je novac izrađen od srebra različite čistoće, of the find. Coins originating from graves are, što je svakako utjecalo i na njegovu očuvanost. namely, often very corroded as a result of the chemical processes present during the decompo- Ipak, velika većina novca dala je dovoljno poda- sition of the corpse, unlike coins found in some taka za određivanje porijekla i datacije, a samo hoards, stored in vessels. The coins found are of nekoliko primjeraka može se tek okvirno datira- varying silver purity, which has also certainly af- ti. Novac se može datirati u široki vremenski ras- fected their level of preservation. pon te pripisati brojnim vladarima i kovnicama diljem srednje Europe. Zahvaljujući točnomu The majority of the coins did, however, yield suf- određenju novca moguće je usporediti ovaj na- ficient data to allow their origin and dating to be determined. Only a few specimens allowed for no more than approximate dating. The coins can be dated to a broad span of time and attributed 1 Antropološka analiza kostura iz ovog groblja povjerena je čuvenom laboratoriju prof. dr. Maria to numerous rulers and mints across Central Eu- Šlausa. rope. Thanks to the precise identification of the

521 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

laz s brojnim ostavama i pojedinačnim nalazima coins we can compare this find with numerous novca toga razdoblja u Hrvatskoj. Analiza tih hoards and individual finds from the period in podataka daje nam vrlo zanimljive podatke o Croatia. An analysis of this data offers us some poticaju novca u Rijeci tijekom 16. stoljeća. very interesting information on the movement of money in Rijeka in the 16th century. Bavarska Najstariji primjerci potječu iz Bavarske. To su Bavaria mali srebrni feninzi promjera 14 – 15 mm. The oldest specimens originate from Bavaria. Zastupljeno je više kovnica, Braunau, Minhen, These are small silver Pfennigs with a diameter Ötting, Landshut, a u ovu grupu uključujem of from 14 to 15 mm. Several mints are repre- i Amberg iz Falačke (Pfalz). Ti feninzi datira- sented: Braunau, Munich, Ötting, Landshut, ju uglavnom u prvu polovicu 15.st., ali se neki and we also include in this group Amberg from mogu datirati i do početka 16. stoljeća. Osim Pfalz. These Pfennigs dates for the most part to njih pronađen je i veći broj bavarskih kovanica the first half of the 15th century, but some can od pola šilinga, kovanih u Nürnbergu i Schwa- be dated to the early 16th century. Found along bachu početkom 16. stoljeća. with these was a large number of Bavaria half- schilling coins, minted in Nürnberg and Schwa- - Ludwig IX. (1450. – 1479.). Bavarska-Land- bach in the early 16th century. shut. Braunau. Pfenning. 1 kom. - 15.st. München. Pfenning. 2 kom. - Ludwig IX (1450 – 1479). Bavaria-Landshut. Braunau. Pfennig. 1 coin. - Ernst I. i Wilhelm III. (1397. – 1435.). Bavar- - 15th century. München. Pfennig. 2 coins. ska. Minhen. Pfenning, 2 kom. - Albert III. der Fromme (1438. – 1460.). Ba- - Ernst I and Wilhelm III (1397 – 1435). Ba- varska. Minhen. Pfenning. 1 kom. varia. München. Pfennig, 2 coins. - Ernst I. i Adolf (1435. – 1438.). Bavarska. - Albert III der Fromme (1438 – 1460). Bavar- Minhen. Pfenning. 1 kom. ia. München. Pfennig. 1 coin. - Albert IV. der Weise (1465. – 1508.). Bavar- - Ernst I and Adolf (1435 – 1438). Bavaria. ska. Minhen. Pfenning. 1 kom. München. Pfennig. 1 coin. - 15.st. Bavarska -Landshut. Ötting. Pfenning. - Albert IV der Weise (1465 – 1508). Bavaria. 2 kom. München. Pfennig. 1 coin. - Ludwig IX. (1450. – 1479.). Bavarska-Lan- - 15th century. Bavaria-Landshut. Ötting. dshut. Ötting. 1450. – 1460. Pfenning. 1 kom. Pfennig. 2 coins. - Heinrich IV. (1393. – 1450.). Bavarska-Lan- - Ludwig IX (1450 – 1479). Bavaria-Landshut. dshut. Ötting. Pfenning. 1 kom. Ötting. 1450 – 1460. Pfennig. 1 coin. - Heinrich IV. (1393. – 1450.). Bavarska-Lan- - Heinrich IV (1393 – 1450). Bavaria-Land- dshut. Landshut. 1406-1430. Pfenning. 1 kom shut. Ötting. Pfennig. 1 coin. - 15.st. Pfenning. 1 kom. - Heinrich IV (1393 – 1450). Bavaria-Land- shut. Landshut. 1406-1430. Pfennig. 1 coin. - 15.st. Falačka-Gornja Falačka. Amberg. Pfenning. 1 kom. - 15th century. Pfennig. 1 coin. - Ludwig IV. (1436. – 1449.), Johann von Ne- - 15th century. Pfalz-Upper Pfalz. Amberg. umarkt i Otto I. von Mosbach (1443-1460). Pfennig. 1 coin. Falačka-Gornja Falačka. Amberg 1448. – - Ludwig IV (1436 – 1449), Johann von Neu- 1449.g. Pfenning. 2 kom. markt and Otto I von Mosbach (1443-1460). - Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- Pfalz-Upper Pfalz. Amberg 1448 – 1449. denburg. Schwabach. 1/2 schillinga. 8 kom. Pfennig. 2 coins.

522 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

- Markgraf Friedrich IV. (1495. – 1515.). Bran- - Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). denburg. Nürnberg. 1/2 schillinga. 1 kom. Brandenburg. Schwabach. 1/2 Schilling. 8 - Grad Nürnberg. Nakon 1510. g. 1/2 schillin- coins. ga. 9 kom. - Margrave Friedrich IV (1495 – 1515). - 16.st. Brandenburg. 1/2 schillinga. 1 kom. Brandenburg. Nürnberg. 1/2 Schilling. 1 coin. Austrija - City of Nürnberg. Post 1510. 1/2 Schilling. 9 Od novca koji su kovali austrijski vladari prona- coins. đeno je 9 komada. To je nekoliko jednostranih - 16th century. Brandenburg. 1/2 Schilling. 1 feninga kovanih u Solnogradu (Salzburgu) i coin. Ennsu, a mogu se datirati u sredinu 15. stoljeća. Austria Uz njih je pronađeno i nekoliko krajcara kova- Nine coins were found minted for Austrian rul- nih krajem 15. i početkom 16.st. u Hallu, Me- ers. These include several one-sided Pfennigs ranu i Linzu. minted at Salzburg and Enns that can be dated - Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. to the mid 15th century. (1441. – 1452.). Solnograd. Einseitiger Also found with them was a number of Kreutzers Pfennig. 3 kom. minted in the late 15th and early 16th century at - Albrecht VI. (1458. – 1463.) ili Friedrich III. Hall, Meran and Linz. (1463. – 1525.). Enns. Einseitiger Pfennig. 1 kom. - 15.st. Austrija. Einseitiger Pfennig. 1 kom. - Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV (1441 – 1452). Salzburg. Einseitiger Pfennig. - Maximilian I. Habsburg (1486. – 1519.). Ti- 3 coins. rol. Hall. 1502. – 1519. Kreuzer. 1 kom. - Albrecht VI (1458 – 1463) or Friedrich III - Sigismund I. Münzreiche (1446. – 1490.). Ti- (1463 – 1525). Enns. Einseitiger Pfennig. 1 rol. Merano. Grosso. 2 kom. coin. - Leonhard I. (1454. – 1500.). Gorica (Görz). - 15th century. Austria. Einseitiger Pfennig. 1 Lienz. Kreuzer. 1 kom. coin. Italija - Maximilian I Habsburg (1486 – 1519). Tyrol. U Mletcima je kovano 17 primjeraka novca. Oni Hall. 1502 – 1519. Kreutzer. 1 coin. pokrivaju vrijeme vladavine od dužda Leonarda - Sigismund I Münzreiche (1446 – 1490). Ty- Loredana do Francesca Donata. Tu je i čak jeda- rol. Merano. Grosso. 2 coins. naest anonimnih mletačkih gazetta od 2 solda - Leonhard I (1454 – 1500). Gorizia (Görz). koje su kovane dekretom od 21. lipnja 1539. do Lienz. Kreutzer. 1 coin. 27. siječnja 1550. (81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91). Uz te je mletačke novce kao kuriozi- Italy tet pronađen i jedan grossetto od kneza Ercolea Seventeen of the coins were minted in Venice. II. d’Estea, vladara grada Ferrare. They cover the period from the rule of Doge Leonardo Loredan to Francesco Donato. These - Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Mletci. Bezzo include as many as eleven anonymous Venetian ili 1/2 solda. 2 kom. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi minted by decree from 21 - Leonardo Loredan (1501. – 1521.), Mletci. June 1539 to 27 January 1550 (81, 82, 83, 84, 1517. g. Ar. 19 – 21 mm. 4 solda. 1 kom. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91). Among this Vene- - Francesco Donato (1545. – 1553.). Mletci. tian money was the rare find of aGrossetto mint- 1547. g. Ar. 18 mm. 4 solda. 1 kom. ed for Duke Ercole II d’Este, the ruler of the city of Ferrara.

523 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

- Andrea Gritti (1523. – 1538.). Mletci. 1525. - Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venice. Bezzo g. Ar. 16 mm. 2 solda. 1 kom. or 1/2 Soldo. 2 coins. - Andrea Gritti (1523. –1538.). Mletci. 1532. - Leonardo Loredan (1501 – 1521), Venice. g. Ar. 26 mm. Marcello. 1 kom. 1517. Ar. 19 – 21 mm. 4 Soldi. 1 coin. - Anonimni kov. Mletci. 1539. – 1550. g. Ar. 18 - Francesco Donato (1545 – 1553). Venice. – 19 mm. Gazzeta od 2 solda. 11 kom. 1547. Ar. 18 mm. 4 Soldi. 1 coin. - Ercole II. d’Este (1534. – 1559.). Ferrara. Ar. - Andrea Gritti (1523 – 1538). Venice. 1525. 20 mm. Grossetto ili Doppio soldo. 1 kom. Ar. 16 mm. 2 Soldi. 1 coin. Ostali - Andrea Gritti (1523 –1538). Venice. 1532. Ar. 26 mm. Marcello. 1 coin. Ostali novci su neprepoznatljivi feninzi koji po nekim svojim karakteristikama vjerojatno u ve- - Anonymous strike. Venice. 1539 – 1550. Ar. ćini pripadaju već opisanoj grupi bavarskih fe- 18 – 19 mm. Gazzetta of 2 Soldi. 11 coins. ninga iz prve polovice 15. st. uz mogućnost da je - Ercole II d’Este (1534 – 1559). Ferrara. Ar. 20 među njima zastupljen i pokoji austrijski jedno- mm. Grossetto or Doppio Soldo. 1 coin. strani fening, također iz 15. stoljeća. Other - 15. st. Pfenning. 7 kom. The other coins are unrecognisable Pfennigs that Vrećica sa sveukupno 70 komada novca iz groba by some of their characteristics are for the most 40 s nalazišta Pul Vele crikve potječe iz zatvore- part likely from the already described group of ne cjeline te predstavlja skupinu novca koja je Bavarian pfennigs from the first half of the 15th bila u opticaju u vrijeme smrti pokojnika. Sudeći century with a few possible Austrian one-sided po najmlađim primjercima novca, pokojnik je Pfennigs, also from the 15th century. ukopan pedesetih godina 16. stoljeća. Stoga ovaj - 15th century. Pfennig. 7 coins. nalaz možemo usporediti s nekim istovremenim ostavama iz zemljopisno bližih krajeva. The pouch and total of seventy coins from grave 40 at the Pul Vele Crikve site originate from a Važna usporedba je ostava novca pronađena kod closed context and constitute a group of coins sela Piskrče (Piskertschach) u Koruškoj (Kärn- in circulation at the time of the death of the ten). Ondje je pronađeno 12 zlatnih i 536 srebr- deceased. Judging by the latest coin specimens nih novaca, a vrijeme zakapanja se postavlja iz- the deceased was interred in the 1550s. We can među 1465. i 1470. godine (ALRAM 2001). U therefore compare this find with some contem- toj su ostavi pronađeni ugarski, mletački, austrij- porary hoards from geographically proximate ski, bavarski i ini novci. Isti tipovi koji su prona- regions. đeni i u nas bavarski su feninzi Ernsta i Wilhel- ma, Ernsta i Adolfa, Alberta IV., Heinricha IV. i An important comparison is with a coin hoard Ludwiga IX., zatim novac Johanna, Ludwiga IV. found in the village of Piskertschach in Carin- i Otta I. iz Falačke. Isti su i jednostrani feninzi iz thia (Kärnten). Twelve gold and 536 silver coins Solnograda. Unatoč tomu što je ova ostava skoro were fond there and the time of burial was set at stotinu godina starija, važno je zamijetiti kako se between 1465 and 1470 (ALRAM 2001). The bavarski novac (kovan u Minhenu i Landshutu) hoard contained Hungarian, Venetian, Austrian, čvrsto ukorijenio u južnoj Koruškoj te u ostavi iz Bavarian and other coins. The same types found Piskrča čini polovicu (ALRAM 2001, 483). at our site are Bavarian Pfennigs by Ernst and Wilhelm, Ernst and Adolf, Alberta IV, Heinrich U Tkalcima je kod Krapine pronađena ostava IV and Ludwig IX, and coins of Johann, Ludwig srebrnika iz 1544. godine (MIRNIK 1984). IV and Otto I of Pfalz. The one-sided Pfennigs Od sličnog novca bilježimo bezzo i marcello from Salzburg are the same. Despite the fact mletačkoga dužda Andree Grittia, krajcar Ži- that this hoard is almost a hundred years older,

524 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

gmunda Tirolskoga, bavarski fening Heinricha it is notable that the Bavarian coinage (minted IV., više kovanica od pola šilinga Friedricha IV. at Munich and Landshut) was firmly rooted in iz Schwabacha, kao i slična samostalna izdanja south Carinthia and accounts for half of the grada Nürnberga, itd. No i ostali novac iz osta- Piskertschach hoard (ALRAM 2001, 483). ve je, mada drugih nominala, također sukladan vladarima i kovnicama zastupljenima u riječkoj A hoard of silver coins from 1544 was found at vrećici novca. Tkalci near Krapina (MIRNIK 1984). Among similar coins we note the Bezzo and Marcello Na zagrebačkoj Opatovini djelomično je istra- of Venetian Doge Andrea Gritti, a Kreutzer ženo srednjovjekovno groblje (DEMO 2007). issued by Sigismund of Tyrol, a Bavarian Pfen- U tamošnjemu muškom grobu br. 166 pronađe- nig issued by Heinrich IV, several half-Schilling no je 6 komada srebrnoga bavarskog novca 15. coins issued by Friedrich IV from Schwabach, stoljeća. Slični našemu primjerci su bavarskih and a similar independent issue from the city of vladara Alberta III., Ernsta i Adolfa te falačkih Nürnberg, etc. The remaining money from the vladara Ludwiga IV. te Johanna i Otta (DEMO hoard is, although of other denominations, also 2007, 91). consistent with the rulers and mints represented in the Rijeka money pouch. U grobu kod crkve sv. Martina u Prozorju (Dugo Selo) kod Zagreba pronađen je bavarski fening A Medieval cemetery has been partially re- Ernsta i Adolfa (BELAJ 2007, sl. 2., str. 62). searched at Opatovina in Zagreb (DEMO 2007). Six silver Bavarian coins from the 15th U gradu Rijeci dosad nisu zabilježeni nalazi century were found in grave no. 166, containing novca kao iz groba 40 s nalazišta Pul Vele crikve. a male body. Similar to our specimens are those Izuzetak su arheološka istraživanja Tarsatičkog issued by Bavarian rulers Albert III, Ernst and principija u Rijeci kojom prilikom je pronađen Adolf and Pfalz rulers Ludwig IV and Johann jedan bečki jednostrani fening iz druge polovice and Otto (DEMO 2007, 91). 15. st., krajcar Žigmunda I. Tirolskoga, te jedna srebrna anonimna mletačka gazzeta kovana A Bavarian Pfennig struck for Ernst and Adolf po uredbi od 1539. do 1550.g. (BEKIĆ 2009b, was found in a grave at St Martin’s church in 313, 314). Prozorje (Dugo Selo) near Zagreb (BELAJ 2007, fig. 2., pg. 62). Očigledno je većina novca dopirala iz sjevernih krajeva, Austrije i posebice Tirola te Njemačke, Coin finds like that at grave 40 at the Pul Vele odnosno Bavarske. Količina novaca iz kovnica Crikve site have not previously been recorded in različitih njemačkih gradova iznenađuje svojom the city of Rijeka. The exception is the archaeo- obilatošću, dok je novac austrijskih i talijanskih logical research conducted at the Tarsatica prin- kovnica podjednak u zastupljenosti. cipia when a Viennese one-sided Pfennig from the second half of the 15th century, a Kreutzer Također je značajna činjenica kako je pokojnik issued by Sigismund I of Tyrol and an anony- posjedovao bavarske i austrijske fenige pohranje- mous Venetian silver Gazzetta minted by decree ne preko jednoga stoljeća, dok je većina najmla- from 1539 to 1550 were found (BEKIĆ 2009b, đega novca dopirala iz Mletaka. Poznato nam 313, 314). je da je Rijeka u 16.st. trpjela pljačku i palež od strane Mlečana, ali je to i doba intenzivne trgo- It is evident that the majority of coins came from vine, što legalne, a što ilegalne (ŽIC 2006, 34). northern regions, Austria and in particular Tyrol Cirkulacija stranoga novca bila je uobičajena, a and Germany, i.e. Bavaria. There is a surprising postojale su i brojne službene uredbe koje su se abundance in the quantity of coins from mints odnosile na mjenjačke tečaje i optjecaj. in various German cities, while coins from Aus- trian and Italian mints are equally represented.

525 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Nejasno je ipak kako opravdati toliku količinu Another significant fact is that the deceased pos- novca iz Njemačke unutar ove cjeline, posebice sessed Bavarian and Austrian Pfennigs stored for stoga što takvoga novca među ostalim nalazima over a century, while the majority of the later nema mnogo (osim br. 20 iz gr. 39; br. 21 te br. coinage originated in Venice. We do know that 22 iz gr. 54). Moguće je riječ samo o individual- Rijeka suffered looting and burning at the hands nome skupu novca prikupljenom prilikom jed- of the Venetians in the 16th century, but that noga ili nekoliko sklapanja uspješnih poslova, a it was also a period of intense commerce, both ne standardnoj zastupljenosti npr. nürnberškog legal and illegal (ŽIC 2006, 34). The circula- novca u gradskome opticaju. tion of foreign coinage was customary and there were numerous official regulations pertaining to exchange rates and circulation. Drugi grobovi It is unclear, however, how one might justify this Osim toga vrlo značajnoga nalaza iz groba 40, i quantity of money from Germany in this con- u nekim drugim grobovima pronađeni su novci. text, especially given that there is not much of Pitanje je svakako jesu li su to namjerno prilo- this money among the other finds (with the ex- ženi novci ili su oni slučajno upali prilikom za- ception of no. 20 from grave 39; no. 21 and no. sipavanja grobne rake zemljom. Antičke novce 22 from grave 54). It is possible that this is an in- koji su pronađeni u srednjovjekovnome groblju dividual group of coins collected during one or odmah treba isključiti, ali navodim sve ostale several successful enterprises and not a standard grobne nalaze nadalje. representation of, for example, Nürnberg coin- Grob 36. age in circulation in the city. 4. Stjepan IV. Babonić (1310. – 1316.). Za- greb. Denar (Banovac). Other graves Grob 39. 20. Peter von Schaumburg (1424. – 1469.). Besides this very significant find in grave 40, Bavarska. Biskupija Augsburg. 1441.g. Fening. coins were also found in some other graves. The question is whether this money was deliberately Grob 54. placed in the grave or if it fell in by chance dur- 22. Peter von Schaumburg (1424. – 1469.). ing the backfilling of the grave pit with earth. Bavarska. Biskupija Augsburg. 1441.g. Fening. Roman coins found in a Medieval cemetery Grob 6? should immediately be excluded, but I shall cite 24. Johhan II. (1429. – 1441.) ili Friedrich IV. all other grave finds below. (1441. – 1452.). Solnograd. Jednostrani fening. Grave 36. Grob 62. 4. Stjepan IV Babonić (1310 – 1316). Za- 40. 15. st. Fening. greb. Denar (Banovac). Grob 5. Grave 39. 94. Ferdinand II. (1590. – 1637.). 3 krajcara. 20. Peter von Schaumburg (1424 – 1469). Grob 93. Bavaria. Augsburg diocese. 1441. Pfennig. 95. Antonio Priuli (1618. – 1623.). Mletci. Grave 54. Soldo od 12 bagatina. 22. Peter von Schaumburg (1424 – 1469). Osim tih pojedinačnih nalaza, pronađena su i Bavaria. Augsburg diocese. 1441. Pfennig. dva konglomerata korodiranoga novca, uredno Grave 6? složenoga jedan na drugoga. Oni po svemu su- 24. Johann II (1429 – 1441) or Friedrich IV deći ukazuju na postojanje vrećice ili drugačijega (1441 – 1452). Salzburg. One-sided Pfennig. skupnog deponiranja. Na taj je način vrlo vjero-

526 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

jatno kako su i ove dvije grupe bili grobni prilozi, Grave 62. bilo u vrećici ili u džepu pokojnika. To su: 40. 15th century. Pfennig.

Nepoznati grob, PN 157 a-c Grave 5. 94. Ferdinand II (1590 – 1637). 3 Kreutzers. 102. Marcantonio Giustinian (1684. – 1688.). Mletci. Soldo od 12 bagatina. Grave 93. 106. 17. st. Mletci. Bezzo. 95. Antonio Priuli (1618 – 1623). Venice. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. 107. 17. st. Mletci. Bezzo. Besides these individual finds, two conglomer- Nepoznati grob, PN 473 a-e ates of corroded coinage were found, stacked 3. Meinhard II. (1286. – 1295.). one upon the other in orderly fashion. By all ac- Tirol. Merano. Križar. counts this indicates the existence of a pouch or 5. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). other group depositing. This makes it very likely Mletci. Soldino. that these two groups were grave gifts, whether 6. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). in a pouch or the pockets of the deceased. These Mletci. Soldino. are: 7. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Unknown grave, SF 157 a-c Mletci. Soldino. 102. Marcantonio Giustinian (1684 – 1688). 8. Francesco Dandolo (1329. – 1339.). Venice. Soldo of 12 Bagattini. Mletci. Soldino. 106. 17th century. Venice. Bezzo. Iz priloženoga možemo zaključiti kako je srebrni 107. 17th century. Venice. Bezzo. novac je bio prilično dugo čuvan i zasigurno je Unknown grave, SF 473 a-e zadržao neku svoju vrijednost, neovisno o mje- njačkome tečaju. To se posebice vidi iz groba 3. Meinhard II (1286 – 1295). 40 gdje su najraniji novci možda još iz kraja 14. Tyrol. Merano. Kreutzer. stoljeća (bavarski feninzi iz Minhena, Öttinga i 5. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Landshuta). Doba ukopavanja toga groba vjero- Venice. Soldino. jatno su pedesete godine 16.st. što se naslućuje iz 6. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). priloga iz četiriju solda Francesca Donata (1545. Venice. Soldino. – 1553.) i grosseta Ercolea II. d’Estea (1534. – 7. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). 1559.). Tako je razvidno kako su mali bavarski Venice. Soldino. i austrijski feninzi mogli biti čuvani i preko jednoga stoljeća! 8. Francesco Dandolo (1329 – 1339). Venice. Soldino. Posebni nalaz broj 473a-e s Trga pul Vele crikve We can conclude from the above stated that sil- pokazuje nam kako su tirolski krajcari zadnje če- ver money was held on to for a quite long period tvrtine 14.st. bili u upotrebi i tijekom druge če- of time and certainly preserved value, irrespec- tvrtine 14. st., dakle veoma moguće preko pola tive of exchange rates. This is especially evident stoljeća. from grave 40 where the earliest coins may have I inače drugi skupni nalazi, neovisno jesu li su to been from as far back as the late 14th century ostave ili grobni prilozi, pokazuju čestu upotre- (Bavarian Pfennigs from München, Ötting and bu srebrnoga ili zlatnoga novca staroga 150 – 50 Landshut). The burial date for this grave is likely godina (MIRNIK, 1977, 1984, 1994 i drugdje; in the 1550s, as indicated by the grave good of DEMO 2007, g. 166, itd.). Također se vidi kako four Soldi issued by Francesco Donato (1545 – su osobe bez zazora držale novac različitih zema- 1553) and a Grossetto issued by Ercole II d’Este lja, vladara ili datacije, očigledno cijeneći samo (1534 – 1559). Thus it is evident that small činjenicu kako su izrađeni od srebra (ili zlata).

527 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Novac kao grobni prilog Bavarian and Austrian Pfennigs may have been stored for over a century! Općenito gledano, vidi se kako se u groblju lak- še pronalaze novci 14. – 15.st., dok su oni 16. i Special find number 473a-e from Pul Vele Crikve 17.st. rjeđi. Postavlja se pitanje razloga zbog ko- Square demonstrates that Tyrolean Kreutzers jega su svi ti novci završili u grobovima. from the last quarter of the 14th century were in use during the second quarter of the 15th cen- Neki smatraju kako polaganje novca u grob nije tury#14. st, i.e. very likely for over a half century. bio dio običaja, već je riječ o slučajnome previdu kod ukopavanja pokojnika, usprkos tome što po- Other group finds customarily, irrespective of kojnik iz groba 74 o kojemu pišu drži novac na whether they are hoards or grave goods, dem- prsima, praktično u ruci (MAŠIĆ, PANTLIK onstrate the frequent use of 50 to 150 year old 2008, 336). Također, neovisno od nejasnoće silver or gold coinage (MIRNIK, 1977, 1984, oko okolnosti ukopa pokojnika u Vukovaru, 1994 and elsewhere; DEMO 2007, g. 166, etc). velika količina akvilejskih denara 15.st. nađe- It is also evident that people were not averse to na je uredno ukopana s pokojnikom, odnosno holding coinage from various countries, rulers „novci (su) nađeni lijepo složeni na njegov[u] and dates, evidently valuing only the fact that toraksu“ (MIRNIK 1994, 85). Na zagrebačkoj they were minted in silver (or gold). je Opatovini u djelomično istraženome srednjo- vjekovnom groblju dokumentirano više grobova koji su sadržavali novac kao grobni prilog, a u Coins as grave gifts jednom primjeru novac se također nalazio na prsima (grobovi 13, 32, 98, 166, DEMO 2007). In general, it is evident that coins from the 14th Osim tih primjera Mirnik je nabrojao i velik to 15th centuries are more readily found in cem- broj nalaza srednjovjekovnoga novca 12. – 15.st. eteries, while those from the 16th and 17th cen- u grobovima (MIRNIK 2004, 211, 212) koji turies are scarcer. The question arises as to why teško mogu biti plod slučajnosti i previda kod all of these coins wound up on graves. ukopavanja pokojnika. Some feel that placing coins in a grave was not a Stoga, može se zaključiti kako su neki pokoj- custom, but rather that these were chance over- nici u razdoblju od 13. do 16.st. bili namjerno sights during the burial of the deceased, in spite ukopavani s novčanim prilogom, kao što je to of the fact that in the case of the deceased in vidljivo iz nekoliko primjera na našemu groblju. grave 74 of which they write the coins are placed Isto tako, treba naglasiti da se od 17.st. u grobo- on the chest, practically in the hand of the de- vima umjesto novca sve češće pronalaze svetačke ceased (MAŠIĆ, PANTLIK 2008, 336). Also, medaljice, krunice i križići, što je primjetljivo na independent of the uncertainty concerning the groblju na Trgu pul Vele crikve, ali je uvriježeno burial of the deceased in Vukovar, a significant i drugdje (AZINOVIĆ ovdje; JANEŠ ovdje; quantity of 15th century Aquileian Denarii was MIRNIK 2004, 213). found buried in an orderly fashion along with the deceased, i.e. the “coins (were) found in orderly arrangement on his thorax” (MIRNIK Numizmatičke zanimljivosti 1994, 85). Several graves were documented at a partially investigated Medieval cemetery at Najstariji su novci dva mala zdjelasta srebrna de- Opatovina in Zagreb that contained coins as nara (1, 2) koje je kovao Orio Malipiero (1178. grave gifts and in one example the coins were – 1192.) ili Enrico Dandolo (1192. – 1205.) u also on the chest of the deceased (graves 13, 32, Mletcima. Kao takvi nisu posebno rijetki, ali 98 and 166, DEMO 2007). Besides these exam- ih je inače teško pronaći zbog svojih vrlo malih ples Mirnik also enumerated a large number of dimenzija i krhkosti. Najbliža je analogija na- finds of Medieval coins from the 12th to 15th centuries in graves (MIRNIK 2004, 211, 212)

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laz takvoga novca iz kaštela u Žminju (BEKIĆ that can hardly constitute the result of chance 2008b). and oversight during the interment of the deceased. Zanimljiv nalaz je i zdjelasti denar grada Padove (11) koji je kovao Francesco Da Carrara (1355. It can, then, be concluded that some deceased – 1388.). Na našemu primjerku čita se natpis were deliberately interred with monetary grave CIVITAS F / PADVA, gdje se ime grada nalazi gifts in the period from the 13th to 16th cen- razdijeljeno unutar šest krakova zvijezde. Slični tury, as is evident from several examples at our novci kovani su i u doba padovanske republike cemetery. Likewise, it should be noted that, od 1271. do 1328. godine. Treba upozoriti kako from the 17th century on, there are ever more je nalaz vrlo sličnoga novca prije Drugoga svjet- frequent finds of saint’s medals, rosaries and skog rata na riječkome Korzu pobudio pažnju small crosses instead of coins, which is apparent Riccarda Gigantea koji ih je smatrao riječkoga at the cemetery on Pul Vele Crikve Square, but is kova (MIMICA 1996, 171-176). Prema Gigan- also a common practice elsewhere (AZINOVIĆ teu, na reversu se nalazio natpis S(ancti) VITI, here; JANEŠ here; MIRNIK 2004, 213). što bi upućivalo na to da je kovan u gradu na Rječini. Mimica ne prihvaća baš sve Giganteove pretpostavke, ali smatra kako se nije radilo o pa- Numismatic rarities dovanskome novcu, već o riječkim patvorinama „iz nužde“ (koje se kuju kada nedostaje novca u The oldest coins are two small concave (scy- redovnome prometu). Spomenuti nalazi odavno phate) silver Denarii (1, 2) minted in Venice by su izgubljeni, a to pitanje nije nikada dokraja ra- Orio Malipiero (1178 – 1192) or Enrico Dan- zriješeno. dolo (1192 – 1205). They are not, as such, particularly rare, but they are hard to find because Sretan nalaz je i srebrni denar zvan i „banovac“ of their very small dimensions and fragility. (4). Takav novac kovan je u tadašnjoj Slavoniji, The closest analogy is a coin find at the castle in a ovaj primjerak u vrijeme bana Stjepana IV. Ba- Žminj (BEKIĆ 2008b). bonića u Zagrebu početkom 14. stoljeća. On na sebi nosi prikaz kune, prema kojemu je i naša da- Another interesting find is a concave Denar našnja kuna dobila ime. Treba napomenuti kako from the city of Padua (11) minted by Francesco se taj novac kod Mimice navodi kao R4 što ga Da Carrara (1355 – 1388). On our specimen the čini vrlo rijetkim primjerkom. legend reads CIVITAS F / PADVA, with the name of the city divided within the six points of Treba spomenuti i dosada prvi riječki nalaz akvi- a star. Similar coins were struck during the Padu- lejskoga denara koji je kovao Antonio II. Pancie- an republic period from 1271 to 1328. It should ra di Portogruaro (1402. – 1411.). Taj je denar be noted that a find of a very similar coin prior bio cijenjen u ono vrijeme. U Vukovaru je pro- to World War II at Rijeka’s Korzo caught the at- nađen grob koji sadržavao vrećicu s većom koli- tention of Riccardo Gigante who deemed them činom novca iz 15.st., a među njima je značajan to have been struck in Rijeka (MIMICA 1996, udio zauzimao takav denar, čak 533 komada od 171-176). According to Gigante, the reverse 998 sveukupno pronađenih (MIRNIK 1994, br. bore the inscription S(ancti) VITI, who would 55-588). indicate that it had been minted in the city on the Rječina River. Mimica does not accept all of I među novijim nalazima bilježimo dva zani- Gigante’s hypotheses, but does feel that this was mljiva. To su žetoni za piće ili obrok u gradskim not Paduan coinage, but rather Rijeka counter- krčmama ili restoranima. Na jednome (157) se feits “out of necessity” (struck when there was a nalazi natpis HOTEL I RISTOR ZARA, 1/4 lack of money in regular circulation). The cited LITRE. Slični žetoni nekada su zvani i Biermar- finds were lost long ago and the issue never fully ke. Njihova je vrijednost iznosila četvrtinu litre resolved. nekoga pića, vjerojatno piva ili vina, a prema sa-

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čuvanome natpisu mogli su se iskoristiti u hotelu A fortunate find is of a silver Denar known as i restoranu Zara. Sličan žeton pronađen je i prili- a “Banovac” (4). This coin was issued in Sla- kom istraživanja Principija u Rijeci, ali tamošnji vonia—this specimen was struck in Zagreb in primjerak ima samo natpis 3/10 LITER s obje the early 14th century during the reign of Ban strane (BEKIĆ 2009b, 24, s. 320). Stjepana IV Babonić. It bears the likeness of a marten (kuna), which is the name of our present Uz taj, pronađen je i žeton za obrok u javnome day currency. It should be noted that this coin is restoranu Giardino (158). Mada numizmatički cited by Mimica as R4, designating it a very rare slabo vrijedni, ti žetoni zapravo su lokalne ko- specimen. vanice koje nam svjedoče o tadašnjemu životu u Rijeci. Also noteworthy is the first ever Rijeka find of an Aquileian Denar minted for Antonio II Pan- I na kraju treba reći nešto i o ostalim nalazima, ciera di Portogruaro (1402 – 1411). This Denar odnosno o olovnim plombama, gumbima, me- was prized in its time. A grave was discovered daljama i značkama. in Vukovar containing a pouch with a large Jednostavan mjedeni plosnati gumb (190) na- quantity of 15th century coinage, among them izgled nije zanimljiv nalaz, međutim na njegovoj a significant portion was accounted for by this poleđini otkrio se natpis koji nam ipak daje neku Denar, as many as 533 of a total of the 998 speci- sliku ovoga predmeta. Na njemu stoji natpis mens discovered (MIRNIK 1994, nos. 55-588). TREBLE GILT RICH OR ENG što bi se tre- There are also two interesting newer finds. These balo čitati kao Treble gilt, Orange rich, England. are beverage or meal tokens at city taverns or res- Gumbi sa sličnim natpisima (npr. „Best Qua- taurants. One (157) bears the inscription HO- lity“, „Treble Gilt Standard“ i „Orange / Extra TEL I RISTOR ZARA, 1/4 LITRE. Similar Fine London“, itd.) postali su moderni u muš- tokens were once referred to as Biermarke. Their koj modi u Engleskoj od 1830-ih godina te su se value was a quarter litre of a beverage, likely beer slični natpisi utiskivali do 1860-ih godina (AS- or wine, and, based on the preserved legend, CHER, FAIRBANKS 1971, 13). Na našemu could be used at the Zara hotel & restaurant. A gumbu TREBLE znači trostruka, GILT znači similar token was discovered during the research pozlata a ORANGE RICH bi trebalo svjedočiti at Rijeka’s principia, but that specimen only o postojanosti boje gumba. ENG je naravno po- bore the inscription 3/10 LITER on both sides rijeklo gumba, odnosno Engleska. Ti su natpisi (BEKIĆ 2009b, 24, s. 320). služili kao uvjerenje o kvaliteti gumba i postojanosti njegova sjaja, u doba kada su odijela rađena Also found was a meal token for the Giardino po mjeri, a gumbi nabavljani zasebno. Osim za public restaurant (158). Although of little nu- civilna odijela, takvi su gumbi često korišteni u mismatic value, these tokens are local coins that vojne svrhe sredinom 19. st., a naš gumb mogao bear witness to life in Rijeka at the time. je i pristajati na nekome finome mornaričkom odijelu. In closing, some notes on other finds, i.e. lead seals, buttons, medals and tokens. Vojna medalja (191) s prikazom poprsja njemač- koga cara Wilhelma II. i austrijskog cara Franje A simple flat brass button (190) is, at first ap- Josipa te godinama 1914. – 1915. trebala bi svje- pearances, not a particularly fascinating find, dočiti o čvrstoj savezničkoj povezanosti Njemač- but its back reveals an inscription that does offer ke i Austro-Ugarske tijekom Prvoga svjetskog us insight into this object. The object bears the rata. Ratna medalja iste političke poruke i sa inscription TREBLE GILT RICH OR ENG, sličnim prikazom tih dvaju careva, no drugačije- which is read as Treble gilt, Orange rich, Eng- ga tipa, već je pronađena u Rijeci prilikom istra- land. Buttons with similar inscriptions (such as živanja Principija (BEKIĆ 2009b, 31, str. 323). Best Quality, Treble Gilt Standard and Orange / Extra Fine London, etc.) were modern in male

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Mala medalja (192) srebrnoga sjaja s natpisom fashion in England from the 1830s and simi- Fiume, Gare di nuoto, II premio, 1916, svjedoči lar inscriptions were embossed up to the 1860s o nekoj plivačkoj utrci koja je u Rijeci održana (ASCHER, FAIRBANKS 1971, 13). On our u jeku Prvoga svjetskog rata. Možda je bila riječ button TREBLE means triple, GILT refers to o službenome prvenstvu ili samo o nekome ma- gilding and ORANGE RICH is an indication njemu lokalnome plivačkom natjecanju. of the durability of the button’s colour. ENG, of course, refers to the origin of the button, Eng- Pod kataloškim su brojevima 193 i 194 opisane land. These inscriptions served as guarantees of manje, višebojno emajlirane značke. Ove značke the quality of the button and the durability of označavale su pripadnika fašističkoga pokreta, a its lustre at a time when suits were tailored to nosile su se na civilnoj odjeći. Na tim primjerci- measure and buttons procured separately. Be- ma nema slova, međutim kasniji primjerci često sides for civilian clothing, these buttons were su označavani slovima P.N.F. odnosno Partito also frequently used in military purposes in the Nazionale Fascista. mid 19th century, and our button may have sat Mali, jako korodiran i neugledan nalaz pod well on fine navy attire. brojem 195 ispočetka nije bio zanimljiv iskopa- A military medal (191) with bust effigies of vačima. Međutim, nakon čišćenja i proučavanja Emperor Wilhelm II and Austrian Emperor ustanovilo se kako je riječ o znački koja je ozna- Franz Joseph and the years 1914 – 1915 aimed čavala pripadnika fašističkih paravojnih postroj- to testify to the firm alliance between Germany bi tzv. squadrista. Ta grupacija, Squadre d’Azione, and Austria-Hungary during World War I. A osnovana je još 1919., a njezini su pripadnici war medal with the same political message and zvani i Camicie nere odnosno crnokošuljaši. Ti- a similar depiction of the two emperors, but of jekom desetljeća koja su uslijedila, squadristi su different type, has already been discovered in mijenjali svoj službeni naziv. Ta je značka bila Rijeka during research of the principia (BEKIĆ je u upotrebi tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata, a 2009b, 31, pg. 323). također i nakon pada Italije 1943. i u novoj tzv. Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Zapovijed broj 46 A small medal (192) of silver lustre with the in- od 27. prosinca 1944.g. službeno je određivala scription Fiume, Gare di nuoto, II premio, 1916, nošenje te značke na lijevoj strani prsa, iznad bears witness to a swimming race held in Rijeka medalja. Na pozadini se nalazi nečitljivo ime at the height of the First World War. This may proizvođača značke. have been an official championship event or a smaller scale local swimming competition. Medalja broj 196 nije mi poznata iz dostupne literature. Na aversu se nalazi glava i ime Benita Small, multicoloured enamelled badges are de- Mussolinija, a sudeći prema natpisu na reversu scribed under catalogue numbers 193 and 194. očigledno je izdana povodom desetgodišnjice These badges signified a member of the Fascist tzv. marša na Rim kada su fašisti, 28. listopada movement and were worn on civilian clothing. 1922., preuzeli vlast u Italiji. Tu su desetgodiš- These specimens do not bear lettering, but later njicu fašisti obilježili brojnim memorijalnim specimens often bore the letters P.N.F., an ab- medaljama. breviation of the Partito Nazionale Fascista. Medalja broj 197 prema natpisu na njoj izdana A small, very corroded and unremarkable find je povodom susreta djelatnika pošte, a na reversu under number 195 was not initially of interest se nalazi prikaz i ime gradića Predappia gdje je to the excavators. After cleaning and inspection ovaj susret moguće i održan. S druge strane, taj je however it was established that this was a badge gradić rodno mjesto Mussolinija, koji se i nalazi that identified members of the Fascist paramili- prikazan na aversu, pa je možda ovdje prikazan tary units known as the squadrista. This group, samo zbog dodatne počasti Duceu. the Squadre d’Azione, was established back in 1919, and its members were also known as the

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Camicie nere, i.e. Blackshirts. In the decades that followed the squadristi changed their official title. The badge was in use during World War II, and after the fall of Italy in 1943 in the new Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Command number 46 of 27 December 1944 officially decreed that the badge was to be worn on the left side of the chest, above medals. The field bears the illegible name of the badge’s manufacturer.

I have been unable to identify medal number 196 from the available literature. The obverse bears the head and name of Benito Mussolini, and judging from the inscription on the reverse it was evidently issued for the tenth anniversary of the “March on Rome” on 28 October 1922 when the Fascists took power in Italy. This ten- year anniversary was celebrated by the Fascists on numerous memorial medals.

Based on the inscription it bears, medal number 197 was issued for a gathering of postal work- ers with the reverse bearing a depiction and the name of the town of Predappia where this gathering may have been staged. On the other hand, this town is the birthplace of Mussolini, who is depicted on the obverse, and may be depicted here only as a further honouring of the Duce.

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Zaključak Conclusion Na kraju usporedimo nalaze s istraživanja Prin- In closing, it is evident, in comparing the finds cipija i ovoga s Pul Vele crikve. Očito je kako from the investigation of the principia with these je sada pronađeno mnogo više novca te kako je from Pul Vele Crikve, that a significantly greater pronađeno i dosta starijega novca. Najraniji pri- quantity and a significant number of older coins mjerci su iz 12. st. i 13. st. što nam ukazuje na to were found here. The earliest specimens are from kako je život na ovome dijelu Rijeke intenzivniji the 12th and 13th century, which indicates that negoli na prostoru oko današnje zgrade Jadro- life in this part of Rijeka was of greater intensity agenta. Inače su od 15. st. nadalje omjeri novca than in the area around the present day Jadroag- na oba nalazišta slični, a na Trgu pul Vele crikve ent building. The proportion of coins from the samo se izdvajaju neki nalazi koji nisu bili zastu- 15th century on is similar at both sites, and at pljeni na Principiju, npr. slavonski novac. Pul Vele Crikve Square we note the discovery of some finds that were not represented at the prin- Tako možemo reći kako je u Rijeci tijekom cipia, such as Slavonian coinage. srednjega vijeka uglavnom kolao srebrni novac kovan u Mletcima te austrijskim i njemačkim Thus we can observe that most of the money in pokrajinama. Nakon toga, u 17. st. najčešći su circulation in Rijeka in the Medieval period con- novci austrijskih vladara sve do razdoblja nakon sisted of silver coinage minted in Venice and the Prvoga svjetskog rata kada je u upotrebi talijan- Austrian and German provinces. From the 17th ski novac. century to the period following the First World War—when Italian money was introduced— Vrlo je zanimljivo usporediti karte porijekla ri- the most frequent coins are those minted for ječkih kovanica 12. – 17.st. s kartom hodoča- Austrian rulers. sničkih središta dokumentiranih riječkim medaljicama 17. – 18.st. (AZINOVIĆ, ovdje) koje It is very interesting to compare on a map the nam pokazuju slične europske prostore. To nam origins of the Rijeka coins from the 12th to 17th zorno ukazuje kako je Rijeka kroz sva ta stoljeća century with the destinations of pilgrimages bila upućena na sjever, srednjoeuropski prostor documented on Rijeka medals from the 17th to Austrije, Bavarske, ali i djelomično na sjeveroi- 18th century (AZINOVIĆ, here) as they indi- stok, prema Mađarskoj ili zapad prema sjevernoj cate similar European areas. This is a striking in- Italiji. Ujedno je tim prostorima očigledno pru- dication that through all those centuries Rijeka žala izlaz na more, kao svojevrsna vrata trgovine was oriented to the northern, central European prema udaljenijim prekomorskim krajevima. area of Austria, Bavaria, and to some extent to the northeast, towards Hungary, or the west towards northern Italy. It also evidently offered these areas access to the sea, as a commercial gateway of sorts towards distant overseas destinations.

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Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 40 36 40,00% 35 36 40,00% 36,64% 35 36,64% 35,00% 30 35,00% 30,53% 30 30,00% 30,53% 25 30,00% 25 Grakon 2. Postotni udio 21 25,00% Grakon 2. Postotni udio 20 21 25,00% (%NISP) identiciranih 20 (%NISP)uzoraka identiciranih prema pojedinim 15 20,00% 17,94% 15 20,00% uzoraka prema pojedinim 1513 17,94% vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja 15 13 15,00% 13,36% vrstamasrednjega sisavaca i ranoga iz razdoblja novog 10 15,00% 13,36% srednjegavijeka ilokaliteta ranoga novog Rijeka – Trg 10 6 10,00% vijekapul lokaliteta Vele crikve. Rijeka – Trg 5 6 10,00% 3 4 5 2 2 pul Vele crikve. 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 5,00% 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 5,00% 1,15% 0,38% 0 1,15% 0,00% 0,38% 0-50 0,00% govedo mali svinja jelen zec konj 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950 0-50

950-1000 govedo/cattle malipreživači svinja /pigs jelen obični zec /hare konj /horse 1000-1050 1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900 1900-1950 1950-1990 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950

950-1000 /cattle preživači /pigs obični /hare /horse

1000-1050 1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900 1900-1950 1950-1990 /small /red deer /smallruminants /red deer ruminants

Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja

Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 38 37 40 38 37 35 35 30 30 25 24 Grakon 1. Postotni udio deter- 25 24 22 Grakon 1. Postotni udio deter- 22 miniranih faunalnih ostataka iz 20 miniranihrazdoblja faunalnih srednjega ostataka i ranoga iz 20 razdoblja srednjega i ranoga 15 novog vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – 15 12 novogTrg vijeka pul Vele lokaliteta crikve. Rijeka – 12 9 10 9 Trg pul Vele crikve. 9 9 10 7 6 7 7 5 6 7 6 7 7 5 5 6 3 3 2 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 50-0 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 50-0 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 950-1000 1950-1990 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900

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Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

140 136 140 136 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 43 39 37 37 40 43 31 39 37 37 40 31 20 12 11 12 11 20 4 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 2 1 12 11 4 112 4 4 11 4 5 5 7 7 0 3 1 3 3 2 1 4 1 4 4 0 50-0 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 50-0 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990 Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 36 40,00% 35 36,64% 35,00% 30 30,53% 30,00% 25 Grakon 2. Postotni udio 21 25,00% 20 (%NISP) identiciranih uzoraka prema pojedinim 15 20,00% 17,94% 15 13 vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja 15,00% 13,36% srednjega i ranoga novog 10 vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg 6 10,00% 5 pul Vele crikve. 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5,00% 0 1,15% 0,38% 0,00% 0-50 govedo mali svinja jelen zec konj 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950

950-1000 /cattle preživači /pigs obični /hare /horse 1000-1050 1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900 1900-1950 1950-1990 /small /red deer ruminants

Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 38 37 35

Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 36 40,00% 35 140 36,64%136 35,00% 120 30 30,53% 30,00% 25 100 Grakon 2. Postotni udio 21 25,00% 20 80 (%NISP) identiciranih uzoraka prema pojedinim 15 20,00% 17,94% 15 60 13 vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja 43 15,00% 13,36% 39 srednjega i ranoga37 37 novog 40 10 31 vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg 6 10,00% 5 20 pul Vele crikve. 3 4 12 11 12 11 2 2 4 5 5 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,00%1 3 3 2 1 4 1 4 4 0 0 1,15% 0,38% 0,00% 50-0 0-50

50-100 govedo mali svinja jelen zec konj 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950 950-1000 950-1000 1950-1990 /cattle preživači /pigs obični /hare1050-1100 1150-1200 /horse1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1000-1050 1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900 1900-1950 1950-1990 /small /red deer ruminants

Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 38 37 35

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Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

140 136

120

100

60 43 39 37 37 40 31

20 12 11 12 11 4 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 2 1 4 1 4 4 0 50-0 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990

ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA LJUDSKIH KOŠTANIH OSTATAKA S NALAZIŠTA RIJEKA – TRG PUL VELE CRIKVE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BONE REMAINS FROM THE RIJEKA - TRG PUL VELE CRIKVE SITE

Prof. dr. sc. Mario Šlaus Dr. sc. Mario Novak Željka Bedić Vlasta Vyroubal Odsjek za arheologiju Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti Department of Archaeology Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Rad je sufinanciran projektom HRZZ “Utjecaj endemskog ratovanja na zdravlje kasnosrednjovjekovnih i ranonovovjekovnih populacija iz Hrvatske” (broj 8100). PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

UVOD INTRODUCTION

Bioarheologija je znanstvena disciplina koja Bioarchaeology is the scientific discipline of proučava ljudske osteološke i dentalne ostatke examining human osteological and dental re- u kontekstu arheoloških istraživanja. Ona daje mains in the context of archaeological research. uvid u uvjete i način života arheoloških popula- This study gives an overview of the conditions cija te služi kao potvrda i nadopuna arheološkim and way of life of an archaeological population, i povijesnim podacima. Osim toga, bioarheo- and serves to confirm and supplement archaeo- loške analize pokazale su se nezamjenjivima u logical and historical data. Furthermore, bioar- rekonstrukciji svakodnevnoga života naših pre- chaeological analyses have proven irreplaceable daka jer podaci koji se tiču prosječne doživljene in the reconstruction of the daily life of our an- starosti, stopa smrtnosti, pojave zaraznih bolesti cestors, as data regarding the average life span, te učestalosti i vrsti trauma najčešće nisu dostu- mortality rate, appearance of infectious diseases pni iz povijesnih izvora i arheoloških artefakata. and the frequency and most common types of trauma are not available from historical sources U zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća objavljeno je više or archaeological artefacts. radova i jedna knjiga koji se bave sustavnim bio- arheološkim analizama kasnosrednjovjekovnih i In recent decades, several papers and a book novovjekovnih populacija u Hrvatskoj. Ž. Mikić have been published in the field of the system- (1983) objavio je paleodemografske karakteri- atic bioarchaeological analyses of the Late Me- stike te morfološke i tipološke karakteristike lu- dieval and Post Medieval populations in Croa- banja kasnosrednjovjekovne populacije iz Ričica tia. Mikić (1983) reported on the palaeodemo- kraj Imotskoga. A. Šarić Bužančić (1999) dala graphic characteristics and the morphological je opis paleodemografskih i paleopatoloških and typological characteristics of skulls of the karakteristika kasnosrednjovjekovne populacije Late Medieval population from Ričice near Im- iz Vida kraj Metkovića, dok je M. Šlaus (1996) otski. Šarić Bužančić (1999) gave a description iznio detaljan opis bioarheoloških karakteristika of the palaeodemographic and palaeopathologi- kasnosrednjovjekovne populacije iz Danila Gor- cal characteristics of a Late Medieval population njega kraj Šibenika. Također, M. Šlaus (1994) from Vid near Metković, while Šlaus (1996) iznio je podatke o perimortalnim traumama i gave a detailed description of the bioarchaeo- biološkome stresu kod kasnosrednjovjekovnih logical characteristics of a Late Medieval popu- stanovnika Ozlja. O kasnosrednjovjekovnoj po- lation from Danilo Gornji near Šibenik. Šlaus pulaciji iz Nove Rače kod Bjelovara objavljeno (1994) also published data on perimortal trau- je nekoliko radova (JAKOVLJEVIĆ I ŠLAUS ma and biological stress in the Late Medieval 2003; ŠLAUS 2000; ŠLAUS i sur. 1997). Šlaus population of Ozalj. Several papers have been i Filipec (1998) dali su vrlo detaljne informacije published on the Late Medieval population o bioarheološkim karakteristikama srednjovje- of Nova Rača near Bjelovar (JAKOVLJEVIĆ kovnih stanovnika Đakova. Rezultate bioar- & ŠLAUS 2003; ŠLAUS 2000; ŠLAUS et al. heološke analize kasnosrednjovjekovne/novo- 1997). Šlaus & Filipec (1998) gave a very de- vjekovne populacije iz Torčeca kraj Koprivnice tailed account of the bioarchaeological charac- objavili su Šlaus i sur. (2003), dok su Novak i sur. teristics of the Medieval population of Đakovo. (2007) iznijeli rezultate vrlo minuciozne analize The results of bioarchaeological analysis of the

539 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

novovjekovne populacije iz Koprivna kraj Klisa. Late Medieval/Post Medieval population from Šlaus i Novak objavili su podatke o učestalosti Torčec near Koprivnica were published by Šlaus i distribuciji trauma u kasnosrednjovjekovnim/ et al. (2003), while Novak et al. (2007) reported novovjekovnim populacijama iz Crkvara i Su- on the results of very detailed analysis of the hopolja (2006), a opisali su i slučaj veneričnoga Post Medieval population from Koprivno near sifilisa u novovjekovnome sloju grobova iz Cr- Klis. Šlaus & Novak (2006) published data on kvara (2007). Novak i Šlaus (2007) iznijeli su the frequency and distribution of trauma in the podatke o učestalosti pokazatelja subadultnoga Late Medieval/Post Medieval populations from stresa u kasnosrednjovjekovnoj populaciji iz Crkvar and Suhopolje, and also described a case Dugopolja. I, na kraju, M. Šlaus (2002) u svojoj of venereal syphilis in the Post Medieval layer je knjizi objavio analize provedene na više nala- of a grave from Crkvar (2007). Novak & Šlaus zišta iz kontinentalne Hrvatske koja kronološki (2007) reported on the frequency of indicators pripadaju kasnome srednjem i novom vijeku. of subadult stress in a Late Medieval population from Dugopolje. Finally, Šlaus (2002) published Svi navedeni radovi bavili su se izučavanjem a book in which he outlined the analysis con- osteoloških pokazatelja uvjeta i kvalitete života ducted at several sites from continental Croatia kasnosrednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih popu- which chronologically belong to the Late Medi- lacija koje su živjele u manjim seoskim zajedni- eval and Post Medieval periods. cama. Do danas je objavljeno samo jedno istra- živanje koje se bavilo bioarheološkom analizom All the publications listed above dealt with the urbanih populacija iz toga razdoblja, a riječ je study of osteological indicators of the condi- o osobama koje su se tijekom kasnoga srednjeg tions and quality of life in the Late Medieval vijeka pokapale na groblju oko crkve sv. Franje and Post Medieval populations that lived in na Opatovini u Zagrebu (ŠLAUS i sur. 2007). small, rural communities. To date, there has only Iznimno slabo stanje istraženosti kasnosrednjo- been one study dealing with the bioarchaeologi- vjekovnih i novovjekovnih urbanih populacija cal analysis of an urban population from that pe- s područja Hrvatske rezultiralo je potrebom za riod, investigating the people who were buried detaljnim istraživanjem jedne veće, dobro ušču- during the Late Medieval period in the cemetery vane i odlično iskopavane urbane populacije. surrounding the church of St. Francis on Opa- Zahvaljujući opsežnim arheološkim istraživanji- tovina Street in Zagreb (ŠLAUS et al. 2007). ma tijekom 2008. i 2009. god. na Trgu pul Vele The exceptionally poor level of study of the Late crikve u Rijeci te nalazu veće količine ljudskoga Medieval and Post Medieval urban populations koštanog materijala na tom nalazištu, ukazala se in Croatia has resulted in the need for a detailed prilika da se detaljnom antropološkom analizom study of a larger, well preserved and properly ex- dobije jasnija slika kvalitete života ljudi koji su humed urban population. Thanks to extensive tijekom kasnoga srednjeg i novog vijeka živjeli u archaeological research during 2008 and 2009 at Rijeci. S obzirom na to da je Rijeka u tom raz- the Pul Vele Crikve site in Rijeka and the find of doblju bila razvijena urbana cjelina, usporedba a large quantity of human bone material at that bioarheoloških karakteristika stanovnika Rijeke site, the opportunity arose to conduct a detailed i Zagreba polučit će iznimno važne informacije, anthropological analysis aimed at obtaining a tj. pokazat će postoje li između uzorka iz Rijeke better picture of the quality of life of the peo- i uzorka iz Zagreba bitne razlike u doživljenim ple who lived in Rijeka during the Late Medi- starostima i osteološkim pokazateljima bolesti eval and Post Medieval period. Considering that ili nasilja. Također, pokušat će se uvidjeti koji su Rijeka at that time was already a developed ur- mogući uzroci eventualnih razlika između uzo- ban entity, the comparison of bioarchaeological raka, npr. lokalni društveni i ekonomski čimbe- characteristics of the population of Rijeka and nici i sl. I na kraju, usporedbom podataka dobi- Zagreb will provide exceptionally significant in- venih ovim istraživanjem pokušat će se potvrditi formation, i.e. it will show whether there were pretpostavke temeljene na antropološkoj analizi significant differences between the Rijeka and

540 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

da su osobe pokopane na groblju oko crkve sv. Zagreb samples in life span, economic factors Franje u Zagrebu pripadale povlaštenim druš- and so forth. Finally, a comparison of the data tvenim slojevima (ŠLAUS i sur. 2007). obtained in this study will be aimed at confirming the assumptions based on the anthropological analysis that the persons buried in the cem- Materijal i metode etery around the church of St. Francis in Zagreb belonged to privileged social classes (ŠLAUS et Ljudski osteološki materijal analiziran u ovo- al. 2007). me radu otkopan je tijekom zaštitnih arheološ- kih istraživanja na nalazištu Trg pul Vele crikve u središtu Rijeke. Na tome se mjestu tijekom Materials and methods srednjeg i novog vijeka nalazilo groblje uz crkvu Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije na kojemu su The human osteological material analysed in this se pokopavali stanovnici Rijeke. Uporaba se toga study was exhumed during rescue archaeological groblja na temelju arheološke građe i povijesnih research at the Pul Vele Crikve Square site in the izvora može datirati od 13. st. do 1773. (BEKIĆ centre of the City of Rijeka. During the Medi- 2011). eval and Post Medieval periods, the residents of Rijeka were buried in the cemetery of the church Za usporedbu s ljudskim osteološkim materi- of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at jalom iz Rijeke uzet je materijal koji potječe s that site. Based on the archaeological structure kasnosrednjovjekovnoga nalazišta Zagreb – Sv. and historical sources, the use of this cemetery Franjo. Taj se lokalitet nalazi ispred crkve sve- can be dated to the period from the 13th cen- toga Franje na zagrebačkoj Opatovini. Groblje tury to 1773 (BEKIĆ 2011). je 2002. istraživao Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu pod vodstvom arheologa dr. Željka Deme. Na Material originating from the Late Medieval temelju prikupljenih materijalnih nalaza upora- site in Zagreb at the church of St. Francis was ba toga groblja datira se između 14. i 16. stoljeća taken for the purpose of comparison with the (DEMO 2007). human osteological material from Rijeka. The cemetery at the church of St. Francis on Zagreb’s Osteološki je materijal nakon arheoloških isko- Opatovina Street was investigated in 2002 by pavanja u Rijeci pomno prikupljen i spremljen u the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, under pojedinačno obilježene kartonske kutije. Nakon the guidance of archaeologist Dr. Željko Demo. toga je prevezen u laboratorij Odsjeka za arheo- The use of this cemetery, based on the material logiju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti collected, is dated to the 14th to 16th centuries u Zagrebu gdje su kosti oprane, osušene i, tamo (DEMO 2007). gdje je bilo moguće, rekonstruirane. Za svaki analizirani kostur napravljena je inventura ušču- Following the archaeological dig in Rijeka, the vanih kostiju, zglobnih ploha i zuba, određen osteological material was carefully collected and je spol, procijenjena starost u trenutku smrti te stored in individually marked cardboard boxes. evidentirana prisutnost eventualnih patoloških These boxes were transported to the laboratory promjena, a tamo gdje je bilo moguće izračunata of the Archaeology Department of the Croatian je i prosječna visina. Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb, where the bones were washed, dried and, where pos- Za određivanje spola korištene su metode teme- sible, reconstructed. For each analysed skeleton, ljene na morfološkim razlikama koje su prisutan inventory was made of the preserved bones, ne između kostura muškaraca i žena. U obzir joint surfaces and teeth, sex was determined, su uzete razlike na svim kranijalnim i postkra- an assessment was made of the age at the time nijalnim elementima (BASS 1995; KIMURA of death and the presence of any pathological 1982; KROGMAN I IŞCAN 1986; PHENI- CE 1969; SUTHERLAND I SUCHEY 1991).

541 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Posebno korisnim pokazale su se diskriminan- changes was recorded and, where possible, aver- tne funkcije za određivanje spola odraslih osoba age height was calculated. na temelju dimenzija bedrene (ŠLAUS 1997) i goljenične kosti (ŠLAUS I TOMIČIĆ 2005). For the determination of sex, methods based Spol djece nije određivan. on the morphological differences that exist between male and female skeletons were used. Dif- Doživljena starost određena je na temelju više ferences in all cranial and postcranial elements čimbenika: stupnja srastanja kranijalnih i mak- were taken into consideration (BASS 1995; silarnih šavova (MANN I JANTZ 1988; ME- KIMURA 1982; KROGMAN & IŞCAN INDL I LOVEJOY 1985), promjena na pu- 1986; PHENICE 1969; SUTHERLAND & bičnoj simfizi (BROOKS I SUCHEY 1990; SUCHEY 1991). The discriminant functions GILBERT I MCKERN 1973), promjena na for the determination of sex of adult persons aurikularnoj plohi crijevne kosti (LOVEJOY i on the basis of the dimensions of the femur sur. 1985), promjena na sternalnim krajevima (ŠLAUS 1997) and tibia bones (ŠLAUS & rebara (IŞCAN i sur. 1984, 1985), prisutnosti TOMIČIĆ 2005) proved particularly useful. degenerativnih promjena na zglobnim plohama The sex of children was not determined. dugih kostiju i kralježaka (PFEIFFER 1991) i istrošenosti griznih ploha zuba (LOVEJOY The achieved age was determined on the basis of 1985). Starost dječjih kostura procijenjena je na several factors: the degree of fusion of the cra- temelju promjena koje nastaju tijekom formira- nial and maxillary sutures (MANN & JANTZ nja i nicanja mliječnih i stalnih zuba, na teme- 1988; MEINDL & LOVEJOY 1985), changes lju stupnja osifikacije kostiju (spajanje epifiza s to the symphysis pubis (BROOKS & SUCHEY dijafizama) te na temelju dužine dijafiza dugih 1990; GILBERT & MCKERN 1973), changes kostiju (BASS 1995; FAZEKAS I KÓSA 1978; to the auricular surface of the ilium (LOVE- MCKERN I STEWART 1957; MOORREES i JOY et al. 1985), changes to the sternal rib ends sur. 1963; SCHEUER I BLACK 2000). U svim (IŞCAN et al. 1984, 1985), presence of de- je analizama korišten najveći mogući broj krite- generative changes on the joint surfaces of the rija kako bi se umanjio učinak loše uščuvanosti long bones and vertebrae (PFEIFFER 1991) nekih kostura. Starost dobro uščuvanih odraslih and tooth wear (LOVEJOY 1985). The age of osoba dana je u rasponu od pet godina (npr. 21 children’s skeletons can be assessed on the basis do 25), loše uščuvanih odraslih osoba u rasponu of changes that arise during the formation and od deset ili petnaest godina, dok je starost djece growth of deciduous and permanent teeth, on dana u rasponu od jedne do tri godine. Starosti the basis of the degree of bone ossification (fu- veće od šezdeset godina nisu određivane, a sve sion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis) and on osobe starije od šezdeset godina svrstane su u the basis of the length of the diaphysis of the long jednu skupinu nazvanu „60+“. bones (BASS 1995; FAZEKAS & KÓSA 1978; MCKERN & STEWART 1957; MOORREES Za oba je uzorka napravljen grafikon sa stopama et al. 1963; SCHEUER & BLACK 2000). smrtnosti za čitave populacije, a za uzorak iz Ri- jeke grafikon sa stopama smrtnosti muškaraca i In all analyses, the largest possible number of cri- žena. Stopa smrtnosti (dx) računa se uz pomoć teria was applied so as to reduce the effect of the sljedeće formule: dx = Dx / ukupan broj umrlih poor preservation of some of the skeletons. The x 100. Pri tome je broj umrlih (Dx) stvaran broj age of well-preserved adult skeletons is given in osoba koje su umrle tijekom razdoblja x, a po- a range of five years (e.g. from 21 to 25 years), stotak umrlih ili stopa smrtnosti (dx) je relativan for poorly preserved adult skeletons in a range broj osoba koje su umrle tijekom vremenskoga of ten or fifteen years, while the age of children raspona x, ili vrijednost Dx izražena kao posto- is given in a range from one to three years. The tak ukupnoga broja u analiziranome uzorku. age of persons over the age of 60 years was not

542 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Svi kosturi analizirani su na moguću prisutnost determined, and all persons over this age were sljedećih patoloških promjena: alveolarnih bo- categorised into the 60+ age group. lesti, karijesa, hipoplazije zubne cakline, cribrae orbitaliae, Schmorlovih defekata na kralješcima, For both samples, a graph of the mortality rate osteoartritisa na kralješcima i glavnim zglobovi- for the entire population was made, while for ma, nespecifičnih zaraznih bolesti (periostitisa), the Rijeka sample, mortality rate graphs were specifičnih zaraznih bolesti (venerični sifilis i prepared separately for males and females. The tuberkuloza) i koštanih trauma. Te su patologije mortality rate (dx) is calculated using the follow- odabrane iz sljedećih razloga: 1) sve navedene ing formula: dx = Dx / total number deceased x promjene mogu se relativno lako prepoznati 100. In this equation, the number of deceased makroskopskom analizom osteološkoga mate- (Dx) is the actual number of persons that died rijala, 2) kumulativno, navedene patologije daju during period x, and the percentage of deceased dobar uvid u kvalitetu i uvjete života analizirane or mortality rate (dx) is the relative number of populacije. U nastavku je teksta dan kratak opis persons deceased during time period x, or the spomenutih patologija i objašnjen način na koji value of Dx expressed as a percentage of the total su one evidentirane. number in the analysed sample.

Alveolarne su bolesti za potrebe ovoga rada defi- All bones were analysed for the possible pres- nirane kao prisutnost periodontalnoga ili peria- ence of the following pathological changes: al- pikalnoga apscesa ili pak zaživotni gubitak zuba. veolar disease, caries, enamel hypoplasia, cribra Alveolarni apsces nastaje kada se bakterije iz ka- orbitalia, Schmorl’s nodes, osteoarthritis on ver- riozne lezije na zubu prošire u alveolu. Apsces se tebral and large joints, non-specific infectious morfološki prepoznaje po defektu na kosti koji diseases (periostitis), specific infectious disease nastaje kada gnojna tekućina iz apscesa napravi (venereal syphilis and tuberculosis) and bone otvor za otjecanje u kost. Zahvaćeni zub obično trauma. These pathologies were selected for the odumire ili biva izvađen – prirodnim putem following reasons: 1) all the above changes are ili kirurški – dok se zubna alveola s vremenom relatively simple to detect using macroscopic remodelira (ŠLAUS 2006). Zaživotni gubitak analysis of osteological material, and 2) cumu- zuba dijagnosticiran je u slučaju progresivno- latively, these pathologies give good insight into ga resorpcijskog uništenja alveole (LUKACS the quality and conditions of life of the analysed 1989) i remodeliranja alveolarne kosti. population. A short overview of these pathologies and the method in which they are recorded Zubni karijes zarazna je bolest koju obilježava is given below. demineralizacija anorganskoga dijela i uništenje organskoga dijela zuba. Oboljenje je zarazno i Alveolar diseases, for the purpose of this pa- prenosivo, a po svojoj je prirodi progresivno jer per, are defined as the presence of periodontal održavanje istih uvjeta koji su uzrokovali poja- or periapical abscesses or the permanent loss of vu karijesa u konačnici dovodi do potpunoga teeth. Alveolar abscesses arise when the bacteria uništenja zuba (PINDBORG 1970). Zubni se from the cavity lesions on the tooth expand into karijes na arheološkome materijalu lako prepo- the alveolus. Abscesses can be morphologically znaje po karakterističnim defektima koje stvara recognised by the bone defect that arises when na kruni ili korijenu zuba. Defekti mogu biti the pus from the abscess perforates an opening različite veličine, od malih i plitkih do defeka- in the bone. The affected tooth usually dies or ta koji potpuno unište krunu ili korijen zuba. is extracted, either naturally or surgically, while Prisutnost karijesa dijagnosticirana je makro- the apex of the tooth is remodelled with time skopski, pod jakim svjetlom, uz pomoć dentalne (ŠLAUS 2006). The permanent loss of teeth is probe. Karijes je dijagnosticiran samo ukoliko je diagnosed in the case of progressive resorption ustanovljen jasan defekt zubne cakline. Kod sva- of the damaged apexes (LUKACS 1989) and koga je karijesa zabilježen položaj defekta koji je the remodelling of the alveolar bone.

543 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

mogao biti: okluzalan (na griznoj plohi zuba), Dental caries are part of an infectious disease bukalan (na strani zuba okrenutoj prema unu- characterised by the demineralisation of the trašnjoj strani obraza), lingvalan (na strani zuba inorganic part and destruction of the organic okrenutoj prema jeziku), interproksimalan (na part of the tooth. The ailment is infectious and strani zuba okrenutoj prema susjednome zubu) transferrable, and by nature is progressive, as the te na korijenu zuba. maintenance of the same conditions that caused the appearance of the caries will ultimately lead Hipoplazija zubne cakline prepoznaje se kao to the complete destruction of the tooth (PIN- makroskopski defekt na površini zubne cakline DBORG 1970). Dental caries are easily recog- (PINDBORG 1970; SARNAT I SCHOUR nised in archaeological material due to the char- 1941, 1942). Riječ je o subadultnome pore- acteristic defects that appear on the crown or mećaju koji nastaje uslijed akutnih, vremenski root of the tooth. The defects can be of varying ograničenih stresova i najčešće se povezuje s gla- size, from small and shallow to those that com- dovanjem, nedostatkom vitamina A, C i D, pri- pletely destroy the crown or root of the tooth. sutnošću anemije i psihičkom i/ili fizičkom tra- The presence of caries is diagnosed macroscopi- umom (GOODMAN I ARMELAGOS 1985; cally, under strong light, with the aid of a dental GOODMAN I ROSE 1991; GOODMAN i explorer. Caries are diagnosed only if a clear de- sur. 1980; KRESHOVER 1960). Hipoplaziju fect of the dental enamel is established. For each karakterizira nedovoljna debljina zubne cakline, caries, the position of the defect was also record- a najčešće se pojavljuje u dvama oblicima: 1) kao ed, which can be: occlusal (on the biting surface niz tankih paralelnih linija s labijalne strane zuba of the tooth), buconal (side of the tooth facing (linearna hipoplazija) ili 2) kao plitke jamice na inner surface of cheek), lingual (side of tooth zubnoj caklini. Hipoplazija zubne cakline pouz- facing tongue), interproximal (side of tooth fac- dan je pokazatelj nespecifičnoga stresa tijekom ing neighbouring tooth) and root. djetinjstva (od rođenja do otprilike 13. godine života, tj. u razdoblju stvaranja zubne cakline). Enamel hypoplasia is recognised as a macro- Prema kriterijima koje su predložili Goodman scopic defect on the surface of the tooth enamel i Rose (1990), u analizu su uključene samo one (PINDBORG 1970; SARNAT & SCHOUR osobe kod kojih je dobro uščuvan barem jedan 1941, 1942). This is a subadult ailment that aris- centralni sjekutić gornje čeljusti te barem jedan es due to acute, time-limited stresses, and is usu- očnjak gornje i donje čeljusti. Podaci o učestalo- ally associated with starvation, deficiencies in vi- sti hipoplazije zubne cakline prikupljani su samo tamins A, C and D, the presence of anaemia and kod odraslih osoba. mental and/or physical trauma (GOODMAN & ARMELAGOS 1985; GOODMAN & Cribra orbitalia prepoznaje se kao porozna, bla- ROSE 1991; GOODMAN et al. 1980; KRE- go ispupčena kost na gornjim svodovima orbita. SHOVER 1960). Hypoplasia is characterised Nastaje uslijed hipertrofije diploe, što uzrokuje by an insufficient thickness of the tooth enamel, stanjivanje i poroznost vanjskoga korteksa kosti, and usually appears in one of two forms: 1) as a a smatra se posljedicom anemije uzrokovane ne- series of thin parallel lines on the labial side of dostatkom željeza. Tu anemiju uzrokuju sljedeći the tooth (linear hypoplasia) or 2) as thin fur- čimbenici: neadekvatna prehrana, endemični rows on the tooth enamel. Enamel hypoplasia parazitizam, nehigijenski uvjeti života ili kronič- is a reliable indicator of unspecific stress dur- na gastrointestinalna oboljenja (CARLSON i ing childhood (from birth to approximately the sur. 1974; EL-NAJJAR 1976; HENGEN 1971; 13th year of life, i.e. in the period of the forma- MENSFORTH i sur. 1978; STUART-MACA- tion of dental enamel). According to the crite- DAM 1985). Istovjetan se proces može pojaviti i ria proposed by Goodman & Rose (1990), only na svodu lubanje, najčešće na tjemenim kostima those persons in which at least one central inci- i zatiljnoj kosti, a tada se naziva ektokranijalna sor of the upper jaw, and at least one eye tooth poroznost ili porotična hiperostoza. Promjena of the upper and lower jaws were present were

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se može uočiti kod odraslih osoba i djece, a može included in the analysis. Data on the prevalence biti u aktivnome ili zaraslome stanju. Zarasla i of enamel hypoplasia were collected only from aktivna cribra orbitalia razlikuju se po površini adult individuals. kosti koja je zahvaćena, promjeru šupljina koje nastaju i debljini porozne kosti. Zarasla cribra Cribra orbitalia is recognised as a porous, slight- orbitalia obično pokriva manju površinu od ak- ly bulging bone on the orbital roof. It arises due tivne i ima sitne, remodelirane šupljine koje ne to hypertrophy of the marrow, which causes strše iznad razine korteksa kosti. Aktivna cribra thinning and porosity of the outer cortex of orbitalia pokriva veću površinu kosti, a šuplji- the bone, and it considered a result of anaemia ne koje nastaju uslijed hipertrofije koštane srži due to iron deficiency. This anaemia is caused većega su promjera od šupljina koje se vide u by several factors: inadequate diet, endemic zaraslome obliku i vidljivo strše iznad korteksa parasitism, unhygienic living conditions or kosti. Istraživanja arheoloških populacija iz ra- chronic gastrointestinal ailments (CARLSON zličitih dijelova svijeta pokazala su da se aktivni et al. 1974; EL-NAJJAR 1976; HENGEN oblici cribrae orbitaliae gotovo isključivo po- 1971; MENSFORTH et al. 1978; STUART- javljuju kod djece (MENSFORTH i sur. 1978; MACADAM 1985). The same process can MITTLER I VAN GERVEN 1994; WALKER also appear on the cranial vault, most often on 1986). Kod odraslih je osoba cribra orbitalia the parietal bones and occipital bones, when it uglavnom zarasla i remodelirana. Ta demograf- is called ectocranial porosity or porotic hyper- ska distribucija stoga jasno pokazuje da je cribra ostosis. These changes can be detected in both orbitalia osteološka reakcija na anemiju koja se adults and children, and can be in active or in- razvija tijekom djetinjstva (STUART-MACA- active states. Inactive and active cribra orbitalia DAM 1985). Prisutnost cribrae orbitaliae proci- differ in the area of the bone that is affected, the jenjena je kod onih osoba koje su imale potpuno extent of the lesion that arises and the thick- uščuvanu barem jednu orbitu. Sve raspoložive ness of the porous bone. Inactive cribra orbita- lubanje analizirane su makroskopski, pod jakim lia usually covers a smaller area than active and svjetlom, kako bi se utvrdila prisutnost ili odsut- has small, remodelled lesions that to not extend nost cribrae orbitaliae, nakon čega su isključeni above the level of the bone cortex. Active cribra slučajevi u kojima su lezije na orbitama nastale orbitalia covers a larger area of bone, and the poslije smrti (najčešće zbog kiselosti tla ili ljud- lesions resulting from hypertrophy of the bone skoga djelovanja). Tijekom analize podrobnije marrow are larger than those seen in the inactive je bilježena jačina poremećaja (blago, umjereno, form, and visibly extend past the bone cortex. jako), kao i stanje u trenutku smrti (aktivno ili Research on archaeological populations from zaraslo), po kriterijima koje su predložili Mittler around the world has shown that active forms of i Van Gerven (1994) te Mensforth i sur. (1978). cribra orbitalia appear almost exclusively in children (MENSFORTH et al. 1978; MITTLER Schmorlovi defekti morfološki se prepoznaju & VAN GERVEN 1994; WALKER 1986). In kao plitki okrugli ili bubrežasti defekti, promje- adults, cribra orbitalia is primarily inactive and ra obično ne većega od jednoga centimetra, na remodelled. This demographic distribution superiornoj ili inferiornoj plohi trupa kralješ- therefore clearly indicates that cribra orbitalia is ka. Nastaju uslijed prolapsa intervertebralnoga an osteological reaction to anaemia that devel- diska u tijelo kralješka, a prisutnost tih defekata ops during childhood (STUART-MACADAM obično se povezuje s jakim mehaničkim optere- 1985). The presence ofcribra orbitalia was as- ćenjima kralježnice (MCWHIRR i sur. 1982; sessed for those skeletons having at least one SCHMORL I JUNGHANNS 1971). orbit completely preserved. All available skulls were examined macroscopically under strong Osteoartritis je kroničan, progresivan proces light, so as to establish the presence or absence koji u većini slučajeva nije praćen upalnim of cribra orbitalia, and all cases in which the or- procesom. Obilježava ga propadanje i trošenje bital lesions arose after death (usually due to soil

545 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

zglobne hrskavice koja se uslijed toga stanjuje do acidity or human activity) were excluded. Dur- te mjere da na nekim područjima zgloba može ing the analysis, the extent of the disorder (mild, potpuno nestati. U tim slučajevima dolazi do moderate, strong) was recorded, as was the state izravnoga kontakta među koštanim elementi- at the time of death (active or inactive), in line ma koji čine zglob, što izaziva kondenziranje ili with the criteria proposed by Mittler & Van skleroziranje subhondralne kosti. Zahvaćena je Gerven (1994) and Mensforth et al. (1978). i trabekularna kost koja se nalazi ispod subhondralne kosti, pa se u njoj mogu pojaviti subhon- Schmorl’s nodes are morphologically recognised dralne ciste koje mogu biti prazne ili ispunje- as shallow rounded or kidney-shaped defects, ne sluzavom tekućinom (HOFFMAN 1993; usually not larger than one centimetre in size, HOUGH I SOKOLOFF 1989). Na rubovima on the superior or inferior surface of the verte- zglobova stvara se novo koštano tkivo – osteofit. bral body. They arise following the protrusion of Cilj je tih promjena proširenje površine optere- the intervertebral disc into the vertebral body, ćenoga zgloba, a navedene promjene s vreme- and the presence of these defects is typically as- nom uzrokuju deformaciju zgloba. Čimbenici sociated with strong mechanical loads on the koji najviše pridonose razvoju osteoartritisa su spine (MCWHIRR et al. 1982; SCHMORL & mehanički stres i fizička aktivnost (HOUGH I JUNGHANNS 1971). SOKOLOFF 1989; MCKEAG 1992). Osteo- Osteoarthritis is a chronic, progressive process artritične promjene na kralježnici analizirane that in most cases is not accompanied by an su na odraslim osobama. U analizu su uključeni inflammatory process. It is characterised by the samo kralješci koji su imali potpuno uščuvane degradation and wear of joint cartilage that is gornje i donje zglobne nastavke i trup. Vratni, thinned to such an extent that it can completely prsni i slabinski kralješci zasebno su analizirani, disappear in certain parts of the joint. Such a kao i kod osteoartritisa na zglobovima dugih cases result in direct contact between the bone kostiju, u analizu su uključene samo promjene elements that comprise the joint, which causes koje su nastale uslijed fizičke aktivnosti ili sta- condensation or sclerotisation of the subchon- renja. Osteoartritis na zglobovima dugih kosti dral bones. The trabecular bones found under analiziran je na kostima koje čine četiri najveća the subchondral bones are also affected, and zgloba ljudskoga tijela – na ramenu, laktu, kuku subchondral cysts can appear, either empty or i koljenu. U analizu su uključene samo odrasle filled with fluid (HOFFMAN 1993; HOUGH osobe. Zglob je evidentiran kao prisutan ako je & SOKOLOFF 1989). At the edges of the joints, najmanje jedan zglobni element bio potpuno new bone tissue – osteophytes – is formed. The uščuvan ili ako su dva ili tri elementa imala više purpose of these changes is to expand the load od 50% uščuvanih zglobnih ploha. surface of the joint, and over time, these changes Zarazne bolesti u arheološkim su populacijama cause deformation of the joint. The factors that bile vodeći uzrok smrti, posebno tijekom naj- predominantly contribute to the development ranijega djetinjstva (ORTNER 2003). Većina of osteoarthritis are mechanical stress and physi- zaraznih bolesti prisutnih u arheološkim popu- cal activity (HOUGH & SOKOLOFF 1989; lacijama ima nespecifično porijeklo, što znači da MCKEAG 1992). Osteoarthritic changes on su patološke promjene bile izazvane različitim the spine were analysed in adult individuals. mikroorganizmima čija etiologija nije pozna- Only those vertebrae having fully intact upper ta. Patološka promjena koja zahvaća vanjsku and lower joint facets and body were analysed. (periostalnu) površinu kosti zove se periostitis. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Periostalne reakcije uzrokovane stafilokokima i were analysed separately and, like for osteoar- streptokokima nastaju kao posljedica uzdignu- thritis on the joints of the long bones, only those ća vanjskoga fibroznog omotača periosta, do changes caused due to physical activity or aging čega dolazi uslijed kompresije i širenja krvnih were considered and analysed. Osteoarthritis žila (JAFFE 1972). To može uzrokovati subpe- on the joints of the long bones was analysed on

546 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

riostalno krvarenje, što smanjuje dotok krvi u those bones that form the four largest joints of kost, a ovisno o toksičnosti patogena i vremen- the human body: the shoulder, elbow, hip and skome trajanju bolesti periost može umrijeti ili knee. Only adult individuals were included in nastaviti normalan rast kada se uzročni proces the analysis. The joint was recorded as present if smiri. Periostalne reakcije prouzročene zaraznim at least one joint element was completely intact, bolestima najčešće su generalizirane, destruktiv- or if two or three elements had more than 50% ne i bilateralne, za razliku od periostitisa prou- of the joint surface intact. zročenoga traumama koji je u većini slučajeva lokaliziran, pojavljuje se na malim površinama i Infectious diseases were the leading cause of nije destruktivan (ORTNER 2003). death in the archaeological populations, particularly during the earliest childhood years Treponematoze su skupina bakterijskih infekcija (ORTNER 2003). The majority of infectious čiji je uzročnik bakterija iz roda Treponema. Da- diseases present in the archaeological popula- nas se razlikuju četiri tipa treponematoza: vene- tions were of non-specific origin, meaning that rični sifilis (stečeni ili kongenitalni), frambezija, varying microorganisms of unknown aetiology pinta i endemični sifilis (bejel). Sifilis se prenosi caused the pathological changes. The pathologi- seksualnim putem ili putem dodira sa zaraže- cal change affecting the external (periosteal) sur- nim, a širi se preko otvorenih rana i osipa koje face of the bone is called periostitis. Periosteal sadrže bakterije koje mogu proći kroz mukozne reactions caused by staphylococci and strep- membrane genitalija, usta ili anusa, kao i dru- tococci arise due to the lifting of the external gih dijelova tijela na kojima je koža povrijeđena. fibrous membrane of the periosteum caused by Venerični sifilis prenosi se spolnim kontaktom the compression and expansion of blood ves- s osobom zaraženom bakterijom Treponema sels (JAFFE 1972). This can cause subperiosteal pallidum. Za razliku od drugih zaraznih bole- bleeding, which reduces blood flow to the bone sti, sifilis ne stvara trajni imunitet pa je moguće and, depending on the toxicity of pathogens and ponovo se zaraziti njime. Do otkrića penicilina the duration of the disease, the periosteum can sifilis je bio smrtonosna bolest, a u prošlosti se either suffer necrosis or can continue normal najčešće liječio primjenom žive. Danas se sifilis growth once the process causing the inflamma- može dijagnosticirati i liječiti penicilinom u bilo tion subsides. Periosteal reactions caused by in- kojem stadiju bolesti. Prva tri stadija liječe se u fectious diseases are most often generalised, de- potpunosti bez ikakvih trajnih oštećenja, dok structive and bilateral, unlike periostitis caused se u posljednjemu stadiju daljnja oštećenja ne by trauma, which is usually localised to a small mogu zaustaviti. Venerični sifilis ponajprije na- area and is not destructive (ORTNER 2003). pada krvožilni i živčani sustav, a u trećemu stadiju zahvaća kosti koje se nalaze najbliže površini Treponematosis is a group of bacterial infections kože (goljenične kosti, nosnu šupljinu i svod caused by bacteria of the genus Treponema. Four lubanje) u razdoblju od dvije do deset godina types of treponematosis are known today: vene- nakon zaraze (ORTNER 2003; ROBERTS I real syphilis (acquired or congenital), yaws, pin- MANCHESTER 1995). Na lubanji se venerič- ta and endemic syphilis (bejel). Syphilis is trans- ni sifilis najčešće očituje kao periostitis u ranije- mitted sexually or in contact with an infected mu stadiju ili u obliku lezija zvanih caries sicca person, and is also spread via open wounds u kasnijim stadijima, dok se na potkoljenici naj- and rashes that contain bacteria that can pass češće očituje kao vretenasto zadebljanje dijafize, through the mucous membranes of the genitals, aktivni periostitis i jaki aktivni osteomijelitis mouth or anus, or other parts of the body where (ORTNER 2003). the skin is damaged. Venereal syphilis is transmitted in sexual contact with a person infected Tuberkulozu uzrokuje Mycobacterium tuberculo- with the bacteria Treponema pallidum. Unlike sis koja se izravno prenosi s čovjeka na čovjeka, other infectious diseases, syphilis does not form najčešće putem respiratornoga sustava, tj. kašlja- lasting immunity and therefore reinfection is

547 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

njem i kihanjem. Na koštanoj građi tuberkuloza possible. Until the discovery of penicillin, syphi- se najčešće prepoznaje na kralježnici (najčešće lis was a lethal disease, and in the past was most na prvome slabinskom kralješku) i rebrima (OR- often treated using mercury. Today, syphilis can TNER 2003). Tuberkulozni bacili najčešće uni- be diagnosed and treated with penicillin in any štavaju anteriorni dio trupa kralješka, a potom i stage of the disease. The first three stages are tkivo intervertebralnoga diska. Napredovanjem treated completely without any lasting damage, bolesti dolazi do potpunoga uništenja trupa kra- while in the tertiary stage further damage can- lješka, što uzrokuje oštrokutnu kifotičnu defor- not be halted. Venereal syphilis primarily attacks maciju – Pottovu grbu koja je najizraženija na the circulatory and nervous systems, while in the području prsne kralježnice, što je praćeno ko- tertiary stage it attacks the bones that lie closest štanom ankilozom intervertebralnih zglobova to the surface of the skin (tibia, nasal cavity and zahvaćenih kralježaka i osifikacijom interspino- cranial arch) in the period of two to ten years znih ligamenata (ŠLAUS 2006). following infection (ORTNER 2003; ROB- ERTS & MANCHESTER 1995). On the skull, Proučavanje traumatskih ozljeda kod pojedina- venereal syphilis is most often manifested as ca, kao i obrasca nastanka tih ozljeda u odre- periostitis in the early stages or in the form of le- đenim populacijama, može otkriti kako su po- sions called caries sicca in the later stages. On the jedinci i društva međusobno komunicirali i na tibia, it is most often manifested as a thickening koji je način njihov stil života utjecao na zdravlje of the diaphysis, active periostitis and severe ac- i smrtnost (KILGORE i sur. 1997). Traume su tive osteomyelitis (ORTNER 2003). za potrebe ovoga rada definirane kao prijelomi (frakture) koji su posljedica djelovanja sile ili Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobac- kontakta s oštrim ili tupotvrdim predmetima. terium tuberculosis, which is directly transmis- Eventualna prisutnost trauma analizirana je na sible between humans, primarily via the respira- dugim kostima (ključne, nadlaktične, palčane, tory tract, i.e. coughing and sneezing. On the lakatne, bedrene, goljenične i lisne kosti) i ko- skeleton, tuberculosis is usually evident on the stima lubanje. Duge su kosti u obzir za analizu spine (primarily on the first lumbar vertebrae) uzete samo ako su imale uščuvane dvije trećine and ribs (ORTNER 2003). The tuberculosis dijafize, kao i superiorne i inferiorne zglobne bacteria most often destroy the anterior part plohe. Glava je uključena u analizu samo ako su of the vertebral body, followed by the tissue of sve kosti svoda lubanje i lica bile uščuvane. Pri- the intervertebral disc. More advanced stages of sutnost trauma ustanovljena je makroskopskom the disease result in complete destruction of the analizom koja je obuhvaćala provjeru bilateralne vertebral body, which causes a sharply kyphotic asimetrije kostiju, angularnih deformiteta i pri- deformation, the Pott hump, which is most pro- sutnosti koštanih kalusa. nounced in the area of the thoracic vertebrae. This is accompanied by bone ankylosis of the in- S obzirom na to da su neke od opisanih bolesti tervertebral joints of the affected vertebrae and (npr. dentalna oboljenja) povezane s doživlje- ossification of the interspinal ligaments (ŠLAUS nom starošću (tj. učestalost im se povećava s ve- 2006). ćom doživljenom dobi), kod izrade tablica s podacima načinjene su dvije dobne skupine: mlađi Studying the traumatic injuries in individuals, as odrasli (osobe između 16 i 35 godina) i stariji a pattern of occurrence of those injuries in a giv- odrasli (osobe starije od 35 godina). en population, can reveal how individuals and society communicated and how their lifestyle Prosječna visina odraslih osoba s nalazišta Ri- influenced health and mortality (KILGORE et jeka – Trg pul Vele crikve izračunata je uz po- al. 1997). Trauma, for the purpose of this paper, moć regresijskih jednadžbi Trotter-Gleser is defined as fractures that are the result of an act (TROTTER 1970). Za računanje prosječne of force or contact with a sharp or blunt object. visine korištena je najveća dužina bedrenih ko- The possible presence of trauma was analysed on

548 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

stiju odraslih osoba, a iz uzorka su eliminirane the long bones (collarbone, ulna, radius, humer- fragmentirane kosti i kosti na kojima su bile pri- us, femur, tibia and fibula) and skull bones. Long sutne jasne patološke promjene ili traume. bones were only included for analysis if they possessed two-thirds of the diaphysis intact, and S obzirom na to da većina podataka dobivenih the superior and inferior joint surfaces. The skull antropološkom analizom osteološkoga uzorka was included in the analysis only if all the bones iz Rijeke nema normalnu distribuciju, za odre- of the cranial arch and face were intact. The đivanje statističke značajnosti razlika dobivenih presence of trauma was established using macro- rezultata korištene su neparametrijske metode. scopic analysis that included verification of the Razlike u prosječnim doživljenim starostima bilateral asymmetry of bones, angular deformi- između muškaraca i žena testirane su pomoću ties and the presence of bone calluses. neparametrijskoga testa Kruskal-Wallis. Razlike u učestalosti pokazatelja subadultnoga stresa, Considering that some of the described diseases dentalnih patologija, zaraznih bolesti, trauma i (e.g. dental ailments) are associated with living pokazatelja fizičkoga rada između djece i odra- to an advanced age (i.e. their frequency increas- slih, između muškaraca i žena te između uzora- es with increasing survivorship), separate tables ka testirane su pomoću χ2 testa, a u slučajevima were made for the two different age categories: kada je to bilo potrebno korištena je Yatesova young adults (individuals between 16 and 35 korekcija. Prilikom svih statističkih izračuna i years old) and older adults (individuals over 35 testova korišten je statistički računalni program years old). SPSS 14.0 za Windowse. The average height of adult individuals from the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site was calculated using the Trotter-Gleser regression equation (TROTTER 1970). To calculate the average height, the longest length of the femur bones of adult individuals was used. Fragmented bones and bones displaying clear pathological changes or trauma were eliminated from the sample for calculation.

Considering that the majority of data obtained in the anthropological analysis of osteological samples from Rijeka did not have a normal distribution, nonparametric methods were used to determine the statistical significance of the differences in the obtained results. The differences in the average achieved age between men and women were tested using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The differences in the frequency of indicators of subadult stress, dental pathology, infectious diseases, trauma and indicators of physical labour between children and adults, between women and men and between samples were tested using the χ2 test, and where necessary, the Yates correction was applied. The statistical computer program SPSS 14.0 for Windows was used for all statistical calculations and tests.

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Rezultati Results

Rezultati antropološke analize po poje- The results of the anthropological analy- dinim grobovima prikazani su u nastav- sis of the individual grave sites are out- ku teksta. lined below.

Grob 1 Grave 1 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedre- Sex: male, on the basis of the dimensions of nih i goljeničnih kostiju. the femur and tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni osteo- Pathological changes: degenerative osteoartritis (OA) na 9. prsnom te 2., 3., 4. i 5. arthritis on the 9th thoracic and 2nd, 3rd, slabinskom kralješku. Zarasla ektokra- 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled nijalna poroznost na tjemenim kostima. ectocranial porosity on the parietal bones. Schmorlovi defekti na 11. i 12. prsnom Schmorl’s defects on the 11th and 12th kralješku. Zarasli periostitis na goljeničnim thoracic vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis kostima. on the tibia.

Grob 2 Grave 2 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i lubanje te opće gracilnosti ko- of the pelvic bones and skull and overall stiju. gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 25 godina. Age at time of death: 21 to 25 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla cribra orbita- Pathological changes: Remodelled cribra lia u desnoj orbiti. Zarasli periostitis na lije- orbitalia in the right orbit. Remodelled voj goljeničnoj i lisnoj kosti. Hipoplastični periostitis on the left tibia and fibula. -Hy defekti na zubima. poplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 3 Grave 3 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 56 do 60 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Age at time of death: 56 to 60 years. na laktovima, lijevom kuku, koljenima, 10. Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- i 12. prsnom te 2., 4. i 5. slabinskom kra- arthritis on elbows, left hip, knees, 10th and lješku. Schmorlov defekt na 2. slabinskom 12th thoracic and 2nd, 4th and 5th lumbar kralješku. Zarasli periostitis na goljeničnim vertebrae. Schmorl’s defect on the 2nd lum- i lisnim kostima. Antemortalna fraktura na bar vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis on distalnoj trećini dijafize desne palčane ko- the tibia and fibula. Antemortal fracture on sti; trauma se očituje po blagom anterior- the distal third of the diaphysis of the right no-lateralnom pomaku i blagom zaraslom ulna; trauma evident by the slight anterior- periostitisu. lateral shift and slight remodelling of the periostitis.

550 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 4 Grave 4 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju robusnosti kostiju. Sex: male, on the basis of the robustness of Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. 5. slabinskom kralješku. Pathological changes: degenerative osteoarthritis on the 5th lumbar vertebra.

Grob 5 Grave 5 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Pathological changes: degenerative os- na laktovima, kukovima, koljenima te 11. teoarthritis on the elbows, hips, knees i 12. prsnom kralješku. Zarasla ektokrani- and 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae. jalna poroznost na čeonoj kosti, tjemenim Remodelled ectocranial porosity on the kostima i zatiljnoj kosti. Zarasli periostitis frontal bone, parietal bones and occipital na bedrenim kostima. Schmorlovi defekti bone. Remodelled periostitis on the femur. na 8., 9. i 11. prsnom kralješku. Antemor- Schmorl’s defects on the 8th, 9th and 11th talne frakture na 5., 6., 7., 8., 9. i 10. desnom thoracic vertebrae. Antemortal fractures on rebru; traume se očituju po malim remode- the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th right liranim kalusima i blagom zaraslom perio- ribs, trauma is evident in the small, re- stitisu (slika 1). Antemortalna fraktura na modelled calluses and slightly remodelled 1. metakarpalnoj kosti desne šake; trauma periostitis (Fig.1). Antemortal fracture on se očituje po dvije paralelne linije frakture the 1st metacarpal bone of the right hand, dužine 13 mm i blagom traumatskom OA. trauma is evident in the two parallel frac- Hipoplastični defekti na zubima. ture lines 13 mm in length and slight traumatic osteoarthritis. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

551 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 6 Grave 6 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 51 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- na ramenima, desnom laktu, kukovima, arthritis on the shoulders, right elbow, hips, na 3., 4., 5., 6. i 7. vratnom, 6., 8., 9., 10., and on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th cervi- 11. i 12. prsnom te 2., 3., 4. i 5. slabinskom cal, the 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th kralješku. Antemortalne frakture na 8., 9., thoracic and 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar 10. i 11. lijevom rebru; traume se očituju po vertebrae. Antemortal fractures on the 8th, malim remodeliranim kalusima i blagom 9th, 10th and 11th left ribs, trauma is evi- zaraslom periostitisu. Antemortalna, loše dent in the small remodelled calluses and zarasla fraktura na srednjoj trećini dijafize slightly remodelled periostitis. Antemortal, desne goljenične i lisne kosti; trauma se na poorly remodelled fracture on the central goljeničnoj kosti očituje po anteriornom third of the diaphysis of the right tibia and pomaku, preklopu kosti, velikom kalusu fibula; trauma on the tibia is evident by the i blagom zaraslom periostitisu (slika 2) – anterior shift, bone overlap, large callous oko 90 mm inferiorno od te frakture nalazi and slightly remodelled periostitis (Fig. se trauma koja se očituje po blagom poma- 2) about 90 mm inferior of this fracture ku, preklopu kosti, otvoru veličine 26×10 is a trauma evident by a slight shift, bone mm zaobljenih i glatkih rubova i blagom overlap, opening 26x10 mm in size with aktivnom periostitisu; na desnoj lisnoj kosti rounded and smooth edges and slightly ac- trauma se očituje po pomaku i blagom za- tive periostitis; on the right shin bone, the raslom periostitisu. Upalni proces na lijevoj trauma is evident by the shift and slightly goljeničnoj i lisnoj kosti te desnoj bedrenoj remodelled periostitis. An inflammation kosti koji se očituje po zadebljanju kosti i process on the left tibia and fibula and the blagom zaraslom periostitisu. right femur are evident from the thickening of the bone and slightly remodelled periostitis.

Grob 7 Grave 7 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 30 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Age at time of death: 26 to 30 years. vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

Grob 8 Grave 8 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedre- Sex: male, on the basis of the dimensions of nih i goljeničnih kostiju. the femur and tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- lijevom kuku i koljenima. Zarasli periostitis arthritis on the left hip and knees. Remod- na goljeničnim kostima. elled periostitis on the tibia.

552 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 9 Grave 9 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 35 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Age at time of death: 31 to 35 years. vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

Grob 10 Grave 10 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and sti kostiju. overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 30 godina. Age at time of death: 21 to 30 years. Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na Pathological changes: active periostitis on bedrenim i goljeničnim kostima. the femur and tibia.

Grob 11 Grave 11 U uščuvanom uzorku prisutni su fragmenti Present in the preserved sample are frag- zatiljne kosti, desne sljepoočne kosti, de- ments of the occipital bone, right temporal snog ivera i goljenične kosti odrasle osobe. bone, right patella and tibia of an adult.

Grob 13 Grave 13 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 30 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Age at time of death: 21 to 30 years. na 10. i 11. prsnom kralješku. Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects on the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae.

Grob 14 Grave 14 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and sti kostiju. overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defect on 11. prsnom kralješku. Hipoplastični defekti the 11th thoracic vertebrae. Hypoplastic na zubima. defects on the teeth.

553 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 15 Grave 15 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće robusno- of the pelvic bones and lower jaw, and over- sti kostiju. all robustness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: antemortalna trau- Pathological changes: antemortal trau- matska dislokacija lijevog lakta – fraktura matic dislocation of the left elbow, the frac- se očituje po blagom pomaku i jakom tra- ture is evident in the slight shift and strong umatskom OA, a zbog poremećene biome- traumatic osteoarthritis, and due to the hanike zgloba na fossi radialis stvorila se disturbed biomechanics of the joint on the dodatna zglobna ploha. fossi radialis, an additional joint surface has been formed.

Grob 16 Grave 16 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw, and sti kostiju. overall gracility of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 60 godi- Age at time of death: over 60 years. na. Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti on the 9th, 10th and 12th thoracic and 1st na 9., 10. i 12. prsnom te 1. slabinskom kra- lumbar vertebrae. Degenerative osteoar- lješku. Degenerativni OA na desnom laktu, thritis on the right elbow, hips, knees, 3rd, kukovima, koljenima, 3., 4., 5., 6. i 7. vrat- 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th cervical and 7th, 8th, nom, 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 2. i 5. 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 2nd slabinskom kralješku. and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 17, osoba A Grave 17, individual A Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i dimenzija bedrene kosti. of the pelvic bones and the dimensions of Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. the femur. Patološke promjene: hipoplastični defekti Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. na zubima. Pathological changes: Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 17, osoba B Grave 17, individual B Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. of the bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. desnom kuku, 12. prsnom te 1., 2. i 5. sla- Pathological changes: Degenerative os- binskom kralješku. teoarthritis on the right hip, 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

554 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 18 Grave 18 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija goljenič- Sex: male, on the basis of the dimensions nih kostiju i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the tibia and overall robustness of the Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. bones. Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. goljeničnim kostima. Antemortalna, dobro Pathological changes: active periostitis zarasla fraktura na distalnoj trećini dijafize on the tibias. Antemortal, well remodelled lijeve lisne kosti; trauma se očituje po ma- fracture on the distal third of the diaphysis lom remodeliranom kalusu i blagom zara- of the left fibula bones; trauma evident by slom periostitisu. the slightly remodelled callous and slightly remodelled periostitis.

Grob 19 Grave 19 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće robusno- of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and over- sti kostiju. all robustness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- desnom ramenu, lijevom kuku, 3., 4., 6. i 7. arthritis on the right shoulder, left hip, 3rd, vratnom te 5., 6., 7. i 8. prsnom kralješku. 4th, 6th and 7th cervical and 5th, 6th, 7th Schmorlovi defekti na 5., 6., 7. i 8. prsnom and 8th thoracic vertebrae. Schmorl’s de- kralješku. Hipoplastični defekti na zubima. fects on the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 20 Grave 20 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 45 godi- of bones. na. Age at time of death: over 45 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 3., 4. i 5. slabinskom arthritis on the 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, kralješku. 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 21 Grave 21 Minimalni broj osoba (MBO) u ovom The minimum number of individuals in uzorku iznosi 7 (sedam odraslih osoba) na this sample is 7 (seven adults) based on the temelju prisutnosti sedam desnih bedrenih presence of seven right femurs. kostiju.

555 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 22 Grave 22 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 7., 8. i 9. prsnom kralješku. Degenerativ- on the 7th, 8th and 9th thoracic vertebrae. ni OA na 12. prsnom kralješku. Stara, do- Degenerative osteoarthritis on the 12th bro zarasla fraktura na 11. desnom rebru; thoracic vertebra. Old, well remodelled trauma se očituje po malom remodelira- fracture on the 11th right rib; trauma is evi- nom kalusu i blagom zaraslom periostitisu. dent in the slightly remodelled callous and slightly remodelled periostitis.

Grob 23 Grave 23 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 6 do 10 godina. Age at time of death: 6 to 10 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 24 Grave 24 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 25 Grave 25 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 8 do 9 godina. Age at time of death: 8 to 9 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 26 Grave 26 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

556 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 27 Grave 27 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 25 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Age at time of death: 21 to 25 years. bedrenim, goljeničnim i lisnim kostima. Pathological changes: Remodelled periostitis on the femur, tibia and fibula.

Grob 28 Grave 28 U uščuvanom uzorku prisutni su izrazito Present in the preserved sample are very sitni fragmenti rebara, kostiju šake, lubanje small fragments of ribs, hand bones, skull i ključne kosti barem dviju odraslih osoba. bones and the collarbones of at least two adults.

Grob 29 Grave 29 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

Grob 30 Grave 30 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 55 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Age at time of death: 51 to 55 years. na kukovima i koljenima. Antemortalna Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- fraktura na 4. i 5. desnom rebru; traume se arthritis in the hip and knees. Antemortal očituju po nezaraslim kalusima i blagom fracture on the 4th and 5th right rib; trau- zaraslom periostitisu. ma is evident in the unremodelled calluses and slightly remodelled periostitis.

Grob 31 Grave 31 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

557 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 32 Grave 32 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i lubanje te opće gracilnosti ko- of the pelvic bones and skull and overall stiju. gracility of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 51 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla cribra orbita- Pathological changes: Remodelled cribra lia u orbitama. Degenerativni OA na rame- orbitalia in orbits. Degenerative osteoar- nima, koljenima, 5., 6. i 7. vratnom, 1., 2., thritis in the shoulders, knees, 5th, 6th and 3., 4., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 2., 3., 7th cervical, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 8th, 9th, 4. i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasla ekto- 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 2nd, 3rd, kranijalna poroznost na tjemenim kostima 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled i zatiljnoj kosti. Schmorlovi defekti na 8., ectocranial porosity on the parietal bones 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 2., 3., 4. i 5. sla- and occipital bones. Schmorl’s defects on binskom kralješku. Jaki degenerativni OA the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic na lijevom kuku: glava lijeve bedrene kosti and 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar verte- remodelirana je te je poprimila blago oval- brae. Pronounced degenerative osteoarthri- ni oblik, a oko acetabuluma zdjelične kosti tis in the left hip: the head of the left femur prisutni su veliki koštani trnovi; na desnom is remodelled and has taken on a slightly kuku prisutna je slična pojava u nešto bla- oval shape, and large spiny bone spurs are žem obliku. Na zdjeličnim kostima prisu- present around the acetabulum of the pel- tan je jako izražen predaurikularni sulkus, vic bones; the right hip exhibits similar što ukazuje na to da je ova osoba rađala više growths, only to a lesser extent. The pelvic puta (slika 3). bones exhibit very pronounced predauricu- lar sulcus, indicating that this female gave birth several times (Fig. 3).

Grob 33 Grave 33 U uščuvanom uzorku prisutni su izrazito Present in the preserved sample are very sitni fragmenti zdjelice, jednog rebra i dvi- small fragments of the pelvis, one rib and je falange odrasle osobe. Spol nije moguće two phalanges of an adult. Sex could not be odrediti. determined.

Grob 35 Grave 35 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: male, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- goljeničnim kostima. titis on the tibia.

Grob 36 Grave 36 Minimalni broj osoba (MBO) u ovom The minimum number of individuals in uzorku iznosi 14 (trinaest odraslih i jedno this sample is 14 (thirteen adults and one dijete) na temelju prisutnosti četrnaest lije- child) based on the presence of fourteen vih goljeničnih kostiju. left tibiae.

558 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 37 Grave 37 Minimalni broj osoba (MBO) u ovom The minimum number of individuals in uzorku iznosi 4 (dvoje odraslih i dvoje dje- this sample is 4 (two adults and two chil- ce) na temelju prisutnosti četiri lijeve ključ- dren) based on the presence of four left col- ne kosti. larbones.

Grob 38 Grave 38 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. na poroznost na tjemenim kostima. Pathological changes: Remodelled ectocranial porosity on the parietal bones.

Grob 39, osoba A Grave 39, individual A Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 55 godi- Age at time of death: over 55 years. na. Pathological changes: Degenerative os- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na teoarthritis on the right temporomandibu- desnom temporomandibularnom zglobu lar joint (Fig. 4), right hip and left knee. (slika 4), desnom kuku i lijevom koljenu. Schmorl’s defects on the 7th, 11th and Schmorlovi defekti na 7., 11. i 12. prsnom 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae. te 1. slabinskom kralješku. Koštana ankilo- Bone ankylosis on all 24 vertebrae: traces za na sva 24 kralješka: tragovi ankiloze pri- of ankylosis present on the ribs and at the sutni su na rebrima te na spoju desne zdje- point where the right pelvic bone meets the lične i križne kosti – najvjerojatnije je riječ o sacrum – this is likely ankylotic spondylitis ankilozantnom spondilitisu (slika 5). (Fig. 5).

Grob 39, osoba B Grave 39, individual B Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 8 do 9 godina. Age at time of death: 8 to 9 years. Patološke promjene: porotična hiperosto- Pathological changes: porotic hyperosto- za na tjemenim kostima (slika 6). sis on the parietal bones (Fig. 6).

559 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 40 Grave 40 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the skull and overall robustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- desnom ramenu. arthritis on the right shoulder.

Grob 41 Grave 41 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: male, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 30 godina. Age at time of death: 21 to 30 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 43 Grave 43 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 14 do 15 godina. Age at time of death: 14 to 15 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: remodelled ec- na poroznost na zatiljnoj kosti. Antemor- tocranial porosity on the occipital bone. talna depresijska fraktura na fragmentu Antemortal depression fracture on the tjemene kosti (najvjerojatnije desne); trau- fragments of the proximal bone (likely ma je ovalnog oblika veličine 20 × 8 mm s right); trauma is oval in size, 20 x 8 mm, remodeliranim rubovima. with remodelled edges.

Grob 44 Grave 44 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 10 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 10 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 45 Grave 45 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: najvjerojatnije muški, na temelju Sex: most likely male, on the basis of the opće robusnosti kostiju. overall robustness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- 11. i 12. prsnom kralješku. teoarthritis on the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae.

560 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 46 Grave 46 Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Sex: child. Spol: dijete. Age at time of death: 6 to 8 years. Starost u trenutku smrti: 6 do 8 godina. Pathological changes: active periostitis on Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na the right femur. desnoj bedrenoj kosti.

Grob 47 Grave 47 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 30 godina. Age at time of death: 21 to 30 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 6., 7., 8., 9. i 10. prsnom kralješku. on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae.

Grob 48 Grave 48 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 10 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 10 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na Pathological changes: active periostitis on goljeničnim i lisnim kostima. Zarasli perio- tibia and fibula. Remodelled periostitis on stitis na bedrenim kostima. the femur.

Grob 49 Grave 49 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i lubanje te opće gracilnosti ko- of the pelvic bones and skull and overall stiju. gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 16 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 16 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: litički defekt veličine Pathological changes: lithic defects 10×10 mm na distalnoj epifizi desne bedre- 10×10 mm in size on the distal epiphysis of ne kosti; rubovi su remodelirani a dno po- the right femur; the edges are remodelled rozno – vjerojatno je riječ o osteochondritis and the base porous – this is likely osteo- dissecans (slika 7). chondritis dissecans (Fig. 7).

Grob 50 Grave 50 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 30 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na Age at time of death: 21 to 30 years. 4. slabinskom kralješku. Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defect on the 4th lumbar vertebrae.

561 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 51 Grave 51 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 52 Grave 52 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. lijevom koljenu. Pathological changes: degenerative osteoarthritis on the left knee.

Grob 53 Grave 53 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracil- stiju. ity of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- lijevom ramenu. Hipoplastični defekti na arthritis on the left shoulder. Hypoplastic zubima. defects on the teeth.

Grob 54 Grave 54 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracil- stiju. ity of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 17 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 17 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- na poroznost na tjemenim kostima. tocranial porosity on the parietal bones.

Grob 55 Grave 55 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 55 godi- Age at time of death: over 55 years. na. Pathological changes: degenerative os- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA teoarthritis on the hips. Morphological na kukovima. Na više kralježaka i rebara changes are present on several vertebrae prisutne su morfološke promjene koje od- and ribs that correspond to the presence of govaraju prisutnosti tuberkuloze (slika 8). tuberculosis (Fig. 8).

562 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 57 Grave 57 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: najvjerojatnije muški, na temelju Sex: most likely male, on the basis of the opće robusnosti kostiju. overall robustness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 3., 4. i 5. on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic slabinskom kralješku (slika 9). vertebrae and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 9).

Grob 58 Grave 58 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: loš. Degree of cortex preservation: poor. Spol: nije moguće odrediti. Sex: could not be determined. Starost u trenutku smrti: riječ je o odrasloj Age at time of death: adult individual. osobi. Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- tocranial porosity on the parietal bones. na poroznost na tjemenim kostima.

Grob 59 Grave 59 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 5,5 do 6,5 godi- Age at time of death: 5.5 to 6.5 years. na. Pathological changes: Morphological Patološke promjene: na više rebara prisut- changes are present on several ribs that cor- ne su morfološke promjene koje odgovara- respond to the appearance of tuberculosis ju pojavi tuberkuloze (slika 10). (Fig. 10).

Grob 60 Grave 60 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: najvjerojatnije ženski, na temelju Sex: most likely female, based on the over- opće gracilnosti kostiju. all gracility of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defect 11. prsnom kralješku. Stara, dobro zarasla on the 11th thoracic vertebra. Old, well re- fraktura na distalnoj trećini dijafize desne modelled fracture on the distal third of the palčane kosti; trauma se očituje po remo- diaphysis of the right radius; trauma is evi- deliranom kalusu i blagom posteriornom dent by the remodelled callous and slightly pomaku. posterior shift.

563 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 61 Grave 61 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 2 do 4 godine. Age at time of death: 2 to 4 years. Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na Pathological changes: active periostitis on zatiljnoj kosti. Zarasli periostitis na golje- the occipital bone. Remodelled periostitis ničnim kostima. on the tibia.

Grob 63 Grave 63 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 4,5 do 5,5 godi- Age at time of death: 4.5 to 5.5 years. na. Pathological changes: active periostitis Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na on the femur, tibia and fibula. Generalised bedrenim, goljeničnim i lisnim kostima. inflammatory process (periostitis, thicken- Generalizirani upalni proces (periostitis, ing of the bones and macroporosity) on zadebljanje kosti i makroporozitet) na the right humerus and proximal edges of desnoj nadlaktičnoj kosti i proksimalnim the ribs; macroporosity is also present on krajevima rebara; makroporozitet je tako- the parietal bones, occipital bone, shoulder đer prisutan na tjemenim kostima, zatiljnoj blades, vertebrae and pelvic bones. kosti, lopaticama, kralješcima i zdjeličnim kostima.

Grob 64 Grave 64 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: male, based on the dimension of the kosti i goljeničnih kostiju. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- lijevom koljenu. Zarasli periostitis na lije- teoarthritis in the left knee. Remodelled voj goljeničnoj i lisnoj kosti. Antemortal- periostitis on the left tibia and fibula. -An na, loše zarasla fraktura na distalnoj trećini temortal, poorly remodelled fracture on dijafize desne potkoljenice (slika 11): 1) na the distal third of the diaphysis of the right goljeničnoj kosti trauma se očituje po po- tibia (Fig. 11): 1) on the tibia, trauma is evi- steriorno-medijalnom pomaku, preklopu i dent by the posterior-medial shift, overlap skraćenju kosti za 35 mm te jakom zaraslom and shortening of the bone by 35 mm and periostitisu – s posteriorne strane nalazi se the strongly remodelled periostitis, on the otvor veličine 17×11 mm, a na distalnoj posterior side, there is an opening 17 x 11 zglobnoj plohi prisutna je linija frakture mm in size, and on the distal joint surface, duljine 23 mm; 2) na lisnoj kosti trauma se there is a hairline fracture 23 mm in length; očituje po remodeliranom kalusu, medijal- 2) on the fibula, the trauma is evident in the nom pomaku i preklopu kosti – superiorno remodelled callous, medial shift and bone od kalusa prisutna je ankiloza s goljenič- overlap – superior of the callous there is nom kosti i blagi zarasli periostitis. ankylosis with the tibia and poorly remodelled periostitis.

564 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 65 Grave 65 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, based on the morphology of the nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- skull and lower jaw, and the general robust- stiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- na poroznost na čeonoj kosti, tjemenim ko- tocranial porosity on the frontal bone, pa- stima i zatiljnoj kosti. Degenerativni OA na rietal bones and occipital bones. Degenera- lijevom ramenu. Antemortalna depresijska tive osteoarthritis in the left shoulder. An- fraktura na desnoj strani čeone kosti, oko temortal depression fracture on the right 40 mm superiorno od gornjeg ruba desne side of the frontal bone, about 40 mm su- orbite; trauma je veličine 16×13 mm, za- perior of the upper edge of the right orbit; obljenih rubova i poroznog dna. Hipopla- trauma 16 x 13 mm in size with rounded stični defekti na zubima. edges and a porous base. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 66 Grave 66 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 10 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 10 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- na poroznost na zatiljnoj kosti. tocranial porosity on the occipital bone.

Grob 67 Grave 67 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: female, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 68 Grave 68 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 10 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 10 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 69 Grave 69 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

565 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 70 Grave 70 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 11 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 11 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 72 Grave 72 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: female, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 73 Grave 73 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracil- stiju. ity of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 6. i 7. prsnom kralješku. Hipoplastični on the 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae. Hy- defekti na zubima. poplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 74 Grave 74 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju opće gracilnosti Sex: female, based on the general gracility kostiju. of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokra- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- nijalna poroznost na tjemenim kostima. tocranial porosity on the parietal bones. Schmorlovi defekti na 10., 11. i 12. prsnom Schmorl’s defects on the 10th, 11th and te 1., 2., 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasli 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th periostitis na lijevoj lakatnoj kosti. lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis on the left ulna.

Grob 75 Grave 75 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, based on the morphology of the lične kosti te dimenzija bedrene i goljenič- pelvic bones and dimensions of the femur ne kosti. and tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na Pathological changes: Active periostitis goljeničnim i lisnim kostima te lijevoj pet- on the tibia and fibula and the left heel. noj kosti.

566 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 76 Grave 76 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: female, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- goljeničnim kostima. titis on the tibia.

Grob 77 Grave 77 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 16 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 16 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- bedrenim kostima. titis on the femur.

Grob 78 Grave 78 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. lijevom ramenu, kukovima i desnom kolje- Pathological changes: degenerative os- nu. Schmorlov defekt na 12. prsnom kra- teoarthritis on the left shoulder, hips and lješku. Zarasli periostitis na lisnim kostima. right knee. Schmorl’s defects on the 12th thoracic vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis on the fibula.

Grob 79 Grave 79 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije donje Sex: female, based on the morphology of čeljusti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. the lower jaw and overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- koljenima i 5. slabinskom kralješku. teoarthritis on the knees and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

567 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 80 Grave 80 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i opće gracilnosti kostiju. of the skull and overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: na više kostiju prisut- Pathological changes: morphological ne su morfološke promjene koje odgovara- changes present on several bones that cor- ju pojavi veneričnog sifilisa (slike 12 i 13). respond with the appearance of venereal syphilis (Fig. 12 and 13).

Grob 81 Grave 81 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 2,5 do 3,5 godi- Age at time of death: 2.5 to 3.5 years. ne. Pathological changes: not present in the Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- preserved sample. vanom uzorku.

Grob 82 Grave 82 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: male, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 83 Grave 83 Minimalni broj osoba (MBO) u ovom The minimum number of individuals in uzorku iznosi 4 (četvero odraslih) na teme- this sample is 4 (four adults) based on the lju prisutnosti četiriju zatiljnih kostiju. presence of four occipital bones.

568 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 84 Grave 84 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. lijevom kuku, lijevom koljenu, 12. prsnom Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- te 1. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasli periosti- arthritis on the left hip, left knee, 12th tho- tis na lijevoj goljeničnoj kosti. racic and 1st lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis on the left tibia.

Grob 85 Grave 85 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 60 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 51 to 60 years. lijevom koljenu i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Pathological changes: degenerative os- Schmorlovi defekti na 11. i 12. prsnom te teoarthritis on the left knee and 5th lumbar 1., 2., 3., 4. i 5. slabinskom kralješku. vertebrae. Schmorl’s defects on the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 86 Grave 86 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. bedrenim kostima. Pathological changes: Remodelled periostitis on the femur.

Grob 88 Grave 88 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, based on the morphology of the lične kosti, lubanje i morfologije donje če- pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. ljusti. Age at time of death: 46 to 50 years. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 50 godina. Pathological changes: Degenerative os- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na teoarthritis in the shoulders, elbows, hips, ramenima, laktovima, kukovima, koljeni- knees, 1st, 2nd (Fig. 14), 4th, 5th and 6th ma, 1., 2. (slika 14), 4., 5. i 6. vratnom, 2., cervical, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 1st, te 1., 2., 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasli 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Re- periostitis na goljeničnim i lisnim kostima. modelled periostitis on the tibia and fibula. Schmorlovi defekti na 9., 11. i 12. prsnom Schmorl’s defects on the 9th, 11th and 12th te 1. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasla ekto- thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae. Remod- kranijalna poroznost na tjemenim kostima elled ectocranial porosity on the parietal i zatiljnoj kosti. Hipoplastični defekti na bones and occipital bone. Hypoplastic de- zubima. fects on the teeth.

569 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 93 Grave 93 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, based on the morphology of lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. the pelvic bones and overall gracility of the Starost u trenutku smrti: 56 do 60 godina. bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Age at time of death: 56 to 60 years. na lijevom ramenu, lijevom laktu, lijevom Pathological changes: Degenerative os- kuku, desnom koljenu te 3. vratnom kra- teoarthritis in the left shoulder, left elbow, lješku. Jaki traumatski OA (osteofiti, po- left hip, right knee and 3rd cervical verte- rozitet i eburnacija) na lijevom kuku (ace- bra. Severe traumatic osteoarthritis (osteo- tabulumu lijeve zdjelične kosti i glavi lijeve phytes, porosity and eburnation) on the left bedrene kosti): na glavi lijeve bedrene kosti hip (the acetabulum of the left pelvic bone prisutna je koštana izraslina veličine 20×20 and head of the left femur): the head of the mm, a na vratu iste kosti prisutan je blagi left femur shows a bone growth 20 x 20 zarasli periostitis i linija frakture – vjerojat- mm in size, and the neck of the same bone no je riječ o traumatskoj dislokaciji kuka. shows a slightly remodelled periostitis and hairline fracture – likely due to a traumatic dislocation of the hip.

Grob 94 Grave 94 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, based on the morphology of nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- the skull and lower jaw and overall gracility stiju. of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 60 godina. Age at time of death: 51 to 60 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: Degenerative os- 7. vratnom, 6. i 7. prsnom te 4. i 5. slabin- teoarthritis on the 7th cervical, 6th and 7th skom kralješku. Antemortalna, loše zarasla thoracic and 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. fraktura na distalnoj trećini dijafize lijeve Antemortal, poorly remodelled fracture on palčane kosti; trauma se očituje po malom the distal third of the diaphysis of the left remodeliranom kalusu, posteriornom po- radius; trauma evident by the somewhat re- maku i traumatskom OA. Hipoplastični modelled callous, posterior shift and trau- defekti na zubima. matic osteoarthritis. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 95 Grave 95 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene i goljenične kosti. Sex: male, based on the dimension of the femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na lijevoj goljeničnoj kosti. Pathological changes: Remodelled periostitis on the left tibia.

570 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 96 Grave 96 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju opće gracilnosti Sex: female, based on the overall gracility kostiju. of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 16 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 16 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 97, osoba A Grave 97, individual A Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 11. i 12. prsnom kralješku. Degenerativ- on the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae. ni OA na 10., 11. i 12. prsnom kralješku. Degenerative osteoarthritis on the 10th, Aktivni periostitis na lijevoj goljeničnoj ko- 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae. Active sti. Hipoplastični defekti na zubima. periostitis on the left tibia. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 97, osoba B Grave 97, individual B Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. ogy of the pelvic bones and overall gracility Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 55 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 51 to 55 years. kukovima i koljenima. Pathological changes: degenerative osteoarthritis on the hips and knees.

Grob 98 Grave 98 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i lubanje te opće robusnosti ko- of the pelvic bones and skull and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 12. prsnom i 1. slabinskom kralješku. on the 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar ver- Degenerativni OA na 10., 11. i 12. prsnom tebrae. Degenerative osteoarthritis on te 1. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasli periosti- the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 1st tis na bedrenim, goljeničnim i lisnim kosti- lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis ma. Antemortalna fraktura na fragmentu on the femur, tibia and fibula. Antemortal desnog rebra; trauma se očituje po remode- fracture on a fragment of a right rib; the liranom kalusu. trauma is evident by the remodelled callus.

571 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 99 Grave 99 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- lijevom ramenu i desnom koljenu. arthritis on the left shoulder and right knee.

Grob 100 Grave 100 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 11 do 12 godina. Age at time of death: 11 to 12 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 101 Grave 101 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- na poroznost na tjemenim kostima. Hipo- tocranial porosity on the parietal bones. plastični defekti na zubima. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 103, osoba A Grave 103, individual A Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju opće robusnosti Sex: male, on the basis of the overall robust- kostiju. ness of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- laktovima i kukovima. Schmorlovi defekti arthritis on the elbows and hips. Schmorl’s na 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 3. i 4. slabinskom defects on the 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic kralješku. Hipoplastični defekti na zubima. and 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Hypo- plastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 103, osoba B Grave 103, individual B Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije lubanje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology stiju. of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- vanom uzorku. Pathological changes: not present in the preserved sample.

572 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 104 Grave 104 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 5 do 6 godina. Age at time of death: 5 to 6 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 105 Grave 105 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, based on the morphology of lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 60 godi- Age at time of death: over 60 years. na. Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na on the 5th lumbar vertebrae. Degenerative 5. slabinskom kralješku. Degenerativni OA osteoarthritis on the left shoulder, elbows, na lijevom ramenu, laktovima, kukovima, hips, right knee and 4th and 5th lumbar desnom koljenu te 4. i 5. slabinskom kra- vertebrae. lješku.

Grob 106 Grave 106 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. desnom ramenu i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Pathological changes: degenerative osteoarthritis on the right shoulder and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 107 Grave 107 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 51 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 51 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokrani- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- jalna poroznost na desnoj tjemenoj kosti. tocranial porosity on the right parietal Degenerativni OA na laktovima, kukovima bone. Degenerative osteoarthritis on the te 5., 6. i 7. vratnom kralješku. Schmorlovi elbows, hips and 5th, 6th and 7th cervical defekti na 7., 8., 9., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 4. vertebrae. Schmorl’s defects on the 7th, 8th, i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Aktivni periosti- 9th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 1st, 4th tis na lijevom 6. rebru. Zarasli periostitis na and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Active periostitis goljeničnim i lisnim kostima. on the 6th left rib. Remodelled periostitis on the tibia and fibula.

573 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 108 Grave 108 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and sti kostiju. overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla cribra orbita- Pathological changes: remodelled cribra lia u desnoj orbiti. Degenerativni OA na orbitalia in the right orbit. Degenerative lijevom kuku. Schmorlovi defekti na 12. osteoarthritis on the left hip. Schmorl’s de- prsnom te 2. i 3. slabinskom kralješku. fects on the 12th thoracic and 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 110 Grave 110 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: loš. Degree of cortex preservation: poor. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije donje Sex: female, based on the morphology of čeljusti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. the lower jaw and overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 60 godi- Age at time of death: over 60 years. na. Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na arthritis on the left elbow, left knee and the lijevom laktu, lijevom koljenu te 5. i 6. vrat- 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae. nom kralješku.

Grob 111 Grave 111 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće robusno- of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and over- sti kostiju. all robustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- koljenima, 12. prsnom te 1., 3. i 4. slabin- teoarthritis on the knees, 12th thoracic skom kralješku. Schmorlovi defekti na 2. i and 1st, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. 4. slabinskom kralješku. Zarasla ektokrani- Schmorl’s defects on the 2nd and 4th lum- jalna poroznost na zatiljnoj kosti. bar vertebrae. Remodelled ectocranial porosity on the occipital bone.

Grob 112 Grave 112 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i lubanje te opće robusnosti ko- of the pelvic bones and skull and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 30 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 30 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- goljeničnim kostima. titis on the tibia.

574 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 113 Grave 113 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju dimenzija bedrene Sex: male, based on the dimension of the i goljenične kosti. femur and the tibia. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 114 Grave 114 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće robusno- of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and over- sti kostiju. all robustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 16 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 16 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 115 Grave 115 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 2,5 do 3,5 godi- Age at time of death: 2.5 to 3.5 years. ne. Pathological changes: active periostitis on Patološke promjene: aktivni periostitis na the occipital bone. zatiljnoj kosti.

Grob 116 Grave 116 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju opće gracilnosti Sex: female, based on the overall gracility kostiju. of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 45 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 45 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defect on 11. prsnom kralješku. Degenerativni OA the 11th thoracic vertebrae. Degenerative na 11. prsnom kralješku. osteoarthritis on the 11th thoracic vertebrae.

Grob 117 Grave 117 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju opće gracilnosti Sex: female, based on the overall gracility kostiju. of the bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlov defekt na Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defect on 9. prsnom kralješku. Degenerativni OA na the 9th thoracic vertebrae. Degenerative os- 11. prsnom kralješku. teoarthritis on the 11th thoracic vertebrae.

575 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 119 Grave 119 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- 4., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 3. teoarthritis on the 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 4. i 5. slabinskom kralješku. 11th, and 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 120 Grave 120 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 6,5 do 7,5 godi- Age at time of death: 6.5 to 7.5 years. na. Pathological changes: remodelled ec- Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- tocranial porosity on the parietal bones na poroznost na tjemenim kostima i zatilj- and occipital bones. Antemortal depres- noj kosti. Antemortalna depresijska fraktu- sion fracture on the posterior side of the ra na posteriornoj strani lijeve čeone kosti, left frontal bone, about 6 mm lateral of the oko 6 mm lateralno od sagitalnog šava i 53 sagittal suture and 53 mm superior of the mm superiorno od lamboidnog šava; trau- lambdoid suture; trauma 50 x 3 mm in size ma je veličine 50×3 mm s blago poroznim with a slightly porous base. dnom.

Grob 121 Grave 121 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće robusno- of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and over- sti kostiju. all robustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 26 do 30 godina. Age at time of death: 26 to 30 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled peri- bedrenim i goljeničnim kostima. Schmor- ostitis on the femur and tibia. Schmorl’s lovi defekti na 8., 9., 10. i 11. prsnom te 1., defects on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th 2., 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae.

576 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 122 Grave 122 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 16 do 18 godina. Age at time of death: 16 to 18 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla cribra orbi- Pathological changes: remodelled cribra talia u lijevoj orbiti. Aktivni periostitis na orbitalia in the left orbit. Active periosti- unutrašnjoj strani čeone kosti, tjemenih ko- tis on the internal side of the frontal bone, stiju i zatiljne kosti, na zdjeličnim kostima parietal bones and occipital bone, on the i bedrenim kostima. Schmorlovi defekti na pelvic bones and femurs. Schmorl’s defects 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 3., on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 4. i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Hipoplastični 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and defekti na zubima. 5th lumbar vertebrae. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 123 Grave 123 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall gracility of Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 45 godina. the bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Age at time of death: 41 to 45 years. na desnom koljenu te 4. i 5. slabinskom Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- kralješku. Zarasli periostitis na goljeničnim arthritis on the right knee and 4th and 5th kostima. lumbar vertebrae. Remodelled periostitis on the tibias.

Grob 124 Grave 124 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 60 godi- Age at time of death: over 60 years. na. Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti on the 11th and 12th thoracic and 4th lum- na 11. i 12. prsnom te 4. slabinskom kra- bar vertebrae. Remodelled ectocranial po- lješku. Zarasla ektokranijalna poroznost rosity on the parietal bones. Degenerative na tjemenim kostima. Degenerativni OA osteoarthritis on the elbows, hips, 3rd, 4th, na laktovima, kukovima, 3., 4., 5., 6. i 7. 5th, 6th and 7th cervical, 6th, 7th and 12th vratnom, 6., 7. i 12. prsnom te 4. i 5. slabin- thoracic and 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. skom kralješku. Antemortalna fraktura na Antemortal fracture on the distal third of distalnoj trećini dijafize lijeve palčane kosti; the diaphysis of the left radium; trauma evi- trauma se očituje po malom kalusu, blagom dent by the small callous, slightly posterior posteriornom pomaku i blagom aktivnom shift and slightly active periostitis. periostitisu.

577 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 125 Grave 125 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. 8. prsnom te 2., 3., 4. i 5. slabinskom kra- Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- lješku. Schmorlovi defekti na 7., 8., 9. i 10. arthritis on the 8th thoracic and 2nd, 3rd, prsnom kralješku. Stara, dobro zarasla frak- 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Schmorl’s tura na 2. lijevom rebru; trauma se očituje defects on the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th tho- po malom remodeliranom kalusu. racic vertebrae. An old, well remodelled fracture on the 2nd left rib; the trauma is evident se in the small remodelled callus.

Grob 126 Grave 126 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti i opće robusnosti kostiju. of the pelvic bones and overall robustness Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. of bones. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. goljeničnim kostima. Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- na 3., 4. i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Degene- titis on the tibia. Schmorl’s defects on the rativni OA na desnom kuku, koljenima te 3rd, 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Degen- 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. erative osteoarthritis on the right hip, knees and the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 127 Grave 127 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: loš. Degree of cortex preservation: poor. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 17 do 19 godina. Age at time of death: 17 to 19 years. Patološke promjene: hipoplastični defekti Pathological changes: Hypoplastic defects na zubima. on the teeth.

Grob 130 Grave 130 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokrani- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- jalna poroznost na tjemenim kostima i za- tocranial porosity on the parietal bones tiljnoj kosti. Degenerativni OA na 5. i 7. and the occipital bone. Degenerative osteo- vratnom kralješku. Hipoplastični defekti arthritis on the 5th and 7th cervical verte- na zubima. brae. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

578 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 135 Grave 135 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracil- stiju. ity of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 46 do 55 godina. Age at time of death: 46 to 55 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- 5., 6. i 7. vratnom kralješku. Zarasla cribra teoarthritis on the 5th, 6th and 7th cervi- orbitalia u orbitama. Hipoplastični defekti cal vertebrae. Remodelled cribra orbitalia na zubima. in the orbits. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 138 Grave 138 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 31 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 31 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative os- 4. prsnom kralješku. Zarasla ektokranijalna teoarthritis on the 4th thoracic vertebrae. poroznost na tjemenim kostima i zatiljnoj Remodelled ectocranial porosity on the kosti. Stara, dobro zarasla depresijska frak- parietal bones and the occipital bone. An tura na čeonoj kosti oko 20 mm superiorno old, well remodelled depression fracture od desnog nadočnog luka; trauma je izdu- on the frontal bone about 20 mm superior ženog oblika, veličine 18 × 7 mm. Hipopla- of the right superciliary arch; the trauma is stični defekti na zubima. elongated, 18 × 7 mm in size. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 140 Grave 140 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 0 do 0,5 godina. Age at time of death: 0 to 0,5 years. Patološke promjene: nisu prisutne u ušču- Pathological changes: not present in the vanom uzorku. preserved sample.

Grob 144 Grave 144 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće gracilnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall gracil- stiju. ity of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 45 godi- Age at time of death: over 45 years. na. Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na arthritis on the right shoulder. desnom ramenu.

579 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob 145 Grave 145 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: loš. Degree of cortex preservation: poor. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije luba- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology nje i donje čeljusti te opće robusnosti ko- of the skull and lower jaw and overall ro- stiju. bustness of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 41 do 50 godina. Age at time of death: 41 to 50 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- desnom ramenu, 5. i 7. vratnom te 5. slabin- arthritis on the right shoulder, 5th and 7th skom kralješku. cervical and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Grob 146 Grave 146 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: odličan. Degree of cortex preservation: excellent. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and sti kostiju. overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 36 do 40 godina. Age at time of death: 36 to 40 years. Patološke promjene: Schmorlovi defekti Pathological changes: Schmorl’s defects na 8., 9., 10. i 11. prsnom te 2. slabinskom on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th thoracic and kralješku. Degenerativni OA na kukovima 2nd lumbar vertebrae. Degenerative osteo- te 9. i 10. prsnom kralješku. Hipoplastični arthritis on the hips and the 9th and 10th defekti na zubima. thoracic vertebrae. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 149 Grave 149 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 56 do 60 godina. Age at time of death: 56 to 60 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla cribra orbita- Pathological changes: remodelled cribra lia u orbitama. Degenerativni OA na ko- orbitalia in the orbits. Degenerative os- ljenima, 3., 4., 5. i 6. vratnom, 5., 6., 7., 8., teoarthritis on the knees, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 3., 4. i 5. 6th cervical, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, slabinskom kralješku. Schmorlovi defekti 11th, and 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, na 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. prsnom te 1., 2., 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Schmorl’s 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. defects on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae.

580 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Grob 150 Grave 150 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: muški, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: male, on the basis of the morphology lične kosti, lubanje i donje čeljusti. of the pelvic bones, skull and lower jaw. Starost u trenutku smrti: 56 do 60 godina. Age at time of death: 56 to 60 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA Pathological changes: Degenerative os- na ramenima, kukovima (slika 15), lijevom teoarthritis in the shoulders, hips (Fig. koljenu, 3., 4. i 5. vratnom, 12. prsnom te 15), left knee, 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical, 2., 3. i 4. slabinskom kralješku. Schmorlovi 12th thoracic and 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar defekti na 12. prsnom te 2. slabinskom kra- vertebrae. Schmorl’s defects on the 12th lješku. Antemortalna, loše zarasla fraktura thoracic and 2nd lumbar vertebrae. Ante- na distalnoj trećini dijafize lijeve palčane mortal, poorly remodelled fracture on the kosti; trauma se očituje po posteriornom distal third of the diaphysis of the left radi- pomaku i umjerenom traumatskom OA. us; trauma is seen in the posterior shift and Antemortalna, loše zarasla fraktura na 9. moderately traumatic osteoarthritis. Ante- i 10. desnom rebru; trauma se očituje po mortal, poorly remodelled fracture on the remodeliranom kalusu i pojavi koštanih tr- 9th and 10th right ribs; trauma is evident nova. Antemortalna depresijska fraktura na in the remodelled callous and appearance desnoj tjemenoj kosti oko 65 mm posteri- of bone growths. Antemortal depression orno od koronalnog šava i 18 mm lateralno fracture on the right proximal bone about od sagitalnog šava; trauma je veličine 45×8 65 mm posterior of the coronal suture and mm s blago poroznim dnom i remodelira- 18 mm lateral of the sagittal suture; trauma nim rubovima. Hipoplastični defekti na is 45 x 8 mm in size with a slightly porous zubima. base and remodelled edges. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

Grob 151 Grave 151 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: loš. Degree of cortex preservation: poor. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije donje Sex: female, based on the morphology of čeljusti i opće gracilnosti kostiju. the lower jaw and overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: više od 60 godi- Age at time of death: over 60 years. na. Pathological changes: degenerative os- Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na teoarthritis on the left hip and 5th lumbar lijevom kuku i 5. slabinskom kralješku. Hi- vertebra. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth. poplastični defekti na zubima.

Grob 152 Grave 152 Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: vrlo dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: very good. Spol: ženski, na temelju morfologije zdje- Sex: female, on the basis of the morphol- lične kosti i donje čeljusti te opće gracilno- ogy of the pelvic bones and lower jaw and sti kostiju. overall gracility of bones. Starost u trenutku smrti: 56 do 60 godina. Age at time of death: 56 to 60 years. Patološke promjene: degenerativni OA na Pathological changes: degenerative osteo- ramenima, 6. i 7. vratnom te 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., arthritis on the shoulders, the 6th and 7th 6., 7., 8., 9. i 10. prsnom kralješku. Hipopla- cervical and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, stični defekti na zubima. 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae. Hypoplastic defects on the teeth.

581 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Grob bez signature Grave without signature Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: dijete. Sex: child. Starost u trenutku smrti: 10 do 11 godina. Age at time of death: 10 to 11 years. Patološke promjene: zarasli periostitis na Pathological changes: Remodelled perios- goljeničnim kostima. titis on the tibia.

Grob bez signature Grave without signature Stupanj uščuvanosti korteksa: dobar. Degree of cortex preservation: good. Spol: najvjerojatnije ženski, na temelju Sex: most likely female, on the basis of the morfologije lubanje. morphology of the skull. Starost u trenutku smrti: 21 do 35 godina. Age at time of death: 21 to 35 years. Patološke promjene: zarasla ektokranijal- Pathological changes: Remodelled ec- na poroznost na tjemenim kostima. tocranial porosity on the parietal bones.

Grob bez signature Grave without signature Minimalni broj osoba (MBO) u ovom The minimum number of individuals in uzorku iznosi 4 (četvero odraslih) na teme- this sample is 4 (four adults) based on the lju prisutnosti četiriju donjih čeljusti. presence of four lower jaws.

582 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

583 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Distribucija smrtnosti po spolu i starosti za uzo- The distribution of mortality by sex and age for rak25% iz Rijeke i Zagreba prikazana je u tablicama 1. the samples from Rijeka and Zagreb are shown 28% i 2. Analizirani uzorak s nalazišta Rijeka – Trg pul in Tables 1 and 2. The analysed sample from the Vele crikve sastoji se od 115 osoba (u obzir su uze- Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site consisted 24% ti samo20% kosturi kojima su se spol i starost mogli of 115 individuals (only skeletons for which the pouzdano odrediti) od kojih je 20 djece (17,4%), sex and age could be reliable determined were

20% 41 žena (35,6%) i 54 muškarca (47,0%). Uzorak considered), of which 20 were children (17.4%), iz Zagreba15% nešto je veći od onoga iz Rijeke i sasto- 41 women (35.6%) and 54 men (47.0%). The ji se od 169 osoba od kojih je 32 (18,9%) djece, sample from Zagreb is somewhat larger than 16% 42 (24,8%) žene i 95 (56,2%) muškaraca. Omjer the Rijeka sample and consisted of 169 indi- djece, žena i muškaraca u Rijeci iznosi 0,37 : 0,76 viduals, of whom 32 were children (18.9%), 42 10% 12% :stopa smrtnosti (dx) 1,00, a u Zagrebu taj omjer iznosi 0,33 : 0,44 : were women (24.8%) and 95 were men (56.2%). stopa smrtnosti (dx) 1,00. Oba uzorka karakterizira vrlo mali, gotovo The ratio of children:women:men in Rijeka was identičan udjel djece: u Rijeci on iznosi 17,4%, a 0.37:0.76:1.00, while in Zagreb that ratio was 8% u Zagrebu5% 18,9%. 0.33:0.44:1.00. Both localities are characterised by a very small and virtually identical share of 4% Stope smrtnosti djece u oba analizirana uzorka children: 17.4% in Rijeka and 18.9% in Zagreb. vrlo0% su slične. Naime, i u Rijeci i u Zagrebu naj- veća je 0smrtnost5 djece10 prisutna15 u dobnoj20 skupini25 30 The35 mortality40 rate45 of children50 55in both60 analysed60+ 0% od jedanaeste do petnaeste godine života: u Ristarost- (u samplesgodinama) is also very similar. Namely, in both Ri- 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ jeci u toj dobnoj skupini smrtnost iznosi 40,0% jeka and Zagreb, the highest mortality of chil- starost (u godinama) Rijeka Zagreb od poduzorka djece (8/20), a u Zagrebu čak dren was present in the age group from 11 to 15 žene muškarci 53,1% (17/32). Također, oba uzorka karakteri- years: in Rijeka, the morality in this age group zira izrazito mali broj djece u dobnoj skupini od was 40.0% of the subsample of children (8/2), rođenja do prve godine života: u Rijeci je prisu- while in Zagreb, it was 53.2% (17/32). Also, tan samo jedan kostur djeteta mlađega od jedne both samples are characterised by an exception- godine (5,5% od poduzorka djece), a u Zagrebu ally small number of children in the age group

28% 25%

24%

20% 20%

16% 15%

12% stopa smrtnosti (dx) 10% stopa smrtnosti (dx)

5% 4% Slika 16. Fig. 16 0% 0% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ starost (u godinama) starost (u godinama)

žene muškarci Rijeka Zagreb

584 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

su otkrivena samo dva takva kostura (6,2% od from birth to one year of age: in Rijeka there poduzorka djece) (slika 16). was only one skeleton of a child younger than 1 25% 28% year of age (5.5% of the subsample of children), Prosječne doživljene starosti svih odraslih osoba while two such skeletons were revealed in Za- u Rijeci i Zagrebu gotovo su istovjetne: u Ri- 24% greb (6.2% of the subsample of children) (Fig. 20% jeci prosječan životni vijek iznosi 40,3 godine 16). (sd=12,51), a u Zagrebu 39,9 godina (sd=9,35). Ipak,20% kada se usporede prosječne doživljene sta- The average achieved age of all adult persons in rosti između muškaraca i žena, između uzoraka Rijeka and Zagreb was virtually identical: in Ri- 15% se uočavaju16% neke razlike: naime, u Rijeci su žene jeka the average lifespan was 40.3 years (stand- živjele 3,5 godina dulje od muškaraca (42,3 na- ard deviation =12.51), as opposed to 39.9 years 10% spram 38,8 godina), dok su u Zagrebu muškarci in Zagreb (sd=9.35). However, differences were stopa smrtnosti (dx) 12% u prosjekustopa smrtnosti (dx) živjeli 0,5 godina dulje od žena (40,1 ascertained in examining the average life span naspram 39,6 godina). Nijedna od uočenih ra- between men and women: namely, in Rijeka, zlika8% nije statistički značajna. women lived 3.5 years longer than men (42.3 vs. 5% 38.8 years), while in Zagreb, men lived on aver- Analiza smrtnosti po petogodišnjim intervalima 4% age 0.5 years longer than women (40.1 vs. 39.6 u Rijeci pokazuje da je najveća smrtnost žena years). None of these differences were found to prisutna između 31. i 35. godine života kada 0% be statistically significant. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ umire0% 14,6% (6/41) žena, dok je kod muška- starost (u godinama) raca najveća20 stopa25 smrtnosti30 prisutna35 između40 An analysis45 of 50mortality55 in five-year60 intervals60+ 36. i 40. godine kada umire čak 25,9% (14/54)starost (u godinama)in Rijeka showed the highest mortality rate in Rijeka Zagreb muškaraca (slika 17). U Zagrebu je situacija nežene- womenmuškarci between the ages of 31 and 35 years, što drugačija jer je najveća stopa smrtnosti žena when 14.6% (6/41) women died, while in men prisutna između 41. i 45. godine kada umire čak the highest rate was between the ages of 36 and 33,3% (14/42) žena, a najviše muškaraca (25,3% 40 years, when 29.5% (14/54) men died (Fig. ili 24/95) umire između 36. i 40. godine. 17). The situation is somewhat different in Za-

28% 25%

24%

20% 20%

16% 15%

12% stopa smrtnosti (dx) 10% stopa smrtnosti (dx)

5% 4% Slika 17. Fig. 17 0% 0% 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60+ starost (u godinama) starost (u godinama)

žene muškarci Rijeka Zagreb

585 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Učestalosti alveolarnih bolesti u Rijeci i Za- greb, as the highest mortality rate for women grebu prikazane su u tablicama 3. i 4. U oba je was found to be between the ages of 41 and 45 uzorka pojava alveolarnih bolesti među djecom years, when 33.3% (14/42) of women died, and iznimno rijetka: u Rijeci nije uočen niti jedan for men between 36 and 40 years, when 25.3% slučaj alveolarnih oboljenja, dok je u Zagrebu (24/95) died. zabilježeno tek sedam slučajeva (4,5%). Uče- stalost alveolarnih bolesti kod odraslih osoba u The frequency of alveolar diseases in Rijeka and Rijeci (28,9% ili 231/798) bitno je veća od one Zagreb are shown in Tables 3 and 4. In both sam- u Zagrebu (16,4% ili 134/815) i ta razlika izno- ples, the appearance of alveolar disease among si χ²=35,306; P<0,001. U oba uzorka prisutna children is exceptionally rare: no cases of alveo- je veća učestalost alveolarnih bolesti kod žena u lar ailments were recorded in Rijeka, while only odnosu na muškarce: u Rijeci 30,1% naspram seven cases (4.5%) were recorded in Zagreb. The 27,7%, a u Zagrebu 18,7% naspram 14,9%, ali prevalence of alveolar diseases in adults in Rije- nijedna razlika nije statistički značajna. ka (28.9% or 231/798) was significantly higher than in Zagreb (16.4% or 134/815) and the dif- Učestalost karijesa kod osoba mlađih od 15 go- ference was tested as χ²=35.306; P<0.001. In dina u oba je uzorka vrlo niska: 4,7% u Rijeci both cases, a higher frequency of alveolar disease i 0,7% u Zagrebu (tablice 5 i 6). Kod odraslih was detected in women than in men: 30.1% vs. osoba učestalost karijesa u oba uzorka gotovo je 27.7% in Rijeka and 18.7% vs. 14.9% in Zagreb, istovjetna: u Rijeci ona iznosi 14,1% (78/553), though these differences were not statistically a u Zagrebu 13,6% (107/787). Usporedna ana- significant. liza po spolu pokazuje da na oba nalazišta žene iskazuju veće učestalosti karioznih promjena u The frequency of caries in individuals younger odnosu na muškarce: u Rijeci 16,7% naspram than 15 years was very low in both samples: 4.7% 11,8%, a u Zagrebu 21,2% naspram 10,1% (u in Rijeka and 0.7% in Zagreb (Tables 5 and 6). Zagrebu ova je razlika statistički značajna i izno- Among adults, the prevalence was virtually the si χ²=35,306; P<0,001). same in both samples: 14.1% (78/553) in Rijeka and 13.6% (107/787) in Zagreb. A comparative Učestalosti hipoplazije zubne cakline (HZC) za analysis by sex indicated that at both localities, oba su uzorka prikazane u tablicama 7 i 8. Uku- women had a higher prevalence of caries than pna učestalost HZC-a u Rijeci iznosi 54,8% men: 16.7% vs. 11.8% in Rijeka and 21.2% vs. (34/62), a hipoplastični defekti najčešće se po- 10.1% in Zagreb (this difference was statistically javljuju na očnjacima donje čeljusti (65,4%). significant in Zagreb, χ²=35.306; P<0.001). Učestalost HZC-a u Zagrebu mnogo je niža od one zabilježene u Rijeci i iznosi 39,1% (36/92), The frequency of enamel hypoplasia (EH) for a hipoplastični defekti u ovome su uzorku naj- both localities is shown in Tables 7 and 8. The češći na središnjim sjekutićima gornje čeljusti total frequency of EH in Rijeka was 54.8% (50,0%). Razlike u ukupnoj učestalosti HZC-a (34/63), and hypoplasia most commonly oc- između dvaju analiziranih uzoraka nisu statistič- curred on the canine teeth of the lower jaw ki značajne. (65.4%). The prevalence of EH in Zagreb was much lower than that recorded in Rijeka and U Rijeci je cribra orbitalia uočena na 7 od 27 totalled 39.1% (36/92), and hypoplasia in this čeonih kostiju (25,9%) s barem jednom dobro sample was most often found on the central up- uščuvanom orbitom. U dječjem poduzorku za per incisors (50.0%). The differences in the total analizu je bila dovoljno uščuvana samo jedna prevalence of EH between the two analysed lo- čeona kost na kojoj nije zabilježena prisutnost calities were not statistically significant. cribrae orbitaliae (tablica 9). Kod odraslih osoba učestalost te patološke promjene iznosi 26,9%, In Rijeka, cribra orbitalia was observed on 7 of s nešto većom učestalošću kod žena u odnosu 27 (25.9%) frontal bones with at least one well preserved orbit. In the subsample of children,

586 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

na muškarce (30,8% naspram 23,1%), što ne only one frontal bone was sufficiently well pre- predstavlja statistički značajnu razliku. Ukupna served and did not show the presence of cribra učestalost cribrae orbitaliae u Zagrebu iznosi orbitalia (Table 9). Among adults, the preva- 32,3% (21/65). Kod djece je cribra orbitalia uo- lence of this pathological change was 26.9%, čena na 10 od 13 čeonih kostiju (76,9%; tablica with a somewhat higher frequency among wom- 10). Kod odraslih osoba učestalost te patologije en than men (30.8% vs. 23.1%), though this slična je onoj u Rijeci i iznosi 21,2% (11/52). U difference was not statistically significant. The Zagrebu je učestalost cribrae orbitaliae mnogo total frequency of cribra orbitalia in Zagreb was veća kod muškaraca u odnosu na žene (25,6% 32.3% (21/65). Among children, cribra orbitalia naspram 7,7%), ali ta razlika nije statistički zna- was observed on 10 of 13 frontal bones (76.9%; čajna. U Rijeci je anemija izazvana nedostatkom Table 10). Among adults, the frequency of this željeza, koja je glavni uzročnik cribrae orbitaliae, pathology was similar to that found in Rijeka, utjecala na prosječnu doživljenu starost: odrasle at 21.2% (11/52). In Zagreb, the prevalence of osobe kod kojih je uočena cribra orbitalia u pro- cribra orbitalia was much higher in men than in sjeku su živjele 5,5 godina kraće od osoba kod women (25.6% vs. 7.7%), though this difference kojih ta patološka promjena nije prisutna (41,0 was not statistically significant. In Rijeka, anae- naspram 46,5 godina), no ta razlika ipak nije sta- mia caused by iron deficiency, which is the main tistički značajna. cause of cribra orbitalia, impacted the average achieved age: adults exhibiting cribra orbitalia Učestalosti Schmorlovih defekata u oba ana- lived an average of 5.5 years shorter than those lizirana uzorka prikazane su u tablicama 11. i persons without this pathological change (41.0 12. Ukupna učestalost Schmorlovih defekata u vs. 46.5 years), though this difference was not uzorku iz Rijeke iznosi 22,9% (132/576) s nešto statistically significant. većom učestalošću kod muškaraca u odnosu na žene (24,6% naspram 21,0%). Ukupna učesta- The prevalence of Schmorl’s defects in both ana- lost Schmorlovih defekata u uzorku iz Zagreba lysed samples is shown in Tables 11 and 12. The neznatno je veća od one u Rijeci i iznosi 26,1% overall prevalence of Schmorl’s defects in the (203/778); kao i u Rijeci, i u Zagrebu je uočena sample from Rijeka was 22.9% (132/576), with nešto veća učestalost Schmorlovih defekata kod a slightly higher incidence in men than in wom- muškaraca (27,8% naspram 22,7%). en (24.6% vs. 21.0%). The overall prevalence of Schmorl’s defects in the Zagreb sample was Učestalost osteoartritisa na kralješcima odraslih insignificantly higher than in Rijeka, at 26.1% osoba u Rijeci dvostruko je veća od one u Zagre- (203/778). As in Rijeka, a slightly higher inci- bu (25,0% naspram 12,2%), što predstavlja stati- dence of Schmorl’s defects was found in men in stički značajnu razliku (χ²=48,457; P<0,001). U Zagreb (27.8% vs. 22.7%). Rijeci je kod muškaraca prisutna statistički zna- čajno veća učestalost OA na kralješcima u odno- The prevalence of osteoarthritis in the verte- su na žene (30,9% naspram 18,7%; χ²=15,618; brae of adult individuals in Rijeka was twice as P<0,001), dok je u Zagrebu prisutna neznatno high as in Zagreb (25.0% vs. 12.2%), which was veća učestalost OA na kralješcima kod žena a statically significant difference (χ²=48.457; (13,5% naspram 11,6%) (tablice 13 i 14). U P<0.001). In Rijeka, men showed a statisti- oba se uzorka OA kod odraslih osoba najčešće cally higher incidence of osteoarthritis of the pojavljuje na slabinskim kralješcima: u Rijeci ta vertebrae than did women (30.9% vs. 18.7%; učestalost iznosi 33,2% (64/193), a u Zagrebu χ²=15.618; P<0.001), while in Zagreb women 17,9% (41/229). had only an insignificantly greater incidence of osteoarthritis than men (13.5% vs. 11.6%) (Ta- U uzorku s nalazišta Rijeka – Trg pul Vele crikve bles 13 and 14). In both samples, osteoarthritis osteoartritis na glavnim zglobovima prisutan je in adults was most often found in the lumbar na 35,2% analiziranih zglobova s neznatno ve- vertebrae: in Rijeka this was found in 33.2%

587 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ćom učestalošću kod žena u odnosu na muškarce of individuals (64/193) while in Zagreb it was (36,1% naspram 34,5%). U ovome uzorku OA found in 17.9% of individuals (41/229). kod žena najčešće se pojavljuje na koljenu i kuku te nešto rjeđe na laktu i ramenu; kod muškaraca In the sample from the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve je OA najčešći na koljenu, zatim na kuku i rame- Square site, osteoarthritis on the main joints was nu te naposljetku na laktu (tablica 15). U Zagre- present in 35.2% of the analysed joints, with bu je ukupna učestalost degenerativnoga OA na a slightly higher incidence in women than in zglobovima mnogo niža od one u Rijeci i iznosi men (36.1% vs. 34.5%). In this sample, osteo- 15,5%, što predstavlja statistički značajnu razli- arthritis in women was most often found in the ku (χ²=23,973; P<0,001). Za razliku od Rijeke, knee and hips, and less often in the elbow and u Zagrebu muškarci iskazuju neznatno veću shoulder; while in men, osteoarthritis was most učestalost OA na zglobovima u odnosu na žene commonly found in the knee, followed by the (16,0% naspram 14,1%). U uzorku iz Rijeke OA hip and shoulder, and least in the elbow (Table kod žena najčešće se pojavljuje na ramenu i lak- 15). In Zagreb, the total incidence of degenera- tu, zatim na koljenu, dok na kuku nije zabilježen tive osteoarthritis in the joints was much lower nijedan slučaj degenerativnoga OA; kod muš- than in Rijeka and totalled 15.5%, which was a karaca je OA najčešći na koljenu i ramenu te u statistically significant difference between the mnogo manjoj mjeri na kuku i laktu (tablica 16). two sites (χ²=23.973; P<0.001). Unlike in Ri- jeka, in Zagreb, men had an only slightly higher Nespecifični periostitis u oba je uzorka prisutan incidence of osteoarthritis in the joints than did i kod djece i kod odraslih osoba. Ukupna učesta- women (16.0% vs. 14.1%). In the Rijeka sample, lost periostitisa u Rijeci dvostruko je veća od one osteoarthritis in women most often appeared in u Zagrebu (54,0% naspram 26,2%), što pred- the shoulder and elbow, followed by the knee, stavlja statistički značajnu razliku (χ²=9,198; while no cases of degenerative osteoarthritis P<0,01). Periostitis kod djece u Rijeci je uočen were found in the hip; for men, osteoarthri- na 50,0% (6/12) analiziranih kostura, a u Za- tis was most commonly found in the knee and grebu na 35,7% (5/14) (tablice 17 i 18). U Rijeci shoulder, and must less in the hip and elbow je prisutna bitno veća učestalost periostitisa kod (Table 16). odraslih osoba u odnosu na Zagreb (54,9% napra- ma 23,5%; χ²=9,254; P<0,01). Usporedna anali- Non-specific periostitis was present in both za po spolovima u oba uzorka pokazuje nešto veće samples, in both children and adults. The total učestalosti nespecifičnoga periostitisa kod muška- prevalence of periostitis in Rijeka was twice than raca, ali bez statistički značajnih razlika. in Zagreb (54.0% vs. 26.2%), which represents a statistically significant difference (χ²=9.198; Od specifičnih zaraznih bolesti u Rijeci zabilje- P<0.01). Periostitis in children in Rijeka was ženi su jedan mogući slučaj veneričnoga sifilisa i observed in 50.0% (6/12) of the analysed skele- dva moguća slučaja tuberkuloze. tons, as opposed to 35.7% (5/14) in Zagreb (Ta- bles 17 and 18). In Rijeka, a significantly higher Vrlo vjerojatan slučaj veneričnoga sifilisa zabilje- incidence of periostitis was found in adults than žen je na kosturu žene stare između 46 i 55 go- in Zagreb (54.9% vs. 23.5%; χ²=9.254; P<0.01). dina, iz groba 80. Kostur je vrlo fragmentiran, a A comparative analysis by sex in both samples za analizu su bili dostupni samo dijelovi lubanje, indicates a somewhat higher frequency of non- trupa i lijeve ruke. Na više sačuvanih kostiju ma- specific periostitis in men, though the difference kroskopskom analizom uočene su morfološke was not statistically significant. promjene koje odgovaraju pojavi veneričnoga sifilisa: 1) na desnoj tjemenoj kosti prisutne su Of the specific infectious diseases in Rijeka, one tri ovalne lezije veličine 13×7, 6×6 i 2×2 mm, possible case of venereal syphilis and two possi- porotičnoga dna i okružene blagim aktivnim ble cases of tuberculosis were recorded. periostitisom; 2) na lateralnoj strani lijeve ključ-

588 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ne kosti prisutno je blago zadebljanje praćeno A very likely case of venereal syphilis was re- blagim aktivnim periostitisom i pojavom nove corded on the skeleton of a woman aged be- kosti u obliku koštanih trnova (spikula); 3) na tween 46 and 55 years, from grave 80. The proksimalnoj trećini dijafize lijeve lakatne ko- skeleton was very fragmented, and only parts of sti prisutan je aktivni upalni proces (periostitis the skull, body and the left hand were available i osteomijelitis); 4) na distalnoj polovici lijeve for analysis. Macroscopic analysis of several of nadlaktične kosti prisutan je blagi aktivni peri- the preserved bones indicated morphological ostitis i deformacija korteksa u obliku tzv. „snail changes that correspond to venereal syphilis: 1) tracks“; 5) na spini i acromionu lijeve lopatice pri- on the right proximal bone, three oval lesions sutan je upalni proces (blagi aktivni periostitis i (13x7, 6x6 and 2x2 mm in size, with a porous osteomijelitis s definiranomcloacom za otjecanje base and surrounded by mild active periostitis) gnojne tekućine) te deformacija korteksa; 6) na were found; 2) the lateral side of the left collar fragmentu 7. i 9. lijevoga rebra prisutan je zarasli bone showed a slight thickening accompanied periostitis praćen deformacijom korteksa. by mild active periostitis and the appearance of new bone growth in the form of bone spurs; 3) Osim veneričnoga sifilisa, u Rijeci su zabilježena on the proximal third of the diaphysis of the left i dva vrlo vjerojatna slučaja tuberkuloze. Prvi slu- ulna, active inflammatory processes (periostitis čaj uočen je na kosturu žene starije od 55 godina, and osteomyelitis) were found; 4) on the distal iz groba 55. Kostur je dobro sačuvan, a za analizu half of the left humerus, mild active periostitis su bile dostupne sve kosti glave, trupa i gornjih and a deformation of the cortex in the form of ekstremiteta. Kod te osobe prisutna je koštana ‘snail tracks’ was found; 5) on the scapula and ac- ankiloza (spajanje) kralježnice od 10. prsnoga romion of the left shoulder blade, inflammatory do 4. slabinskoga kralješka koji su srasli u obli- processes (mild active periostitis and osteomy- ku grbe; također, većina je rebara deformirana. elitis with defined ruptures for the drainage of Drugi slučaj uočen je na kosturu djeteta staro- pus) and deformation of the cortex was found; ga između 5,5 i 6,5 godina, iz groba 59. Kostur 6) on fragments 7 and 9 of the left rib, remod- je dobro sačuvan, a za analizu su bile dostupne elled periostitis accompanied by deformation of fragmentirane kosti glave, trupa i gornjih ekstre- the cortex was found. miteta. Na tome je kosturu uočen blagi aktivni periostitis na 5. i 6. desnome rebru te 7., 8., 9. i In addition to venereal syphilis, two very likely 10. desnome rebru; na proksimalnim krajevima cases of tuberculosis were found in Rijeka. The lijevih rebara nalaze se jasno definirani, dobro first case was observed in the skeleton of a wom- zarasli litički defekti veličine 10×5 mm. an over the age of 55 years, from grave 55. The skeleton was well preserved, and all the bones of Učestalost trauma dugih kostiju po spolu i strani the head, body and upper extremities were avail- tijela u Rijeci prikazana je u tablici 19. Analizi- able. This individual exhibited bone ankylosis rani uzorak iz Rijeke sastoji se od ukupno 523 (joining) of the vertebrae from the 10th thoracic duge kosti, a traume su zabilježene na 11 kostiju to the 4th lumbar vertebrae, which fused togeth- (2,1%). Frakture su prisutne na sljedećim ko- er in the form of a hump, and the majority of stima: na palčanim kostima (7,6%), na lisnim the ribs were also deformed. The second case was kostima (4,9%), na goljeničnim kostima (2,8%) observed in the skeleton of a child aged between i na bedrenim kostima (1,1%). Tablica 19 poka- 5.5 and 6.5 years, from grave 59. The skeleton zuje da je prisutna razlika u učestalosti trauma s was well preserved, and fragmented bones of the obzirom na stranu tijela – ukupna učestalost na head, body and upper extremities were available desnoj strani gotovo je dvostruko veća od one na for analysis. On this skeleton, mild active perios- desnoj (2,8% ili 7/252 naspram 1,5% ili 4/271), titis was found on the 5th and 6th right rib, and ali ta razlika ipak nije statistički značajna. Tako- the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th left rib; the proximal đer je prisutna i razlika u učestalosti trauma iz- ends of the left ribs showed clearly defined, well među muškaraca i žena (2,6% naspram 1,4%), ali thickened lithic defects 10x5 mm in size.

589 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ni ta razlika nije statistički značajna. Od trauma The prevalence of trauma of the long bones by dugih kostiju posebno su upečatljive dvije kom- sex and side of body in Rijeka is shown in Table plicirane frakture potkoljenice: 1) kod muškarca 19. The analysed sample from Rijeka consisted staroga između 51 i 55 godina, iz groba 6, prisut- of a total of 523 long bones, with trauma record- na je antemortalna, loše zarasla fraktura srednje ed on 11 bones (2.1%). Fractures were present trećine dijafize desne goljenične i lisne kosti – on the following bones: radius (7.6%), fibula trauma se očituje po anteriornome pomaku, pre- (4.9%), tibia (2.8%) and femur (1.1%). Table 19 klopu kosti, velikome kalusu i blagome zaraslom shows a difference in the incidence of traumas periostitisu; 2) kod muškarca staroga između 36 with regard to the side of the body – the total i 45 godina, iz groba 61, prisutna je antemortal- incidence of trauma to the right side was almost na, loše zarasla fraktura distalne trećine dijafize twice that of the left side (2.8% or 7/252 vs. desne potkoljenice – na goljeničnoj kosti trauma 1.5% or 4/271), though this difference was not se očituje po posteriorno-medijalnome pomaku, statistically significant. A difference was also ob- preklopu i skraćenju kosti za 35 mm te jakome served in the incidence of trauma between men zaraslom periostitisu, a na lisnoj kosti trauma se and women (2.6% vs. 1.4%), though this differ- očituje po remodeliranome kalusu, medijalno- ence was not statistically significant. Among the me pomaku i preklopu kosti. long bone traumas recorded, two complicated lower leg fractures were particularly notable: Usporedba učestalosti trauma dugih kostiju iz- 1) in a man aged between 51 and 55 years from među Rijeke i Zagreba prikazana je u tablici 20. grave 6, an antemortal, poorly remodelled frac- Iz te se tablice jasno vidi da je ukupna učestalost ture was found on the middle third of the diaph- trauma dugih kostiju u Rijeci nešto veća od one ysis of the right tibia and fibula – the trauma is u Zagrebu (2,1% ili 11/523 naspram 1,5% ili evident in the anterior shift, bone overlap, large 8/520). Za razliku od Rijeke, traume dugih ko- callus and slight remodelling of the periostitis; stiju u Zagrebu najčešće su na goljeničnim kosti- 2) in a man aged between 36 and 45 years from ma (4,2%), a prisutne su još na lisnim kostima grave 61, an antemortal, poorly remodelled frac- (2,4%), palčanim kostima (1,9%) i nadlaktičnim ture of the distal third of the diaphysis of the kostima (1,5%). Kada se usporede učestalosti right lower leg was found – the trauma was seen trauma između dvaju uzoraka po pojedinačnim in the tibia by the posterior-medial shift, over- kostima, najveća je razlika prisutna u učestalosti lap and shortening of the bone by 35 mm and trauma na palčanim kostima jer je u Rijeci zabi- strongly remodelled periostitis, while the trau- lježena gotovo četiri puta veća učestalost u od- ma in the fibula was evident in the remodelled nosu na Zagreb (7,6% ili 5/66 naspram 1,9% ili callus, medial shift and bone overlap. 1/53), ali ni ta razlika nije statistički značajna, najvjerojatnije uslijed relativno maloga analizi- A comparison of the incidence of traumas to the ranog uzorka. long bones between the Rijeka and Zagreb sites is shown in Table 20. This table clearly shows Osim fraktura dugih kostiju, u Rijeci su prisutne that the overall incidence of trauma to the long i traume glave. Ta vrsta trauma u Rijeci je zabi- bones was somewhat higher in Rijeka than in lježena kod triju odraslih osoba, a učestalost Zagreb (2.1% or 11/523 vs. 1.5% or 8/520). kranijalnih trauma kod odraslih osoba u ovo- Unlike in Rijeka, trauma to the long bones in me uzorku iznosi 12,5% (3/24). Traume glave Zagreb was primarily recorded on the tibia zabilježene su samo kod muškaraca (gr. 43, 65 (4.2%), and was also found on the fibula (2.4%), i 120), a u svim slučajevima riječ je o antemor- radius (1.9%) and humerus (1.5%). In compar- talnim, dobro zaraslim depresijskim frakturama ing the incidence of trauma between the two na čeonim i tjemenim kostima. U Zagrebu kod localities by individual bones, the largest differ- odraslih osoba nije zabilježena nijedna trauma ence is found in the incidence of trauma to the glave (0/38). radius, with almost four times as many injuries to this bone in Rijeka than in Zagreb (7.6% or

590 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Frakture rebara vjerojatno su najčešća vrsta ko- 5/66 vs. 1.9% or 1/53), though this difference štanih trauma u uzorku iz Rijeke. Te su fraktu- is not statistically significant, likely due to the re zabilježene na sedam kostura (sve muškarci) relatively small sample size. i variraju od vrlo jednostavnih, dobro zaraslih fraktura (gr. 22, 98, 125) do kompliciranih vi- In addition to fractures of the long bones, head šestrukih trauma (gr. 5 i 6). Posebice se izdvaja- traumas were also found in Rijeka. This type ju nezarasle frakture dvaju rebara na kosturu iz of trauma was found in three adult individuals groba 30, što ukazuje na to da je ta osoba rebra in Rijeka, with a prevalence of cranial trauma slomila neposredno ili u vrlo kratkome razdo- among adults in this sample of 12.5% (3/24). blju prije smrti. Head traumas were recorded only in men (graves 43, 65 and 120), and in all cases, these U uzorku iz Rijeke izmjereno je 19 potpuno were antemortal, well remodelled depression sačuvanih bedrenih kostiju odraslih osoba: 11 fractures to the frontal and parietal bones. No pripada muškarcima, a 8 ženama. Prosječna vi- head traumas were recorded among the adult in- sina muškaraca iznosi 174,7 ±3,94 cm, dok pro- dividuals in Zagreb (0/38). sječna visina žena iznosi 158,8 ±3,72 cm. Najviši muškarac u uzorku iz Rijeke bio je visok 181,5 Rib fractures were likely the most common type cm, a najniži 168,5 cm. Najviša žena iz Rijeke of bone trauma in the sample from Rijeka. These bila je visoka 163,5 cm, dok je najniža žena bila fractures were recorded on seven skeletons (all visoka samo 148,2 cm. male) and varied from very simple, well remodelled fractures (graves 22, 98 and 125) to complicated, multiple fractures (graves 5 and 6). The Rasprava i zaključak unremodelled fractures of two ribs on the skeleton from grave 30 are particularly noteworthy, Analiza ljudskoga koštanog materijala s nalazišta indicating that this person broke their ribs either Rijeka – Trg pul Vele crikve pruža važne podat- immediately prior to or only very shortly before ke o biološkoj povijesti kasnosrednjovjekovnih i their death. novovjekovnih stanovnika Rijeke. Usporedba s drugim kasnosrednjovjekovnim urbanim popu- In the sample from Rijeka, a total of 19 fully lacijama iz Hrvatske, kao što je ona s nalazišta intact femurs from adult individuals were meas- Zagreb – Sv. Franjo, proširuje naše poznavanje ured: 11 belonging to men and 8 to women. uvjeta i načina života naših predaka na tim po- The average height of men was 174.7 ± 3.94 cm, dručjima. Prikupljanje informacija iz osteološ- while the average height of women was 158.8 kih zbirki iznimno je važno za procjenu poda- ± 3.72 cm. The tallest man in the sample from taka koji su poznati iz povijesnih i arheoloških Rijeka was 181.5 cm tall, and the shortest 168.5 izvora, ali i za upoznavanje s činjenicama koje ti cm. The tallest woman from Rijeka was 163.5 izvori ne pružaju (ŠLAUS i sur. 2004). cm tall, while the shortest woman was only 148.2 cm. Demografske karakteristike uzorka iz Rijeke vrlo su slične karakteristikama uzorka iz Zagreba. U obje je populacije prisutna jasna podzastuplje- Discussion and conclusions nost djece, tj. i u Rijeci i u Zagrebu djeca čine ne- što manje od petine ukupnoga uzorka (u Rijeci The analysis of the human bone material from 17,4%, a u Zagrebu 18,9%). Gledano iz današnje the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site offers perspektive, smrtnost djece doima se strahovito important information on the biological history visokom, no ta distribucija znatno podcjenjuje of the Late Medieval and Post Medieval residents stvarnu smrtnost djece na analiziranim nalazi- of Rijeka. A comparison with other Late Medi- štima. Naime, u predindustrijskim populacija- eval urban populations from Croatia, such as the ma najveća je smrtnost djece uvijek prisutna u Zagreb – St. Francis site expands our knowledge of the conditions and way of life of our ancestors

591 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

najmlađoj starosnoj kategoriji, a rezultat toga in these areas. Collection of information from jest da je u tim populacijama (koje karakterizira osteological collections is exceptionally impor- nepoznavanje mikroskopskoga svijeta i potenci- tant for the assessment of data that are known jalne opasnosti od bakterija i virusa, kao i odsut- from historical and archaeological sources, but nost antibiotika) smrtnost tijekom prve godine also for learning about facts that these sources života izrazito visoka. U nekim populacijama cannot provide (ŠLAUS et al. 2004). djeca mlađa od jedne godine čine i do 34% od čitavoga uzorka (npr. ACSÁDI I NEMESKÉRI The demographic characteristics of the samples 1970; COALE I DEMENY 1966; LEDER- from Rijeka are very similar to the characteris- MANN 1969; NOVAK i sur. 2007). No, u tics of the sample from Zagreb. In both popu- Rijeci i Zagrebu situacija je bitno drugačija jer lations, a clear under-representation of children u oba analizirana uzorka gotovo potpuno nedo- is seen, i.e. in both Zagreb and Rijeka, children staju kosturi djece iz najmlađe dobne skupine, tj. make up less than one-fifth of the total sample do prve godine života. Među čimbenicima koji (17.4% in Rijeka and 18.9% in Zagreb). From pridonose toj podzastupljenosti najčešće se spo- today’s perspective, child mortality seems terri- minju različiti pogrebni običaji kod neonatalnih bly high; however, this distribution significantly smrti i plići ukopi za vrlo mladu djecu. U Rijeci underestimates the actual mortality of children je za podzastupljenost djece najvjerojatnije za- at the analysed localities. Namely, in preindus- služan smještaj groblja u samome središtu grada trial populations, the highest mortality of chil- gdje je najveći broj dječjih ukopa najvjerojatnije dren was always present in the youngest age uništen vrlo intenzivnim građevinskim aktiv- category, and the result of this was that in these nostima u kasnijim razdobljima. U Zagrebu populations (characterised by a lack of knowl- je situacija slična, ali ondje je za odsutnost vrlo edge of the microscopic world and the potential opis? krhkih dječjih kostura odgovorno i zrakoplovno dangers from bacteria and viruses, and the lack maknuti bombardiranje tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata, of antibiotics), mortality during the first year of kada je uslijed izravnoga pogotka bombe ispred life was exceptionally high. In some populations, crno? children under the age of one year accounted for up to 34% of the entire sample (e.g. ACSÁDI & NEMESKÉRI 1970; COALE & DEMENY 1966; LEDERMANN 1969; NOVAK et al. 2007). However, in both Rijeka and Zagreb, the situation is substantially different, as both analysed samples are virtually lacking in the skeletons of children in the youngest age groups, i.e. in the first year of life. Various factors are often cited as being among those contributing to this under-representation, including funeral rites in neonatal deaths and shallower graves for very young children. In Rijeka, the under-representation of children is most likely due to the position of the cemetery in the very centre of the town, where the largest number of children’s graves were likely damaged during the very intensive construction activity of subsequent periods. In Zagreb, the situation is similar; however, the lack of the very fragile children’s skeletons is likely due to the aerial bombing of the area during World War II, when a large portion of the Medieval cemetery at the church of St. Francis

592 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

crkve sv. Franje na Opatovini bio uništen dobar on Opatovina Street was destroyed by a direct dio srednjovjekovnih grobova. hit.

Omjer žena i muškaraca u Rijeci iznosi 0,76 : The ratio of women to men in Rijeka is 0.76:1.00, 1,00 što je u skladu s vrijednostima koje su pri- which is in line with the values present at most sutne na većini srednjovjekovnih i novovjekov- Medieval and Post Medieval localities in Croatia nih nalazišta u Hrvatskoj gdje taj omjer iznosi where that ratio is 1.00:1.00 (e.g. NOVAK et al. 1,00 : 1,00 (npr. NOVAK i sur. 2007, 2008; 2007, 2008; ŠLAUS 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS ŠLAUS 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS i sur. 2003). et al. 2003). The ratio in Zagreb (0.44:1.00) sig- Taj omjer u Zagrebu (0,44 : 1,00) bitno oduda- nificantly deviates from the ratio at other Medi- ra od drugih srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih eval and Post Medieval cemeteries, as the Zagreb groblja jer je u Zagrebu po svemu sudeći riječ o site appears to have been a prestigious cemetery prestižnome groblju na kojemu su se pokapale in which socially privileged persons (likely high društveno povlaštene osobe (vjerojatno crkveni ranking clergy and the secular nobility) were velikodostojnici i svjetovno plemstvo) (ŠLAUS buried (ŠLAUS et al. 2007). i sur. 2007). The average life span of adults in Rijeka and Za- Prosječan životni vijek odraslih osoba u Rijeci i greb was almost identical, and very similar to a Zagrebu gotovo je istovjetan i vrlo je sličan nizu series of other Medieval and Post Medieval Cro- drugih srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih hr- atian archaeological population (e.g. NOVAK vatskih arheoloških populacija (npr. NOVAK & ŠLAUS 2007; NOVAK et al. 2007; ŠLAUS I ŠLAUS 2007; NOVAK i sur. 2007; ŠLAUS 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS et al. 2003). The only 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS i sur 2003). Jedina ra- difference between these two populations is that zlika između tih dvaju uzoraka jest u tome što u women lived somewhat longer than men in Ri- Rijeci žene u prosjeku žive nešto dulje od muška- jeka, while in Zagreb men lived insignificantly raca, dok u Zagrebu muškarci žive neznatno du- longer than women. The small sex differences in lje od žena. Male spolne razlike u prosječnoj do- the average age achieved in both samples strong- življenoj starosti u oba uzorka snažno sugeriraju ly suggest an equal level of biological stress for podjednaku razinu biološkoga stresa za oba spola. both sexes.

Analiza dentalnih patologija kao što su apsce- The analysis of the dental pathology, such as si, zaživotni gubitak zuba i karijesi korisna je u abscesses, the permanent loss of teeth and car- rasvjetljavanju kvalitete i načina života arheo- ies is useful in shedding light on the quality and loških populacija. Brojna istraživanja (COSTA way of life of the archaeological populations. 1980; FRAYER 1984; FUJITA 1995; LARSEN Numerous studies (COSTA 1980; FRAYER i sur. 1991; O’SULLIVAN i sur. 1993; WELLS 1984; FUJITA 1995; LARSEN et al. 1991; 1975) pokazala su da su niske učestalosti karije- O’SULLIVAN et al. 1993; WELLS 1975) have sa i alveolarnih bolesti karakteristične za skupine shown that a lower incidence of caries and alve- čija se prehrana temeljila na mesu. Visoke učesta- olar diseases are characteristic for groups whose losti karijesa i alveolarnih bolesti karakteristič- diet is meat-based. A high incidence of caries ne su pak za skupine koje u prehrani primarno and alveolar diseases are characteristic for those ovise o različitim žitaricama, primjerice pšenici, groups whose diets are primarily based on differ- ječmu, raži ili kukuruzu. Razlog povećane uče- ence cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye or corn. stalosti karijesa u takvim populacijama jest veći The reason for the increased prevalence of caries udjel ugljikohidrata u prehrani: škrob i šećer koji in such population is the higher proportion of se nalaze u žitu, kukuruzu i drugim kulturama carbohydrates in the diet: the starch and sugar uzgajanim na arheološkim nalazištima predstav- found in wheat, corn and other cereal crops raised ljaju više od polovice ukupnih kalorija u prehra- at the archaeological localities represent more ni predindustrijskih poljoprivrednih populacija than half the total calories in the diets of prein-

593 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

(GUTHRIE 1979). Za razliku od toga, prehra- dustrial agricultural populations (GUTHRIE na bazirana na lovu sadrži mnogo manje šećera i 1979). On the contrary, a hunting-based diet mnogo više bjelančevina, što smanjuje učestalost contained much less sugar and much more karijesa jer sadrži znatno manje ugljikohidrata, protein, which reduced the incidence of caries povisuje pH vrijednost sline i kraće se vrijeme due to the substantially lower amount of carbo- zadržava u ustima. U tome kontekstu, izrazito hydrates, higher pH value of saliva and shorter velika učestalost alveolarnih bolesti kod odraslih retention time in the mouth. In that context, the osoba u Rijeci (28,9%; slika 18) snažno sugerira exceptionally high frequency of alveolar disease da se prehrana kasnosrednjovjekovnih i novovje- in adults in Rijeka (28.9%; Fig. 18) strongly sug- kovnih stanovnika Rijeke temeljila uglavnom na gests that the diet of the Late Medieval and Post poljoprivrednim proizvodima (žitaricama) koje Medieval residents of Rijeka was based primarily su bogate ugljikohidratima, a u skladu s izrazito on agricultural products (cereals) rich in carbo- velikom učestalošću dentalnih bolesti u Rijeci hydrates, and in line with the exceptionally high jest i nešto veća učestalost karijesa u odnosu na prevalence of dental diseases in Rijeka, which Zagreb. Naime, manje učestalosti alveolarnih showed a somewhat higher incidence of caries bolesti i karijesa kod odraslih osoba iz Zagreba u than in Zagreb. Namely, the lower prevalence odnosu na odrasle osobe iz Rijeke najvjerojatnije of alveolar disease and caries in adults in Zagreb se mogu objasniti pripadnošću visokoj socijalnoj in relation to adults from Rijeka can likely be kategoriji osoba koje su pokopane ispred crkve explained by the fact that the persons buried in sv. Franje u Zagrebu (ŠLAUS i sur. 2007). Bu- front of the church of St. Francis in Zagreb were dući da je konzumiranje mesa u srednjovjekov- members of higher social categories (ŠLAUS et nim arheološkim populacijama vrlo često ko- al. 2007). Considering that the consumption relirano s visokim socijalnim statusom, logično of meat in the Medieval archaeological popula- je pretpostaviti da su višemu društvenom sloju tions is very often correlated with higher social pripadale i odrasle osobe iz Zagreba. Na takav status, it is logical to assume that the adults from scenarij ukazuju i analize dentalnoga materijala Zagreb belonged to a higher social class. Such a srednjovjekovnih mađarskih populacija. Naime, scenario is also suggested by an analysis of the istraživanja srednjovjekovnoga nalazišta Zalavár dental material of a Medieval Hungarian popu- u Mađarskoj pokazala su da je učestalost karijesa lation. Namely, a study of the Medieval locality kod osoba pokopanih u tvrđavi (viši društveni Zalavár in Hungary showed that the frequency sloj) bila bitno manja u odnosu na osobe poko- of caries in persons buried within the fortress pane na župnome groblju (niži društveni sloj). (higher social class) was significantly lower than Frayer (1984) smatra da je ta razlika posljedica those persons buried at the parish cemetery različite prehrane, odnosno povećanoga udjela (lower social class). Frayer (1984) stated that mesa u prehrani osoba iz više socijalne katego- this difference is likely the consequence of their rije. Slične razlike u učestalostima karijesa evi- differing diets, i.e. the increased share of meat in dentirane su i između skupine osoba iz bogatih the diet of persons from the high social catego- grobova Maya sa srednjoameričkih nalazišta Co- ries. Similar differences in the incidence of caries pan u Hondurasu i Lamanai u Belizeu i osoba were recorded between groups of persons from pokopanih u običnim ili siromašnim grobovima the wealthy Mayan graves at the Central Ameri- (WHITE 1994). Izrazito velika učestalost alve- can locality of Copan in the Honduras and La- olarnih bolesti u Rijeci također ukazuje na nisku manai in Belize and persons buried in regular or razinu oralne higijene. Prema Hillsonu (1996), poor graves (WHITE 1994). The exceptionally neadekvatna oralna higijena glavni je uzročnik high incidence of alveolar disease in Rijeka also alveolarnih bolesti jer upala zubnoga mesa (gin- indicates a low level of oral hygiene. According givitis) koja nastaje kao rezultat bakterijskoga to Hillson (1996), inadequate oral hygiene is the plaka (zubnih naslaga) dovodi do resorpcije al- main cause of alveolar disease, as inflammation veolarne kosti i ispadanja zuba. of the gums (gingivitis) that arises as a result of

594 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

U oba analizirana uzorka žene iskazuju nešto bacterial plaque (tartar) leads to the resorption veće učestalosti alveolarnih bolesti i karijesa u of the alveolar bone and the loss of teeth. odnosu na muškarce, što bi mogla biti posljedica različitoga načina i vrste prehrane između In both analysed samples, women had a some- muškaraca i žena. Naime, suvremena istraživanja what higher prevalence of alveolar diseases and izoliranih primitivnih populacija (MEEHAN caries than men, which could be due to the dif- 1977; WALKER I HEWLETT 1990) pokazala ferent means and types of diet between men su da se žene pretežno bave poslovima u kući i and women. Namely, contemporary research oko nje te kao rezultat toga dobivaju mnogo ma- of isolated primitive populations (MEEHAN nje mesa od muškaraca koji su poglavito zaduže- 1977; WALKER & HEWLETT 1990) have ni za nabavu hrane. Jedan od čimbenika koji je indicated that women primarily were respon- mogao pridonijeti većoj učestalosti karijesa kod sible for work around the household, and as a žena jest činjenica da se prehrana žena pretežno result received much less meat than men, who zasnivala na žitaricama, voću i povrću bogatima were responsible for obtaining the food. One of ugljikohidratima koji stimuliraju rast bakterija i the factors that might have contributed to the stvaranje naslaga, što uzrokuje visoke učestalo- higher incidence of caries in women was the fact sti karijesa. Drugi čimbenik mogao bi biti taj da that the female diet was based largely on cereals, su žene tijekom dana ostajale u kući pripremajući fruit and vegetables that were rich in carbohy- hranu, zbog čega su jele više manjih obroka i me- drates, which stimulate the growth of bacteria đuobroka, za razliku od muškaraca koji su veći and formation of plaque, which causes a higher dio dana provodili u polju ili sa stokom, pa su incidence of caries. The second factor could najčešće jeli jedan obrok ili dva veća obroka dnev- also be that women remained in the home dur- no (WALKER I HEWLETT 1990). Suvremena ing the day while preparing the food, implying klinička istraživanja upozorila su na korelaciju iz- that they eat more small meals, unlike men who među čestih međuobroka i povećane učestalosti spent the majority of the day in the field or with karijesa (NIZEL 1973; ROWE 1982). the cattle, and most often ate only one or two larger meals per day (WALKER & HEWLETT Linearna hipoplazija zubne cakline u Rijeci za- 1990). Modern clinical research has also warned bilježena je na svakome drugome analiziranom of the correlation between frequent snacking zubu (54,8%). Slične učestalosti zabilježene su i and increased incidence of caries (NIZEL 1973; na drugim hrvatskim kasnosrednjovjekovnim/ ROWE 1982). novovjekovnim nalazištima: Dugopolje 49,7% (NOVAK I ŠLAUS 2007), Koprivno 55,8% Linear enamel hypoplasia in Rijeka was record- (NOVAK i sur. 2007), Kamengrad 45,2% ed on every second analysed tooth (54.8%). A (ŠLAUS 2002), Đakovo – faza II 50,0% (ŠLA- similar prevalence has also been recorded at US 2002), itd. Tako visoke učestalosti HZC-a other Croatian Late Medieval and Post Medi- karakteristične su za zajednice koje žive sjedi- eval localities: Dugopolje 49.7% (NOVAK & lačkim životom i prehranu temelje na poljopri- ŠLAUS 2007), Koprivno 55.8% (NOVAK et vredi, a uzorak iz Rijeke tipičan je predstavnik al. 2007), Kamengrad 45.2% (ŠLAUS 2002), takvih populacija. Naime, brojna su istraživanja Đakovo – phase II 50.0% (ŠLAUS 2002), etc. (GOODMAN i sur. 1980; LANPHEAR 1990; Such a high incidence of enamel hyperplasia is LARSEN I HUTCHINSON 1992; MAL- characteristic for communities that live a sta- VILLE 1997; UBELAKER 1992; WOOD tionary life and have a diet based on agriculture, 1996) pokazala da do nagloga povećanja učesta- and the sample from Rijeka is a typical repre- losti toga poremećaja dolazi prilikom prijelaza s sentative of such a population. Namely, numer- lovačko-sakupljačke privrede na ekonomiju koja ous studies (GOODMAN et al. 1980; LAN- se temelji na poljoprivredi. Vjeruje se da su sjedi- PHEAR 1990; LARSEN & HUTCHINSON lački način života, promjene u načinu ishrane i 1992; MALVILLE 1997; UBELAKER 1992; nagli porast stanovništva doveli do znatnoga po- WOOD 1996) have shown a sudden increase

595 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

većanja količine stresa koji se očituje u povećanju in the frequency of this disturbance occurs with učestalosti hipoplastičnih defekata (COHEN I the transition from a hunter/gatherer society ARMELAGOS 1984). Također, velika učesta- to an agriculture-based economy. It is believed lost hipoplazije zubne cakline u Rijeci ukazuje that a stationary life style, the changes in the na to da je velik dio analizirane populacije doži- diet and sudden increase in the population lead vio snažan metabolički stres tijekom djetinjstva, to a significant increase in the level of stress, moguće tijekom razdoblja dojenja. Naime, neki which is observed in the increased prevalence su autori uočili da se u sjedilačkim populacijama of hypoplastic defects (COHEN & ARMELA- najviše hipoplastičnih defekata stvara između GOS 1984). Furthermore, the large incidence prve i treće godine života, tj. u razdoblju pre- of enamel hypoplasia in Rijeka indicates that laska s ishrane sterilnim majčinim mlijekom na a large part of the analysed population experi- prehranu pretrpanu različitim mikroorganizmi- ences significant metabolic stress during child- ma (npr. GOODMAN 1988; GOODMAN hood, possible during the breastfeeding period. i sur. 1984; HODGES 1986; LANPHEAR Namely, some authors observed that in station- 1990). Velika učestalost HZC-a u Rijeci mogla ary populations, the majority of hypoplastic bi također biti posljedica relativno loših higijen- defects are formed between the first and third skih i sanitarnih uvjeta tijekom kasnoga srednjeg years of life, i.e. in the period of transition from a i novog vijeka, što je moglo rezultirati epidemi- diet of sterile mother’s milk to a diet abounding jama zaraznih bolesti. Poznato je da je godine in various microorganisms (e.g. GOODMAN 1599. od epidemije kuge umrlo nekoliko stotina 1988; GOODMAN et al. 1984; HODGES od otprilike dvije tisuće Riječana nastanjenih 1986; LANPHEAR 1990). The high incidence unutar gradskih zidina (ČIMIN 2009). of enamel hyperplasia in Rijeka could also be the result of relatively poor hygienic and sanitary Cribra orbitalia danas je gotovo svugdje prihva- conditions during the Late Medieval and Post ćena kao osjetljiv i pouzdan osteološki pokaza- Medieval periods, which may have resulted in telj subadultne anemije uzrokovane nedostat- epidemics of infectious diseases. It is known that kom željeza, a razvila se uslijed neadekvatne pre- the plague outbreak in 1599 killed several hun- hrane, endemičnoga parazitizma, nehigijenskih dred of the two thousand residents of Rijeka in- uvjeta života ili kroničnih gastrointestinalnih habiting the area within the city walls (ČIMIN oboljenja (GOODMAN I MARTIN 2002; 2009). LARSEN 1997; MITTLER I VAN GERVEN 1994). U oba analizirana uzorka učestalost te Cribra orbitalia is today virtually universally patologije vrlo je slična (Rijeka 29,6%, Zagreb accepted as a sensitive and reliable osteologi- 32,3%), što je u skladu s vrijednostima zabilje- cal indicator of subadult anaemia caused by ženima na drugim kronološki bliskim arheološ- iron deficiency that develops due to inadequate kim nalazištima u Hrvatskoj gdje se ta učestalost diet, endemic parasitism, unhygienic living kreće između 15% i 40% (ŠLAUS, 1996, 2000, conditions or chronic gastrointestinal disease 2002; ŠLAUS i sur. 2003; NOVAK I ŠLAUS (GOODMAN & MARTIN 2002; LARSEN 2007; NOVAK i sur. 2007). Ti podaci suge- 1997; MITTLER & VAN GERVEN 1994). In riraju da je anemija tijekom kasnoga srednjeg both analysed samples, the incidence of this pa- i novog vijeka bila široko rasprostranjena na thology was very similar (Rijeka 29.6%, Zagreb čitavome hrvatskom području, neovisno o eko- 32.3%), which corresponds to the values record- loškome, socijalnome i gospodarskome okruže- ed in other chronologically similar archaeologi- nju. Nešto veća učestalost cribrae orbitaliae kod cal localities in Croatia, where the prevalence žena u Rijeci najvjerojatnije je posljedica razlike ranged from 15 to 40% (ŠLAUS, 1996, 2000, između muškoga i ženskoga organizma. Za ra- 2002; ŠLAUS et al. 2003; NOVAK & ŠLAUS zliku od muškaraca, žene u reproduktivnoj dobi 2007; NOVAK et al. 2007). This data suggest često imaju nižu razinu željeza u organizmu, što that anaemia during the Late Medieval and je izravno povezano sa ženskom fiziologijom – Post Medieval periods was widely distributed

596 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

menstruacija, trudnoća, porod i laktacija čimbe- throughout the entire Croatian territory, inde- nici su koji najviše pridonose povišenoj redukciji pendent of the ecological, social and economic razine željeza u ženskome organizmu (ŠLAUS environment. The somewhat higher frequency 2006). Mittler i Van Gerven (1994) sugerirali of cribra orbitalia in women in Rijeka is most su da je nešto veća učestalost cribrae orbitaliae likely the result of the differences in the male kod žena (što je i slučaj u Rijeci) posljedica sla- and female anatomies. Unlike men, women in bije sposobnosti žena da stvaraju novo i zdravo reproductive age often have lower iron levels in koštano tkivo. U Rijeci su uzročnici cribrae orbi- the body, which is directly connected with the taliae (poglavito anemija izazvana nedostatkom female physiology – menstruation, pregnancy, željeza) prilično utjecali na prosječni životni birthing and lactation are factors that most con- vijek, a razlika u prosječnoj doživljenoj starosti tribute to the increased reductions of iron levels između osoba kod kojih cribra orbitalia nije pri- in the female body (ŠLAUS 2006). Mittler & sutna i osoba kod kojih je ta patološka promjena Van Gerven (1994) suggested that the slightly prisutna iznosi 5,5 godina. Sličnu situaciju uo- higher frequency of cribra orbitalia in women čili su Novak i Šlaus (2007) u kasnosrednjovje- (which is also the case in Rijeka) was the result kovnome uzorku iz Dugopolja gdje je razlika of the weaker ability of women to form new and iznosila 6,2 godine. Spomenute razlike najvje- healthy bone tissue. In Rijeka, the causes of cri- rojatnije su rezultat nedostatka željeza, što može bra orbitalia (primarily anaemia caused by iron imati negativne posljedice za zdravlje pojedinca. deficiency) quite strongly impacted the average Neadekvatna količina željeza u organizmu poje- life span, and the difference in the average life dinca može utjecati na spoznavanje i ponašanje span between individuals with and without cri- (POLLITT 1987; TARAS 2005), radnu spo- bra orbitalia is 5.5 years. A similar situation was sobnost, koja je bitno smanjena kod anemičnih observed by Novak & Šlaus (2007) in a Late Me- osoba (LOZOFF 1989; SCRIMSHAW 1991), dieval sample from Dugopolje, where the differ- te otpornost na bolesti, koja je bitno smanjena ence was 6.2 years. These differences are likely zbog negativnoga utjecaja anemije na imunitet the result of the lack of iron, which can have (DALLMAN 1987; BHASKARAM 1988). negative consequences for the health of the in- Tomu u prilog ide i češća pojava zaraznih bolesti dividual. Inadequate iron levels in the body can kod anemičnih osoba koju su uočili Basta i sur. also affect behaviour (POLLITT 1987; TARAS (1979). 2005), work capacity, which is significantly reduced in anaemic persons (LOZOFF 1989; Patološke promjene koje se najčešće vežu uz teš- SCRIMSHAW 1991), and resistance to disease, ke fizičke napore i mehaničku aktivnost, kao što which is significantly reduced due to the nega- su Schmorlovi defekti na kralješcima te osteo- tive impacts of anaemia on immunity (DALL- artritis na kralješcima i velikim zglobovima, MAN 1987; BHASKARAM 1988). This is also prisutne su i u Rijeci i u Zagrebu. Ukupna uče- supported by the frequent appearance of infec- stalost Schmorlovih defekata u oba uzorka vrlo tious diseases in anaemic persons, as observed by je slična i odgovara podacima koji su uočeni u Basta et al. (1979). brojnim arheološkim populacijama u Hrvatskoj gdje se učestalost te patologije kreće od 10% do The pathological changes that are most often 35% (ŠLAUS 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS associated with physical labour and mechanical I SUR. 2003; NOVAK i sur. 2007, 2008). No, activity, such as Schmorl’s defects on the ver- ono što uzorke iz Rijeke izdvaja od niza dru- tebrae and osteoarthritis on the vertebrae and gih koštanih uzoraka jest vrlo velika učestalost large joints, were present in both Rijeka and Za- osteoartritisa na kralješcima i velikim zglobovi- greb. The overall incidence of Schmorl’s defects ma, koja je bitno veća u Rijeci u odnosu na Za- was similar in both samples, and corresponds to greb i mnogo veća u odnosu na sve do danas ana- the data observed in numerous archaeological lizirane koštane uzorke iz Hrvatske. Tako velike populations in Croatia, where the prevalence učestalosti osteoartritisa u Rijeci nisu začuđuju- of these pathologies ranges from 10 to 35%

597 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

će s obzirom na to da je Rijeka tijekom kasnoga (ŠLAUS 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006; ŠLAUS et srednjeg i novog vijeka bila velika luka, a njezino al. 2003; NOVAK et al. 2007, 2008). However, se stanovništvo najviše bavilo trgovinom želje- what sets the Rijeka sample apart from other zom, uljem, drvnom građom i stokom te raznim bone samples is the very high incidence of os- obrtima i ribarstvom (ČIMIN 2009), a za ta je teoarthritis on the vertebrae and large joints, zanimanja bila potrebna mnogobrojna fizička which was significantly higher in Rijeka than in radna snaga. Velike učestalosti degenerativnih Zagreb, and much higher in comparison to all promjena na kralješcima i velikim zglobovima the other bone samples in Croatia analysed to u Rijeci svjedoče o tome da se velik dio Riječa- date. Such a high incidence of osteoarthritis in na bavio tom vrstom posla, što je ostavilo broj- Rijeka is not surprising, considering that during ne tragove na njihovim kostima. Također, veća the Late Medieval and Post Medieval periods, učestalost Schmorlovih defekata i osteoartritisa Rijeka was an important port city, and its popu- na kralješcima kod muškaraca u Rijeci snažno lation primarily dealt with the trade of iron, oil, sugerira jača mehanička opterećenja kralježnice wood and cattle, and also in various crafts and kod muškaraca i podjelu poslova temeljenu na fisheries (ČIMIN 2009), and these professions spolu pri kojoj su muškarci obavljali teže fizičke required a large, physical work force. The high poslove. incidence of degenerative changes on the vertebrae and large joints in Rijeka testifies to the fact Svaki drugi dobro uščuvani kostur iz Rijeke po- that a large portion of the Rijeka residents per- kazuje prisutnost zaraznih bolesti koje se očitu- formed this type of work, which left numerous ju kroz prisutnost nespecifičnoga periostitisa, marks on their bones. Furthermore, the higher dok u Zagrebu tek svaki četvrti kostur pokazuje incidence of Schmorl’s defects and osteoarthritis znakove te patološke promjene. Pojava nespeci- and on the vertebrae in men in Rijeka strongly fičnih zaraznih bolesti često se povezuje s ane- suggests a stronger mechanical burden on the mijom uzrokovanom nedostatkom željeza, koja spine of men and a division of labour among the je rezultat neadekvatne ishrane i parazitizma sexes, in which the men performed the harder, (STUART-MACADAM 1992), što svakako more physical work. odgovara i visokoj učestalosti cribrae orbitaliae u Rijeci. No, prisutnost generaliziranoga aktivnog Every second well-preserved skeleton in Ri- periostitisa na kosturima djece i odraslih iz Ri- jeka showed signs of infectious disease, as seen jeke mogla bi također sugerirati širu prisutnost through the presence of non-specific periosti- sistemskih bakterijskih infekcija na tome nala- tis, while in Zagreb, only every fourth skeleton zištu tijekom kasnoga srednjeg i novog vijeka, showed signs of these pathological changes. The što odgovara povijesnim izvorima koji spominju appearance of non-specific infectious diseases is epidemije zaraznih bolesti (kuge) na riječkome often associated with anaemia caused by a lack području, ali i rezultatima bioarheološke analize of iron, which is due to an inadequate diet and koja svjedoči o pojavi veneričnoga sifilisa i tuber- parasitism (STUART-MACADAM 1992), kuloze na tom nalazištu. which certainly also corroborates the high prevalence of cribra orbitalia in Rijeka. However, Venerični sifilis zarazna je bolest koja se prenosi the presence of generalised active periostitis in seksualnim kontaktom, a prije otkrića penicilina the skeletons of children and adults from Rijeka bio je smrtonosna bolest. O izvorima i smjero- could also suggest a wider presence of systematic vima širenja sifilisa u stručnoj se literaturi već bacterial infections at this locality during the dugo vode rasprave. Danas su aktualne tri teo- Late Medieval and Post Medieval period. This rije: 1) kolumbovska teorija zastupa mišljenje corresponds to historical sources that mention da je venerični sifilis potekao iz Amerikâ, a da an epidemic of infectious disease (plague) in the je u Europi bio nepoznat sve dok ga Kristofor Rijeka region, and the results of bioarchaeologi- Kolumbo i njegova posada nisu donijeli sa svoga cal analyses that testify to the appearance of ve- prvog putovanja godine 1493. (BAKER I AR- nereal syphilis and tuberculosis at this locality.

598 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

MELAGOS 1988; CROSBY 1969; DENNIE Venereal syphilis is a sexually transmitted infec- 1962; GOFF 1967); 2) pretkolumbovska teorija tious disease that was lethal prior to the discov- zastupa mišljenje da je sifilis bio prisutan u Euro- ery of penicillin. A debate on the sources and pi prije Kolumbovih putovanja, ali da se klinički directions of spread of syphilis has long endured nije bitno razlikovao od lepre (COCKBURN in specialised literature. Today, three theories are 1961; HACKETT 1963, 1967; KAMPMEIER considered possible: 1) the Columbus theory 1984); 3) unitarijanska teorija pretpostavlja da states that venereal syphilis originated from the su treponematoze dugo prisutne i u Starome i Americas, and it was unknown in Europe until u Novome svijetu, a da su se četiri sindroma ra- Christopher Columbus and his crew brought zvila u različitim geografskim područjima kao it back with them from their first expedition odgovor na lokalne ekološke i socijalne uvjete in 1493 (BAKER & ARMELAGOS 1988; (HUDSON 1958, 1963, 1965, 1968). Prvi pi- CROSBY 1969; DENNIE 1962; GOFF 1967); sani izvori o sifilisu u Hrvatskoj potječu iz sredi- 2) the pre-Columbus theory states that syphilis ne 16. st., i to iz Dubrovnika, gdje je u to vrijeme was present in Europe prior to Columbus’ jour- boravio Lusitanus Amatus, jedan od najvećih neys, but clinically did not differ significantly liječnika svoga vremena u čijim su zapisima opi- from leprosy (COCKBURN 1961; HACK- sani slučajevi sifilisa koje je liječio (GLESIN- ETT 1963, 1967; KAMPMEIER 1984); and 3) GER 1940; GRMEK 1955); za kontinentalnu the Unitarian theory assumes that treponemato- pak Hrvatsku prvi podaci postoje tek od sredine sis was long present in both the Old and New 18. st. (THALLER 1927). Do danas je u hrvat- Worlds, and that the four syndromes developed skoj bioarheologiji objavljeno nekoliko slučajeva in different geographic areas as a response to the sifilisa od kojih je samo jedan stariji od 16. st.: local ecological and social conditions (HUD- na nalazištu Koprivno – Kod križa pokraj Klisa SON 1958, 1963, 1965, 1968). The first writ- venerični sifilis identificiran je u novovjekovnim ten report on syphilis in Croatia dates back to grobovima (16. i 17. st.) s pravcem širenja iz the mid 16th century from Dubrovnik. At that unutrašnjosti Balkanskoga poluotoka (NOVAK time, Lusitanus Amatus, one of the greatest phy- 2004), a u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj uočen je u sicians of the day, was visiting Dubrovnik, and novovjekovnome horizontu grobova (16. i 17. his records described the cases of syphilis that he st.) na nalazištu Crkvari kraj Orahovice s prav- treated (GLESINGER 1940; GRMEK 1955). cem širenja iz Mađarske ili Španjolske (ŠLAUS For continental Croatia, the first data goes back I NOVAK 2007). Jedini mogući slučaj venerič- only to the mid 18th century (THALLER noga sifilisa koji proturječi kolumbovskoj teoriji 1927). To date, several cases of syphilis have s područja Hrvatske zabilježen je na kasnoantič- been reported in Croatian bioarchaeology, only koj nekropoli Zadar – Relja (NOVAK 2008). one of which predates the 16th century: venereal syphilis was identified in Post Medieval Venerični sifilis zabilježen na nalazištu Rijeka – graves (16th and 17th century) at the Koprivno Trg pul Vele crikve prvi je slučaj treponematoza site near Klis, with a dissemination direction u hrvatskoj bioarheologiji s područja sjeverno- from within the Balkan peninsula (NOVAK ga Jadrana. Iz povijesti medicine poznato je da 2004). In continental Croatia, this disease was se prvi slučajevi sifilisa na riječkome području observed in a Post Medieval layer of graves (16th pojavljuju tek krajem 18. st. Ta bolest nazvana and 17th century) at the Crkvari site near Ora- je „škrljevska bolest“ po mjestu Škrljevu pokraj hovica, with a direction of spread from Hungary Rijeke gdje se prvi put pojavila. Pretpostavlja se or Spain (ŠLAUS & NOVAK 2007). The only da je do sredine 19. st. epidemija zahvatila oko possible case of venereal syphilis that counters 13000 ljudi u riječkoj regiji, što je predstavlja- the Columbus theory in the area of Croatia was lo više od trećine stanovništva toga područja reported at the late antiquity Zadar–Relja ne- (MUZUR I ŠKROBONJA 2004). Postoji cropolis (NOVAK 2008). pretpostavka da su tu bolest u okolicu Rijeke donijeli francuski vojnici tijekom napoleonskih

599 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

ratova (MUZUR I ŠKROBONJA 2004). No, The venereal syphilis recorded at the Rijeka – slučaj veneričnoga sifilisa iz groba 80 iz Rijeke ne Pul Vele Crikve Square site is the first case of može se pripisati epidemiji „škrljevske bolesti“ treponematosis in Croatian bioarchaeology in zbog toga što se taj grob na temelju arheoloških the northern Adriatic region. From the history nalaza i horizontalne stratigrafije datira znatno of medicine, it is known that the first case of ranije pa se stoga postavlja logično pitanje: oda- syphilis in the Rijeka region did not appear un- kle je venerični sifilis dospio u Rijeku tijekom til the end of the 18th century. This disease was toga razdoblja? Kao što je već spomenuto, Rije- locally called ‘Škrljevo disease’ after the village ka je u tome razdoblju bila velika luka sa snažno of Škrljevo near Rijeka where it first occurred. razvijenom trgovinom, pa je vrlo vjerojatno da It is assumed that by the mid 19th century, the je sifilis ovamo prenio neki pomorac na svome epidemic affected some 13 thousand people in putovanju iz jedne od velikih europskih luka te the Rijeka region, or more than a third of the da je tijekom boravka u Rijeci zarazio jednu ili area’s population (MUZUR & ŠKROBONJA više ovdašnjih žena, kao što je to najvjerojatnije 2004). There are assumptions that this disease slučaj sa ženom pokopanom u grobu 80. was brought to the Rijeka region by French soldiers during the Napoleonic wars (MUZUR & Tuberkuloza je najraširenija zarazna bolest mo- ŠKROBONJA 2004). However, the case of ve- dernoga svijeta. Dokazi prisutnosti tuberkuloze nereal syphilis from grave 80 from Rijeka cannot kod ljudi datiraju još iz razdoblja staroegipatsko- be attributed to the epidemic of the ‘Škrljevo ga Srednjeg kraljevstva (oko 2000 godina pr. Kr.) disease’ as this grave, based on the archaeologi- gdje je prisutnost bolesti dokazana u kralježnica- cal findings and horizontal stratigraphy, dates ma mumija (ZINK i sur. 2003). Tuberkuloza se to a much earlier period. Therefore, the logical u većem opsegu u Europi pojavljuje tek u 16. i question arises: how did venereal syphilis arrive 17. st., a najveće epidemije zabilježene su tijekom in Rijeka during that period? As previously men- 18. i 19. st. Najvažniji čimbenici za pojavu broj- tioned, at that time Rijeka was a large port with nih epidemija tuberkuloze bili su urbanizacija i strongly developed trade, and it is very likely porast stanovništva u Europi tijekom 15. i 16. that syphilis was brought here by a seafarer on st., kao i razvoj trgovine koji je pripomogao ubr- his travels from one of the major European ports zanome širenju te bolesti (BERCOVIER 2000; and that during his stay in Rijeka, he infected LINDEMANN 1999). Pretpostavlja se da su one or more of the local women, as is likely the gotovo svi stanovnici velikih gradova, primjeri- case with the woman buried in grave 80. ce Londona i Pariza, u to vrijeme bili zaraženi nekom vrstom tuberkuloze (LINDEMANN Tuberculosis is the most widely distributed 1999). Popis umrlih za Englesku i Wales iz 17. disease of the modern world. Evidence of the st. svjedoči da je tuberkuloza odgovorna za 20% presence of tuberculosis in humans dates back svih smrti, i to uglavnom u gradovima. Paleopa- to the early Egyptian culture (about 2000 BC) tološki nalazi i analiza DNK-a kasnosrednjovje- when the presence of the disease was confirmed kovnih litvanskih populacija upućuju na to da je in the spines of mummies (ZINK et al. 2003). 25% do 50% analizirane populacije bilo zahva- Tuberculosis became widespread in Europe in ćeno bakterijom Mycobacterium tuberculosis, što the 16th and 17th centuries, and the largest odgovara pretpostavci da je tuberkuloza bila od- epidemics were recorded in the 18th and 19th govorna za 10% do 20% svih smrtnih slučajeva centuries. The most important factors for the (FAERMAN i sur. 1997). appearance of numerous epidemics of tuberculosis were urbanisation and the growing popula- U Hrvatskoj je do danas objavljeno nekoliko slu- tion in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, čajeva tuberkuloze zabilježenih u arheološkim and the development of trade, which facilitated populacijama: u avaroslavenskoj nekropoli Stari the rapid spread of the disease (BERCOVIER Jankovci (ŠLAUS 2006), na kasnosrednjovje- 2000; LINDEMANN 1999). It is assumed that kovnome nalazištu Nin – Sv. Anselmo (ŠLAUS virtually all the inhabitants of the large cities,

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2006) te na starohrvatskome nalazištu Rada- such as London or Paris, at that time were in- šinovci (ŠLAUS 2006). Tuberkuloza u Rijeci s fected with some form of tuberculosis (LINDE- velikom se dozom sigurnosti može dijagnostici- MANN 1999). The list of the deceased for Eng- rati kod starije žene iz groba 55 te s nešto manje land and Wales from the 17th century indicates sigurnosti kod djeteta iz groba 59. Kod žene iz that tuberculosis was responsible for 20% of all groba 55 prisutni su klasični znakovi kasnoga deaths, primarily in the cities. Palaeopathologi- stadija aktivne tuberkuloze: oštrokuta kifotična cal findings and DNA analysis of the Late Me- deformacija, tzv. Pottova grba, i deformacija re- dieval Lithuanian population suggests that 25 bara. Svi zahvaćeni kralješci (od 10. prsnoga do to 50% of the analysed population was infected 4. slabinskoga) spojeni su u jedan koštani blok, with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pet kralježaka (od 11. prsnoga do 3. slabinsko- which corresponds to the assumption that tu- ga) ima potpuno uništena tijela, što je uzroko- berculosis was responsible for 10 to 20% of all valo veliku oštrokutu grbu. Posteriorni dijelovi deaths (FAERMAN et al. 1997). kralježaka potpuno su uščuvani i bez patoloških promjena. Proces je zarastao, a deformitet je Several cases of tuberculosis have been recorded trajno uščuvan koštanom ankilozom između za- in the archaeological population of Croatia. hvaćenih kralješaka, što je karakterističan ishod In the Avar-Slavic necropolis Stari Jankovci za tuberkulozni proces na kralježnici. Tuberku- (ŠLAUS 2006), in the Late Medieval Nin–St. loza se na koštanome materijalu inače najlakše Anselmo site (ŠLAUS 2006) and in the early prepoznaje na kralježnici, a najčešća lokalizacija Croatian Radašinovci site (ŠLAUS 2006). Tu- je na prvome slabinskom kralješku (RESNICK berculosis in Rijeka can be diagnosed with a I NIWAYAMA 1995). Ta je deformacija bila high degree of certainty in the older woman in puno češća u predantibiotskome razdoblju kada grave 55, and with somewhat less certainty in the je ustanovljena u oko 60% od svih slučajeva tu- child in grave 59. The classic signs of late stage berkuloze kralježnice (REINHART 1932). U active tuberculosis are present on the women arheološkim se populacijama tuberkuloza, osim in grave 55: sharp angle kyphotic deformation na kralježnici, najčešće evidentira na rebrima. (Pott’s hump) and deformation of the ribs. All Istraživanja modernih koštanih zbirki osoba koje the affected vertebrate (from the 10th thoracic su umrle od tuberkuloze pokazala su da tuberku- to the 4th lumbar) are joined into a single bone loza zahvaća rebra u oko 9% slučajeva (KELLEY block, and five vertebrae (from the 11th thoracic I MICOZZI 1984; ROBERTS i sur. 1994). Tu- to the 3rd lumbar) have a completely destroyed berkulozni bacili uzrokuju aktivni periostitis na vertebral body, which caused the sharp angle pleuralnoj (unutrašnjoj) strani rebra koji može, of the hump. The posterior parts of the verte- ali i ne mora, biti praćen defektom u korteksu i brae are fully intact and without pathological povećanjem zahvaćenoga dijela kosti. Kod dje- changes. The process regrew and the deformity teta iz groba 59 prisutne su patološke promjene was permanently preserved with bone ankylosis na rebrima koje prema Kelley i Micozzi (1984) between the affected vertebrae, which is a char- odgovaraju pojavi kronične plućne tuberkulo- acteristic outcome of tuberculosis processes on ze: blagi aktivni periostitis na pleuralnoj strani the spine. Tuberculosis is easiest to identify on dvaju lijevih i četiriju desnih rebara te tri litič- the spine among all bone material, and the most ka defekta na dvama lijevim rebrima. Dodatni common localisation is on the first lumbar ver- čimbenik koji ukazuje na to da je ovdje riječ o tebra (RESNICK & NIWAYAMA 1995). That tuberkulozi jest sigurna prisutnost te bolesti na deformation was much more common in the kosturu žene iz groba 55 s istoga nalazišta. pre-antibiotic period when it was established in about 60% of all cases of tuberculosis of the Oba analizirana uzorka pokazuju slične, rela- spine (REINHART 1932). In archaeological tivno male učestalosti trauma dugih kostiju. populations, tuberculosis, in addition to the Analiza trauma specifična je i razlikuje se od spine, is most often evident on the ribs. Stud- drugih koštanih ili dentalnih analiza po tome ies on modern bone collections of persons who

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što interpretacija dobivenih rezultata bitno ovi- perished from tuberculosis have shown that tu- si o mjestu na kojemu se trauma nalazi, kao i o berculosis affects the ribs in about 9% of cases eventualnoj prisutnosti drugih trauma. Stoga se, (KELLEY & MICOZZI 1984; ROBERTS et u pokušaju da se jasnije odrede uzroci nastanka al. 1994). The tuberculosis bacilli cause active trauma u analiziranim populacijama, nastojalo periostitis on the pleural (internal) side of the odvojiti traume koje su mogle nastati kao poslje- ribs that can, though need not, be accompanied dica nesretnih slučajeva od trauma koje su nasta- by a defect in the cortex and an increase in the le kao rezultat namjernoga nasilja. Populacije u area of the bone affected. In the child from grave kojima je, iz bilo kojeg razloga, rizik namjernoga 59, the pathological changes found on the ribs nasilja visok imaju velike učestalosti trauma gla- according to Kelley & Micozzi (1984) corre- ve, vrata i gornjih ekstremiteta a male učestalosti spond to the appearance of chronic pulmonary trauma donjih ekstremiteta (BERGER I TRIN- tuberculosis: mild active periostitis on the pleu- KAUS 1995; JURMAIN 2001; SMITH 1996). ral side of two of the left and four of the right Obrnuta situacija prisutna je u populacijama u ribs, and three lithic defects on two of the left kojima su traume uglavnom posljedica nesretnih ribs. A further factor indicating that this was in- slučajeva – u tim populacijama evidentirane su deed tuberculosis is the certain presence of this velike učestalosti trauma donjih ekstremiteta te disease in the skeleton of the woman from grave vrlo male učestalosti trauma glave i gornjih ek- 55 from the same locality. stremiteta (KILGORE i sur. 1997). Both analysed samples showed a similar and Dokazi o traumama dugih kostiju koje su nastale relatively low incidence of trauma to the long kao rezultat namjernoga nasilja u oba su uzorka bones. The analysis of trauma is specific and vrlo oskudni. Traume u Rijeci najčešće se pojav- differs from other bone or dental analysis, as ljuju na palčanim kostima, a većina tih trauma the interpretation of the obtained results sig- pripada tipu tzv. Collesovih fraktura koje su nificantly depends on the location of the trau- najčešće posljedica nesretnih slučajeva (pada ma, and the possible presence of other signs of na ispružene ruke) (KILGORE i sur. 1997; trauma. Therefore, in an attempt to more clearly ORTNER 2003). U Zagrebu su najučestalije determine the causes of the trauma found in the frakture goljeničnih kostiju – većinu tih trauma analysed populations, a separation was made predstavljaju frakture distalne trećine dijafize of those traumas that might have arisen as the koje su orijentirane neizravno na os kosti, te de- result of an accident from those traumas that presijske frakture proksimalnih epifiza, što uka- likely arose as the result of an act of intentional zuje na nesretan slučaj, tj. pad s visine (ALVRUS violence. Populations that have, for any reason, 1999; RUSSELL i sur. 1991). U oba uzorka a risk of intentional violence have a high preva- relativno su česte i traume lisnih kostiju koje se lence of traumas to the head, neck and upper ex- opet najčešće povezuju s nesretnim slučajevima tremities, and a low incidence of traumas to the (najčešće padom) (ORTNER 2003; RUSSELL lower extremities (BERGER & TRINKAUS i sur. 1991). Kao pokazatelj namjernoga nasilja 1995; JURMAIN 2001; SMITH 1996). The među dugim se kostima najčešće koristi lakatna opposite situation is present in populations kost, tj. prisutnost tzv. „parry“ frakture srednje where traumas are primarily due to accidents – ili distalne trećine dijafize lakatne kosti. Njezin in those populations, a high prevalence of trau- se nastanak objašnjava nesvjesnim podizanjem mas to the lower extremities is found, and a very ruke napadnute osobe u pokušaju da sačuva gla- low incidence of traumas to the head and upper vu od udarca – u tome je položaju lakatna kost extremities (KILGORE et al. 1997). najbliža napadaču te na sebe prima najveći dio siline udarca i vrlo lako se lomi (npr. MERBS Evidence of trauma to the long bones that arose 1989; ORTNER 2003). Problem pripisivanja as a result of intentional violence is very scarce in tih trauma isključivo rezultatu namjernoga nasi- both populations. Traumas in Rijeka were most lja istaknuli su i razjasnili Smith (1996) te Judd frequently found on the radius, and the major-

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i Roberts (1999). Ti se autori slažu u tome da ity of those traumas belong to the type of Colles’ fraktura lakatne kosti vjerojatno upućuje na uda- fractures, which is most often the consequence rac predmetom, ali ističu da identične ozljede of an accident (falling on extended arms) (KIL- mogu nastati i kada osoba padne i udari u oštar GORE et al. 1997; ORTNER 2003). In the Za- rub nekoga predmeta ili oruđa. Siguran dokaz greb sample, the most common fractures were namjernoga nasilja postoji samo kada je visoka those to the tibia, and the majority of those were učestalost trauma lakatnih kostiju praćena peri- factures of the distal third of the diaphysis which mortalnim traumama i/ili velikom učestalošću are oriented indirectly on the bone axis, and de- trauma glave. U tome kontekstu, potpuna od- pression fractures of the proximal epiphysis, in- sutnost trauma lakatnih kostiju u oba uzorka dicating an accident, i.e. a high fall (ALVRUS snažno sugerira da je razina međuljudskoga nasi- 1999; RUSSELL et al. 1991). In both samples, lja u Rijeci i Zagrebu bila izrazito niska. trauma to the fibula was relatively common, which is again associated with accidents, usually Učestalosti trauma glave u Zagrebu i Rijeci ma- falls (ORTNER 2003; RUSSELL et al. 1991). nje su nego u drugim do danas objavljenim ko- An indicator of intentional violence among the štanim uzorcima s područja Hrvatske (NOVAK long bones is usually seen on the ulna, i.e. a Parry i sur. 2007, 2009; ŠLAUS 2006; ŠLAUS I NO- fracture of the central or distal third of the dia- VAK 2006). Inače, više je autora (npr. ALVRUS physis of the ulna. This usually arises due to the 1999; STANDEN I ARRIAZA 2000; TYSON unconscious raising of the arm of the attacked 1977; WALKER, 1989, 1997) navelo da je ve- person in an attempt to protect the head from lika učestalost trauma u određenoj populaciji blows; in this position, the ulna is closest to the nepobitan dokaz namjernoga nasilja, pa stoga attacker and receives the bulk of the blow and odsutnost trauma glave u Zagrebu i vrlo mala breaks very easily (e.g. MERBS 1989; ORT- učestalost u Rijeci (samo tri dobro zarasle depre- NER 2003). The issue of ascribing these traumas sijske frakture) ponovno sugeriraju vrlo rijetke exclusively as a result of intentional violence was epizode i izrazito nizak stupanj namjernoga na- addressed and explained by Smith (1996), and silja u Rijeci i Zagrebu. Judd and Roberts (1999). These authors agreed Oba analizirana uzorka karakterizira relativno that the fracture of the ulna likely indicates a mala učestalost trauma dugih kostiju (posebice blow with an object, however, stressed that the trauma lakatnih kostiju), izrazito mala učesta- identical fracture can also occur when a person lost trauma glave i potpuni nedostatak perimor- falls and hits a sharp edge of an object or tool. talnih trauma. Takva učestalost i distribucija Certain evidence of intentional violence is only trauma u Rijeci i Zagrebu konzistentna je sa where there is a high incidence of traumas to the sustavom u kojemu su frakture uglavnom rezul- ulna accompanied by perimortal trauma and/or tat nesretnih slučajeva, kao i sa zajednicama u a high prevalence of head traumas. In that con- kojima je stupanj fizičkoga rizika vrlo nizak i u text, the complete lack of traumas to the ulna in kojima su epizode međuljudskoga nasilja izrazi- both samples strongly suggests that the level of to rijetke. interpersonal violence was exceptionally low in both Rijeka and Zagreb. Usporedba bioarheoloških karakteristika stanovnika Rijeke i Zagreba pokazala je dosta ra- The incidence of head trauma in Zagreb and Ri- zlika u kvaliteti života između tih dvaju uzoraka. jeka was less than in other bone sample analyses Osim vrlo slične prosječne doživljene starosti te conducted in Croatia to date (NOVAK et al. 2007, 2009; ŠLAUS 2006; ŠLAUS & NOVAK sličnih učestalosti karijesa, cribrae orbitaliae i Schmorlovih defekata, uzorak iz Rijeke karak- 2006). Several authors (e.g. ALVRUS 1999; terizira bitno veća učestalost alveolarnih bole- STANDEN & ARRIAZA 2000; TYSON sti i degenerativnoga osteoartritisa na glavnim 1977; WALKER, 1989, 1997) have stated that a zglobovima te veća učestalost hipoplazije zubne high incidence of trauma in a certain population is irrefutable evidence of intentional violence,

603 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

cakline, osteoartritisa na kralješcima, periostitisa and therefore the lack of head traumas in Zagreb i trauma. Te razlike, uz nedvojbenu prisutnost and very low incidence in Rijeka (only three well specifičnih zaraznih bolesti (sifilisa i tuberkulo- healed depression fractures) again suggest very ze) sugeriraju nešto lošije životne uvjete u Rijeci rare episodes and an exceptionally low degree of u odnosu na Zagreb. Veće učestalosti pokazate- intentional violence in Rijeka and Zagreb. lja biološkoga stresa u Rijeci najvjerojatnije su posljedica lokalnih čimbenika, tj. činjenice da Both analysed samples are characterised by je Rijeka u tome razdoblju bila velika trgovačka relatively small incidence of trauma to the long luka sa snažnim prometom za čije je normalno bones (especially trauma to the ulna), excep- funkcioniranje bila potrebna brojna fizička rad- tionally low incidence of head trauma and the na snaga, na što ukazuju i osteološki pokazatelji complete lack of perimortal trauma. Such an koji svjedoče o nekvalitetnoj ishrani, teškome incidence and distribution of traumas in Rije- fizičkom radu, relativno niskoj razini higijene, ka and Zagreb is consistent with the system in pojavi zaraznih bolesti i frakturama koje se dje- which the fractures were primarily the result of lomično mogu povezati s nesrećama na radu. S accidents, and with communities in which the druge strane, ti podaci dodatno potvrđuju već degree of physical risk is very low and in which iznesene pretpostavke o visokome društvenom episodes of interpersonal violence were excep- statusu osoba pokopanih oko crkve sv. Franje u tionally rare. Zagrebu. A comparison of the bioarchaeological charac- Nadamo se da je ovaj rad još jednom pokazao teristics of the residents of Rijeka and Zagreb korisnost bioarheoloških istraživanja u pokušaju showed substantial differences in the quality of rasvjetljavanja svakodnevnoga života naših preda- living between these two samples. Other than ka, posebice kada su povijesni izvori malobrojni, a the very similar average achieved age and the arheološki nalazi sami po sebi ne pružaju dovolj- similar prevalence of caries, cribra orbitalia and no jasnu sliku. Također, iznimno dobra suradnja Schmorl’s defects, the sample from Rijeka was antropologâ i arheologâ tijekom multidiscipli- characterised by a substantially higher incidence narnih analiza koštanih ostataka osoba koje su u of alveolar diseases and degenerative osteoar- kasnome srednjem i u novome vijeku pokapane thritis on the main joints and a higher incidence na groblju na današnjemu Trgu pul Vele crikve u of enamel hypoplasia, osteoarthritis of the ver- Rijeci trebala bi postati ogledan primjer za budu- tebrae, periostitis and trauma. These differences, ća slična istraživanja u Hrvatskoj. with the clear presence of specific infectious diseases (syphilis and tuberculosis), suggest poorer living conditions in Rijeka than in Zagreb. The higher frequency of indicators of biological stress in Rijeka is most likely the consequence of local factors, e.g. the fact that Rijeka at that time was a large trading port with high traffic which needed a substantial physical labour force for its operation, and also indicated by the osteological indicators that bear witness to the lack of an inadequate diet, hard physical labour, a relatively low level of hygiene, the appearance of infectious diseases and fractures than can partially be attributed to occupational accidents. On the other hand, these data further confirm the previously stated assumptions of the high social status of the persons buried at the Church of St. Fran- cis in Zagreb.

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It is our hope that this paper has once again demonstrated the usefulness of bioarchaeological research in efforts to shed light on the daily life of our ancestors, especially since historical sources are few and archaeological finds do not provide a clear enough picture. Furthermore, the exceptionally positive collaboration between anthropologists and archaeologists during the multidisciplinary analysis of the bone remains of individuals buried in the Late Medieval and Post Medieval periods in the cemetery at the present day Pul Vele Crikve Square in Rijeka should serve as a model for future similar investigations in Croatia.

605 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Starost / Age Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men 0 – 1 1 2 – 5 4 6 – 10 7 11 – 15 8 16 – 20 4 3 21 – 25 2 5 26 – 30 5 5 31 – 35 6 6 Tablica 1. 36 – 40 4 14 Table 1. 41 – 45 3 8

1Prosječna starost u trenutku smrti 46 – 50 3 8 izračunata je na temelju prosječne 51 – 55 5 2 vrijednosti za svaku dobnu kategoriju (npr. 38 godina za dobnu kategoriju od 56 – 60 4 3 36 do 40 godina) i 65 godina za dobnu kategoriju 60+. 60+ 5 0 1Average age at the time of death was Ukupno / Total 20 41 54 calculated on the basis of the average 1 value for each age category (e.g. 38 years Prosječna starost x = 42,3 x = 38,8 for the 36 to 40 year age category) and 65 Average age1 (sd = 14,9) (sd = 10,2) years for the 60+ age category.

Starost / Age Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men 0 – 1 2 2 – 5 2 6 – 10 11 11 – 15 17 16 – 20 2 3 21 – 25 2 4 26 – 30 3 5 31 – 35 5 14 Tablica 2. 36 – 40 8 24 Table 2. 41 – 45 14 18 1Prosječna starost u trenutku smrti 46 – 50 2 16 izračunata je na temelju prosječne vrijednosti za svaku dobnu kategoriju 51 – 55 5 8 (npr. 38 godina za dobnu kategoriju od 56 – 60 2 36 do 40 godina) i 65 godina za dobnu kategoriju 60+. 60+ 1 1 1 Average age at the time of death was Ukupno / Total 32 42 95 calculated on the basis of the average value for each age category (e.g. 38 years Prosječna starost1 x = 39,6 x = 40,1 for the 36 to 40 year age category) and 65 1 years for the 60+ age category. Average age (sd = 9,8) (sd = 9,2)

606 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Dobna kategorija Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men Tablica 3. Table 3. Age category A1/O2 %3 A/O % A/O %

Mlađe odrasle osobe 4 3/98 3,1 3/105 2,6 Young adults4

Starije odrasle osobe 121/314 38,5 104/281 37,0 Older adults Ukupno / Total 0/141 0,0 124/412 30,1 107/386 27,7

1 A = broj alveola zahvaćenih periodontalnim ili periapikalnim apscesom ili antemortalnim gubitkom zuba. 2 O = broj pregledanih alveola. 3 % = postotak alveola zahvaćenih periodontalnim ili periapikalnim apscesom ili antemortalnim gubitkom zuba. 4 mlađe odrasle osobe = osobe između 16 i 35 godina starosti; starije odrasle osobe = osobe starije od 35 godina. 1 A = number of alveoli affected by periodontal or periapical abscesses or antemortal tooth loss. 2 O = number of alveoli analysed. 3 % = percentage of alveoli affected by periodontal or periapical abscesses or antemortal tooth loss. 4 Young adults = individuals between the age of 16 and 35 years; Older adults = individuals over the age of 35.

Dobna kategorija Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men Tablica 4. Table 4. Age category A1/O2 %3 A/O % A/O % Mlađe odrasle osobe4 6/65 9,2 20/157 12,7 Young adults4 Starije odrasle osobe 26/106 24,5 76/487 15,6 Older adults Ukupno / Total 7/156 4,5 32/171 18,7 96/644 14,9

607 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tablica 5. Dobna kategorija Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men Table 5. Age category A1/O2 %3 A/O % A/O % Mlađe odrasle osobe4 13/121 10,7 3/116 2,6 Young adults4 Starije odrasle osobe 31/143 21,7 31/173 17,9 Older adults Ukupno / Total 7/148 4,7 44/264 16,7 34/289 11,8

1 A = broj zuba zahvaćenih karijesom. 2 O = ukupan broj analiziranih zuba. 3 % = postotak zuba zahvaćenih karijesom. 4 mlađe odrasle osobe = osobe između 16 i 35 godina starosti; starije odrasle osobe = osobe starije od 35 godina. 1 A = number of teeth affected by caries. 2 O = total number of teeth analysed. 3 % = percentage of teeth affected by caries. 4 Young adults = individuals between the age of 16 and 35 years; Older adults = individuals over the age of 35.

Tablica 6. Dobna kategorija Djeca / Children Žene / Women Muškarci / Men Table 6. Age category A1/O2 %3 A/O % A/O % Mlađe odrasle osobe4 2/71 2,8 5/166 3,0 Starije odrasle osobe 50/174 28,7 50/376 13,3 Older adults Ukupno / Total 1/141 0,7 52/245 21,2 55/542 10,1

Tablica 7. Zub / Tooth N1 NsHZC / NwLEH %sHZC / %wLEH Table 7. Maksilarni S12 14 6 42,9 Maxillary I2 Maksilarni O 22 11 50,0 Maxillary C Mandibularni O 26 17 65,4 Mandibular C

1N = broj analiziranih zuba; NsHZC = broj zuba s jednim ili više HZC; %sHZC = % od N s jednim ili više HZC. 2S = sjekutić; O = očnjak. 1N = number of teeth analysed; NwLEH = number of teeth with one or more LEH; %wLEH = % of N with one or several LEH. 2I = incisor; C = canine.

608 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Tablica 8. Zub / Tooth N1 NsHZC / NwLEH %sHZC / %wLEH Table 8. Maksilarni S12 22 11 50,0 Maxillary 12 Maksilarni O 31 12 38,7 Maxillary C Mandibularni O 39 13 33,3 Mandibular C

1N = broj analiziranih zuba; NsHZC = broj zuba s jednim ili više HZC; %sHZC = % od N s jednim ili više HZC. 2S = sjekutić; O = očnjak. 1N = number of teeth analysed; NwLEH = number of teeth with one or more DEH; %wLEH = % of N with one or several LEH. 2I = incisor; C = canine.

Tablica 9. Dob/spol Cribra orbitalia Aktivne lezije / Active lesions Table 9. Age/Sex O1 A12 % A23 % od A1 Djeca / Children 1 0 0,0 0 0,0 Žene / Women 13 4 30,8 0 0,0 Muškarci / Men 13 3 23,1 0 0,0 Odrasli ukupno 26 7 26,9 0 0,0 Total adults

1O = broj analiziranih čeonih kostiju. 2A1 = broj čeonih kostiju gdje bar jedna orbita pokazuje znakove pojave cribrae orbitaliae. 3A2 = broj čeonih kostiju gdje je cribra orbitalia aktivna u trenutku smrti. 1O = number of analysed frontal bones. 2A1 = number of frontal bones on which a minimum of one orbit shows signs of the appearance of cribrae orbitaliae. 3A2 = number of frontal bones on which the cribra orbitalia active at the time of death.

Tablica 10. Dob/spol Cribra orbitalia Aktivne lezije / Active lesions Table 10. Age/Sex O1 A12 % A23 % od A1 Djeca / Children 13 10 76,9 0 0,0 Žene / Women 13 1 7,7 0 0,0 Muškarci / Men 39 10 25,6 0 0,0 Odrasli ukupno 52 11 21,2 0 0,0 Total adults

609 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tablica 11. Prsni / Thoracic Slabinski / Lumbar Ukupno / Total Table 11. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 6/41 14,6 4/22 18,2 10/63 15,6 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 28/146 19,2 18/58 31,0 46/204 22,5 Older adults Ukupno / Total 34/187 18,2 22/80 27,5 56/267 21,0 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 17/55 30,9 10/29 34,5 27/84 32,1 Young adults Stariji odrasli 31/141 22,0 18/84 21,4 49/225 21,8 Older adults Ukupno / Total 48/196 24,5 28/113 24,8 76/309 24,6

1 A = broj kralježaka sa Schmorlovim defektom. 2 O = broj pregledanih kralježaka. 3 mlađi odrasli = osobe između 16 i 35 godina starosti; stariji odrasli = osobe starije od 35 godina. 1A = number of vertebrae with Schmorl’s defects. 2O = number of vertebrae analysed. 3young adults = individuals between the age of 16 and 35 years; older adults = individuals over the age of 35.

Tablica 12. Prsni / Thoracic Slabinski / Lumbar Ukupno / Total Table 12. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 9/51 17,6 6/29 20,7 15/80 18,7 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 26/107 24,3 18/53 34,0 44/160 27,5 Older adults Ukupno / Total 35/158 22,1 24/82 29,7 59/260 22,7 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 36/93 38,7 17/50 34,0 53/143 37,1 Young adults Stariji odrasli 63/278 22,7 28/97 28,9 91/375 24,3 Older adults Ukupno / Total 99/371 26,7 45/147 30,6 144/518 27,8

610 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Vratni / Cervical Prsni / Thoracic Slabinski / Lumbar Ukupno / Total Tablica 13. Table 13. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 0/42 0,0 1/41 2,4 0/22 0,0 1/105 0,95 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 23/87 26,4 34/146 16,4 16/58 27,6 73/291 25,1 Older adults Ukupno / Total 23/129 17,8 35/187 18,7 16/80 20,0 74/396 18,7 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 0/21 0,0 1/55 1,8 0/29 0,0 1/105 0,95 Young adults Stariji odrasli 25/87 28,7 55/141 39,0 48/84 57,1 128/312 41,0 Older adults Ukupno / Total 25/108 23,1 56/196 28,6 48/113 42,5 129/417 30,9

1 A = broj kralježaka zahvaćenih osteoartritisom. 2 O = broj analiziranih kralježaka. 3 mlađi odrasli = osobe između 16 i 35 godina starosti; stariji odrasli = osobe starije od 35 godina. 1A = number of vertebrae affected by osteoarthritis. 2O = number of vertebrae analysed. 3young adults = individuals between the age of 16 and 35 years; older adults = individuals over the age of 35.

Vratni / Cervical Prsni / Thoracic Slabinski / Lumbar Ukupno / Total Tablica 14. Table 14. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 0/16 0,0 0/51 0,0 0/29 0,0 0/96 0,0 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 3/55 5,4 20/107 18,7 19/53 35,8 42/215 19,5 Older adults Ukupno / Total 3/71 4,2 20/158 12,7 19/82 23,2 42/311 13,5 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 0/57 0,0 1/93 1,1 0/50 0,0 1/200 0,5 Young adults Stariji odrasli 2/99 2,0 53/278 19,1 22/97 22,7 77/474 16,2 Older adults Ukupno / Total 2/156 1,3 54/371 14,5 22/147 15,0 78/674 11,6

611 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Tablica 15. Rame / Shoulders Lakat / Elbows Kuk / Hips Koljeno / Knees Table 15. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 0/8 0,0 0/7 0,0 0/8 0,0 0/7 0,0 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 6/16 37,5 7/18 38,9 12/19 63,2 10/14 71,4 Older adults Ukupno / Total 6/24 25,0 7/25 28,0 12/27 44,4 10/21 47,6 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 0/7 0,0 0/7 0,0 0/11 0,0 0/11 5,3 Young adults Stariji odrasli 8/18 44,4 7/17 12,0 12/26 10,3 13/19 37,8 Older adults Ukupno / Total 8/25 32,0 7/24 29,2 12/37 32,4 13/30 43,3

1 A = broj zglobova s osteoartritisom. 2 O = ukupan broj analiziranih zglobova. Zglob je evidentiran kao prisutan ako je jedan element zgloba kompletno uščuvan ili ako su dva ili tri elementa zgloba djelomično uščuvana. 3 mlađi odrasli = osobe stare između 16 i 35 godina; stariji odrasli = osobe starije od 35 godina. 1 A = number of joints with osteoarthritis. 2 O = total number of analysed joints. A joint is registered if a minimum of one element of the joint was completely preserved or if two or three elements were partially preserved. 3 young adults = individuals between the age of 16 and 35 years; older adults = individuals over the age of 35.

Tablica 16. Rame / Shoulders Lakat / Elbows Kuk / Hips Koljeno / Knees Table 16. A1/O2 % A/O % A/O % A/O % Žene / Women Mlađi odrasli3 0/4 0,0 0/5 0,0 0/8 0,0 0/8 0,0 Young adults3 Stariji odrasli 4/13 30,8 3/8 37,5 0/16 0,0 4/16 25,0 Older adults Ukupno / Total 4/17 23,5 3/13 23,1 0/24 0,0 4/24 16,6 Muškarci / Men Mlađi odrasli 0/17 0,0 0/15 0,0 0/11 0,0 1/19 5,3 Young adults Stariji odrasli 8/24 33,3 3/25 12,0 4/39 10,3 14/37 37,8 Older adults Ukupno / Total 8/41 19,5 3/40 7,5 4/50 8,0 15/56 26,8

612 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Aktivne lezije Tablica 17. Spol Periostitis Active lesions Table 17. Sex O1 A12 % A23 % od A1 Djeca 12 6 50,0 3 50,0 Children Žene 21 10 47,6 1 10,0 Women Muškarci 30 18 60,0 3 16,7 Men Odrasli ukupno 51 28 54,9 4 14,3 Total adults

1 O = broj dobro uščuvanih kostura. 2 A1 = broj dobro uščuvanih kostura koji pokazuju znakove pojave periostitisa. 3 A2 = broj dobro uščuvanih kostura gdje je periostitis aktivan u trenutku smrti. 1 O = number of well preserved skeletons. 2 A1 = number of well preserved skeletons showing signs of the appearance of periostitis. 3 A2 = number of well preserved skeletons on which periostitis was active at the time of death.

Aktivne lezije Tablica 18. Spol Periostitis Active lesions Table 18. Sex O1 A12 % A23 % od A1 Djeca 14 5 35,7 2 40,0 Children Žene 18 1 5,5 1 100,0 Women Muškarci 33 11 33,3 4 36,4 Men Odrasli ukupno 51 12 23,5 5 41,7 Total adults

613 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Lijeva strana Desna strana Left side Right side N1 n2 %3 N n % Ključne kosti Clavicles Muškarci / Men 21 0 0,0 21 0 0,0 Žene / Women 16 0 0,0 18 0 0,0 Nadlaktične kosti Humeri Muškarci / Men 22 0 0,0 25 0 0,0 Žene / Women 21 0 0,0 16 0 0,0 Palčane kosti Radii Muškarci / Men 20 1 5,0 20 2 10,0 Žene / Women 15 2 13,3 11 0 0,0 Lakatne kosti Ulnae Muškarci / Men 20 0 0,0 22 0 0,0 Žene / Women 19 0 0,0 13 0 0,0 Bedrene kosti Femurs Muškarci / Men 31 0 0,0 25 0 0,0 Žene / Women 17 1 5,9 18 0 0,0 Goljenične kosti Tibiae Muškarci / Men 24 0 0,0 20 2 10,0 Žene / Women 12 0 0,0 15 0 0,0 Lisne kosti Fibulae Muškarci / Men 19 0 0,0 15 3 20,0 Žene / Women 14 0 0,0 13 0 0,0

Muškarci / Men 157 1 0,6 148 7 4,7 Žene / Women 114 3 2,6 104 0 0,0 Tablica 19. Table 19. Ukupno / Total 271 4 1,5 252 7 2,8 1 N = ukupan broj dugih kostiju 2 n = broj dugih kostiju s prisutnim traumama 3 % = postotak ukupnog broja dugih kostiju. 1 N = total number of long bones. 2 n = total number of long bones with trauma. 3 % = percentage of total number of long bones.

614 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Kost Rijeka Zagreb Bone N n %3 N n % Ključne kosti 76 0 0,0 62 0 0,0 Clavicles Nadlaktične kosti 84 0 0,0 67 1 1,5 Humeri Palčane kosti 66 5 7,6 53 1 1,9 Radii Lakatne kosti 74 0 0,0 62 0 0,0 Ulnae Bedrene kosti 91 1 1,1 98 0 0,0 Femurs Potkoljenične kosti 71 2 2,8 94 4 4,2 Tibiae Lisne kosti 61 3 4,9 84 2 2,4 Fibulae Ukupno 523 11 2,1 520 8 1,5 Tablica 20. Total Table 20.

615

ARHEOZOOLOŠKA ANALIZA

SREDNJI I RANI NOVI VIJEK

ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

OF THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS

Tajana Trbojević Vukičević Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju Veterinarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb

PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ARHEOZOOLOŠKA ANALIZA ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL SREDNJI I RANI NOVI VIJEK ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS

Analizom ostataka faune iz razdoblja srednjega i In an analysis of the 1,194 fragments of faunal ranoga novog vijeka naselja na lokalitetu Rijeka remains from the Medieval and Early Post Me- – Trg pul Vele crikve od oko 1194 fragmenata dieval periods in the settlement at the Rijeka determinirano ih je 344 (28,81%). – Pul Vele Crikve Square site, 344 fragments (28.81%) were successfully determined. Razloge velikomu broju nedeterminiranih fragmenata možemo tražiti uglavnom u tafonom- The reason for the high number of undeter- skim procesima. Uz djelovanja drevnoga čovjeka mined fragments can be sought primarily in (način pribavljanja životinja, postupak sa živo- taphonomic processes. In addition to the activi- tinjskom lešinom nakon uginuća, različiti načini ties of ancient man (the manner in which ani- uklanjanja dijelova životinjskih tijela) i prirodne mals were approached, procedures taken with učinke (pH tla u kojemu su kosti bile tijekom animal carcasses, various methods of eliminating stoljeća, izloženost djelovanju vode, mehanička parts of animal bodies) and natural effects (the oštećenja, oštećenja djelovanjem grabežljivaca...) pH of the soil in which the bones laid for cen- na koje stručnjaci uključeni u arheološka istraži- turies, exposure to the effects of water, mechani- vanja nemaju nikakva utjecaja, izrazito je važno i cal damage, damage by predators, etc.) on which djelovanje recentnoga čovjeka. To se prvenstveno the specialists involved in the archaeological odnosi na arheologe, ali i ostale koji neposredno research had no impact, the activities of mod- djeluju na arheološkome lokalitetu, kao i kasnije ern man are also exceptionally important. These u različitim laboratorijima, a očituje se u izboru impacts pertain primarily to archaeologists and mjesta iskopavanja, izboru uzoraka i tehnici isko- others acting directly at an archaeological site pavanja (LYMAN 1994; BARTOSIEWICZ and subsequently at various laboratories, and are 1998; RACKHAM 1994; REITZ I WING manifested in the selection of dig sites, the selec- 1999; TRBOJEVIĆ VUKIČEVIĆ 2002). tion of samples and the excavation techniques employed (LYMAN 1994; BARTOSIEWICZ Taksonomsko određivanje kostiju domaćih i 1998; RACKHAM 1994; REITZ & WING divljih životinja i ptica i determinacija kostur- 1999; TRBOJEVIĆ VUKIČEVIĆ 2002). noga elementa provedeni su pomoću udžbenika i atlasa veterinarske medicine (NICKEL i sur. The taxonomical determination of the bones of 1986; POPESKO 1988; KÖNIG I LIEBICH domesticated and wild animals and birds, and 2009) i arheozooloških priručnika (SCHMID the determination of bone elements was carried 1972; HILLSON1992; GILBERT i sur. 1981). out using veterinary medicine textbooks and at- Nazivi kostiju usklađeni su s Nomina Anatomica lases (NICKEL et al. 1986; POPESKO 1988; Veterinaria (2005). Kao poredbeni materijal za KÖNIG & LIEBICH 2009) and archaeozoo- morfološko prepoznavanje upotrijebljeni su di- logical handbooks (SCHMID 1972; HILL- jelovi kostura recentnih vrsta iz poredbene zbir- SON 1992; GILBERT et al. 1981). The bone ke Laboratorija za arheozoologiju i poredbene names were aligned with the Nomina Anatomica zbirke recentnih životinja Zavoda za anatomiju, Veterinaria (2005). Bones of recent species from histologiju i embriologiju Veterinarskoga fakul- the comparative collections of the Laboratory teta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. for Archaeozoology and the comparative col-

619 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

Među determiniranim uzorcima najveći dio lection of recent animals of the Department for (262 fragmenta) pripada sisavcima (76,16%). Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of the Uz 30 fragmenata (8,72%) koštanih ostataka Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of ptica, u uzorku se nalaze i 42 školjke (12,21%), 9 Zagreb were used as comparative material for ostataka kornjača (2,62%) i jedan (0,29%) osta- morphological recognition. tak ribe (grafikon 1). Among the determined samples, the largest Broj identificiranih uzoraka (NISP) prema po- share (262 fragments) belonged to mammals jedinim vrstama sisavaca prikazan je u tablici 1, (76.16%). In addition to 30 fragments (8.72%) a njihov postotni udio (%NISP) u grafikonu 2. of bird bone remains, the sample also included 42 shells (12.21%), 9 turtle fragments (2.62%) U skupinu malih preživača ubrojeni su koštani and one (0.29%) fish fragment (Figure 1). elementi ovaca (Ovis aries L.) i koza (Capra hircus L.) kojima se zbog oštećenosti, a time i nedo- The number of identified samples (NISP) by -in statka bitnih anatomskih elemenata, nije mogla dividual species of mammal is shown in Table 1, odrediti preciznija pripadnost vrsti. and its percentage (%NISP) in Figure 2.

Kod koštanih elemenata zajedno su uvrštene In the group of small ruminants, bone elements kosti lubanje (cranium), osim gornje čeljusti of sheep (Ovis aries L.) and goats (Capra hircus (maxilla) i rožnih izdanaka (processus cornualis). L.) were found. However, due to the level of Također je izdvojena donja čeljust (mandibula) i damage and lack of significant anatomical ele- pojedinačni zubi (dentes). S obzirom na to da su ments, determination to the species level was determinirani samo prvi vratni kralješci (atlas), not possible. ostali nisu uvršteni u tablicu, nego su pobrojani u nedeterminirane fragmente. U metapodi- The bones of the skull cranium( ) were grouped je su pobrojani oni koštani ostaci kod kojih se together in the bone elements, with the excep- zbog oštećenosti nije moglo utvrditi pripadaju tion of the upper jaw (maxilla) and cornual pro- li prednjoj (ossa metacarpalia) ili stražnjoj (ossa cess (processus cornualis). Furthermore, the lower metatarsalia) nozi. Kosti zastopalja (ossa tarsi) jaw (mandibula) and individual teeth (dentes) pobrojane su u jednu skupinu, osim petne kosti were considered separately. Considering that (calcaneus) i gležnjače (talus). only the first cervical vertebra atlas( ) was determined, the remaining were not included in the Iz tablice 1 i grafikona 2 vidljivo je da je najvi- table, but were instead counted in the undeter- še koštanih ostataka goveda (36,64%), a sa šest mined fragments. Metapodial bones included postotaka manje slijede ostaci malih preživača. all those bone remains that due to the level of Fragmenti kostiju svinja zastupljeni su s približ- damage could not be determined as to whether no 18%, dok ostataka jelena običnoga (Cervus they belonged to the front (ossa metacarpalia) or elaphus L.) ima oko 13,36%. Kosti zeca zastu- hind (ossa metatarsalia) legs. Tarsal bones (ossa pljene su s tri fragmenta, a konja s jednim. tarsi) were counted in one group, with the exception of the heel bone (calcaneus) and ankle Četvrtina (25,95%) identificiranih ostataka sisa- bone (talus). vaca otpada na zube, posebice na kutnjake (dentes molares) malih preživača i goveda. Tako je Table 1 and Figure 2 indicate that the majority brojan nalaz pojedinačnih zuba uobičajen na ar- of bone remains were bovines (36.64%), while heološkim lokalitetima zato što su zubi zbog vi- small ruminants followed with a six percent sokoga anorganskog udjela u svim svojim struk- smaller share. The fragments of pig bones were turama otporniji na brojne tafonomske čim- represented with approximately 18%, while re- benike od kosti ili rogova (HILLSON 1986). mains of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) accounted Međutim, pojedinačni izgubljeni zubi manje su for 13.36%. Three bone fragments belonged to hares, and one to horse.

620 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

prikladni za odredbu dobi od niza zuba u gor- One-fourth (25.95%) of identified mammal re- njoj ili donjoj čeljusti (REITZ I WING 1999). mains were from teeth, particularly the molars (dentes molares) of small ruminants and cattle. Osim broja identificiranih uzoraka (NISP) po Numerous findings of individual teeth are typi- pojedinim vrstama, izračunat je i najmanji broj cal at archaeological localities, because teeth are jedinki (MNI) i to po kosturnome elementu more resistant to numerous taphonomic factors koji se najčešće pojavljuje u uzorku (KLEIN I than bones or horns due to their high inorganic CRUZ-URIBE 1984), odnosno razdjeljivanjem composition (HILLSON 1986). However, najbrojnijega skeletnog elementa neke vrste na individual lost teeth are less suitable for deter- lijeve i desne komponente i uzimanjem najveće- mination than a series of teeth in the upper or ga broja kao jedinicu izračuna (WHITE 1953). lower jaw (REITZ & WING 1999).

Kod goveda (Bos sp.) su s po 8 uzoraka najbroj- In addition to the number of identified sam- niji koštani elementi kosti pesti (ossa metacarpa- ples (NISP) by species, the minimum number lia) i petne kosti (calcaneus). MNI je izračunat of individuals (MNI) was also calculated by iz petnih kostiju (5 desnih i 3 lijeve) jer su bolje the bone elements most common in the sample očuvane i iznosi 5. Ostaci donjih čeljusti (man- (KLEIN & CRUZ-URIBE 1984), and by sepa- dibula) nisu sadržavali zube, a gornjih čeljusti rating the most abundant skeletal elements of a (maxilla) uopće nije bilo pa se nije mogla proci- species into left and right components and tak- jeniti dob životinja. ing the highest number as the calculation unit U skupini malih preživača determinirano je 6 (WHITE 1953). koštanih elemenata koji zasigurno pripadaju ko- For bovines (Bos sp.), the most abundant bone zama (Capra hircus L.) i 14 elemenata koji zasi- elements were the metacarpal bones (ossa meta- gurno pripadaju ovcama (Ovis aries L.). Ostalih carpalia) and heel bone (calcaneus). The MNI, 60 koštanih ostataka nije se moglo pobliže tak- calculated from five bones (5 right and 3 left), as sonomski odrediti. Iako su najbrojniji koštani they were best preserved, totalled 5. The remains elementi također kosti pesti, radi se uglavnom o of the lower jaws (mandibula) did not contain dijafizama na kojima se ne može razaznati pri- teeth, and no upper jaws (maxilla) were found, padnost lijevoj ili desnoj strani tijela. Stoga je and therefore it was not possible to assess the age MNI izračunat na temelju nadlaktičnih kostiju of the animals. (humerus) i iznosi 4. Slično kao i kod goveda, gornjih čeljusti uopće nije bilo, dok su donje In the group of small ruminants, 6 bone ele- vrlo fragmentirane i bez zuba u alveolama. Svega ments were identified as certainly belonging to je na jednoj donjoj čeljusti vidljivo da je četvrti goats (Capra hircus L.) and 14 elements that mliječni pretkutnjak (dP4) upravo izašao, te je certainly belonged to sheep (Ovis aries L.). The procijenjeno da je životinja uginula u dobi od 6 remaining 60 bone remnants could not be taxo- do 12 tjedana. nomically determined to a lower level. Though the most abundant bone elements were also the U skupini svinja ubrojeni su uz domaću (Sus metacarpal bones, these were primarily diaphy- domesticus L.) i koštani ostaci divlje svinje (Sus ses in which it was not possible to determine scrofa L.). Zbog nemogućnosti provedbe osteo- whether they belonged to the left or right side metrijske analize kojom bi se moglo odijeliti te of the body. Therefore, the MNI was calculated dvije skupine, divlje su svinje determinirane na based on the upper front leg bone (humerus) temelju foramena supratrochleare nadlaktičnih and totalled 4. Similar as in cattle, no upper jaws kostiju (BABIĆ i sur. 2002) i očnjaka (dentes were found, while lower jaws were very frag- canini), pri čemu su identificirana najmanje 4 mented and without teeth in the alveola. One ostatka divlje svinje (MNI iznosi 2). S obzirom lower jaw only showed evidence that the fourth na to da od 5 nadlaktičnih kostiju (humerus) deciduous premolar (dP4) had just erupted, and dvije pripadaju divljoj svinji, kod domaćih je

621 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

svinja najbrojniji koštani element palčana kost therefore it is estimated that the animal died at (radius) po kojoj je izračunat MNI te iznosi 3. an age between 6 and 12 weeks.

Na pojedinačnim očnjacima svinja (dentes ca- The group of pigs included the bone remains of ninus, kljove), na temelju veličine i oblika kru- domesticated pigs (Sus domesticus L.) and wild ne i korijena može se odrediti spol (SCHMID boar (Sus scrofa L.). Due to the inability to con- 1972). Tako su oba očnjaka divlje svinje određe- duct osteometric analyses that would separate na kao mužjaci, a kod domaćih svinja tri očnjaka these two groups, wild boar were determined pripadaju mužjacima, a svega jedan ženki. on the basis of the foramen supratrochlear of the humerus bones (BABIĆ et al. 2002) and canine Kod domaćih je svinja dob procijenjena na te- teeth (dentes canini), by which at least 4 remains melju slijeda nicanja i izmjene zuba (HILLSON of wild boar were identified (MNI of 2). Con- 1986) nekih gornjih i donjih čeljusti: dvije su sidering that of the 5 humerus bones (humerus), jedinke bile u dobi od oko 14 mjeseci, a za tri two belonged to wild boar, for domesticated pigs je jedinke procijenjeno da su u trenutku uginuća the most numerous bone element was the lower bile starije od 18 mjeseci. front leg bone (radius), and the MNI was calculated at 3. In individual canine teeth of wild boar Jelen obični (Cervus elaphu L.) zastupljen je uzorku s 35 elemenata kostiju i zuba, a MNI je (dentes caninus, tusks), and based on the size and izračunat iz nadlaktičnih kostiju i iznosi 4 (sve su shape of the crown and roots, gender can be de- četiri nadlaktične kosti desne). termined (SCHMID 1972). Both canine teeth of the wild boar were determined as males, and Nalaz ostataka kostiju i zuba divljih životinja, in domesticated pigs, three canine teeth came iako relativno malobrojan (vjerojatno je udio from males and only one from a female. ostataka divlje svinje i veći od navedenoga), dokaz je da su se ondašnji stanovnici bavili lovom i In domesticated pigs, animal age was assessed da je meso veprova i jelenske divljači bilo značaj- on the basis of the order of tooth eruptions and no prisutno u ishrani. replacements (HILLSON 1986) on some of the upper and lower jaws: two individuals were Tragovi sekundarnoga mesarenja, odnosno about 14 months of age, while three individuals komadanja ekstremiteta na manje dijelove pri- were assessed to be older than 18 months at the kladne za konzumaciju, na ostacima su domaćih time of death. životinja brojniji na kostima koje se nalaze dis- talnije u kosturu, prvenstveno na petnoj kosti i Red deer (Cervus elaphu L.) was represented in gležnjači goveda. Većina je tih kostiju prerezana, the sample with 35 bone elements and teeth, iz čega se može zaključiti da su najdistalniji di- and the MNI was calculated based on the hu- jelovi nogu (kosti stopala i članci prstiju) jed- merus bone and totalled 4 (all four humerus nostavno odrezani s ekstremiteta. Na nekoliko bones were from the right side). zglobnih površina lopatica, nadlaktičnih i be- The find of bone and teeth remains of wild drenih kostiju vidljivi su tragovi izglobljavanja, animals, though relatively small in number (the mada su na većini kostiju smještenih proksimal- share of wild boar remains is likely higher than nije u kosturu brojniji sitni urezi karakteristični stated), is evidence that the residents of this site za skidanje mesa s kostiju. Samo se na jednome hunted, and that wild boar and deer game meat rožnom izdanku (processus cornualis) koze vide was significantly present in the diet. tragovi koji upućuju da je odrezan s čeone kosti. Traces of secondary butchering, or the cutting of Koštani su ostaci konja (Equus cabalus L.) i zeca extremities into smaller pieces more suitable for (Lepus europeaus L.) malobrojni. Zečevi su se, osim consumption, on the remains of domesticated za meso, mogli koristiti i zbog krzna, a moguće je animals are more common on the bones found da su se uginuli konji pokapali izvan naselja. more distally in the skeleton, primarily on the

622 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

Na kostima domaćih i divljih životinja, posebno heel and ankle bones of cattle. The majority of na epifizama dugih kostiju, vidljivi su tragovi these bones were cut, leading to the conclusion zuba mesoždera, pa se može pretpostaviti da su that the most distal parts of the legs (bones of obitavali u naselju i hranili se ostacima ljudske the hoof and toes) were simply cut off of the ex- ishrane, iako u uzorku faunalnih ostataka nisu tremities. On several joint surfaces of the shoul- pronađene kosti pasa. der, humerus and femur bones, traces of teeth marks are evident, though the majority of bones Od koštanih ostataka ptica, 6 ih pripada kokoši situated proximally in the skeleton show small (Gallus gallus), a 4 su ostaci orla koji pripada redu cut marks characteristic of the removal of meat Falconiformes (sokolovke), porodici Accipitridae from the bones. Only one cornual process (pro- (jastrebovi), ali nije utvrđena pripadnost vrsti. cessus cornualis) of a goat shows evidence sug- Ostalih 20 ostataka kostiju ptica zapravo su fra- gesting that it was cut off with the frontal bone. gmenti dugih kostiju kojima nije bilo moguće utvrditi točniju skeletnu i taksonomsku pripadnost. Bone remains of horse (Equus cabalus L.) and hare (Lepus europeaus L.) were few in number. U uzorku su identificirane i četiri nadlaktične Hares could be used both for meat and for fur, kosti (humerus), po jedna bedrena (os femoris) i and it is possible that dead horses were buried goljenična (tibia) kost, te 3 fragmenta trbušnoga outside the settlement. dijela oklopa (plastron) kornjače, i to najvjerojatnije barske kornjače (Emys orbicularis L.). The bones of domesticated and wild animals, particularly the epiphyses of the long bones, Među nedeterminiranim fragmentima oko show traces of carnivore teeth, and it can be as- 16,5% otpada na ostatke rebara, 3% na fragmen- sumed that carnivores inhabited the settlement te lopatica i zdjeličnih kosti, oko 1% na fragmen- area and fed off the remains of human meals, te kostiju glave, a oko 6% su ostaci kralježaka. Na though dog bones were not found amongst the svim navedenim fragmentima vidljivi su tragovi sample of faunal remains. mesarenja (komadanje trupa i skidanje mesa s kostiju). Najveći broj nedeterminiranih fragme- Of the bone remains of birds, 6 belonged to nata (oko 62%) otpada na fragmente dugih ko- chickens (Gallus gallus), and four belongs to stiju kojima se nije mogla odrediti približna ko- birds of prey of the order Falconiformes (fal- sturna pripadnost, ali u većini slučajeva pripada- cons), family Accipitridae (hawks), but were not ju kostima ekstremiteta. Skeletno i taksonomski determined to the species level. The remaining neidentificiranih uzoraka ima oko 12%. 20 remains of bird bones were fragments of the long bones for which it was not possible to make Ipak, bez obzira na relativno visok postotak ne- a more precise skeletal and taxonomic determi- determiniranih (71,19%) u odnosu na 28,81% nation. identificiranih koštanih ostataka, važno je istaknuti da kod svake arheozoološke analize dio In the sample, four humerus bones (humerus), materijala iz prošlih vremena nije nikada isko- one femur (os femoris) and tibia bone (tibia), and pan, da je veći dio nepovratno uništen tijekom three fragments of the belly section (plastron) of vremena te da dio životinja koje su nekada živje- a turtle shell, likely the pond turtle (Emys orbicu- le nisu nikada ni pokopane (KUŽIR I TRBO- laris L.), were identified. JEVIĆ VUKIČEVIĆ 2004). Among the undetermined fragments, about U materijalu se nalaze i 1 kralježak ribe i 42 16.5% were remains of ribs, 3% shoulder and školjke, koji nisu predmet ove analize. pelvic bones, about 1% were fragments of cranial bones and about 6% were parts of vertebrae. On each of these fragments, traces of butchering (sectioning the carcass and the removal of meat from bones) are visible. The majority of undeter-

623 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

mined fragments (about 62%) were fragments of the long bones for which it was not possible to determine the exact skeletal position and in the majority of cases belonged to the extremities. About 12% of the samples were skeletally and taxonomically unidentified.

However, regardless of the relatively high percentage of undetermined (71.19%) in relation to the 28.81% identified bone remains, it is important to stress that in all archaeological analyses, a portion of materials from past periods are never dug up, the majority is destroyed over time and a part of the animals that once inhabited the settlement were never buried here (KUŽIR & TRBOJEVIĆ VUKIČEVIĆ 2004).

The material also included one fish vertebrae and 42 shells, which are not the subject of this analysis.

624 Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 36 40,00% 35 36,64% 35,00% 30 30,53% 30,00% 25 Grakon 2. Postotni udio 21 25,00% 20 (%NISP) identiciranih uzoraka prema pojedinim 15 20,00% 17,94% 15 13 vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja 15,00% 13,36% srednjega i ranoga novog 10 vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg 6 10,00% PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA 5 pul Vele crikve. QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5,00% 0 1,15% 0,38% 0,00% 0-50 govedo mali svinja jelen zec konj 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950

Grafikon 1. Postotni udio determiniranih faunalnih ostataka iz razdoblja srednjega i ranoga novog vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg pul Vele crikve. Figure 1. Percentage share of determined faunal remains from the Medieval and Early Post Medieval periods at the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site. Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja kornjače; 2,62% ptice; 8,72% turtles, 2,62% birds, 8,72% 40 38 37 ribe; 0,29% školjke; 12,21% 35 fish, 0,29% shells, 12,21% 30

25 24 Grakon 1. Postotni udio deter- 22 miniranih faunalnih ostataka iz 20 razdoblja srednjega i ranoga 15 novog vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – 12 Trg pul Vele crikve. 9 10 9 7 6 7 7 5 6 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 sisavci; 76,16% 0 mammals, 76,16% 50-0 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990 Grafikon 2. Postotni udio (%NISP) identificiranih uzoraka prema pojedinim vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja Principij: Količina novca kroz sva razdoblja srednjega i ranoga novog vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg pul Vele crikve. Figure 2. Percentage share (%NISP) of identified samples by individual mammal types from the Medieval and Early Post Medieval periods at the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site.

40 36 40,00% 35 36,64% 35,00% 30 Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja 30,53% 30,00% 25 Grakon 2. Postotni udio 21 25,00% 20 140 136 (%NISP) identiciranih uzoraka prema pojedinim 120 15 20,00% 17,94% 15 13 vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja 100 15,00% 13,36% srednjega i ranoga novog 10 80 vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg 6 10,00% 5 pul Vele crikve. 60 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 43 1 1 1 1 5,00% 39 37 37 40 0 31 1,15% 0,38% 20 0,00% 0-50 12 11 12 7 7 11 govedo mali svinja jelen zec konj 50-100 3 4 3 5 3 5 4 4 4 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 1600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950 2 1 1 950-1000 /cattle preživači /pigs obični /hare /horse 0 1000-1050 1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1850 1850-1900 1900-1950 1950-1990 /small /red deer

50-0 ruminants 50-100 150-200 250-300 350-400 450-500 550-600 650-700 750-800 850-900 950-1000 1050-1100 1150-1200 1250-1300 1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700 1750-1800 1850-1900 1950-1990 625

Pul vele crikve: količine novca kroz sva razdoblja

40 38 37 35

Rijeka SVE: količina novca kroz sva razdoblja

140 136

120

100

60 43 39 37 37 40 31

KOSTURNI MALI JELEN ELEMENT GOVEDO PREŽIVAČI SVINJA OBIČNI ZEC KONJ UKUPNO BONE BOVINES SMALL PIGS RED HARE HORSE TOTAL ELEMENT RUMINANTS DEER proc. cornualis 1 2 3 cranium 5 5 maxilla 3 3 mandibula 2 3 5 10 dentes incisivi 1 9 10 dentes canini 6 6 dentes premolares 4 3 1 3 11 dentes molares 11 23 7 41 atlas 2 1 3 scapula 2 3 1 3 9 humerus 2 7 5 4 18 radius 1 6 4 4 15 ulna 5 2 1 1 9 ossa metacarpalia 8 9 1 18 os coxae 7 1 8 femur 5 3 2 10 patella 1 1 tibia 2 4 3 1 10 calcaneus 8 6 2 16 talus 5 3 2 10 ossa tarsi 3 3 ossa metatarsalia 3 3 1 7 metapodij 8 1 9

phalanx proxi- 5 6 4 1 16 malis phalanx media 4 1 5 phalanx distalis 2 1 3 6 NISP 96 80 47 35 3 1 262

Tablica 1. Broj identificiranih uzoraka (NISP) prema pojedinim vrstama sisavaca iz razdoblja srednjega i ranoga novog vijeka lokaliteta Rijeka – Trg pul Vele crikve. Table 1. Number of identified samples (NISP) by individual mammal types from the Medieval and Early Post Medieval periods at the Rijeka – Pul Vele Crikve Square site.

626 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

627

ZAKLJUČAK

CONCLUSIONS

Josip Višnjić Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Služba za arheološku baštinu Croatian Conservation Institute Archaeological Heritage Serviceo TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO Tabla 1

630 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

ZAKLJUČAK CONCLUSIONS

Pojedini dijelovi antičkih i srednjovjekovnih Individual sections of Roman and Medieval cit- gradova u pravilu su bili namijenjeni različitim ies were, as a rule, intended for different public javnim potrebama. Upravo jedan takav kutak functions. One such corner of the Rijeka city riječkoga gradskog areala istraživan je prilikom area was investigated during the archaeological zaštitnih arheoloških iskopavanja koja je tijekom excavations conducted by the Croatian Conser- 2008. i 2009. godine obavljao Hrvatski restaura- vation Institute in 2008 and 2009. The inves- torski zavod. Istraživani, istočni dio grada, koji tigated, eastern part of the city, which encom- je obuhvaćao prostor neposredno uz gradske passed the area directly flanking the city walls, bedeme, tijekom svih je epoha u kojima je grad had a public function throughout all the epochs na Rječini egzistirao imao javnu funkciju koja of the city’s history. These functions changed se, ovisno o svakodnevnim kulturnim i životnim and adapted to the current situation, depend- potrebama te običajima zajednice, mijenjao i pri- ing on the daily cultural and other requirements lagođavao trenutnoj situaciji. Na taj nam je način and customs of the community. In this way, the istraživani prostor omogućio uvid u razvoj grada investigated area provided some insight into the i predstavlja svojevrstan presjek gradske povijesti. development of the city and can also represent a cross-section of the city’s history. Istraživanja su obuhvatila prostor Trga pul Vele crikve i dijela Užarske ulice Trga bana Josipa The research encompassed the area of Pul Vele Jelačića do spoja s Ulicom Janeza Tardine. Na Crikve Square and part of Užarska Street to Ban tome su relativno malome dijelu gradskoga are- Josip Jelačić Square (Trg Bana Josipa Jelačića) to ala tijekom povijesti bila smještena antička javna its connection with Janeza Tardine Street. Over gradska kupališta, ranokršćanski centar, a nakon its history, this relatively small part of the city vremena u kojemu grad biva napušten, i sred- was the site of Roman public baths, an early njovjekovna bazilika s pripadajućim gradskim Christian complex and—following the period grobljem i nizom pomoćnih sakralnih objekata. in which the city was abandoned—a Medieval basilica with an attendant municipal cemetery Pronađeni arheološki nalazi u osnovnim se crta- and a series of accompanying sacral structures. ma mogu podijeliti na dvije veće skupine, odnosno na one antičke i kasnoantičke te one kasnije The archaeological finds can, in basic terms, be srednjovjekovne i novovjekovne. Te su dvije sku- divided into two larger categories: those belong- pine nalaza odvojene dugotrajnim razdobljem u ing to the Roman and Late Roman periods, and kojemu je prostor grada bio napušten, a u arhe- those belonging to the Late Medieval and Post ološkome se smislu očituje kao hiatus u kojemu Medieval periods. These two groups of finds are ne nalazimo nikakve nepokretne arheološke separated by a long period in which the city was nalaze, dok su pokretni arheološki nalazi toga abandoned, recorded as a hiatus in the archaeo- razdoblja zastupljeni s tek pokojim ulomkom logical sense, for which no archaeological fea- gruboga posuđa. tures were discovered, while small archaeological finds from that period are represented with Najstariji nepokretni arheološki nalazi pripadaju only a few sherds of coarse ware. početnim razvojnim fazama stvaranja antičkoga

631 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO Tabla 2

municipija Tarsatice, odnosno 1. st. p. Kr. U tom The earliest archaeological features belong to se razdoblju gradi prvi gradski javni termalni the early development phases of the establish- kompleks od kojega možemo razabrati šest istra- ment of the ancient municipium of Tarsatica ženih prostorija čiji su zidovi građeni u tehnici in the 1st century BC. In that period, the city’s opus quadratum, odnosno od pravilno složenih first public thermal complex was constructed. manjih kamenih blokova. U jednoj od njih na- In this structure, six investigated rooms can be lazimo bazen s polukružnom eksedrom. Izni- distinguished whose walls were built using the mna zahtjevnost terena, u smislu izazova koji je opus quadratum technique, i.e. with regularly iziskivao od onodobnih graditelja, svakako nije laid small stone blocks. One of these rooms con- ni dopuštala mogućnost građevinskih zahvata tained a pool with a semi-circular exedra. The sve do dolaska tehnički boljih graditelja poput exceptional difficulty of the terrain, in the sense Rimljana. Te su prve terme očito zadovoljavale of the challenges faced by the builders of the day, potrebe zajednice koja je obitavala u Tarsatici certainly did not allow for any construction to sve do trenutka kada ovaj grad dobiva iznimno be erected until the arrival of technically more bitnu vojnu ulogu u obrani Italije. Zapovjedno skilled builders such as the Romans. These first mjesto segmenta sustava Pretenturae Italie i Cla- baths (thermae) obviously met the needs of the ustra Alpia Iuliarum, te uloga jedine, odnosno community at Tarsatica, right up until this city ključne, luke u sklopu sustava, osigurao je gradu acquired an exceptionally important military do tada neslućene mogućnosti razvoja. Taj se role in the defence of Italy. The command post prosperitet ogleda i u arhitektonskim ostacima of a segment of the Pretenturae Italie and Claus- otkrivenim prilikom istraživanja. Naime, starije tra Alpia Iuliarum systems, and the role of a key terme se ruše, a na njihovim se ostacima grade port within that system secured the city previ- nove, prostranije i opremljene suvremenim su- ously unimaginable development opportunities. stavima za grijanje prostorija i bazena. Otkriveni This prosperity is also seen in the architectural su relativno dobro očuvani ostaci deset prostori- ruins discovered during the research. Namely, ja čiji su zidovi građeni tehnikama opus mixtum the old thermae were torn down and a new, te opus testaceum. Među istraženim prostorijama more spacious complex was erected in its place razaznajemo dvije prostorije kaldarija i još uvijek and equipped with contemporary systems with sačuvanim manjim bazenom (alveus), tepidarij, which to heat the pools and rooms. Relatively frigidarij sa sačuvanim bazenom te prefunium. well-preserved remnants of ten rooms whose U istome se razdoblju, odnosno razdoblju u walls were constructed using the opus mixtum kojemu vojne postrojbe stacionirane u gradu i and opus testaceum techniques were also revealed. njegovu zaleđu imaju zadatak braniti Italiju od Among the studied rooms, two rooms of the cal- upada germanskih plemena, od iste opasnosti darium and the preserved small pool (alveus), a osigurava i sam grad. Iz toga su razloga izgrađeni tepidarium, frigidarium with preserved pool moćni gradski bedemi od kojih je istražen tek and the prefunium were identified. In the same manji segment na samome spoju Užarske ulice period, i.e. when the military units stationed in i Trga bana Josipa Jelačića. Čini se da ni snažni the city and its surrounding areas were entrusted bedemi nisu mogli spasiti grad od razaranja koje with defending Italy from attacks by the Ger- se dogodilo krajem 4. i početkom 5. st., što je po- manic tribes, they also protected Rijeka from tvrđeno prilikom istraživanja tarsatičkoga prin- the same threats. The imposing city walls were cipija. Važni podaci koji su egzaktnim dokazima erected for that reason of which only a small seg- osigurani prilikom istraživanja prostorne cjeline ment has been investigated at the meeting point Trga pul Vele crikve odnose se na oporavak gra- of Užarska Street and Ban Josip Jelačić Square. da nakon razaranja i napuštanja od strane vojnih It appears that the massive city ramparts did postrojbi. Oporavak se događa u potpuno izmi- little to save the city from the devastation that jenjenim socijalnim prilikama, u trenutku kada befell it in the late 4th and early 5th century, as se napuštaju neke dugo ustaljene tradicije, a na was confirmed during the study of the Tarsatica scenu stupa nova velika socijalna snaga – kršćan- principium. The important information se- 632 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

stvo. Tako se na istome onom mjestu koje je slu- cured from exact evidence collected during the žilo održavanju kulta tijela tijekom prethodnih research on the spatial unit of Pul Vele Crikve četiriju stoljeća sada gradi kompleks namijenjen Square pertain to the recovery of the city after održavanju kršćanskoga vjerskog kulta. U istra- the destruction and its abandonment by foreign živanjima je zahvaćen tek dio ranokršćanske military units. The recovery took place under bazilike koja djelomično koristi postojeću arhi- completely altered social circumstances, at a tekturu termi. Tarsatička ranokršćanska bazilika time when a number of long-standing traditions bila je trobrodna građevina koja je na pročelnoj were abandoned and a new, great social force strani imala pretprostor, odnosno narteks. Južno had taken centre stage—Christianity. Thus on od crkve pronađeni su ostaci dviju nadograđenih the site that had over the previous four centuries prostorija, a u jednoj od njih i u cijelosti saču- served the cult of the body a complex was now van kameni sarkofag. Bazilika je bila ukrašena erected intended for the service of the Christian višebojnim podnim mozaicima čije su osnovne religious cult. Our research encompassed only karakteristike iznimna dekorativnost, izrazito that part of the early Christian basilica that in razvijen geometrijski ukras te veliko bogatstvo part made use of the existing architecture of the motiva. Bazilika svojom veličinom i bogatstvom Roman thermae. Tarsatica’s early Christian ba- dekoracije svakako svjedoči o snazi kršćanske za- silica was a triple nave structure with a narthex jednice, ali i samoga grada koji se relativno brzo on the façade side. South of the church, the ru- nakon traumatičnih događaja oporavlja i nastav- ins of two rooms built as additions were found, lja živjeti u znatno izmijenjenim prilikama. Su- one of which contained a fully intact stone deći prema arheološkim ostacima, život u gradu sarcophagus. The basilica was decorated with se nastavlja još približno stoljeće i pol, nakon multi-coloured floor mosaics, characterised by čega biva napušten. O novim razaranjima grada exceptional ornamentation, a finely developed svjedoči sloj ugljena na podnicama bazilike dati- geometric design and a wealth of motifs. With ran u početak 7. st., a gotovo potpun nedostatak its size and wealth of ornamentation the basilica pokretnoga arheološkog materijala koji bi mo- certainly testifies to the strength of the Chris- gao biti datiran u razdoblje ranoga srednjeg vije- tian community and of the city itself, which suc- ka govori u prilog pretpostavci kako je upravo to ceeded in recovering from the traumatic events bio ključan trenutak za napuštanje grada. relatively quickly and continued to exist, albeit under substantially altered circumstances. Judg- Kako pokretni arheološki materijal svjedoči o ing from the archaeological ruins, life in the city trenutku napuštanja antičkoga grada, tako i jasno continued for approximately a century and a svjedoči o njegovu životu. U svim kategorijama half before it was at last deserted. Layers of char- pokretnih arheoloških nalaza, počevši od kera- coal on the floor of the basilica dated to the early mičkih nalaza gruboga kuhinjskog, luksuznijega 7th century bear witness to new devastation stolnog posuđa, ali i amfora, potom staklenih i events in the city. This and the almost complete numizmatičkih nalaza, jasno se pokazuje kako lack of small archaeological material that could su najslabije zastupljeni nalazi iz najranijega an- be dated to the Early Medieval period supports tičkog razdoblja, daleko najzastupljeniji oni iz the hypothesis that this was a key moment in the razdoblja funkcioniranja Claustre, te ponovno desertion of the city. nešto slabije oni iz razdoblja kršćanskoga grada. While small archaeological material attests to Kada govorimo o najstarijim nalazima potrebno the point in time at which the Roman city was je istaknuti činjenicu da najranije slojeve nije deserted, it also clearly bears witness to its life. bilo moguće u potpunosti istražiti. Takva je si- In all categories of small archaeological finds, tuacija bila uvjetovana potrebom očuvanja dije- beginning from the potsherds of coarse kitch- la kasnijih arhitektonskih struktura koje će biti enware, luxury tableware and amphorae, fol- korištene prilikom kasnije prezentacije nalaza lowed by glass and numismatic finds, it is clearly in situ, te činjenicom da su ranije terme bile te- evident that the least represented finds are from

633 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

meljito uništene prilikom gradnje onih kasnijih. the earliest Roman period, and by far the most Tom su prilikom zasigurno stradali i slojevi u common finds were those from the period of the kojima se nalazila većina ranoantičkoga materi- functioning of the Claustra, followed again by jala. Zbog takve je situacije materijal iz toga naj- fewer finds from the period of the Christian city. ranijeg razdoblja funkcioniranja grada najslabije zastupljen. Među malobrojnim ulomcima luk- With regard to the oldest finds, it should be suznijega posuđa i amfora pojavljuju se isključi- stressed that the earliest layers could not be fully vo proizvodi europskih radionica, prvenstveno studied. This situation was contingent on the onih s područja Italije i južne Galije. Slične po- need to preserve those elements of newer archi- datke dobivamo i analizom staklenih predmeta tectural structures that are to be incorporated te osobito numizmatičkih nalaza. into the presentation of the site in situ, and the fact that the older baths were thoroughly demol- Velik procvat u razvoju grada u drugoj polovici ished ahead of the construction of the newer 3. st. popraćen je jasnim potvrdama dobivenim thermae. It was during this demolition that lay- analizom pokretnih arheoloških nalaza. Glav- ers containing the majority of Early Roman ma- nina pokretnoga arheološkog materijala potječe terial certainly suffered devastation. As a result iz 3. i 4. st., s tim da se na osnovu luksuznijega material from the earliest period of the function- stolnog posuđa i amfora može zaključiti kako se ing of the city are least represented. Among the značajnije promjene počinju događati još od 2. few fragments of luxury ware and amphorae are stoljeća. Takav velik zamah u gradskoj povijesti products exclusively from European workshops, bio je uvjetovan dolaskom velikoga broja vojnih primarily those in Italy and southern Gaul. Simi- postrojbi na područje grada i, kako je već spome- lar data was also obtained from the analysis of nuto, važnošću Tarsatice u smislu opskrbe vojnih glass objects and, in particular, from the analysis postrojbi smještenih duž limesa. Takva je novo- of numismatic finds. nastala situacija uvjetovala i veliku promjenu u pravcima opskrbe koji se sada u potpunosti okre- The great boom in the development of the city ću prema sjevernoafričkim provincijama koje su in the latter half of the 3rd century is accompa- upravo tada korištene kao glavni izvori prehram- nied by clear confirmation obtained in the anal- benih potrepština za vojne postrojbe i veća ur- yses of small archaeological finds. The majority bana središta Carstva. Numizmatički nalazi koji of the small archaeological material dates back potječu iz 3. i 4. st. svojom brojnošću također to the 3rd and 4th centuries, such that based on potvrđuju opisane povijesne prilike u gradu. Sta- the more luxurious tableware and amphorae, kleni se nalazi svojom brojnošću također najviše it is possible to conclude that more significant pripisuju 3. i 4. st, s tim da je opskrba grada tom changes began to occur in the 2nd century. This vrstom proizvoda i dalje uglavnom dolazila s po- period of massive growth in the city’s history dručja sjeverne Italije te iz rajnskih radionica. was contingent on the arrival of a large number of military units and—as previously men- Postupno slabljenje grada uvjetovano cijelim tioned—the significance of Tarsatica with re- nizom povezanih događaja, a potaknuto prvim gard to the supply of the military units stationed rušenjem grada i odlaskom vojnih postrojbi, ja- along the limes. This new situation gave rise to sno se prati i kroz pokretni arheološki materijal. great changes in supply chains, which at that Tako količina numizmatičkih nalaza naglo pada time were fully turned towards the northern Af- tijekom 5., a potpuno iščezavaju tijekom 6. stolje- rican provinces—at the time the chief source of ća. Također, količina se luksuznijega keramičkog food supplies for military units and the large ur- posuđa, amfora i staklenih predmeta izrazito sma- ban centres of the Empire. The sheer abundance njuje tijekom tih dvaju stoljeća. S druge strane, of numismatic finds dating to the 3rd and 4th proizvodnja lokalnoga grubog posuđa upravo se centuries also confirms the described histori- u tom razdoblju povećava, uvjetovana vjerojatno cal circumstances in the city. The bulk of glass nemogućnošću pribavljanja kvalitetnijih uvoznih finds are also primarily attributed to the 3rd and

634 PRINCIPIA DI TARSATICA QUARTIERE GENERALE D’EPOCA TARDOANTICA

proizvoda. Osim slabljenja ekonomske snage gra- 4th centuries, with the supply of this product to da, drugi bitan čimbenik za smanjenje pojedinih the city continuing to originate primarily from vrsta nalaza vjerojatno leži i u promjeni karaktera northern Italy and the Rhine workshops. samoga prostora. Njegova kultna namjena zasigurno nije iziskivala veću količinu keramičkoga The gradual weakening of the city led to an en- posuđa, dok se primjerice povećava prisustvo ta- tire series of associated events, stimulated by the kozvanih ranokršćanskih uljanica. first demolition of the city and the departure of military units, which is clearly seen in the Kraj antičkoga grada koji je, sudeći prema rezul- small archaeological material. The quantity of tatima analize izuzetih uzoraka ugljena slijedio numismatic finds drops sharply for the 5th and početkom 7. st., donosi gotovo potpun nedo- completely dissipates for the 6th century. Also, statak nalaza iz narednih nekoliko stoljeća. Tek the quantities of luxury ceramic ware, ampho- malobrojni ulomci ranosrednjovjekovnih nala- rae and glass objects significantly declined dur- za keramičkoga posuđa grube fakture svjedoče ing those two centuries. On the other hand, the vjerojatno o sporadičnim obilascima ruševina production of local, coarse ware began to rise nekadašnjega važnoga urbanog središta, dok o during this period; caused likely by the inability kontinuitetu naseljavanja urbanoga prostora u to procure higher quality imported products. In pravome smislu te riječi ne možemo govoriti. addition to the weakened economic strength of the city, another important factor in the decline Novi razvoj grada započinje u 13. st. kada se i of the incidence of certain types of finds is likely u povijesnim izvorima počinju javljati podaci o also to be found in a change in the character of srednjovjekovnoj Rijeci. Narednih nekoliko sto- the area itself. Its cult purpose certainly did not ljeća na prostoru istraženoga nalazišta obilježeni require a larger quantity of ceramic ware, while, su postojanjem gradskoga groblja koje se razvija for example, the presence of “early Christian” oil oko crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije. U lamps increased. pogledu nepokretnih arheoloških nalaza prije svega su zastupljeni ostaci zidanih obiteljskih The demise of the Roman city that—judging grobnica te kosturnica, potom grobljanskih by the results of the analysis of extracted char- kapela i pomoćnih zgrada korištenih prilikom coal samples—occurred in the early 7th century, pogrebnih procesija. Razdoblje nakon napušta- has resulted in an almost complete lack of finds nja groblja, koje se dogodilo nakon 1773. god. dated to the following several centuries. Only a odlukom carske vlade Josipa II. o zabrani ukopa- small number of fragments of Early Medieval vanja posmrtnih ostataka unutar urbane jezgre ware of coarse fabric bear witness to what were grada, obilježeno je ostacima arhitekture veza- likely sporadic visits to the ruins of a once im- ne uz profane objekte. To se najprije odnosi na portant urban centre, while we cannot speak of ostatke crnih jama koje se u kasnijim periodima any continuity of inhabitation in the urban area nadomještene prvim gradskim komunalnim su- in the proper sense of the word. stavom s kraja 19. stoljeća. A new phase in the development of the city be- Pokretni arheološki nalazi također su prven- gan in the 13th century, when data concerning stveno vezani uz funkcioniranje groblja. Tako Medieval Rijeka begins to emerge in historical su unutar samih grobnih cjelina, kosturnica ili sources. At the researched site the centuries that u kontekstu groblja pronađeni mnogobrojni na- followed are characterised by the presence of the božni predmeti poput križeva, ostataka krunica, municipal cemetery that developed around the dijelova nošnje poput kopči, kopčica, okova za church of the Assumption of the Blessed Vir- vezice, pribadača, ili ukrasnih predmeta poput gin Mary. Represented in terms of archaeologi- prstenja, naušnica i ukrasa za glavu. Svojim se cal features are, above all, the remains of walled brojem i značajem posebno ističu svetačke me- family tombs and ossuaries, followed by ceme- daljice koje su pronađene u čak 335 primjeraka. tery chapels and auxiliary buildings used during

635 TARSATIČKI PRINCIPIJ KASNOANTIČKO VOJNO ZAPOVJEDNIŠTVO

One svjedoče o vjerskim običajima ranonovovje- funeral processions. The period following the kovnih stanovnika Rijeke, ali i potvrđuju kako abandonment of the cemetery in 1773, after the su ondašnji vjernici odlazili na hodočašća diljem decision of the imperial government of Joseph II Europe, od Italije, Austrije, Švicarke, Češke, pa to prohibit the burial of bodily remains within sve do Njemačke. Poput svetačkih medaljica i urban cities cores, is characterised by architec- numizmatički nalazi, kao i oni srednjovjekovne tural ruins associated with secular structures. i ranonovovjekovne keramike te srednjevjekov- This pertains primarily to the remnants of the noga stakla, upućuju na snažne kontakte koje je cesspits that were replaced by the first municipal Rijeka tijekom kasnoga srednjeg i ranoga novog utility systems at the end of the 19th century. vijeka održavala prije svega sa srednjeeuropskim prostorom, ali i s područjem sjeverne Italije te Small archaeological finds are also primarily re- kako je zbog svoga specifičnoga geopolitičkog lated to the functioning of the cemetery. Within položaja i važne luke postala idealno mjesto su- the grave contexts and ossuaries themselves, or sreta dvaju kulturnih krugova. in the context of the cemetery, numerous devotional artefacts such as crosses, the remains Sva količina iznimnih arheoloških nalaza name- of rosaries, parts of traditional costumes such će potrebu razmišljanja i o nekim daljnjim istra- as buckles, clasps, lace aglets, pins or decorative živanjima te prostorne cjeline. Kao područje za objects such as finger rings, earrings or head or- koje se na osnovu dosadašnjih rezultata može naments were found. In terms of their number pretpostaviti da krije najvrjednije podatke ističe and significance, the most prominent are saint’s se unutrašnjost crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice devotional medals, with a total of 335 specimens Marije. Naime, ispod njezinih se podnica kriju found. They testify to the religious customs of ostaci arhitekture antičkih termi i ranokršćanske the Early Medieval residents of Rijeka, and also bazilike čije bi istraživanje svakako dalo odgovo- confirm that the faithful at the time went on pil- re na mnoga danas još uvijek otvorena pitanja. grimages throughout Europe—to Italy, Austria, Istraživanja bi dala eventualne odgovore na pita- Switzerland and the Czech Republic and even nje o ukupnoj veličini termi i načinu funkcioni- as far as Germany. The saint’s devotional med- ranja njihova sjevernoga i centralnoga dijela. Ta- als and the numismatic finds—as do the Medi- kođer, dobili bi se i odgovori o izgledu istočnoga eval and Post Medieval ceramic and Medieval dijela ranokršćanske bazilike, ukrasima podnih glass finds—indicate the robust contacts Rijeka mozaika toga dijela bazilike, ali i o načinu na koji maintained above all with central Europe and je ranokršćanski sklop inkorporirao i koristio za- with northern Italy during the Late Medieval tečene prostore. and Post Medieval periods, and the fact that, as a result of its specific geopolitical location and Na osnovu svega iznesenog jasno je kako u bu- its important port, the city became an ideal in- dućnosti neće biti moguće govoriti o riječkoj ar- tersection of two cultural spheres. heologiji, Tarsatici ili o srednjovjekovnoj Rijeci, a ne spominjati rezultate istraživanja provedenih The overall quantity of exceptional archaeologi- 2008. i 2009. god. na prostornoj cjelini Trga pul cal finds suggests the need to consider further Vele crikve. U istu kategoriju važnosti za razumi- research of this spatial entity. Based on the re- jevanje najranije povijesti grada ulaze i rezultati sults to date, the interior of the church of the istraživanja tarsatičkoga principija provedeni Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary may nekoliko godina ranije. Sva ta istraživanja, ali i be assumed to be an area concealing the most način njihove provedbe te kasniji postupci ve- valuable information. Namely, under its floors zani uz prezentaciju pokretnih i nepokretnih lie the remnants of the architecture of the Ro- nalaza, rezultat su razvijene svijesti o važnosti man thermae and the early Christian basilica, ovakvih istraživačkih zahvata prisutne kod od- and research of those structures would certainly govornih osoba u gradskoj upravi Grada Rijeke, provide answers to many outstanding questions. pozitivnih zakonskih akata Republike Hrvatske Such research could possibly give answers to

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u zaštiti kulturne baštine te iznimne suradnje questions about the overall size of the thermae svih uključenih strana u provedbi ovakvih izni- and the functioning of the northern and cen- mno kompleksnih projekta. tral parts of the baths. It might also give details about the appearance of the eastern side of the Potencijal prepoznat u ovim istraživanjima iska- early Christian basilica, the ornamentation of zuje se prije svega u obogaćivanju spoznaja o the floor mosaic of that part of the basilica, and gradskoj prošlosti, a samim time i prostora s ko- on how the early Christian structure incorpo- jim je grad u određenim povijesnim razdobljima rated and used the existing areas. kontaktirao. Druga je važna stavka mogućnost prezentacije nepokretnih arheoloških nalaza, pri Based on the presented results, it is clear that čemu se obogaćuje kvaliteta urbanoga prostora in the future, it will not be possible to speak of kojemu pripadaju. Na kraju, ali ne manje bitno, Rijeka’s archaeology, Tarsatica or even Medieval takvim se istraživanjima otvaraju mogućnosti Rijeka, without mention of the results of the obogaćivanja gradske turističke ponude prezen- research conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Pul tacijom rezultata iznjedrenih istraživanjima. Oni Vele Crikve Square. The results of the research mogu biti prezentirani u tiskanim ili digitalnim of the Tarsatica principium conducted several medijima, predavanjima te muzejskim prezenta- years previously fall within the same category cijama pronađenih pokretnih arheoloških nalaza. of significance for an understanding of the city’s earliest history. These studies, and the manner Tiskanje ovih dviju knjiga predstavlja završetak in which they were implemented and later steps prve faze istraživanja ovoga iznimnog nalazišta. associated with the presentation of the small U toj su fazi dovršena terenska arheološka istra- finds and features are the result of a developed živanja, obrada terenske dokumentacije i priku- awareness of the importance of these research pljenih nalaza te njihovo tumačenje predstavlje- campaigns among the responsible persons in the no u tekstovima ovih dviju knjiga. Ono čemu se City of Rijeka administration, Croatian legisla- treba nadati u budućnosti jest nastavak „života“ tion aimed at the protection of cultural heritage, ovoga nalazišta u smislu konkretnih zahvata na and the outstanding cooperation of all partici- prezentaciji nepokretnih arheoloških nalaza in pating parties in the implementation of these situ, prezentaciji pokretnih arheoloških nalaza na exceptionally complex projects. izložbama ili stalnim muzejskim postavom te po- buđivanjem interesa kod drugih istraživača koji bi The potential recognised in this study is seen, svojim viđenjima i tumačenjima nalaza i nalazišta above all, in the enrichment of our knowledge of obogatili i oplemenili dosadašnje spoznaje. Na taj the city’s past, and the areas with which the city bi se način nastavila dosadašnja pozitivna praksa communicated during certain historical periods. kvalitetne nadogradnje spoznaja o očito iznimno The second important point is the opportunity burnoj i bogatoj povijesti grada na Rječini. to present the archaeological features—further enriching the quality of the urban setting they are a part of. And last, but certainly not least, such research opens the possibility for expanding the city’s tourism offer through the presentation of the results that arose from the study. These could be presented in print or digital media, and in lectures and museum presentations of the discovered small archaeological finds.

The printing of these two books represents the completion of the first phase of the research of this exceptional site. In this phase, the complet- ed archaeological field research, the processing

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of field documentation and the collected materials and their interpretation are presented within these two volumes. What we should hope for in the future is the continued “life” of this site in the sense of concrete projects aimed at pre- senting the archaeological features in situ, the presentation of the small archaeological finds in exhibitions or permanent museum collections and an awakened interest among other researchers, who could further enrich and expand our present insight with their own viewpoints and interpretations of the finds and the site. This would serve to expand on the existing positive practice aimed at furthering our knowledge of the exceptionally tumultuous and rich history of the city on the Rječina River.

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