flALBERTA

1 (ArchaeologicaNo. 37 ISSN 0701-1176 Fall 2002 l

Contents 2 Provincial Society Officers, Features 2002-2003 11 A Miraculous Medal from Rocky 3 Editor's Note Mountain House National Historic 3 Past Editor's Report Site, Alberta 4 2002 Annual General Meeting 15 January Cave: An Ancient Window 6 Centre Reports on the Past 10 Diane Lyons Appointment 17 Alberta Graduate Degrees in 20 Recent Abstracts Archaeology, Part 1 36 Wahkpa Chu'gn Buffalo Jump Grand 21 Archaeological Survey of Alberta Opening Issued Permits, December 2001 - 36 In Memory October 2002 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA Charter #8205, registered under the Societies Act of Alberta on February 7, 1975

PROVINCIAL SOCIETY OFFICERS 2002-2003

President Marshall Dzurko RED DEER CENTRE. 147 Woodfern Place SW President: Shawn Haley Calgary AB T2W4R7 R.R. 1 Phone:403-251-0694 Bowden.AB TOM 0K0 Email: [email protected] Phone: 403-224-2992 Email: [email protected] Past-President Neil Mirau 2315 20* Street SOUTH EASTERN ALBERTA CoaldaleAB TIM 1G5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Phone: 403-345-3645 President: Lorine Marshall 97 First Street NE Executive Secretary/ Jim McMurchy Medicine Hat AB T1A 5J9 Treasurer 97 Eton Road West Phone: 403-527-2774 Lethbridge AB T1K4T9 Email: [email protected] Phone:403-381-2655 Email: [email protected] STRATHCONA CENTRE: President: Kristine Wright-Fedynyak Alberta Archaeological Dr. John Dormaar Provincial Museum of Alberta Review Editor Research Centre 12845 102 Ave Agr. & Agri-Food Canada Edmonton AB T5N 0M6 PO Box 3000 Provincial Rep: George Chalut Lethbridge AB T1J4B1 Email: [email protected]

Alberta Archaeological Carol Mcreary Review Distribution Box 611 Black Diamond AB T0L0H0 Alberta Archaeological Review Phone:403-933-5155 Editor: John Dormaar ([email protected]) Email: [email protected] Layout & Design: Larry Steinbrenner ([email protected]) Distribution: Carol Mccreary ([email protected]) REGIONAL CENTRES AND MEMBER SOCIETIES Members of the Archaeological Society of Alberta receive a copy of the Alberta Archaeological Review. Non-members and CALGARY CENTRE: institutions may subscribe to the AAR for $15 per calendar year. President: Brian Vivian Cheques should be made payable to the Alberta Archaeologi­ 216 29* Ave NW cal Review and should be sent to Carol McCreary, Box 611, Calgary AB T2M2M1 Black Diamond, AB TOL OHO. Email: [email protected] The AAR welcomes submissions concerning Alberta archaeol­ Provincial Rep: Len Hills ogy or of special interest to practising or avocational archae­ ologists in Alberta. Contributions may be submitted to the AAR LETHBRD3GE CENTRE: Editor at the address above. Articles should be submitted on disk together with a hard copy in either WordPerfect or President: Judy Sturgeon Microsoft Word. A clean typewritten copy is also acceptable. 92 McGill Blvd W Please contact the Editor for information on formatting, etc. Lethbridge AB T1K4C4 The Editor reserves the right to send out a paper for review. Provincial Rep: Jim McMurchy Communications regarding membership in the Archaeologi­ cal Society of Alberta or other Society matters should be ad­ dressed to the Executive Secretary/Treasurer at the address given above. OUR COVER: Views expressed in the^L4jR are those of the writers and do not Fish Creek Provincial Park Archaeological necessarily reflect those of the Archaeological Society of Al­ berta. We welcome healthy debate. Project. Photo courtesy Dr. Dale Walde.

2 The Alberta Archaeological Review Editor's Note A big THANK YOU to Lesley Nicholls, Editor of the Al­ of The Review. Thank you Larry and Carol. berta Archaeological Review from issue no. 25 (January 1997) to issue no. 36 (Spring 2002), inclusive. Lesley had a Besides the various regular features provided in the past by lot of catching up to do, but in short order she had The Re­ Dr. Alwynne Beaudoin and Dr. Joan Damkjar, we are always view right where it was meant to be. looking for submissions, abstracts, short notes, what was out in your local news paper, anything special about local mem­ A bit of history is in order, so we won't forget all those who bers. The Review is not only for the membership, but also by worked hard to keep the information flowing. The Archaeo­ the membership. It is our outlet for news, updates, and infor­ logical Society of Alberta was founded September 1960, and mation flow. although its objectives were to promote interest in archaeol­ John Dormaar ogy in the Province of Alberta by advancing the study of archaeology through Society educational programmes, it was Edmonton-based. From February 5 to 10, 1962, an exhibi­ tion was held at Convocation Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, with 25 exhibits, such as scope of archaeology, archaeological chronology, air photographs in archaeology, and archaeological sites in Alberta. All the archaeological- related exhibits were organised by Dr. R.G. Forbis, then Ar­ chaeologist with the Glenbow Foundation. Past Editor's Report: The Society's conduit for information was the Archaeologi­ cal Society of Alberta Newsletter, with the following editors: 2001-2002 Dr. Ruth Gruhn: issues no. 1 (1963) to no. 20 (spring As you know, when I took over The Review in late 1996 it 1969); had not been published regularly for some time and ini­ tially I was catching up with meeting reports, unpublished Ms Thelma Habgood: issues 21 (1969) to no. 24 papers etc. By the Fall of 1997 we were back on track (spring 1970); and The Review has been published regularly twice a year Dr. Ruth Gruhn: issues 25 (summer 1970) to no. 31 ever since; that's 11 issues and 1 supplement (excluding (spring 1975); the Spring 2002 issue). The final issue of The Review under my editorship will come out in May. In addition to Mr. Ron Getty: issue no. 32 (spring 1976). two articles it will contain the Alberta fieldwork reports Stirrings in Alberta outside Edmonton led to the formation for last year prepared by Alwynne Beaudoin and an in­ of chapter societies in Calgary, Lethbridge, and Medicine Hat. dex which will be a separate document. Several meetings with representatives from the four local There are many people who I wish to thank for their sup­ societies (all with their own by-laws) led to the formation of port during the past six years: Beth Macintosh and Carol a rightful Archaeological Society of Alberta in 1975 (Char­ McCreary who took on the task of distributing The Re­ ter 8205, registered under the Societies Act of Alberta on view, invoicing subscribers, etc. It was a tremendous re­ 1975, February 7), with its first annual meeting at Lethbridge lief not having to cope with this and I strongly urge the in 1976. The local chapters became the pillars for the Ar­ Provincial Executive to ensure that this task continues to chaeological Society of Alberta. be handled separately from the actual editorship of The The name of the Archaeological Society of Alberta Newslet­ Review. ter was changed to Alberta Archaeological Review. It had Thanks to everyone who submitted papers for publica­ the following editors: tion; my main regret continues to be the lack of material Mr. Ron Getty: issues no. 1 (March 1977) to no. 2 submitted relating to the northern part of our province. (February 1979); Thanks also to those who provided me with ideas for items Dr. Terry Moore: issues no. 3 (Autumn 1981) to no. 11 to be included in The Review. I have not been able to implement all of them but have passed on some ideas to (Fall 1985); my successor. Dr. Michael Wilson: issues no. 12 (Spring 1986) to no. 23 (February 1991); Particular thanks to John Dormaar. Aside from being a very regular contributor, John has agreed to take on the Dr. Gloria J. Fedirchuk: issue no. 24 (Spring 1992). role of Editor effective the Fall 2002 issue (assuming that The rest is glorious history, with Ms. Lesley Nicholls' steady his appointment will be approved by the Meeting!). He hand for issues no. 25 (January 1997) to no. 36 (Spring 2002), will be assisted by Larry Steinbrenner, who will do the inclusive. Now, starting with issue no. 37 (Autumn 2002) production of The Review. The Review is under new management. However, I am most Respectfully submitted, grateful for the computer competence help of Mr. Larry Lesley Nicholls Steinbrenner. Larry will do the actual production, while Ms. Carol McCrearv will continue to look after the distribution

No. 37 Fail 2002 3 Archaeological Society of Alberta among other things, the size of the book, the number of pages, photographs whether black and white or color and the num­ Annual General Meeting ber of copies to be printed. The Mutchlers were to provide Jack with a revised estimate of the printing costs. May 12, 2002 Jack Brink then asked Marshall Dzurko if he would review the manuscripts prior to printing. Marshall agreed to assist The 2002 Annual General Meeting was held at the Medicine him. Hat Museum, Sunday May, 12, 2002. President Marshall Dzurko called the meeting to order at 9:10 A.M. with 34 Jack Brink moved the acceptance of his report and it was members in attendance. seconded by Janice Andreas. Carried. Moved by Brian Vivian, seconded by Bob Shore that the Publication Series - Joanne Braaten distributed a Proposal Agenda as printed and distributed with the registration hand­ for Occasional Papers of the Archaeological Society of Al­ outs be accepted. Carried. berta as prepared by Len Hills and Joanne. After those present had a short opportunity to review the Paper some general Jim McMurchy moved that the minutes of the 2001 Annual discussion took place. John Dormaar felt that it should list General Meeting as printed in the Fall, 2001 Alberta Archaeo­ the Provincial Executive as the founding members if anyone logical Review be adopted with a notation that the date of the is listed as this is to be a Provincial Series not a Calgary meeting should read 2001 and not 2002. Seconded by Centre one. Some questions on funding, who would contrib­ Marshall Dzurko. Carried. ute papers, disuibution. etc. were briefly discussed. Acceptance of the President's Report as distributed was Moved by Jim Marshall and seconded by Bob Shore that the moved by Marshall Dzurko., seconded by Jim McMurchy. Provincial Executive provide leadership along with the ex­ Carried. ecutive of Calgary Centre to proceed with the publication Moved by Jim McMurchy that the Financial Report dated series. Carried. December 31, 2001 as distributed be adopted. Seconded by Alberta Heritage Council - George Chalut gave a brief re­ Marshall Dzurko. Carried. Jim McMurchy then gave an port on the Council meetings and what it is about. Marshall update of financial transactions that had taken place since Dzurko advised the meeting that he had some discussion with January 1, 2002. the Council and the presidency is to rotated among the mem­ The proposed budget for the 2002 fiscal year was presented ber groups. George moved that the report be accepted. Sec­ and moved by Jim McMurchy that it be accepted. Seconded onded by Marshall Dzurko. Carried. by Marshall Dzurko. Carried. Annual General Meetings - 2003 - George Chalut advised Carol McCreary presented the Annual Report on the Alberta the meeting that he, Kris Fedyniak and Jack Brink are on the Archaeological Review and moved that the report be accepted. 2003 Strathcona Centre committee. They are looking at host­ Seconded by Janice Andreas. Carried. It was brought to the ing it either at the Provincial Museum or the University of attention of those present and who may not have been aware Alberta. It was indicated that the meeting would not conflict of it that the Spring edition of The Review was the last one to with the CAA meeting or Mother's Day. be edited by Lesley Nicholls. John Dormaar has agreed to 2004 A. G.M. - Judy Sturgeon advised the meeting that Leth­ become the new editor and will be assisted by Larry bridge is scheduled to host that meeting but with a new Cen­ Steinbrenner. John Dormaar moved that a vote of thanks be tre being formed in Red Deer, Lethbridge has offered to let extended to Lesley for her work as editor over the past five Red Deer host the meeting should they desire. years. Seconded by Jack Brink. Carried. 2005 A.G.M. - The meeting was informed that the ASA and The annual reports of the Centres as distributed were moved the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society have agreed to hold and seconded as follows: a joint meeting with the possible location in the Saskatchewan Southeastern Alberta Centre - Veronica Blocksage and Cypress Hills Provincial Park. Jim McMurchy will be the Jim Marshall; liaison person for the ASA for the present. Strathcona Centre - George Chalut and Jack Brink; Website Project - Brian Vivian reported that the production of the website was progressing favourably and that a com­ Calgary Centre - Brian Vivian and Jim Marshall; mittee had been set up. Each page will be linked and cross Lethbridge Centre - Judy Sturgeon and John Dormaar. linked. Some of the suggestion for the pages besides meeting dates, location and speakers for each Centre are to list up­ The motions were carried. coming activities and field trips. Once they have taken place to have a brief report and pictures posted. Each Centre was Old Business requested to have information for their page prepared and Millennium Book - Jack Brink informed the meeting that the submitted to Calgary Centre by mid-September if possible. majority of the papers had been received, reviewed and re­ Calgary Centre was requested to provide each Centre with a turned to the authors for some minor revisions. Some of the template of their page. papers have since been received back by the committee. Jack stated that he had met with Delores and Bob Mutchler on Friday to discuss publication of the book. They discussed,

4 The Alberta Archaeological Review Archaeological Society of Alberta Financial Statement - January 1 - December 31, 2001

Share Account $45.95 Chequing/Plan 24 $822.30 Term Deposits $29,000.00 $29,868.25

INCOME: interest $704.19 GST Rebate $43.91 AHR Foundation $10,000.00 Kunaitupii $169.09 Centre dues $186.00 $11,103.19 $40,971.44

EXPENSES: Office expenses$91.52 Meetings $38.18 Centre speakers $721.72 Review & honorarium $1,350.00 Grants $6,950.00 Notel Insurance $525.00 $9,676.42

Chequing/Plan 24 $1,237.85 less o/s cheque $0.00 $1,237.85 Term Deposits $30,000.00 Note 2 Share Account $57.17 $31,295.02 $40,971.44

Note 1 Liz Robertson Note 3B Assoc, of Graduate Anthropology Students Conference $450.00 Calgary Centre re: Jim Henderson photographic study $4,000.00 Trevor Peck - Bison Movement Patterns Note 3A Fish Creek Public Archaeology Program $2,500.00 $6,950.00

Note 3A Total approved - $2,790 - still to advance $1,290 Note 3B Approved $3,000 still to advance $3,000

Note 2 Matures March 19, 2002 @ 0.85% $15,000.00 Matures February 24, 2002 @ 0.85% $5,000.00 Matures January 6, 2002 @ 0.85% $10,000.00 $30,000.00

Of this amount, $17,000 has been set aside for the publication of a book as our millenium project as approved at the AGM, April, 1998 ($15,000) and $4,290 for the two outstanding approved grants. Prepared by: Jim McMurchy, Secretaiy-Treasurer January 12, 2002

Centennial Project - Brian Vivian reported that the suggested presently being housed at the University of Calgary. If the travelling suitcase was included in with an application made photographs are to be used in any publications, reports, etc., by the University of Calgary and as a result of shifting of proper authorization and acknowledgment is to be obtained. priority spending by the Alberta Government, the applica­ Some discussion took place as to whether or not a duplicate tion is in limbo. set of prints should be housed at the Provincial Archives. Henderson Photographs - Jim Henderson has provided Cal­ By-Laws - The Centres were reminded that Lesley Nicholls gary Centre with prints, slides and proof copies of the photo­ would like to receive any comments, revisions, etc. to the graphs that he was commissioned to take last year. They are proposed changes by June 1 so that she can incorporate them

No. 37 Fall 2002 5 and present another revised version to the Provincial Execu­ tive this fall. Alberta Archaeological Review Financial Statement for Period New Business Ending March 31, 2002 As there was no new business to discuss, we proceeded to election of officers. Credits Moved by Veronica Blocksage and seconded by Ruth Tiede Balance forward March 31, 2001 $ 940.60 that Marshall Dzurko be nominated as President for another Sales of Reviews 678.03 year. As there were no other nomination, Marshall was ac­ Provincial Society Grant 1,000.00 claimed as President. Interest .75 Jack Brink moved that Jim Marshall be nominated as Vice- President. Seconded by Bob Mutchler. Total Credits % 2,619.38 Jim Marshall declined the nomination at this time. There were Debits no other nomination so the position remains vacant. Jim McMurchy was nominated as Secretary-Treasurer by Bob Review #34 Shore with Janice Andreas seconding the motion. As there Printing Costs $ 577.78 were no further nominations, Jim was acclaimed as Secre­ Postage 133.63 tary-Treasurer. Review 35 Printing Costs $ 698.82 Jack Brink moved that John Dormaar be appointed as Editor Postage 150.79 and Carol McCreary be appointed Treasurer of The Review Service Charges .00 for the upcoming year. Seconded by Bob Shore. Carried. Marshall Dzurko introduced Norma Fraser of Regina, Presi­ Totals Debits $ 1,561.02 dent of the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society. Norma thanked the host committee for a job well done and for the Bank Balance as of March 31, 2002 1,058.36 hospitality extended by everyone to her and other members of the SAS. She stated that the SAS was looking forward to % 2,619.38 the joint meeting in 2005. Prepared byCarol McCreaiy Moved by Bob Shore that the meeting be adjourned. , Submitted by Jim McMurchy, Secretary-Treasurer Valley. Noah described a pattern of burial that entailed re­ trieving the skulls, coating them with plaster and shells, and then reburial beneath the home. Noah felt that this supported the theory of ancestor worship, c) Veldwezelt-Hezerwater, is a Neanderthal excavation in Belgium, dated to approximately 130,000 B.P. Noah talked about his experiences as a student volunteer. Archaeological Society of Alberta March 6, 2001: A video was shown, entitled : "The Dawn of Lethbridge Centre: Man - Part I". This is a production of The Learning Channel, which endeavours to provide an overview of theories of evo­ Annual Report for 2001 lution, for the general public. General Meetings are held at the Helen Schuler Nature Cen­ April 3, 2001: Eleanor Stoddart was booked as our speaker, tre, in Indian Battle Park, in Lethbridge. They are usually but we had to cancel the meeting as a result of a spring bliz­ held on the fust Tuesday of the month, and commence at zard. 7:30 P.M. May 1, 2001: Eleanor Stoddart is a graduate from Memorial Februaiy 6, 2001: Noah Honch, a University of Lethbridge University. She gave a very interesting presentation, on her archaeology student and recipient of our scholarship, was the graduate work, entitled: "Seventeenth century, tin-glazed guest speaker for the evening. Noah was fortunate to partici­ earthenware from Ferryland, Newfoundland". Ferryland was pate in three archaeological projects during the previous sum­ a fishing village, first settled in the 1620's. Eleanor explained mer. He shared his experiences with our members via a slide the archaeological evidence of settlement, trade, military presentation. The very interesting topics included: a) a vil­ defence, and economic development. The artifacts demon­ lage of pithouses, located at the Slocan Narrows site, in the strated evidence of several cultural groups: the Portuguese, Slocan Valley in British Columbia. Due to the rich resources, the Dutch, and the English, who were in conflict over the such as salmon, this site was occupied for thousands of years, control of this favoured marine location. The focus of her resulting in a complex stratigraphy; b) Kfar Ha Horesh, a particular research was on the earthenware, which demon­ neolithic burial site in Israel, in the vicinity of the Jezreel strated a complex pattern of settlement and trade, and illus-

6 The Alberta Archaeological Review trated the life-style of the inhabitants. She also showed some cal Society of Alberta was hosted by the Calgary Centre, in slides from the research of a colleague at a Dorset soapstone conjunction with the Canadian Archaeological Association. quarry. It was held the Banff Centre, in Banff, Alberta. Several mem­ October 2, 2001: Shawn Bubel, a former graduate from the bers from Lethbridge attended on May 11th, 12th and 13th. University of Lethbridge, was our guest speaker. Shawn is a Two of our members, John Dormaar and Shayne Tolman, Ph.D. candidate, who is presently teaching Archaeology at also gave presentations to the Canadian Society. A few of the Lethbridge participants were able to attend the interesting Lethbridge. Shawn gave a slide presentation about the exca­ field trips that were arranged for Sunday. vation on which she participated which is called "Veldwezelt- Hezerwater", in Belgium. This Neanderthal site was occu­ pied between 130,000 and 70,000 years ago. She discussed Activities the characteristics of the Neanderthal skeletons, compared March 31, April 1, 2001: An "Artifact Identification & Dis­ them to modem humans, and their placement in the hominid play" was arranged for Saturday and Sunday, March 31st, evolution. She also presented the finds from the site and talked and April 1st, 2001. This event took place in a public area at about the method of excavation in order to reconstruct the Park Place Mall in Lethbridge. The society set up a display Neanderthal activities. Students from the University of Leth­ of books (for sale), educational pamphlets on archaeology, bridge joined the "dig" for field-school credit during the sum­ photographs, posters, and registered artifact collections. Bob mers of 1999 and 2000. Dawe, an archaeologist from the Provincial Museum of Al­ November 6, 2001: The November meeting is our traditional berta, met with local people to identify their artifacts. Many- Members' Night and Election. Our featured speaker was people brought genuine artifacts which Bob classified for men- Shayne Tolman, a local member from Cardston. Shayne has material, approximate age, method of production, and origi­ been involved for several years at the Wally's Beach site, at nal function. Some "artifacts" were actually fossils, or stones St. Mary's Reservoir. Shayne has made a long-term commit­ that were of natural, rather than man-made origin. The event ment to this site, from the discovery of the site to an aca­ is held on a drop-in basis, with no fee charged. Both days demic involvement as a graduate student at the University of were very well attended. This was an opportunity to educate Calgary. Shayne has worked in conjunction with Len Hills, people about Archaeology, early pre-history of aboriginal Brian Kooyman and Paul McNeil. Along with thousands of peoples, and to generate interest in our society. other artifacts, some unique artifacts have been discovered Oldman River Dam Monitoring Program: Assigned individu­ by Shayne. He has named them "flint eccentrics" or "Prong- als continue to monitor their designated sites on an indepen­ horn Eccentrics" and he has developed a theory to explain dent basis. The Lethbridge Centre has not been to the area as their peculiar shape. These Knife River Flint points have two a group activity this year. tips, resulting in an asymmetrical" Y" shape, which resembles the pronghorn antler. Also of major significance are two Twin Rivers Site: The Twin Rivers site is located on land Clovis points which tested positive for blood protein resi­ supervised by an Alberta grazing association, east of Del dues of extinct horse. Faunal remains excavated from the site Bonita. It was first brought to our attention by member and include: extinct horse, caribou, musk ox, bison, badger and archaeologist Neil Mirau. This bison kill site has been very ground squirrels. Trackways of many extinct animals, such vulnerable to vandalism and suffers from a serious erosion as mammoth, musk ox and camel, have been scientifically problem. A plan was initiated by the Executive to undertake documented. a mapping of the kill-site. Art Kalau, Lloyd Pederson and Jim McMurchy visited the site in the spring. They had some December 4, 2001: The Lethbridge Centre holds an Annual concerns about the mapping due to the appearance of cracks Dinner for the December meeting. This year we had an infor­ on the surface and on the steep river bank where the exposed mal meeting at the Helen Schuler Centre, with the coopera­ bone is situated. tion of the centre's coordinator. Carly Stewart and Richard Crowe set up the tables. The Chinese Food Dinner was ar­ In July, a group of 16 people went to the site to surmise if the ranged by Carly Stewart, and delivered to the centre. After site could be mapped and to check for drive lanes, camp sites, dinner, our guest speaker was Jason Gillespie. Jason is a etc. Upon arrival, they observed that a three-metre block had former University of Lethbridge student and scholarship re­ slid down the embankment and that other cracks had appeared. cipient who is completing his Master's at the University of GPS readings were taken, and the surrounding area was in­ Calgary. vestigated. Tipi rings were observed and a hearth or fire-pit was discovered to be eroding our of the river bank. Subse­ The focus of Jason's studies is on the Clovis point, one of the quent to the visit, the slumping was reported to the Archaeo­ oldest projectile points, which are found throughout North logical Survey. The Survey granted the Lethbridge Centre a America. His topic was entitled: "Moving North or Heading special permit to screen the slumped material and to recover South - The Clovis Occupation in Alberta." Jason's research any bone or cultural material. supports the theory that people moved into the Alberta area from the south, and that it was a later occupation. On August 25th & 26th, members returned to the site to do the recovery work. Seventeen bags of bone were collected Executive Meetings: An Executive Meeting was held in the by screening the slumped material. Two flakes were found in Community Room of Save-On-Foods, on January 7th, at 1:00 the screening, and one partial point had been found on the P.M. Another Executive Meeting was held on October 30th, surface above the bone bed. At a later date, the bones were at the Helen Schuler Centre, at 7:00 P.M. delivered to the University of Lethbridge, where Shawn Bubel Annual General Meeting: The A.G.M. of the Archaeologi­ will arrange for students to clean, label and identify the bones

No, 37 Fall 2002 7 on our behalf. Jim McMurchy is in the process of preparing a Mountains of Cameroon" report. September: Joint Meeting with the Historical Society. George Wally 's Beach, at St. Mary's Resefvoir: On May 26th, a small Webber:- "Requiem to the Vanishing Face of the Prairies" A group of members met with Shayne Tolman to participate in photographic documentary of Western Canada. Hope a documented collection of artifacts at Wally's Beach. The Johnson:- Identification and discussion re. Belemnites members walked in a line over designated areas, and as arti­ facts were found Shayne documented their location by GPS October: Jason Gillespie. "Living North of the 49th.Clovis readings. Each artifact was placed in a bag with its documen­ Occupation" A note of interest at this meeting, was that about tation. A good number of artifacts were collected and docu­ 20 sorority members came. They said that this was their "cul­ mented before the water was scheduled to rise and fill the tural outing!" reservoir. A few students from the University of Calgary took November: Judy Sterner. "Ceramic Traditions in Central Ni­ time from the excavation to participate in this exercise, and geria from Nok Terracottas to the Abuja Pottery Training to share their expertise. Centre" The Stampede Site at Cypress Hills: On August 12th, three January: Eugene and Barry Wahl "Video of the Field Trips vehicles of Lethbridge members journeyed to the Stampede of the S.E.A.A.S." These are two of our own members, show­ Site, at Elkwater Provincial Park. This site is under the su­ ing us as we really are. pervision of Gerry Oetelaar, with Jason Gillespie serving as February: Bill Glanzman. " Unveiling the Queen of Sheba. the Volunteer Coordinator. Jason greeted us with enthusiasm Recent Archaeological Explorations in Yemen." and gave us a very informative presentation to give us an understanding of the site. We were also fortunate to meet with other colleagues and the university students who were Field Trips working on the site as their field-schoolexperience . Bob Shore Many field trips were contemplated, but with the continuing spent several days as a volunteer on the dig, and Judy Stur­ severe drought here, these had to be abandoned, along with geon also volunteered at a later date. During the course of the annual canoeing outing. However we did have some suc­ the summer, two members also camped at the campground cessful ventures. with their families and visited the site. May 19-21: 16 of our members meet in Havre and accompa­ Submitted by Judy Sturgeon nied John and Anna Brumley to an area just south of Havre, to assist them in the mapping of an encampment site. Unfor­ tunately the weather was not kind, snow and tremendous winds so we spent one day travelling to Fort Benton and Great Falls to view Museums and Historical sites rather than working. August 18-19: found us out at Cypress Hills, Elkwater to spend a working weekend at the site being excavated there. President's Report 2001 Jason Gillespie was our archaeologist on site, to assist and Southeast Alberta Archaeology guide us. We all enjoyed a great time after work at the Andreas Society cabin. September 1-3. This field trip was once again led by John The Southeastern Alberta Archaeology Society continues to and Anna Brumley. The Wahkpa-chu'gn Buffalo kill site that meet the third Wednesday of the month, January to May and Brumley's have been working on was toured. Travelling to September to November. Meetings continue at the Medicine Chinook, we were met by a guide who presented the Chief Hat Museum and Art Gallery and often we can enjoy and Joseph trek story. The Museum was also toured. After camp­ view their current display as we meet-an added bonus. Our ing at Malta, many other areas of interest were discovered. paid membership is 35, with 22 family members and 13 single Buffalo rock, petroglyphs, hot springs, Lookout cave and ones. This appears to be a drop from last year, but in fact the canyons. Many of the members felt that this had been one of core group remains unchanged. the most satisfactory field trip ever. As the President I have attended several Provincial Execu­ Our field trip committee is once again hard at work so that tive Meetings and also attended the ASA's AGM in Banff. we can look forward to an eventful summer. Larry Stach has Our monthly speakers continue to be diverse and entertain­ offered to head up the group. ing. Yolande Valiquette has been instrumental in arranging most of them. I wish to thank Yolande personally for all her hard work during the past years. She would like to hand this Other News task on to another member for the new sessions beginning in Last year the Murphy Medicine Wheel Site mapping was September. completed and Barry Dau of BD Archaeology Services, who had been our professional assistant in the project, very gen­ Guest Speakers erously presented the Society with a large size copy of the mapping for each member. March: Nancy Saxburg. "Forgotten Forts Excavation at Ed­ monton House" As hosts for the upcoming AGM on May 10,11,12,2002, we feel the plans are progressing very well and hope that it will April: Nic David. "Ethnoarchaeology at the Mandaroon be not only interesting but entertaining with some surprises.

8 The Alberta Archaeological Review Our guest speaker is Gerry Oetelaar, and will include a field January 17,2002: New Discoveries and Explorations at Fort trip to Cypress Hills, Elkwater. Vermilion 1, a NorthWest Company Fur Trade Post on the As my term as President ends, I must say that the last three Peace River. Dr. Heinz Pyszczyk, Archaeological Survey. years have been a tremendous learning experience, and I look Heinz will discuss his excavations at this newly discovered fur trade post and will bring in artifacts for show and tell, forward to watching the continuing advancement of the Stew­ including puzzling pieces that he cannot identify. ardship program and the proposed Centennial project of the "Travelling Suitcase" by the Provincial Society, both of which February 21, 2002: Differential Treatment: Mortuary Pat­ should surely raise awareness within Alberta. terns in Northwest Coast Archaeology. Kris Wright-Fedyniak, Provincial Museum of Alberta. Kris will discuss patterns in Veronica E. Blocksage the treatment of human remains in Northwest Coast prehis­ President, Southeastern Alberta Archaeology Society tory. April 11, 2002: Are Historical Records Useful for Under­ standing Climate Change in Western Canada? Dr. Alwynne Beaudoin, Provincial Museum of Alberta. Alwynne will use historical records from early explorers and fur traders to show that information these documents provide can give a distorted Strathcona Archaeological view of long term climate patterns. Society 2001-2002 Annual Report Web Site Many thanks to Peter Kirchmeier for setting up a chapter After a few years of being on the "endangered chapter list", website: the Strathcona Archaeological Society has resumed activi­ ties over the past year. Meetings are generally held on the v/ww.telusplanet.net/public/petram/stratharchsoc.html third Thursday of each month on the University of Alberta It is a work in progress and will be updated periodically. campus for a membership (on paper) of approximately 30 people. It has been a slow and gradual process, but with a Future Activities renewed dedication from "old" members and the excitement of fresh ideas from new members, the future is certainly look­ There are plans for the University of Alberta Anthropology ing brighter. Department to hold their field school this year at the Bodo site in east-central Alberta. By all indications it appears that members of the Archaeological Society of Alberta will be Activities able to volunteer at this fascinating site. Information on any Last August the SAS conducted a very successful North volunteer program will be forwarded to members when it is Saskatchewan River Valley walking tour in the heart of Edm­ available. onton led by Heinz Pyszczyk of the Heritage Resource Man­ agement Branch. The timing was immaculate since Lifeways The Strathcona Archaeological Society will host next year's of Canada had just uncovered a corner of the probable early AGM. A Conference Committee has been struck with Jack Ft. Edmonton cemetery on Rossdale Flats. Thanks are given Brink, Kris Wright-Fedyniak and George Chalut as members. to Nancy Saxberg for taking some time out of her schedule to Conference details will be available later in the year. discuss the site with our tour group. Executive for 2002-2003 We held a potluck Christmas Party in early December at the Provincial Museum where members could present a few of President Kris Wright-Fedyniak there favorite slides from past travels while munching on some Vice President George Chalut tasty epicurean delights. Secretary- Treasurer Ned Toole Board of Directors Dave Clyburn Lecture Series Ruth Hill Peter Kirchmeier The SAS held a Winter Lecture Series that included the fol­ Maurice White lowing presentations: Elsie White November 15, 2001: Saving Face: New Discoveries and Experiments in Preserving the Rock Art at Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park. Jack Brink, Provincial Museum of Alberta. Jack will discuss the impressive rock art site of Writing-On- Stone and the efforts underway to help slow down the ero­ sion of the petroglyphs and pictographs. December 13,2001: Thoughts on the Archaeology of Lesser Slave Lake. Dr. Ray Le Blanc, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta. Ray will review his many years of ar­ chaeological survey and excavation in the Lesser Slave Lake region.

No. 37 Fail 2002 9 President's Address: the next two years which will be devoted to the specific stud­ ies of stone tools and the types of rock used to make them, Archaeological Society of Alberta what archaeologists do with animal bones and what can ce­ Calgary Centre ramics tell us. The Annual General Meeting tonight culminates the 2001- A further concern is the continued development and growth 2002 year for the Archaeological Society, and brings to an of our membership base. Here we are taking steps to reach end my current term in office as President of the Calgary out to younger school students and this year we are sponsor­ Centre. While I wish to thank you personally for supporting ing an Award at the City of Calgary school district Heritage my Presidency, the Calgary Centre owes its success to the Fail-. And while the Executive has worked hard to foster a hard work of many individuals and the strength of the gen­ positive and entertaining environment for the Calgary Cen­ eral membership. I feel honoured to have been associated tre to thrive in, the strength and direction of our Society- is a with an Executive that has devoted much time and hard work responsibility all of us must accept. Take the time to invite to make the Calgary Centre the vibrant organization that it is. interested friends and colleagues to participate if they so wish; let neighbours know what exciting events are happening. For Over the last year this Executive has met once a month to it this level of support and active involvement from our mem­ plan and organize events, and guide the ongoing develop­ bership that will assure the continued success of the Calgary- ment and success of the Centre. Accomplishments have been Centre for years to come. many, including the continued growth of our general mem­ bership, and hosting the successful and ever popular Speak­ Thank you, ers Series, which has seen average attendance grow from 40 Brian Vivian to over 50 individuals a night. This last year also saw us host the Provincial Society meetings, held in conjunction with the CAAs in Banff; and seek funding for and organize the pho­ tography of two very significant local rock art sites (Grotto Canyon and the Okotoks Big Rock). Results of this project received much publicity in the national print media and on the Discovery Channel, and the findings are continuing to reverberate within the archaeological re­ search community. Other field projects and field trips included a tour of significant Rock Art sites north of Calgary, an ever popular trip to the Majorville Medicine Wheel, and an inter­ esting field survey of Quarry Park in Canmore. I also wish to thank the local artists who so kindly donated such fine prints to our art auction, which generated over $1500 for the gen­ eral revenues of the Calgary Centre. Some of this has gone toward supporting the monthly newsletter, which I must more Diane Lyons joins U of C specifically thank Joanne Braaten for in developing into an Archaeology informative and interesting bulletin announcing the Centre's activities. Department But I don't wish to dwell on our past accomplishments alone, Dr. Diane Lyons joined the Department of Archaeology, but move on to look at what the future holds for our Society. University of Calgary in September 2002. She will teach As announced in the April newsletter, we have just entered African archaeology as well as general archaeology into a partnership in the Bow Valley Provincial Park Stew­ courses. ardship program. This venture promises to open up an excit­ ing new direction for all members to get involved first hand Diane received her MA from the University of Calgary in the protection and documentation of cultural resources in and her PhD from Simon Fraser University. Her PhD was their own backyards. In breaking new ground in this Stew­ based on fieldwork she carried out in the Cameroon un­ ardship program, we are establishing a role model for other der the direction of Dr. Nicholas David of the U of C. Centres across the Province to follow, and the City of Cal­ She, together with Dr. Catherine D'Andrea of Simon gary is also thinking of implementing a similar program-one Fraser University, recently received a major grant from we would heartily endorse. the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to carry out field work in Ethiopia. The first field These last months have also seen us secure a grant of $5000 season under this grant will take place next summer and from the Provincial Society for the development of a web she hopes to take at least one student from Calgary into page, and we are looking forward to announcing the new the field with her. address once it is up and running in the coming months. Fur­ thermore, steps are currently being taken to establish a publi­ Dr. Lyons' research interests include ethnoarchaeology, cation series, so as we can fill the void left by the Provincial ethnohistoiy, gender, household design and complexity Blue Book series and actively participate in disseminating in agrarian societies. results of archaeological research within the province. Plans are also being made for a number of workshops over

10 The Alberta Archaeological Review A Miraculous Medal from Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site, Alberta1 Rena Varsakis Edmonton, Alberta

Introduction small hole near the top of the medal, there remains an eyelet that may have been used to thread the Miraculous Medal on Archaeological excavations on a mid-nineteenth century a ribbon or chain (Varsakis 1999:4). Featured on the obverse Hudson's Bay Company fur trade refuse midden (Parks face of the medal is the Virgin Mar}-', with rays of light emit­ Canada Site 14R, Operations 125-127) were carried out in ting from her fingers standing upon a serpentine figure. A the fall of 1998 at Rocky Mountain House National Historic raised inscription in a semi-circle with two rows is printed in Site. The site is located approximately 80 km west of Red French aroimd the Virgin Mary: "MARIE, CONCUE SANS Deer, Alberta. The three-year excavation programme (1997- PECHE, PRIEZ POUR NOUS QUI AVONS RECOURS A 1999) was designed to recover an archaeological sample of VOUS". In English, the translation is "Mary, conceived with­ the midden from a slumping bank along the North out sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee" (Fladmark Saskatchewan River. The excavation was carried out to de­ 1964:4; Herbermann et al. 1913:115; Hunt 1998; Peterson termine the age, historical and cultural context, and the dis­ and Peers 1993:103; Strong 1962:1). The obverse side was tribution and density of the midden material before the ar­ well-worn and impedes the reading of the inscription. The chaeological deposit was eroded away (Francis 1999:8). His­ well-worn surface possibly resulted from the rubbing of fin­ torical artifacts, all dating from the mid-nineteenth century, gers over its surface, rather than chemical weathering caused were recovered during the excavations, including faunal re­ by the site sediments. On the reverse face of the medal the mains primarily of bison, clay smoking pipe and earthenware letter "M" is featured, surmounted by a cross. Beneath the fragments, bottle and window pane glass fragments, trade "M" and cross are two hearts each with a vertical, stem-like beads, gun flints, a variety' of nails and hardware, musket line, with the right heart pierced by a cross or sword and the balls, and a metal trade point (Francis 1999:9). Surprisingly, left heart, more worn, may exhibit an intersecting line. a religious medal, later identified as a Miraculous Medal, was also recovered from the fur trade midden, in the same Miraculous Medals are considered a type of devotional medal unit as a man's ring (Varsakis 1999). The unexpected recov­ within the Catholic religion. As defined by Herbermann et ery of a Miraculous Medal aided significantly in helping to al. (1913:111), a devotional medal is "...a piece of metal, determine the site's age and placed activities at Rocky Moun­ usually in the form of a coin, not used as money, but struck or tain House in a broader cultural and historical context during cast for a commemorative purpose, and adorned with some the mid-nineteenth centuiy. appropriate effigy, device or inscription." Devotional med­ als were first created in the 12th century A.D., cast to com­ The Miraculous Medal and Its Origins memorate the completion of religious pilgrimages and to re­ mind the wearer to be devout in their faith (Herbermann et The Miraculous Medal from Rocky Mountain House (Fig­ al. 1913:112). Furthermore, Herbermann et al. (1913:112) ure 1) is made of a copper alloy, and is slightly ferrous in note that devotional medals were: "...earned in a conspicu­ composition. Oval in shape, the medal measures 2.5 cm in ous way upon the hat or breast". Presumably, the Miraculous length, 1 cm in width, and 1 mm in thickness. Through a Medal recovered at Rocky Mountain House was worn con­ spicuously in the manner described by Herbermann. The origin of the Miraculous Medal lies in Paris, France, where it was made to commemorate the visions of Catherine Laboure, a Sister of Charity. In 1830, the Virgin Mary ap­ peared to Catherine Laboure three times over the course of the year, in July, November and December (Herbermann et al. 1913:115). It is from the description of her second vision that the medal was created: On the second occasion, Sister Catherine records the Blessed Virgin appeared as if standing on a globe, and bearing a globe in her hands. As if from rings Figure 1. Composite image of the Miraculous Medal set with precious stones dazzling rays of light were recovered from Rocky Mountain House, Alberta. emitted from her fingers. These, she said, were sym­ Obverse (right) and reverse (left) sides shown. bols of the graces which would be bestowed on all

'This paper is a revised version of a manuscript on file with Cultural Resource Services, Parks Canada.

No. 37 Fall 2002 11 who asked for them. Sister Catherine adds that Sacred and Immaculate Heart of Mary that had a French mem­ around the figure appeared an oval frame bearing in bership of 709,531 in 1839 (Burton 2001:127). Miraculous golden letters the words "Mary, conceived without Medals rapidly had an international following, and continue sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee"; on the to be produced at present. back appeared the letter M, surmounted by a cross, with a crossbar beneath it, and under all the Sacred Miraculous Medals from Archaeological Hearts of Jesus and Mary, the former surrounded Contexts by a crown of thorns, and the latter pierced by a sword. At the second and third of these visions a Very few Miraculous Medals have been recovered to date command was given to have a medal struck after from archaeological contexts (Figure 2). The Oregon Ar­ the model revealed, and a promise of great graces chaeological Society, a group of avocational archaeologists, was made to those who wear it when blessed published two reports about the discovery of Miraculous (Herbermann et al. 1913:115). Medals during the 1960s. The first Miraculous Medal was collected from Lower Memaloose Island (Strong 1962:1), Herbermann (1913:115) notes that the Miraculous Medal was and features an 1830 date. Strong (1962:1) further notes that first produced on 30 June 1832, after the approval of Sister Catholic priests from Quebec, Father Francois Norbet Catherine's vision was granted by the Archbishop. Burton Blanchet and Father Modest Demers, are most likely to have (2001:126) acknowledges that the image of the Virgin Mar}' brought the medal to Lower used for the Miraculous Memaloose Island when Medal was modeled after a they followed the Colum­ statue in the Eglise Saint- bia River from Alberta in Sulpice, and the first 1,500 1838. The conventional in­ medals were produced by scription of the medal is in Vachette, a jeweler located French, and measures 2.5 on the Quai des Orfevres, cm by 1.9 cm. The second and delivered on 30 June Miraculous Medal recov­ 1832. ered by the Oregon Ar­ The quick rise in popular­ chaeological Society was ity of the Miraculous Medal from near Salmon Arm. soon after it was produced B.C. (Fladmark 1964). The in 1832 has been noted by- Salmon Arm medal fea­ several authors (Burton tures an identical French 2001:127; Herbermann et inscription and dimensions al. 1913:115; Quin as the Lower Memaloose 1965:696). Burton Island Miraculous Medal. (2001:124) provides a simi­ No description of the ar­ lar description of Catherine Kilometers chaeological provenience Laboure's vision, but elabo­ 200 400 600 800 was provided by the Or­ Legend egon Archaeological Soci­ rates on the Virgin's instruc­ • - Location of archaeologically recovered Miraculous Medai tions and benefits to those o- Location of non-archaeologicaliy recovered Miraculous Medal ety for either medal beyond who wear a Miraculous their geographic location. Medal: Figure 2. Map of known Miraculous Medals in western The Montana Historical "A medal must be struck North America: 1. Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, Canada; Society also has a Miracu­ based on this model, and 2. Fort Union, North Dakota, USA; 3. Lower Memaloose lous Medal in its collection, those who wear it with an Island, Oregon, USA; 4. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada; and 5. obtained as a donation, as indulgence attached and Helena, Montana, USA. described by Peterson and who say this short prayer Peers (1993:103) in their will enjoy a very special exhibit catalogue of Father protection from the Mother of God." Burton (2001:127) ex­ De Smet's travels through the Rocky Mountains and the re­ plains the Miraculous Medal's cult popularity that commenced sulting material culture from his mission. The inscription on in 1833 and 1834 was due to the miraculous protection it the Miraculous Medal surrounding the image of the Virgin seemed to provide from the political turmoil and cholera epi­ Mary differs, as it appears in English and not in French. demics occurring in Paris at that time. At the end of 1832, Aside from the Miraculous Medal recovered at Rocky Moun­ 10,000 medals had been produced (Burton 2001:127). "By tain House National Historic Site, the only other Miraculous 1835 over a million copies of the medal were in circulation, Medal known to have been excavated archaeologically, and the figure rising to 10 million by the end of the decade, and also from a fur trade site, is from the Fort Union Trading reports of cures and conversions were received from the Post National Historic Site. The site is located upon the Mis­ United States in 1836, Poland in 1837, China and Russia in souri River at the border of Montana and North Dakota; Fort 1838, and even Abyssinia in 1839" (Burton 2001:127). Fur­ Union was operated by the American Fur Trade Company ther popularity of the Miraculous Medal was accorded to the from 1828 to 1867. The Miraculous Medal was recovered adoption of the medal by the confraternity known as the Most from between the palisade and the blacksmith's shop, above

12 The Alberta Archaeological Review an out-of-use palisade trench (Hunt 1998b). The palisade was In a return visit to the fort in 1842, Rundle was dismayed to in use during 1828-1833 and later became a refuse midden discover his converts had been enticed to another religion: (Hunt 1998a, 1998b). The Miraculous Medal exhibits the conventional inscription in German. For Rundle, June 22,1842, was the blackest of days. 'Reached the Fort early in the morning and found a Popish priest there. My feelings can be better imag­ Discussion and Conclusions ined than described. Prayers in the morning but In terms of the objectives of the 1997-1999 Rocky Mountain found the Priest had made an almost dead sweep House archaeological excavations, the Miraculous Medal has except for the English.' helped provide an 1840s date for the refuse midden and in­ The priest was Father Jean-Baptiste Thibeault of sight into past religious activities. As reviewed earlier, Mi­ Quebec, and he swiftly won over most of the people raculous Medals are known through several sources to have of French descent. Even the Metis, many of whom gone into production in 1832 (Burton 2001:126; Herbermann had never seen a priest or mass performed, knew et al 1913:115). Although there clearly is a lag time between Catholicism to be the religion of their forefathers; the initial production of the medal and its subsequent distri­ and, given the choice, they traded Rundle's Protes­ bution, even a decade later the Miraculous Medal remained tantism for it (Stenson 1985:83). international in its popularity (Burton 2001:127; Herbermami etal. 1913:115; Quin 1965:696). To suggest the Miraculous A couple of years later, in 1845, Father De Smet came to Medal from Rocky Mountain House was brought to the fort Rocky Mountain House (Carriker 1995; Dempsey 1973; as early as the 1840s is not unreasonable. Stenson 1985), and in his letters he noted that visiting Cree at Rocky Mountain House wore medals given to them by Rocky Mountain House was established in 1799, with fur Father Thibeault (Chittenden 1905). De Smet was also well trade forts constructed at that time by the competing North known to have been distributing Miraculous Medals to Ab­ West and Hudson's Bay Companies (Dempsey 1973:11). In original people throughout the west during his mission 1821, the two companies amalgamated under the name of (Peterson and Peers 1993). the Hudson's Bay Company, which operated Rocky Moun­ tain House until its final closure in 1875 (Dempsey 1973:13; The chief factor, J.E. Harriote, welcomed De Smet Stenson 1985:16-19). The refuse midden is located between to his house with such politeness and fraternal cor­ two Hudson Bay Company fort sites. One fort site was used diality that De Smet thought the man must be a from 1835-1861, and the second fort site dates from 1869- Catholic, though he was not. Learning the objec­ 1875 (Francis 1999:8). The excavation was, in part, directed tives of De Smet's mission, Harriote informed the toward determining which fort the midden was associated priest that he expected the Blackfeet at the fort any with. An 1840s date for the medal would fit in well with the day now for their prewinter buying binge. He prom­ mid-nineteenth century date of the artifact assemblage from ised to use his influence to obtain a friendly recep­ the refuse midden at Rocky Mountain House. Additionally, tion for Black Robe, though, as a man of experi­ of the two fort phases near the midden, an 1840s date would ence in these matters, he cautioned De Smet about indicate that the midden was in use with the 1835-1861 fort. the dangers inherent in traveling to the Blackfeet camps (Carriker 1995:91). As with the Fort Union Miraculous Medal, the medal was most likely brought to Rocky Mountain House by Catholic When De Smet arrived, he had a receptive audience with the missionaries who were known to have visited Rocky Moun­ Blackfoot people as they had struggled with epidemic dis­ tain House no earlier than the 1840s: ease and warfare and were looking for any assistance that was offered to them. Before 1840, the denizens of the fort had no visi­ tors at all who weren't related to the fur trade. And, The past year had been a difficult one for the after that, only a handful of grand foreigners Blackfeet, and tribal leaders sought ways to change arrived...The Hudson's Bay Company wasn't cer­ their fortune. In recent months the Blackfeet had tain it wanted missionaries as far west as Rocky clashed in battle with the Flatheads, Crows, and other Mountain House. They might divert the Indians from tribes three times, losing dozens of warriors and their hunting labours, or have something to say about hundreds of horses to their enemies. Then a new the way business was done. On the other hand, if strain of smallpox infected several bands of the tribe, the company stood in religion's path, it would look taking a terrible toll of lives. Perhaps the Black Robe cynical to the world (Stenson 1985:81). could intervene on their behalf with his Master of Life and make their lives better—thus the invitation From its depositional context, we cannot be certain whether to visit them in their village (Carriker 1995:92). the medal belonged to either a fur trader or Aboriginal visi­ tor to the fort. The medal's association with a man's ring in Following the original vision, Miraculous Medals were cher­ the midden is also unusual. Still, it is most likely that the ished items that were promised to offer protection from ill­ medal had been brought originally to Rocky Mountain House ness and violent clashes (Burton 2001:124). by either Father Thibeault or Father De Smet who are known Both Jesuits and Indians believed that sacred ob­ to have visited the fur trade fort in the 1840s (Carriker 1995; jects possessed the power to heal and protect. The Chittenden 1905; Dempsey 1973; Stenson 1985). Miraculous Medal...was worn close to the heart- The firstreligiou s visitor to the fort was Robert Terrill Rundle, just as tokens of guardian spirits were sewn by In­ an English Protestant missionary in 1840 (Stenson 1985:81). dian people to their clothes. Father Mengarini said

No. 37 Fall 2002 13 that the Salish placed such importance on medals editing and the idea to publish the Miraculous Medal research. Bill like this that 'when they are lost even grown men Hunt, National Parks Service, for his time and information con­ cry in sorrow' (Peterson 1993:103). cerning Fort Union and the Miraculous Medal excavated there. Knut Fladmark, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Both at Rocky Mountain House and at Fort Union the Mi­ for his knowledge about the Salmon Arm Miraculous Medal and raculous Medals have been excavated from refuse areas. the copy of the 1964 Screenings issue. Stacy Kozakavich, Depart­ These locales seem unlikely locations for supposedly valued ment of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley and Alison items to be found. Whether the medal was intentionally dis­ Landals, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary for their carded or lost at Rocky Mountain House or Fort Union is a time, support and assistance. matter of speculation. Finding a Miraculous Medal with a The composite image of the Rocky Mountain House Miraculous man's ring in the refuse midden at Rocky Mountain House Medal is used with the permission of Parks Canada. Any errors or seems even more unusual. One avenue to pursue in order to omissions in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author. gain further insights into why these medals are in midden contexts is for more Miraculous Medals to be recovered archaeologically or identified in existing archaeological col­ References lections. A larger sample of Miraculous Medals from archaeo­ logical middens would suggest that these religious objects Burton, Richard D. E. were intentionally discarded, and research may be undertaken 2001 Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, to determine what events had led to their disposal. However, 1789-1945. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and Lon­ a sample of Miraculous Medals from a range of archaeologi­ don. cal contexts other than middens may suggest that the medal Carriker, Robert C. had been accidentally lost during use. Further review of his­ 1995 Father Peter John De Smet: Jesuit in the West. Uni­ torical literature might also shed light on the use of medals in versity of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. the past. Chittenden, Hiram M. and Alfred Talbot Richardson Through the discovery of a Miraculous Medal at Rocky 1905 Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Mountain House National Historic Site during the 1997-1999 Smet, S.J. 1801-1873: Missionary Labors and Adven­ archaeological excavations, a variety of research questions tures among the Wild Tribes of the North American have been answered. Along with the other historical artifacts Indians, Embracing Minute Description of Their Man­ recovered, the Miraculous Medal has helped date the midden ners, Customs, Games, Modes of Warfare and Tor­ to the 1835-1861 fort phase at Rocky Mountain House. The ture, Legends, Tradition, etc., All from Personal Ob­ Miraculous Medal was most likely brought to the fort by a servations Made during Many Thousand Miles of visiting Catholic missionary, either Father Thibeault or Fa­ Travel, with Sketches of the Country from St. Louis to ther de Smet, known historically to have visited Rocky Moun­ Puget Soundandthe Athabasca. Edited from the origi­ tain House during the 1840s. Finally, the Miraculous Medal's nal unpublished manuscript Journals and Letter Books refuse midden provenience is likely to remain enigmatic un­ from his Printed Works with Historical, Geographi­ til other Miraculous Medals are recovered archaeologically. cal, Ethnological and other Notes; Also a Life of Fa­ Despite the question of why the medal was located in a ther De Smet. 4 vols. Francis P. Harper, New York. midden, the Miraculous Medal has helped solidify the 1835- 1861 date of the midden, and to provide material evidence of Dempsey, Hugh A. mid-nineteenth century religious activities and influence at 1973 A History of Rocky Mountain House. Canadian His­ Rocky Mountain House. toric Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 6. National Flistoric Sites Service, Na­ tional and Historic Parks Branch, Department of In­ dian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa. Acknowledgments Fladmark, Knut There are a few individuals that I would like to thank—this paper 1964 Catholic Medal. Screenings 13(9): 4. and the earlier version of this work would not have been possible without their assistance. They have provided their time, encourage­ Francis, Peter D. ment, insights and suggestions during the preparation of this paper. 1999 Research Highlights: Rocky Mountain House Historic At Cultural Resource Services, Parks Canada. Calgary many thanks Midden Archaeology Project. Research Links 7(2): 8- go out to the staff archaeologists there: Martin Magne, for his ini­ 9. tial support on my research and ongoing encouragement; Peter Francis, for having me on the archaeological crew excavating at Herbermann, Charles G., Edward A. Pace, Conde B. Pallen, Rocky Mountain House in 1997, 1998, and 1999; Jack Porter, for Thomas J. Shahan, and John Wynne (editors) his knowledge about fur trade historical archaeology at Rocky 1913 Miraculous Medal. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An Mountain House, and for photographing the Miraculous Medal as International Work of Reference on the Constitution, it appears in this paper; and Sharon Thomson, for tracking down Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic the composite image of the Miraculous Medal and the use of Parks Church. Vol. X. Originally published in 1911 by Rob­ Canada scanners and software. ert Appleton Company, New York. The Encyclopedia Outside of Parks Canada, there have been others lending support to Press Inc., New York. this work that I also need to acknowledge. Trevor Peck, Archaeo­ logical Survey, Heritage Resource Management Branch, Alberta Hunt, Bill Community Development for his ongoing support and assistance, 1998a Personal Communication. December 7. E-mail.

14 The Alberta Archaeological Review 1998b Personal Communication. December 10. E-mail. Strong, Emory Peterson, Jacquelene and Laura Peers 1962 Catholic Medal. Screenings 11 (6): 1. 1993 Sacred Encounters: Father de Smet and the Indians Varsakis, Rena of the Rocky Mountain West. University of Oklahoma 1999 The Miraculous Medal at Rocky Mountain House Press, Norman, Oklahoma. National Historic Site. Manuscript on file, Cultural Quin, Mabel (editor) Resource Services, Parks Canada, Calgary, Alberta. 1965 Miraculous Medal. Virtue's Catholic Encyclopedia. In 1967, there was barely any speleological interest in Al­ Vol 2. Virtue and Company Ltd., London, pp. 695-6. berta. Most rock climbing was being done on the outside of Stenson, Fred mountains, not the inside. Spelunkers and geologists inter­ 1985 Rocky Mountain House National Historic Park. Na­ ested in finding new caves and examining the processes of cave formation had arrived only a few years before that. tional Historic Parks Series. New Canada Publications, Toronto. It seemed natural to archaeology Prof. Al Bryan (University' of Alberta, Edmonton) to check out some of the Rockv Moun-

January Cave; An Ancient Window on the Past James A. Burns, PhD Curator Quaternary Paleontology, Provincial Museum of Alberta

tain caves for indications that "early Albertans" had inhab­ distribution. They suggested that the prehistoric environment ited them. One of these was January Cave, located on Pla­ represented at the site was the same as the environment of teau Mountain, in the Front Ranges, about 100 km straight the present-day area of sympatry. southwest of Calgary. Bryan's crew examined the cave and Of course, those conclusions must not be taken as hard, fast determined to the best of their knowledge that it contained rules. Animals assort themselves in the landscape according plenty of tiny bones and teeth, but nothing of archaeological to their tolerances for air temperature, precipitation (includ­ interest. Through a complex series of events, I became in­ ing snowfall), vegetation and soil types, and many other fac­ volved in the analysis of the faunal remains, and it later be­ tors. At any point in the landscape, an animal may be in opti­ came the focus of my doctoral dissertation. The first radio­ mal habitat or perhaps it is clinging to life in a marginal habi­ carbon date from the cave suggested it was of mid- tat. We may not really know what the optimal habitat is for a Wisconsinan interstadial age, about 23,000 years old. given species, even 10-11 thousand years after the late At that time, the faunas of numerous caves in the United States Wisconsinan ice has disappeared, and even though the flora had been studied, including notably those reported by John and fauna have had all that time to sort themselves out. Guilday (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh) January Cave was a case in point. From the tens of thousands and his life-long friend and caver, Harold Hamilton. Guilday's of items recovered-likely products of raptor pellets and car­ work set a standard for the analysis of small animal remains nivore scat-four exotic species were identified: Brown Lem­ from caves with the publication of results (Guilday et al. 1964) ming (Lemmus sibiricus; Burns 1980), Varying Lemming from a cave in Pennsylvania called "New Paris No. 4". Among (Dicrostonyx torquatus; Burns 1991), Churcher's White- the identified fossils, two mammalian species that stood out tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys niobrarius churcherii; Burns were the Ungava Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius) and the and McGillivray 1989), and Black-footed Ferret (Mustela Yellow-cheeked Vole, a.k.a. Taiga Vole (Microtus nigripes; Burns 1991). Today, Lemmus is an Arctic tundra xanthognathus). The occurrence of these species in southern dweller and an inhabitant of mountain tundra in central Brit­ Pennsylvania caused quite a stir, because they were well south ish Columbia. January Cave was the first reported fossil oc­ of their current ranges in the Arctic and Subarctic of Canada currence of Lemmus from south of 60EN in North America. and Alaska. Dicrostonyx is an Arctic tundraphile, and is the perfect indi­ In subsequent years, these and other species-whose modern cator species of Pleistocene deposits in southern Canada and ranges do not include the fossil localities-were being dis­ northern USA. The Niobrara prairie dogs, of which covered more frequently, mostly in caves. This gave rise to Churcher's prairie dog was a northern race, were distributed the term "disharmonious fauna", later called a "non-analogue in the United States as far south as Kansas and Colorado but fauna", to indicate the unusual mixing of these "exotic" spe­ also as far north as Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SkwaraWoolf cies with other species that still live in the area of the sites. In 1980; Goodwin 1995), with a major series of sites in the Hand order to interpret the environment of these past assemblages, Hills and Wintering Hills near Drumheller, Alberta (Burns researchers plotted on a map the areas where the modern 1996). Black-footed Ferrets are a hair's-breadth short of ex­ ranges of the exotic species overlapped. The resulting area tinction today, but historically ranged from southern was called the "area of sympafry", i.e., the shared geographic Saskatchewan all the way to Texas. The ranges of the two

No. 37 Fail 2002 15 lemming species overlap today in northern Canada. The fer­ fallen blindly into the cave, with the potential to become a ret and prairie dogs overlapped in prehistoric times in the part of the assemblage for future paleontologists to recover. American plains states. Never have the "northern" lemmings Our thoughts turned to considerations of our own fate and and the "southern" ferrets and prairie dogs overlapped in his­ our own mortality. Caves have a way of doing that. toric times. At January Cave, the full assemblage provides a spectacular example of a non-analogue fauna. It is a fauna composed of References animals that could have ranged, during the mid-Wisconsinan ice-free interval, from the Yukon and Alaska to Texas and Burns, J.A. Mexico! Yet there is no modern distributional analogue on 1980 The brown lemming, Lemmus sibiricus (Rodentia, the face of the earth that includes all of the species from the Arvicolidae), in the Late Pleistocene of Alberta and fossil deposits. The best way to reconcile these contradictory its postglacial dispersal. Canadian Journal of'Zool- data is to suggest that the climate at that time was more eq­ ogv58: 1507-1511. uable. That is to say, the range of extremes of cold and hot Burns, J.A. weather, for example, were not so great then as they are now. 1986 A 9000-year old wapiti (Cervus elaphus) skeleton from In Edmonton today we can experience +40E C and -40E C in northern Alberta, and its implications for the Holocene a single year (i.e., a range of 80 CE or 144 FE). The January environment. Geographic physique et Ouaternaire 40: Cave fauna probably represents a cool, dry climate in the 105-108. interstadial. Clearly, the range of climatic extremes during the ice-free part of the mid-Wisconsinan Interstadial was much Burns, J.A. less than it is now for these "northern" and "southern" ani­ 1991 Mid-Wisconsinan vertebrates and their environment mals to have flourished side by side in the same locale. from January Cave, Alberta, Canada. Quaternary Re­ search 35(2): 130-143. The pollen record from January Cave (analyzed by Dr. John Burns, J.A. McAndrews, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto) indicates that 1996 Review of the Pleistocene zoogeography of prairie a variety of habitats was available to the residents of, and dogs (genus Cynomys) in western Canada with notes visitors to, January Cave 23-33 thousand radiocarbon years on their burrow architecture. Pp. 34-53 in: K. Stewart ago. Mostly it shows tundra plants, with very little tree pol­ and K.L. Seymour (eds.), Palaeoecology and len present. Grasses were very modestly represented, too. Paleoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals. Uni­ These vegetation types were well matched with the assem­ versity of Toronto Press and Royal Ontario Museum, blage of animals: shrews, hares, pikas, packrats, mice, lem­ Toronto. mings, ground squirrels, pocket gophers, a broad though scarce array of small carnivores, and bighorn sheep. Some Burns, J.A. and W.B. McGillivray bird and fish bones and fish scales were recovered also, no­ 1989 A new prairie dog, Cynomys churcherii, from the late tably those of Arctic Grayling. The small fish were likely Pleistocene of southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of also the prey of raptors and carnivores. Zoology 67'(11): 2633-2639. For the archaeologists among the readership, there were only Goodwin, H.T. two indications that the cave had had any human visitors. 1995 Systematic revision of fossil prairie dogs with descrip­ Some burnt bones and a thoroughly cut-marked wapiti verte­ tions of two new species. University of Kansas Natu­ bra were found just below the surface of the deposit; the lat­ ral History Museum, Miscellaneous Publications 86, ter looked too young to bother running a date. Consider, too, 38 pp. that wapiti is a postglacial addition to the Alberta fauna, hav­ Guilday, J.E., P.S. Martin and A.D. McCrady ing arrived after 11 thousand years BP (See Bums 1986; a 1964 New Paris No. 4: a Pleistocene cave deposit in Bedford new date on the Wakaluk site, of 9920 " 220 y BP, makes this County, Pennsylvania. Bulletin of the National Spe­ specimen from Watino, Alberta the oldest known wapiti in leological Society 26(4): 121-194. Alberta). SkwaraWoolf, T. The other tell-tale specimen is a fine Avonlea projectile point 1980 Mammals of the Riddell Local Fauna (Floral Forma­ that, again, was found near the surface. Such points are con­ tion, Pleistocene, Late Rancholabrean), Saskatoon, sidered to be about 1800 years old, or so. A little young for a Canada. Saskatchewan! Museum of Natural History, paleontologist to get excited about! Natural History Contributions 2:. 129 pp. Bone-bearing caves are apparently not very common in the Alberta Rocky Mountains. Only about a half-dozen have been examined to date, but the information gained from the study of these is filling in some fascinating gaps in Alberta's pre­ history, .... I sat there, in the bone bed of one cave, 20 metres under­ ground with my colleagues, lights dimmed while we took a breather from excavating. I saw a slight, shadowy movement on the rubble at our feet. Focussing our lights in the direction of the movement, we spied a lonely, frenetic shrew who had

16 The Alberta Archaeological Review Alberta Graduate Degrees in Archaeology, Part 1 Editor's Note: In this issue, we feature a complete listing of MA and PhD graduates of the University of Alberta. In our next issue, we will provide a listing of MA and PhD graduates from The University of Calgary.

Master's Theses Date Graduate Thesis Title 1969 Nicks, Gertrude Archaeology of Two Hudson's Bay Company Posts 1969 Taylor, E Fraser Archaeology of the Peace Hills Area of Central Alberta 1973 Thomson, Ross An Introduction to the Prehistory of the Peace River Country 1976 Willoughby, Pamela An Analysis of Early Postglacial European Prehistory 1977 Ives, John The Spatial Analysis of Artifact Distribution on a Boreal Forest Archaeological Site 1977 McDonald, James Structure Variation within Populations of Tnpaia glis DIARD 1820 1978 Brink, John An Experimental Study of Microwear Formation on End Scrapers 1979 Vance, Robert E Late Holocene Paleoecology of the Aspen Parkland Region of Western Canada 1979 Ferguson, Theresa Productivity and Predictability of Resource Yield: Aboriginal Controlled Burning in the Boreal Forest 1980 Baldwin, Stuart J Chiapas and Guatemala: Contrasting Systems of Contemporary Indian Trade 1982 Schnurrenberger, Douglas Distinguishing Natural from Humanly Flaked Stone at Problem Sites 1982 Doll, Maurice The Boss Hill Site: Pre-Archaic in Alberta 1982 Gibson, Terrance Magnetic Survey and Archaeological Assessment 1983 Brulotte, Russell Zooarchaeological Interpretation of Two Sites in Southwestern Alberta 1984 Cole-Will, Rebecca Copper Inuit Antler Technology, Banks Island, NWT 1984 Low, Russanne D Evaluating Cave Deposits as Palynological Study Sites: An Experimental Evaluation, Pryor Mountains, Montana 1985 Murray Jeffrey Social Relations and the Built Environment: Archaeological Reconstructions of Cultural Ideologies 1985 Ivanitz, Michele J The Questionable Efficacy of Acculturation: The Case of the Canadian North 1985 Hamilton, J Scott The Social Organization of the Hudson's Bay Company: Formal and Informal Social Relations in the Context of the Inland Fur Trade 1985 Hawley,LeaD The Use of Anthropologists as Expert Witnesses in Court Pollen Analysis and Taphonomy of Locality 15 Alluvial Sediments, Old Crow Basin, 1986 Walde, Keary Yukon Chemical Analysis of Bone Material as an Aid to the Discernment of Horizontal 1986 Kowal, Walter C Stratigraphy A Cognitive Analysis of Stone Tool Production 1986 Boutin-Sweet, MT Marjolaine Pottery and Prehistory of Black Fox Island: Technical Patterns in a Cultural Perspective 1986 Connor-Learn, Kathleen Value and Compensation: Subsistence Production in the Dene Economy, Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories 1986 Smith, Shirleen Fire and Habitat Modification: An Anthropological Inquiry into the Use of Fire by Indigenous Peoples 1987 Reid, Donald E The Distribution of the Northern Indians to the Central Subarctic to 1774 1987 Eckert,Irma Micromorphology of Prehistoric Human Bone from the Mesolithic Site of Moita do Sevastiao, Portugal 1987 Palmer, Esther M 1987 Rollans, Maureen Interpreting the Function of Bison Drive Lanes at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta

No. 37 Fall 2002 17 1987 Brace, Ian Boulder Monuments of Saskatchewan 1988 Iwasaki, Masami Cultural Significance of Whaling in a Whaling Community in Abashiri 1988 Tait, G Stewart Dental Morphology of South Ontario Iroquois 1988 Keenleyside, Anne A Paleopathological Analysis of a Historic Inuit Population from Southern Baffin Island, NWT 1989 Ingram, Grant An Insider's View of the Woods Cree Cursing System: An Anthropological Analysis 1989 Driedger, Linda Kinship, Marriage, and Residence in Fort Resolution, NWT 1989 Hudecek, Caroline Avonlea/Old Women's: Study of Culture Change 1989 Zutter, Cynthia Archaeobotanical Analysis of Svalbard Midden 1990 Gullason, Lynda The Fort George-Buckingham Flouse Site Plantation (1792-1800): Native-European Contact in the Fur Trade Era 1990 Mayne, Pamela The Identification of Precremation Trauma in Cremated Bone 1990 Lello, Richard Molluscs and Archaeology: Settlement and Seasonality in the Portuguese Mesolithic 1991 Woollett, James Cultural Perceptions of Man-Animal Relationships and Carcass Utilization 1991 Mann, Elizabeth H Cultural Formation Processes at Fort Dunvegan, Northwest Alberta: A Zooarchaeological and Historic Documentary Approach 1992 Bailey, Jeff X-ray Fluorescence Characterization of Volcanic Glass Artifacts from Wilson Butte Cave, Idaho 1993 Miller, Gregory H Middle Stone Age Occurrences in Southwestern Tanzania: an Assessment of Technology and Adaptation in the Songwe River Region 1993 Cockle, Diane The Fremont in Idaho Lead Analysis of Human Skeletons from the 19th Century Seafort Burial Site, 1993 Carlson, Arne Alberta Isotopic and Elemental Evidence for Variation in Dietary Patterns during the Baikal 1993 Lam, Yin-Man Neolithic An Analysis of the Animal Remains from Four Middens at the Late Roman Rural 1993 MacKinnon, Michael Villa Site of San GioVanni Di Ruoti Plants, Land and People, a study of wet'suwet'en Ethnobotany 1993 Gottesfeld, Leslie Processual and Postprocessual Approaches to Five Archaeological Sites in the 1994 Langley, Lynita Northwest Territories, Canada 1994 Harris, Heather Only Their Skins Change: Gitksan Social Structure, Kinship and Genealogy 1995 Ghostkeeper, Elmer "Spirit Gifting" The Concept of Spiritual Exchange 1995 Hare, Paul Gregory Holocene Occupations in the Southern Yukon - New Perspectives from the Annie Lake Site 1995 Meekison, Lisa Changes on the Land: Ritual, Transformation and Ecological Restoration 1995 Castro Gatica, Omar Ngenechen: The Green Deity 1995 Bamber, Dean Derek Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Autodegradation from Surface Weathered Bone as an Indicator of Postmortem Interval 1995 Pompana, Clifford Inipi Kagapi: Cognitive Symbolic Interpretation of the Dakota Sweatlodge Ceremony 1996 Peck, Trevor Richard Late Side-notched Projectile Points on the Northwestern Plains 1997 Mutch, Lisa Yvonne Climate, Environment and Culture Change: Creating a Palaeotemperature Record for Northern Iceland 1997 Shannon, Kerrie Ann The Unique Role of Sled Dogs in Inuit Culture: An Examination of the Relationship Between Inuit and Sled Dogs in the Changing North 1997 Ross, Julie A Paleoethnobotanical Investigation of Garden under Sandet, a Waterlogged Norse Farm Site, Western Settlement, Greenland 1998 Bartels, Natasha A Test of Non-metrical Analysis as Applied to the "Beaker Problem"

18 The Alberta Archaeological Review 1998 Sandgathe, Dennis The Detection of Unmodified Flake Tools in Archaeological Assemblages in the Eastern Slopes, Alberta 1999 Lieverse, Angela Human Taphonomy at Khuzhir-Nuge XIV, Siberia 1999 Fafard, Melanie The Dechyoo Njik Site (MIVm-4) 1999 Walshaw, Sarah Env. In E.B. A. Syria Using Phytolith Analysis 2000 Sipe, Charmaine LSA Assemblages in Southwestern Tanzania 2001 Campbell, Craig The Evenki System Of Paths: A Study of Travel and Technology in East-Central Siberia 2001 Ebert, Mark Towards a Better Understanding of Medical Systems and Practices: The Coast Salish Ceremony and Biomedicine 2001 Goldsmith, Jarrod Acheulean Behavioural Variability: Evidence for Continuity or Change? 2001 Heffher,Ty KaVn-2: An Eastern Beringian Tradition Archaeological Site in West-central Yukon Territoiy, Canada 2001 Murray, Ara Learning About the Land: Tetlit Gwich'in Perspectives on Sustainable Resource Use

Doctoral Theses Date Graduate Thesis Title 1974 Bonnichsen, Robson Models for Deriving Cultural Information From Stone Tools The Harder Sites: A Middle Period Bison Hunters' Campsite in the Northern Great 1975 Dyck, Ian Plains Indigenous Ceramics and Ecological Dynamics of Southwestern Manitoba 500 BC- 1976 Syms, Leigh AD 1800 The Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of the Western/Prairie Forest Transition Zone- 1978 Losey, Timothy Alberta The Impact of Technology of Agriculture: A Study of the Mechanization of Guyana's 1978 Thakur,Andra Rice Industry Demographic Anthropology in Native Populations in Western Canada, 1800-1975 1980 Nicks, Gertrude Traplines and Timber: Social and Economic Change Among the Carrier Indians of 1983 Hudson, Douglas Northern British Columbia 1984 Pollock, John W A Technological Analysis of Lake Abitibi Bifaces 1984 Bombin, Miguel On Phytoliths, late Quaternary Ecology of Beringia, and Information Evolutionary Theory 1984 McCormack, Patricia How the (North) West Was Won: Development and Underdevelopment in the Fort Chipewyan Region 1984 Will, Richard Nineteen Century Copper Inuit Subsistence Practices on Banks Island, NWT 1986 Savelle, Michael An Archaeological Example from the Central Canadian Arctic 1987 Bolinjnge The Organization of Irrigation in the Vilcanota Valley of Peru: Local Autonomy, Development and Corporate Dynamics 1989 Stenton, Douglas Terrestrial Adaptations of Neo-Eskimo Coastal-marine Hunters on Southern Baffin Island, NWT 1989 Park, Robert Porden Point: An Intrasite Approach to Settlement System Analysis 1991 Morgan, R Grace Beaver Ecology/Beaver Mythology 1991 Schnurrenberger, Douglas Clastic Sediment Production and Diagenesis in Selected Western North American Caves and Rockshelters 1992 Mandryk, Carole Paleoecology as Contextual Archaeology: Human Viability of the Late Quaternary Ice-Free Corridor, Alberta, Canada 1992 Alsoszatai-Petheo, John Native American Origins: A Holistic Synthesis 1993 Stevenson, Marc Central Inuit Social Structure: The View from Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island,

No. 37 Fall 2002 19 NWT 1996 Hudecek-Cuffe, Caroline Rose Engendering Northern Plains Paleoindian Archaeology: Decision-Making and Gender/Sex Roles in Subsistence 1997 Nagy, Murielle Palaeoeskimo Cultural Transition: A Case Study from Ivujivik, Eastern Arctic 1997 Zutter, Cynthia The Cultural Landscapes of Iceland: A Millennium of Human Transformation and Environment Change 1997 Johnson, Leslie Health, Wholeness and the Land: Gitksan Traditional Plant Use and Healing 1997 Boag, Franca Integrated Mediterranean Farming and Pastoral Systems: Local Knowledge and Ecological Infrastructure of Italian Dryland Farming 1998 Gibson, Terrance Site Structure and Ceramic Behaviour of a Protohistoric Cree Aggregation Campsite 1999 Komar,Debra Forensic Taphonomy in a Cold Climate Region 1999 Forsman, Michael A Model of Architectural Diversity in the Fur Trade 1999 MacKinnon, Michael Animal Production & Consumption/Roman Italy 2000 Judd, Margaret Trauma hi Ancient Nubia 2001 Davis, Loren The Coevolution of Early Hunter-Gatherer Culture and Riparian Ecosystems in the Southern Columbia River Plateau 2001 Haverkort, Caroline Enamel Trace Element Composition and Palaeodietary Studies - An Exploratory Model

Recent Abstracts

Peck, T.R. Peck, T.R., and John W. Ives 2002 Archaeologically recovered ammonites: evidence 2001 Late side-notched projectile points in the North­ for long-term continuity in Nitsitapii ritual. Plains ern Plains. Plains Anthropology; 46 (176): 163-193. Anthropology 47 (181): 147-164. Abstract: The most commonly used classification scheme Abstract: Fossilized ammonites have been repeatedly ex­ for Late Side-notched projectile points in the northern cavated from cultural contexts, often in association with Plains divides specimens for the entire region into two the Old Women's Phase archaeological culture. Archae­ types: the Prairie Side-notched (ca. 1250-650 B.P.) and ologists usually consider the Old Women's Phase to rep­ the Plains Side-notched (ca. 650 B.P. to the Historic pe­ resent ancestral Nitsitapii (Blackfoot). The Nitsitapii word riod). An attribute analysis of 2327 points from southern for fossilized ammonites is 'Iniskhn' or Buffalo Stones. Alberta and southern Saskatchewan indicates that from Nitsitapii oral tradition records an ancient origin for the ca. 1250 to 650 B.P. all specimens exhibited a similar use of Iniskim. Originally, Iniskim were used as part of a range of morphologies. By ca. 650 B.P., however, points pre-hunt ritual that produced the power to insure a suc­ from southeastern Saskatchewan reveal an abrupt change cessful hunt by charming bison. The power associated from earlier specimens, with tightly focused variability with Iniskim resulted in their customary inclusion in in attributes. In southern Alberta and southwestern Nitsitapii personal, healing, sacred tipi, and ceremonial Saskatchewan, there is no abrupt change in projectile point bundles. Although there are examples of other First Na­ morphology. Existing archaeological taxa need to be re­ tions possessing similar objects, none exhibit as strong a constructed to reflect these distinctions. We propose the tradition surrounding these items as the Nitsitapii. The term Mortlach Group for the points from southeastern repeated association of ammonites with the archaeologi­ Saskatchewan in the interval 650 B.P. to the Historic pe­ cal material of the Old Women's Phase in contexts sug­ riod, and the term Cayley Series for the earlier points in gesting bison charming and ceremonial significance, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, as well as the later coupled with the evidence for the antiquity and pervasive points outside of southeastern Saskatchewan. Mortlach traditional use of these fossils as Iniskim among the Group points are closely associated with Mortlach ce­ Nitsitapii, is argued to support the Nitsitapii (Blackfoot) ramics and the Mortlach Phase; Cayley Series points are - Old Women's Phase correlation. closely associated with Saskatchewan Basin Complex: Late Variant pottery and the Old Women's Phase.

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No. 37 Fall 2002 23 N3

Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites > 02-043 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary G. Trutina, HHC Trutina subdivision in SW 15-25-3-W5M NA Limited Team Consultants 02-044 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary WestCreek Calgary Rocky Ridge subdivision in 20- EgPn-642 to 645 Limited Developments Ltd. 25-2-W5M 02-045 Murphy, B.A. Bison Historical Services Calgary Chernesky Holdings Westminster Glen subdivision mitigation U EhPn-52, 53, 0 Ltd. Ltd. of EhPn-52, 53, 56 & 57 56, 57 o 02-046 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary Bauland Inc. Calgary - Gray Meadows, mitigation of U EhPn-44, 45 Limited sites EhPn-44 & 45 02-047 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Consort Apache Canada Apache Consort well sites and gas FaOo-4 to 8; 73 Ltd. Ltd. gathering project FaOp-12to35; U FaOp-10; HSAS- 1 HSS 02-048 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Longview TransCanada Western Alberta System Mainline Loop UEbPn-9, 11, 12, Ltd. Pipelines Ltd. No. 2 (Saratoga Section) mitigation of 13 sites EbPn-9, 11, 12 & 13 02-049 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Burmis TransCanada Waterton Montana Lateral Loop (Castle DjPn-142to 145; Ltd. Pipelines Ltd. River Section) U DiPn-20, 23; DjPn-140,141 02-050 Wickham, M.D. University of Calgary Calgary Fish Creek Provincial Park EfPm-27 U EfPm-27 (and Dale Excavation - 2002 Walde) 02-051 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Claresholm Talisman Energy Talisman Energy Galium Area North NA Limited Inc. Porcupine Hills wellsites 02-052 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Highvale Addison Energy Inc. Highvale wellpad in 9-12-51-3-W5 NA Inc. 02-053 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Manyberries Bonavista Bonavista 102 Manyberries 10-4-5-4-W4 DiOo-70, 71, 72 Ltd. Petroleum Ltd. wellsite 02-054 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Cessford Conoco Canada Cessford Gas Gathering Project EgOw-46, 47; U Services Resources Limited EgOw-21 02-055 Clavelle, CM. Historical Resource Viking Burlington Viking Loop Pipeline NA Management Resources Canada Energy Ltd. 02-056 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Elk Point Bonavista Bonavista Petroleum Lindbergh wellsites FIOq-22, 23 inc. Petroleum Limited 02-057 Wood, B.P. Arrow Ltd. Medicine Hat Enerplus Resources Enerplus Medicine Hat 2-21-13-3-W4M; NA Corporation Enerplus Medicine Hat 7-21-13-3-W4M 02-058 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage St. Albert Canadian Safety River Lot 64, St. Albert Settlement Inc. Garment Inc. subdivision 02-059 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Whitlaw EOG Resources EOG Bow Island 6-1-11-9 W4M; EOG DkOs-14; DlOs-3 Consultants Canada inc. Bow Island 8-1-11-9 W4M ; Pipleine from 6-1-11-9-W4 to 8-1-11-9 W4 Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites 02-060 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological McNeill EOG Resources EOG Medicine Hat 2-35-20-2 W4M; EOG EeOn-19 Consultants Canada Inc. Medicine Hat 3-35-20-2 W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 6-35-20-2 W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 8-35-20-2 W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 10-35-20-2 W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 12-35-20-2 W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 14-35-20-2 W4M 02-061 Peach, K. Fedirchuk McCullough & Lac La Biche Jack Pine Holdings Kirby Lake wilderness facility NA Associates Ltd. Ltd. 02-062 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Sherwood Park Colt Engineering Corridor Delivery Lines S2002 Spread FjPh-114; UFjPh- Associates Ltd. Ltd. 65, 66, 67, 74 02-063 Peach, K. Fedirchuk McCullough & Fort MacKay ATCO Electric Atco Dover to Aurora/Muskeg River 240- HhOv-285 to 287; Associates Ltd. kV transmission line U HhOv-246, 247 02-064 Hrychuk, B.I. Landsong Heritage Grande Prairie; West Coast Energy West Coast Energy 16" Grizzly Extension GcQv-2; U GcQv- Consulting Ltd. Nose Creek Corporation Pipeline 1 02-065 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Calgary Aangstrom Montesorri School Development EgPn-653 Ltd. Strategic 02-066 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Dorothy EnCana PCE PCR Winterh 1-10-26-17 wellsite NA Associates Ltd. Corporation and access road 02-067 Peach, K. Fedirchuk McCullough & Calgary ATCO Pipelines ATCO Valley Ridge Pipeline U EgPn-626, 636 Associates Ltd. Limited (app) 02-068 Rollans, M.L. Alberta Western Heritage Majorville Conoco Canada Conoco Majorville 6-20-18-19 wellsite EdPd-40; U EdPd- Inc. Ltd. access road 24, 39 02-069 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Calgary Cabykai Holdings River Spirit Golf Club EgPo-74 to 82 Ltd. I td 02-070 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary Grand Development Residential subdivision in 14-24-3-W5M EgPn-654 to 662 Limited Corp. 02-071 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Balzac Genesis Land Genesis light industrial subdivision in N EhPI-27 to 36 Limited Development Corp. 9-26-29-W4M 02-072 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary Ryeiand Hotels Martini Lands and Off Site Servicing U EgPn-640 Limited Phase 2 mitigation at EgPn-640 02-073 Saxberg, N. Lifeways of Canada Edmonton Centennial Valley Centennial Valley project FiPj-123to126 Limited Properties 02-074 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Hilda Petro-Canada Oil Medicine Hat area wellsites EbOo-41,42 Services and Gas 02-075 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Sherwood Park Raekay Holdings Boag Lake Estates FjPh-115 to 120 Ltd. 02-076 Unfreed, W.J. Fedirchuk McCullough & Lathom EnCana Brooks/Latham West Cycle 13 EdPc-228, 229; U Associates Ltd. Corporation development EdPc-32 02-077 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Drumheller Marathon Canada Marathon Drumheller 1 -30-28-18-W4M EiPd-14 "Z. Associates Ltd. Limited CpO 02-078 Poole, C.P. ARESCO Ltd. Calgary Dundee West Springs residential subdivision EgPh-646 to 652; Tl Development HSAS -1 HSS 1 Corporation IN) 02-079 Spicer, G. ARESCO Ltd. Calgary Fort Calgary Landscaping at Fort Calgary Historic U EgPm-5 Historic Park Park K ro

CD Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites > 02-080 Clavelle, CM. Historical Resource Viking Burlington Burlington Viking area 8-inch pipeline NA gCD" Management Resources Canada $ Energy Ltd. 02-081 Robertson, E.C. University of Calgary Elkwater Cypress Hills Student Research UDjOm-18, 19, | (and G. 24, 30, 31; DjOn- 0 Oetelaar) 8, 38; DjOo-57; DkOm-22, 23 02-082 Clavelle, CM. Historical Resource Calgary Glencoe Golf and Glencoe golf course expansion EgPn-663, 664 1 Management Country Club 73 Amundson, L.J. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Wainwright Penn West Penn West wellsites and access roads in FeOs-66 CD 02-083 < Petroleum Ltd. CFB Wainwright 02-084 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Bow Island Glencoe Resources Bow Island area pipeline DlOu-74, 75 Ltd. 02-085 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Hinton Suncor Enegy Inc. Cabin Creek pipeline FjQm-3; FkQn-1; Ltd. FkQo-1; HSAS- FjQm-2HSS 02-086 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Nordegg Talisman Energy Erith pipeline project Ltd. Inc. 02-087 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Medicine Hat EnCana EGA ECR SP Alderson 14-9-13-9-W4M; EaOs-32 to 34; Ltd. Corporation EGA ECR SP Alderson 14-11-13-9-W4M; EaOt-8, 9, 10; U EGA ECR SP Alderson 8-14-13-9-W4M; EaOs-2, 20, 22 EGA ECR SP Alderson 14-14-13-9-W4M; EGA ECR SP Alderson 8-15-13-9-W4M; EGA Alderson 9-12-13-9-W4M; EGA ECR SP Alderson 8-9-13-9-W4M; EGA ECR SP Alderson 8-16-13-9-W4M wellsites and access 02-088 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Brooks APF Energy Inc. Countess Pacific Drilling program NA Ltd. 02-089 Gryba, E.M. DS Consulting Okotoks Double E Holdings Proposed nine-hole golf course in SE 23- UEePI-157to159 20-29-W4M 02-090 Moravetz, I. Bison Historical Services Chancellor Koch Pipelines Hussar Pipeline replacement EgPe-17, 18; Ltd. Canada L.P. EhPe-33, 34; U EgPe~14, 16; EhPe-25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 02-091 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Jenner Husky Energy Jenner area wellsites NA Services Bison Historical Services Fort Macleod Riders of the Plains Service corridor at Fort MacLeod North UDkPi-18 02-092 Hanna, D.T. Ltd. Commemorative West Mounted Police Barracks Troop Association Lifeways of Canada Blairmore Devon Canada 2002 Coal Bed - Methane exploration DIPo-67 to 69; 02-093 Meyer, D.A. Limited Corporation program Crowsnest Pass - Livingstone EaPo-18; U DIPo- 23, 24, 39; EaPo-4 Stantec Consulting Ltd. Namao Yaremko, Cy Riverstone Point subdivision NA 02-094 Ratch, S.R. -

Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites ARESCO Ltd. Calgary Focus Equities South Heritage Commercial and 02-095 Poole, C.P. Incorporated Industrial subdivision mitigation Bison Historical Services Carseland Eagle Engineering Highway 24:02 redevelopment NA 02-096 Moravetz, I. Ltd. Corp. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Tomahawk Stewart, Weir & Co. Local road upgrading and realignments U FiPo-294; FiPp- 02-097 Kowal, W.A. Ltd. 37, 38, 39 Stantec Consulting Ltd. Edmonton United Inc. The Brickyard at Riverdale residential UFjPi-108 02-098 Ramsay, CL. development ARESCO Ltd. Calgary Frisgo Development Spring Valley Estates residential na 02-099 Spicer, G. Inc subdivision Stantec Consulting Ltd. Peerless Lake Devon Canada Trout SAGD EIA U HgPo-5 (app) 02-100 Ramsay, CL. Corp. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Conklin Devon Canada Jackfish SAGD EIA U FIOp-12; GcOq- 02-101 Ramsay, CL. Corp. 6; GfOp-1; GhOq- 2; GiOq-1; GkOq- 1; GSOq-1 (app) 02-102 Vivian, B.C.C Lifeways of Canada Calgary Genesis Land Calgary - Simons Valley Lands mitigation UEgPm-310(app) Limited Development Corp. of EgPm-310 02-103 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Whitecourt Millar Western Whitecourt timber harvest blocks, Inc. Forest Projects, forestry access roads Whitecourt Office 02-104 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Hilda GEX Resources GEX 7-19-18-3-W4M wellsite EdOo-44, 45 Services Ltd. 02-105 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary Crestmont Crestmont Developments Artist View UEgPn-619 to Limited Developments Inc. Estates 639 (app) 02-106 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Ward low EnerMark Inc. Enermark et al Verger 7-6-23-4 W4M, NA Services Enermark et al Matziwin 4-8-23-4 W4M wellsites 02-107 Middleton, H.K. Arrow Ltd. Grande Cache El Paso Velvet Canada In.c Copton pipeline project 02-108 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Manyberries ARC Resources Ltd. DiOp-95 Services Manyberries pipeline 02-109 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Viking CU Waterline FgOw-1; FhPa-8 inc. Limited RileyA/iking water line 02-110 Goldsmith, A.S. Bison Historical Services Bow Island Koch Pipeline Bow Island Husky 6-26-11-11-W4M to 7- UDIOu-71, 72, 73 Ltd. Canada 28-11-12-W4M tie-in mitigation of sites DIOu-72 & 73 02-111 Moravetz, I. Bison Historical Services Milo Cossack Land Eyremore 2002 3D seismic survey EdPc-244 to 258; Ltd. Services Ltd. UEdPc-159 02-112 Ramsay, CL. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Edmonton MLC Developments MacEwan Neighbourhood (Eillersiie) HSAS - 7 HSS z o Inc. subdivision in W1/2 SE 30-51-24-W4M CO 02-113 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Bodo U of A Field school at the Bodo site U FaOm-1 Inc. 02-114 Blower, D. Fedirchuk McCullough & Fort McMurray Japan Canada Oil Japan Canada Oil Sands Hangingstone Associates Ltd. Sands Limited West SAGD project

3 ro CO

CD Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites > 02-115 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Buffalo City of Medicine Hat Buffalo area pipeline tie-ins EfOr-71; U EfOr- 44 02-116 Meyer, D.A. Lifeways of Canada Claresholm Marathon Canada Sweet gas well and access road in 10- Limited Ltd. 24-12-2-W5M NA 02-117 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Hussar EnCana Hussar 2002 well tie in in NE 2-23-20- Ltd. Corporation W4M NA 02-118 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Biackie PrimeWest Energy PrimeWest Farrow 13-10-20-25 W4M s Services Inc. wellsite and access road NA 02-119 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary Barbican Valley Ridge Subdivision Phase 17 EgPn-665, 666; U 73 Limited Developments Ltd. EgPn-219 02-120 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Drumheller EnCana PCE PCR Winterh 13-6-6-16 W4M; EGA EhPb-30; EhPc- Associates Ltd. Corporation ECR Wayne-Rosedale 12-21-27-18 W4M 142 02-121 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Grande Prairie Teichroeb, Peter Subdivision in NW 25-72-6-W6M NA 02-122 Amundson, L.J. Wainwright Penn West Well sites and tie-ins in Sec 20-42-7- UFdOr-11, 12 Stantec Consulting Ltd. Petroleum Ltd. W4M (app) 02-123 Wood, B.P. Picture Butte Bonavista DIPe-10, 11 Arrow Ltd. Petroleum Ltd. Pipeline tie-in in Sec 22, 23-10-21-W4M 02-124 Wondrasek, R.J. Coalspur Conoco Canada FgQg-11 R & W Archaeological Limited Mountain 10-19 pipeline project 02-125 Turney, M.H.J. Consultants Drumheller EnCana EhPd-70 Bison Historical Services Corporation Wayne Dalum 13-1-27-19-W4M tie-in 02-126 Kowal, W.A. Ltd. Keephills Real Resources Inc. Real Highvale 8-36-51-4-W5M U FiPo-284 02-127 Green, D.C. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Manyberries Tiverton Petroleums Manyberries Seismic program DiOo-74 to 84; Golder Associates Ltd. Ltd. DiOu-51, 54,67, 68 02-128 Ball, B.F. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Linden AMEC Infrastructure Kneehill County Linden West Road/Dafoe NA Ltd. Bridge Project 02-129 Boland, D.E. University of Calgary Calgary Bow Valley Ranch Buildings - EfPm-90 U EfPm-90 (and Dale Walde) 02-130 Peck, T.R. Alberta Community Fort Chipewyan Colin-Cornwall Lakes Wildland Provincial Development Park Survey 02-131 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Grande Prairie Canadian Forest CANFOR 2002 Harvest Blocks, CANFOR Inc. Products (CanFor), 2002 Access Roads Grande Prairie Office 02-132 Meyer, D.A. Lifeways of Canada Hinton; Edson Weldwood of Weldwood FMA FgQe-50 to 52; Limited Canada Limited, FgQf-77to109; Hinton Division FgQg-10; FhQf-34 to 36; FhQg-23 to 27; U FgQf-3, 4, 5, 13, 16,20,22 02-133 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Knight Alliance Pipeline Kaybob North Lateral NA Consultants Limited 02-134 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Drumheller EnCana EGA ECR SP Wayne 4-16-27-18 W4M EhPc-143 Associates Ltd. Corporation Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites 02-135 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Drumheller Mark West wellsite in 13-4-21-12-W4M NA Resources Canada Corp. 02-136 Head, T.H. Bison Historical Services Wabasca- TransCanada NPS 30 North Central Corridor (Peerless NA Ltd. Desmarais Pipelines Ltd. Lake Section) 02-137 ' Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Iron Springs EnCana EnCana wellsites in 7-19-13-2Q-W4M & EaPe-140 Ltd. Corporation 8-14-12-20-W4M 02-138 Peach, K. FMA Heritage Resources Indian Cabins/ EnCana Jackpot Creek pipeline project NA Consultants Inc. Steen River Corporation 02-139 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Poilockville Canadian Natural CNRES Wintering Hills 7-25-24-15-W4M; EgOx-99to106; Resources Limited CNRES Wintering Hills 11-36-24-15- EgOx-1, 7 W4M; CNRES Wintering Hills 15-36-24- 15-W4M; CNRES MATZSWIN 1-18-24- 14-W4M; CNRES Matziwin 10-18-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 11-19-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 5-30-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 1-31-24-14- W4M CNRES Connorsviile 13-1-25-15- W4M CNRES Matziwin 12-32-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 12-31-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 1-30-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 11-5-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 2-32-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 11-17-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 2-17-24-14- W4M CNRES Matziwin 9-6-24-14-W4M 02-140 Saxberg, N. Lifeways of Canada Fort MacKay Syncrude Canada Aurora Mine North HiOu-14 Limited Ltd. 02-141 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Calgary Lafarge Canada Inc. Evans-Paperny-Soutzo property gravel U EfPI-226, 227 Ltd. extraction project in N-7-22-28-W4M, S- 18-22-28-W4M, NE-12-22-29-W4M 02-142 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Bindloss Enterra Energy Alkali Creek area wellsite and access EfOp-427 to 430; Services Corp. roads - Enterra Bindloss 8-30-22-4-W4; U EfOp-37, 425 Enterra Bindloss 14-30-22-4-W4; Enterra Bindloss 14-31-22-4-W4; Enterra Bindloss 3-32-22-4-W4; Enterra Bindloss 8-32-22-4-W4; Enterra Bindloss 14-32- 22-4-W4; Enterra Bindloss 8-23-22-5- W4; Enterra Bindloss 14-23-22-5-W4; Enterra Bindloss 8-24-22-5-W4; Enterra Bindloss 14-24-22-5-W4; Enterra z o Bindloss 8-36-22-5-W4; Enterra Bindloss CO 14-36-22-5-W4; Pipeline right-of-way SE -si 30-22-4-W4; Pipeline right-of-way SW 29-22-4-W4; Pipeline right-of-way SE 30- ro 22-4-W4; Pipeline right-of-way NW 31- 22-4-W4; Pipeline right-of-way NE 31-22- 8 g 5" Permit Ho/cfer Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites 0 4-W4; Pipeline right-of-way SE 31-22-4- > W4; Pipeline right-of-way NW 23-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way NW 23-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way SE 24-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way SW 24-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way NW 24-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way SE 36-22-5- W4; Pipeline right-of-way NE 36-22-5- I W4 73 02-143 Tischer, J.C. FMA Heritage Resources Fort MacKay TrueNorth Energy TrueNorth Energy Fort Hills Oil Sands HiOv-128 Consultants Inc. LP. Development 02-144 Ramsay, A.M. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Champion Alberta Little Bow River Reservoir - Mitigation UEbPi-108 Infrastructure EbPi-108 02-145 Ball, B.F. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Edmonton Gibbs & Brown Edmonton 23 Avenue Whitemud bridge FiPj-127, 128 Landscape Architects Ltd. crossing and road construction 02-146 Middieton, H.K. Arrow Ltd. Lundbreck Sarabeau Holdings U DjPn-74, 94, Ltd. Proposed gravel pit in SW 35-7-2-W5M 100 02-147 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Drumheller EnCana EhPc-144to148 Ltd. Corporation Wayne Dalum 10-21-26-18-W4M joint 02-148 Clarke, G.M. Golder Associates Ltd. Fort Mckay Canadian Natural well tie-in HhOx-1 Resources Limited CNRL Horizon Oil Sands Project - Oil Sands Leases 10, 18, 25 and access 02-149 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Devon Alliance Pipeline road NA Consultants Limited Wapiti Lateral loop 02-150 Middieton, H.K. Arrow Ltd. Dunmore Bullshead Water Bullshead Water Cooperative waterline Cooperative 02-151 Ball, B.F. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Fort McMurray EBA Engineering Hwy 63 upgrade project from km 30 to NA Consultants Ltd. km 31 and associated borrow source 02-152 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Medicine Hat TransCanada TCPL Bowmanton East Meter Station EbOo-43; U EbOo- Ltd. Pipelines Ltd. 41 02-153 Reeves, B.O.K. Lifeways of Canada Pincher Creek Benign Energy Wind power generation project DjPk-87to101 Limited Canada Inc. 02-154 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Stony Plain TransAlta Utilities Whitewood Mine Extension FjPp-38 to 46 Corporation 02-155 Bail, B.F. Altamira Consulting Ltd. St Albert Infrastructure St Albert Bypass Systems Ltd. 02-156 Ball, B.F. Altamira Consulting Ltd. St Albert Stewart Weir & Co. St Albert road construction Ltd. 02-157 Gryba, E.M. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Manning Manning Diversified Manning Diversified Forestry 2002 Forest Products Ltd. 02-158 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Donalda Centrica Canada Centrica Donalda 4-3-43-19-W4M drilling NA inc. Limited lease and access road 02-159 Malasiuk, J.A. FMA Heritage Resources Patricia Solex Development Wellsites in SE 1-21-12-W4M EeOv-124, 125 Consultants Inc. Corp. *

Permit Holder Affiliation locale Developer Project Sites 02-160 Vivian, B.C.C. Lifeways of Canada Calgary City of Calgary Calgary - Crestview Estates - EgPn-434 U EgPn-434 Limited Engineering Mitigation Waterworks 02-161 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Bassano Marathon Canada Marathon Eyremore 6-18-19-18-W4M & EcPe-24; U EdPc- Services Limited 6-5-18-20-W4M wellsites 252, 253 02-162 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Carstairs Alberta Highway 2A:12 improvements - UEjPm-10 Ltd. Infrastructure assessment of impact to EjPm~10 02-163 Tischer, J.C. FMA Heritage Resources Anzac Conoco Canada Conoco Surmont In-Situ (SAGD) Oil HbOr-4 Consultants Inc. Limited Sands development 02-164 Rollans, M.L. Alberta Western Heritage Elnora 981384 Alberta Ltd. 981384 Elnora 8-10-34-22 W4M NA Inc. 02-165 Hanna, D.T. Morley Mesken Contracting Gravel borrow source in 7-25-5-W5M NA Bison Historical Services Limited Ltd. 02-166 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Whitecourt Tusk Energy Inc. Tusk et al Whitecourt 8-24-60-12 W5M NA (drilled from 5-19-60-11-W5M) 02-167 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Whitecourt Anadarko Canada Grizzly pipeline NA Ltd. Corporation 02-168 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Cavendish EOG Resources EOG Bindloss 9-9-22-4-W4M; 3-9-22-4- U EfOo-86 Consultants Canada Inc. W4M; 103/6-10-22-4-W4M; 9-10-22-4- W4M 02-169 Clavelle, CM. Historical Resource Calgary Cabykai Holdings River Spirit Golf Club mitigation of EgPo- U EgPo-77 Management Ltd. 77 02-170 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Whitecourt Miliar Western Millar Western 2002/2003 AOP Forest Inc. Forest Products, Harvest Plan Whitecourt Office 02-171 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Grande Prairie; Canadian Forest CanFor 2002/2003 AOP Forest Harvest Inc. Grand Cache; Products (CanFor), Plan Fox Creek; Grand Prairie Office Valleyview 02-172 Finnigan, J.T. Western Heritage Chavin Talisman Energy Talisman 10D Chauvs 10-2-43-3-W4M; NA Services Inc. Inc. Talisman 15D Chauvs 15-2-43-3-W4M; Talisman 9B Chauvs 9-2-43-3-W4M; 5B- 7-43-3-W4M; flowlines in SE 35 to NE 36-43-3-W4M 02-173 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Lac La Biche R. Birkili R. Birkili Professional Corporation U GfPa~15, 16 Professional subdivision in NW-31-68-14-W4 Corporation 02-174 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Fort Vermilion; Little River Cree Highway 58 Expansion !dPq-2, 3; lePm-1 Inc. Fox Lake Nation of High Level 02-175 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Peace River; Daishowa-Marubeni Daishowa-Marubeni international Inc Inc. High Level International Inc. 2002/2003 AOP Forest Harvest Plan co 02-176 Bereziuk, D.A. Alberta Western Heritage Whitecourt; Blue Ridge Lumber Blue Ridge Lumber 2002/2003 AOP -J Inc. Swan Hills Forest Harvest Plan -n 02-177 Unfreed, W.J. FMA Heritage Resources Fort Chipewyan Athabasca Old Fort Point community development Consultants Inc. Chipewyan First Nation w ro

0 Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites > 02-178 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Hilda EOG Resources EOG Medicine Hat 2-10-19-2-W4M; NA c? Consultants Canada Inc. EOG Medicine Hat 6-10-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 14-10-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 16-10-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 7-17-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 9-17-19-2-W4M; s. EOG Medicine Hat 16-17-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 2-18-19-2-W4M; I EOG Medicine Hat 9-18-19-2-W4M; 73 EOG Medicine Hat 1-23-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 2-23-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 4-23-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 14-23-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 16-23-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 2-22-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 7-26-19-2-W4M; EOG Medicine Hat 9-26-19-2-W4M 02-179 Green, D.C. Golder Associates Ltd. Fort McMurray Suncor Energy Ltd. Bitumen 55 Tailings Pond HfOt-3 02-180 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage High Level Footner Forest Footner FMA Inc. Products Ltd. 02-181 Peach, K. FMA Heritage Resources Calgary Alberta Stoney Trail (Calgary) EgPm-325; EgPn Consultants Inc. Transportation 667; EhPm-95 02-182 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage High Level Tolko Industries Ltd. Tolko FMA Inc. 02-183 Meyer, D.A. Lifeways of Canada Peace River Shell Canada Shell Peace River Enhanced Oil Limited Limited Recovery project 02-184 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Drumheller EnCana Pipeline right of way NE 18 & SE 19-24- EgPc-16, 17 Ltd. Corporation 18-W4M 02-185 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Jenner Promax Energy Inc. Promax et al Atlee-Buffalo 10-8-23-8- NA Services W4M 02-186 Murphy, B.M. Bison Historical Services Picture Butte EnCana EGA ECR 10B Robin 10-28-13-20-W4M; EaPe-141 Ltd. Corporation ECA ECR 14A Robin 14-28-13-20-W4M 02-187 Hrychuk, B.i. Landsong Heritage Cherry Point Taurus Exploration Pipeline from 4-20-82-13-W6M to 15-17- NA Consulting Ltd. Canada Ltd. 82-13-W6M 02-188 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Edmonton City of Edmonton Edmonton - Riverside Golf Course NA Maintenance Yard 02-189 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Rocky Infrastructure Hwy 11 A: 02 North Saskatchewan bridge NA Mountain Systems Ltd. construction and road realignment House 02-190 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Hilda Petro-Canada Oil PC Medicine Hat 5-21-16-3-W4M; PC EcOo-57, 58; U Services and Gas Medicine Hat 13-27-16-3-W4M; Pipeline EbOo-41 Right-Of-Way SE corner 27-15-4-W4 to 2-27-15-4-W4 02-191 Poole, C.P. ARESCO Ltd. Calgary Fort Calgary Landscaping at Fort Calgary Historic U EgPm-5 Historic Park Park Permit Holder Affiliation locate Developer Project Sites 02-192 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Edmonton City of Edmonton, Storm sewer extension, Selkirk Hotel, Fort Edmonton Fort Edmonton Historical Foundation 02-193 Pyszczyk, H.W. Archaeological Survey, Lac La Biche Collection and excavation of disturbed U GeOx-9 Alberta Community area at GeOx-9 Development 02-194 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Bow Island Husky Oil Husky Bow Island 3-34-11-11-W4M DIOu-76, 77; U Operations Ltd. DIOu-67, 68 02-195 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Manyberries Ketch Energy Ltd. Class II pipeline in S1/2 Sec 33 & S1/2 NA Services Sec 34-5-4-W4M 02-196 Hrychuk, B.I. Landsong Heritage Rainbow Lake; Murphy Canada Hamburg area pipiine Consulting Ltd. Manning Exploration Ltd. 02-197 Peach, K. FMA Heritage Resources Cluny EnCana PCE PCR Gleichen 13-9-22-21 W4M NA Consultants Inc. Corporation wellsite 02-198 Ramsay, CL. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Calgary City of Calgary Twinning of Anderson Road from 24th St SW to 37th St SW and Twinning of 37th St SW from Anderson south to 146th Ave SW 02-199 Poole, C.P. ARESCO Ltd. Fort Macleod Vision Quest Wind McBride Lake Area Wind Power Electric DjPi-2 to 25; DjPj- Electric Inc. Generation 15 to 26 02-200 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. St. Albert Bascor Proposed subdivision River Lot 64 St. Developments Ltd. Albert Settlement 02-201 Goldsmith, A.S. Bison Historical Services Cessford Alberta Deadfish Dam Rehabilitation EfOw-25 to 31 Ltd. Transportation 02-202 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Bodo Murphy Oil Murphy 1D-31-36-1 W4M; Murphy 7C-5- U FaOm-1 Inc. Company Ltd. 37-1 W4M; 104/12 Provo 12-32-36-1- W4M; 102/93 Provost 9-31-36-1-W4M wellsites and access road 02-203 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services High Level Husky Energy Inc. Evergreen gas gathering system Ltd. 02-204 Wondrasek, R.J. R & W Archaeological Edmonton Bison Pipeline Ltd. Bison pipeline project, Twps 53-97, Rges Consultants 7-23, W4M 02-205 Rollans, M.L. Alberta Western Heritage Buffalo Conoco Canada Pipeline in NW 14-21-6-W4M and SW EeOq-88 Inc. Resources Limited 23-21-6-W4M 02-206 Hrychuk, B.l. Landsong Heritage Lymburn EnCana Pipeline from wellsite a-63~A 93-P-8 to 6- NA Consulting Ltd. Corporation 17-73-13 W6M 02-207 Tischer, J.C. FMA Heritage Resources Lathom EnCana Lathom West Deep Gas Tie-ins in 9-26- U EdPc-45, 46 Consultants Inc. Corporation 19-18 to 4-35-19-18-W4M; 2-28-19-18 to 9-28-19-18-W4M; 9-35-19-18 to 16-35- f 19-18-W4M; 9-26-19-18 to 3-26-19-18- CO W4M m 02-208 Blower, D. FMA Heritage Resources Galahad ATCO Pipelines Pipeline from SW 29-40-15-W4M to SW NA B. Consultants Inc. Limited 36-40-16-W4M ro 02-209 Goldsmith, A.S. Bison Historical Services Tilley EnCana Tilley 2002 Activity Program EcOu-10 Ltd. Corporation £ cvT Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites > 02-210 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Buffalo City of Medcine Hat City of MEDH ATL-BUFF 14-32-22-6-W4; EfOq-91 City of MEDH ATL-BUFF 14-17-22-6-W4; City of MEDH ATL-BUFF 16-19-22-6-W4; City of MEDH 02 ATL-BUFF 11-18-22-6- W4; City of MEDH ATL-BUFF 14-20-22- 6-W4; City of MEDH 02 ATL-BUFF 16- 31-22-6-W4 02-211 Tischer, J.C. FMA Heritage Resources Hilicrest Trident Exploration wellsite 19-7-3-W5 Consultants inc. 73 02-212 Blower, D. FMA Heritage Resources Rowley CEC Resources Ltd. Rowley 2002-1 2D ElPe-48; U EkPe- Consultants inc. 3; EIPe-39; ElPe- 40; EIPe-41 02-213 Middieton, H.K. Arrow Ltd. Jenner Husky Energy Inc. Wellsite in 22-22-9-W4M EfOt-152to156; U EfOt-62 02-214 Stryd, A.H. Areas Consulting Brooks Moxie Exploration Moxie Eyremore 11-7-19-18 W4M na Archaeologists Ltd. wellsite and access road 02-215 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Bindloss City of Medicine Hat Services 02-216 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Manyberries ARC Resources Ltd. ARC Manyberries 4-20-5-4 U DiOp-95 Services 02-217 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Sherwood Park Raekay Holdings Boag Lake Estates Ltd. 02-218 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Bentley Gyori, D. Sandy Point, Gull Lake subdivision 02-219 Ramsay, CL. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Fincastle Lamb Weston Irrigation canal north of Fincastle DIPa-17, 18 02-220 Light, J.A. Historical Resource Edson Burlington Wolf Creek North pipeline loop Management Resources Canada Ltd. 02-221 Kowal, W.A. Altamira Consulting Ltd. Hardisty Penn West Albers development na Petroleum Ltd. 02-222 Green, D.C. Golder Associates Ltd. Manyberries Tiverton Petroleums Tiverton Manyberries 2002 fall/winter Ltd. drilling program 02-223 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Stettler Centrica Canada Centrica pipeline in Sec 25 & 36-40-20- Ltd. Limited W4M 02-224 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Spondin EnerMark Inc. Enermark Garden Plains 15-18-33-12- Ltd. W4M wellsite, pipeline and access road 02-225 Wood, B.P. Arrow Ltd. Manyberries Bonavista Bonavista 3-23-5-5-W4M wellsite Petroleum Ltd. 02-226 Tischer, J.C. FMA Heritage Resources Duchess EnCana EGA ECR 4B Verger 4-33-22-14-W4M; Consultants Inc. Corporation EGA ECR 2B Verger 2-5-22-14-W4M; EGA ECR 4B Verger 4-5-22-14-W4M; EGA ECR 15C Verger 15-5-22-14-W4M; EGA ECR 2C Verger 2-1-22-15-W4M; EGA ECR 2C Verger 10-1-22-15-W4M wellsites and access roads Permit Holder Affiliation Locale Developer Project Sites 02-227 Pyszczyk, H.W. Archaeological Survey, High Level Northwest Company / Hudson's Bay U iaQf-1, 2 Alberta Community Company Fort Vermilion I 1998-1830 Development (IaQf-1); Early Century Fur Trade Post (laQf-2) 02-228 Gibson, T.H. Alberta Western Heritage Fort McMurray; Alberta Pacific ALPAC FMA harvest blocks, road Inc. Conklin Forest Industries developments, fire salvage program Ltd. 02-229 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Manyberries EnCana EnCana Manyberries well pad and Ltd. Corporation access road 02-230 Blower, D. FMA Heritage Resources Calgary Ash Arora Calgary - Central Springbank Consultants Inc. 02-231 Blower, D. FMA Heritage Resources Canmore Frank Kernick Canmore - Restwell Trainer Park and Consultants Inc. Cabins 02-232 May, B.H. Alberta Western Heritage Edmonton Melcor Edmonton - Heritage Valley Inc. Developments Ltd. 02-233 Ramsay, A.M. Stantec Consulting Ltd. Calgary United Inc. Devcon Lands subdivision 02-234 Goldsmith, A.S. Bison Historical Services Red Deer Alberta Highway 11:12 Upgrade Ltd. Transportation 02-235 Biower, D. FMA Heritage Resources Duchess EnCana Encana Verger wellsites in 10-35-21-14- Consultants Inc. Corporation W4M and 2-27-22-14-W4M 02-236 Rollans, M.L. Alberta Western Heritage Hanna Conoco Canada Conoco Hanna 16-27 to 5-26-31-15- Inc. Resources Limited W4M pipeline 02-237 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Manyberries Markedon Energy Wellsites in LSD 14 & 15-15-5-5-W4M DiOp-96 Services Ltd. 02-238 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Drumheller MarkWest Princess 12-9-21-12-W4M; Princess 15- Resources Canada 3-21-12-W4M; 02 Princess 16-4-21-12- Corp. W4M wellsites 02-239 Goldsmith, A.S. Bison Historical Services Hussar EnCana Countess gas storage compressor and Ltd. Corporation pipeline system 02-240 Hanna, D.T. Bison Historical Services Hussar TransCanada Chancellor Extension Ltd. Pipelines Ltd. 02-241 Gryba, E.M. self employed Brooks Planning Protocol Lake Newell Resort subdivision U EdOx-13, 16 Inc. expansion and mitigation of sites EdOx- 13&16 02-242 Dau, B.J. BD Archaeological Jenner ARC Resources Ltd. Jenner area pipeline Services 02-243 Tischer, J.C. Fedirchuk McCullough & Cold Lake Husky Energy Inc. SAGD Husky Tucker Lake heavy oil Associates Ltd. development 02-244 Bouchet-Bert, L. Golder Associates Ltd. Manyberries Bonavista Bonavista Manyberries 9-25-5-5-W4M & Petroleum Ltd. 12-25-5-W4M 02-245 Turney, M.H.J. Bison Historical Services Calmar County of Leduc Winding Creek drainage project CO Ltd. -^ T|

& Wahkpa Chu'gn Buffalo Jump Grand Opening In Memory Henry Robert Anderson Havre, Montana, June 22, 2002 Henry was born in St. Vital, MB, on March 18, 1929 Excerpted in part from "Welcome to the Wahkpa Chu gn Buf­ and spent his early years in the Dugald district. Henry falo Jump " brochure was a teacher who began his career in the Swan River valley in 1950. While there, he met, and later married, Wahkpa Chu'gn is a prehistoric buffalo jump, camp and Winona MacLennan in 1955 moving to Oyen, AB of killsite. Discovered in the fall of 1961 by John Brumley, the that year. Henry taught for 36 years, 24 years as an Elec­ site is situated on lands owned by Hill County. The site is tronics Instructor at the Lethbridge Collegiate Institute. managed on behalf of the H. Earl Clack Museum by John and Anna Brumley. The site has been kept in its natural state Henry was an amateur radio operator for over 50 years., with deposits remaining exactly as they were found. A few a scoutaiaster (Oyen, Vulcan), and was an excellent displays have been added to help explain what events took woodworker. His interest in archaeology led to a degree place here. in the subject and he spent many happy summers visit­ ing sites in Mexico and working as a volunteer at "digs" Three archaeological cultures used the site at different times. in southern Alberta. He was past President of the Leth­ The earliest peoples were known as Besant, who used the bridge Archaeological Society. site extensively a number of times between 2,000 and 1,500 years ago. After its use by the Besant, the site was abandoned - The Lethbridge Herald, June 29, 2002 for a 200 to 300 year period. The site was then used briefly by a culture known as Avonlea somewhere between 1,200 Armin Jacob Dyck and 1,300 years ago. Almost immediately thereafter it started MR. ARMIN JACOB DYCK, beloved husband and being used by a third culture known as Saddle Butte who friend of Geraldine Dyck, passed away Sunday, Octo­ continued using the site extensively until about 600 years ber 20, 2002, at the Coaldale Health Care Centre at the ago when the site was again abandoned for the last and final age of 68 years. Armin possessed a great respect for prai­ time. rie archaeology and was among a select few of recog­ nized amateur archaeologists. He is credited with the Exhibits 1962 discovery of a 9,000 year-old buffalo kill site in Top of the hill: The animals were run over the hill. If the fall southeastern Alberta. His immediate reporting of the find itself did not kill the animal, a corral or pound structure at to the University of Calgary archaeology department both the east and west end of the site allowed the animal to insured the site's integrity was maintained for proper be corralled for an easy kill. Some erosion has taken place scientific investigation. over the last 2,000 years. Employed by the Alberta Department of Agriculture from Is' exhibit house: The animals were killed in situ. Large pieces 1966 to 1992, Armin entered the work world as a farm of meat were cut off the animals and taken to the other end of hand, followed by many years on road construction. It the site to be processed leaving the large bones behind. A was while working on the construction of Scenic Drive decayed post was found in the middle of two skulls. This in Lethbridge that he unearthed a 10,000 year-old Clovis represents a portion of the pound structure. The black soil Point arrowhead, which is among the oldest artifacts of underneath represents fire. Sometimes when the Native its type ever found in North America. Americans were going to leave they would burn the corral. - The Lethbridge Herald 2nd exhibit house: The presence of large bones indicates that animals were killed at this site as well. The Besant peoples Editor's Note: Armin, a long-time member of the Leth­ used the atlatl, while the Avonlea and Saddle Butte peoples bridge Centre of the Archaeological Society of Alberta, used the bow and arrow. conscientiously reported any archaeological finds. One 4"' exhibit house: All three of the Native American cultures site, eroding out of a bank along the Milk River, was are present at this site. The Besant peoples were still just carefully salvaged, described and photographed. The ar­ killing the animal; however, at this location within the over­ tifacts were then stored at the University of Calgary, De­ all site the Avonlea and Saddle Butte peoples were heavily partment of Archaeology. into processing the animal. No evidence in the site area has been found of where the Besant peoples did the processing of their animals. It is believed they camped further to the west outside of the current site area. Following the Official Opening, one could visit the various th exhibits or watch demonstrations of stone boiling techniques, 5 exhibit house: The lower two bone layers date back 2,000 stone tool manufacture/flintknapping, partake in atlatl throw­ years and were left by the Besant peoples. Evidence of the ing, or view an actual buffalo hide lodge with all period fur­ corral structure were also found at this site. The upper layers nishings. A large contingent of the Medicine Hat Chapter of represent the Saddle Butte peoples. They were heavily into the Archaeological Society of Alberta were at hand for vol­ processing the animal at this site as well. unteering with the many tasks at hand.

36 The Alberta Archaeological Review