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Study on Surface Water Availability for Future Water Demand for Dhaka City

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STUDY ON SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE WATER DEMAND FOR DHAKA CITY MD EHSANUL HAQUE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING) DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHAKA, BANGLADESH FEBRUARY, 2018 STUDY ON SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE WATER DEMAND FOR DHAKA CITY by Md Ehsanul Haque A thesis submitted to the Department of Water Resources Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING) DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHAKA, BANGLADESH February, 2018 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL Signature of the Student Md Ehsanul Haque Signature of the Supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Abdul Matin iii ii To My Father Late Lt Col Shamsul Haque & My Mother Mrs Suraiya Haque iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are solely to the most merciful and beneficent Almighty Allah for enabling the author to complete the research work and to prepare this manuscript for fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Water Resources Engineering. The author deems it is a great pleasure and honor to express his deep sense of gratitude, heartfelt indebtedness and sincere appreciation to his Thesis Supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Abdul. Matin, Department of Water Resources Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology for providing scholastic guidance, supervision and affectionate inspiration for successful achievement and outstanding contribution of the research work as well as preparation of this thesis. The author extends his sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to his research to the distinguished members Professor Dr. M. R. Kabir, Professor Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Ali, Professor Dr. Md. Sabbir Mostafa Khan, Professor Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman, Professor Dr. Afzal Ahmed and Professor Dr. Md. Mostafa Ali for their profound interest, valued suggestions, and praiseworthy co-operation for the accomplishment of the research work. The author would like to express his deep sense of respect to all other teachers and staffs of the Department of Water Resources Engineering for their valuable teaching, suggestions and encouragement for improving his academic knowledge during the period of his study degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The author feels it necessary to express his indebtedness to S. M. Mahbubur Rahman and Dr. Asif Zaman for their great assistance during analyses work. The author expresses the deepest respect and love for his familiar members who have been supporting him for his successful life. Finally, the author also expresses profound indebtedness to his beloved mother, inspiring wife and sweet daughter for their honest and heartfelt co-operation during every moment of the research work. The Author iv ABSTRACT Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is one of the fastest growing cities of the world. It remains a great challenge to ensure uninterrupted water supply in the city with adequate quantity and quality round the year. Necessary measures are undertaken to meet the growing demand of water supply which is presently dependent on abstraction of groundwater. It appears that no further abstraction is feasible as the groundwater level is declining very fast. To reduce the overwhelming dependence on groundwater resources, surface water in the vicinity of the Dhaka city can be utilized. This study deals with the surface water availability to meet the growing demand of Dhaka city water supply. Primarily, the existing water supply system of the city has been reviewed to ascertain the possible reasons of water supply crisis. Review illustrated that rapid groundwater depletion caused by excessive extraction, extreme surface water pollution through industrial waste and sewage disposal are the major reasons of water crisis of the city. Realizing the necessity to explore options of water supply system, potentials of all available sources were critically examined through a detail analysis involving tools such as survey, investigation, test of water quality parameter, preparation of flow and water level hydrographs, determination of environmental flow and hydrodynamic HEC-RAS model analysis. The study includes water demand and population projection upto 2035. The city is surrounded by six rivers i.e., Balu, Buriganga, Sitalakhya, Dhaleswari, Turag and Tongi khal and more so connected with two nearby large rivers such as Padma and Meghna. The quality of water of all these surface water sources has been studied. Analyses showed that the Balu, Buriganga, Turag and Tongi khal contain more pollutant in dry season. However, for Dhaleswari, Sitalakhya, Padma and Meghna contain lesser pollution. The situation worsens in dry season due to lack of precipitation and reduced upstream flow resulting in low DO and high concentration BOD, COD, ammonium and phosphate. The assessment revealed that the water of Dhaleswari, Sitalakhya, Padma and Meghna remain usable after treatment throughout the year. The water quality from the rivers Balu, Buriganga, Turag and Tongi khal found to be improved for the wet period from May to November. To determine the water availability, flow and water level hydrographs of 10 years from 2006 to 2016 have been used for the analyses. The flow v exceedance curve was prepared for the analysis of determination of environmental flow. The environmental flow was calculated by Tenant, Q50 and Q90 methods. The aspects of navigability of the rivers have also been considered to assess the impact of water withdrawal from the selected sources. Thus, the absrtactable water was determined from the available flow. Hydrodynamic of the river network using HEC-RAS was simulated for various abstraction scenarios. It was observed that water velocity, depth and water level of the selected rivers also decreased from the base flow condition after withdrawal of required water. In terms of availability, it was observed that Buriganga, Balu, Sitalakhya, Dhaleswari, Padma and Meghna are good source of surface water. These sources can provide total amount of estimated future demand subjected to proper treatment upto year 2035. An evaluation has also been made for the surface water sources considering their available quantity, required quality and cost effectiveness. In terms of cost effectiveness, it was found that peripheral rivers are more economical compared to large rivers due to nearby location from the city. Thus, from both data analysis and model simulation, it is evident that surface water from rivers can solve the water crisis of the Dhaka City. The operation plan for future water demand as proposed in this study will be able to provide water requirements till the year 2035. It can be opined that results and suggestions put forward in this study can be considered as an initial step towards successful attainment of sustainable development goals for water management and sanitation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration………………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………… iii Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………. vi List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………….. xi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………… xvi List of Abbrebiations ……………………………………………………………………… xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….………... 1 1.1 General …………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Rationale of this Study ................................................................................. 4 1.3 Study Area .....................…………………………………….............……. 6 1.4 Brief Description of the Peripheral Rivers System ………………………. 8 1.5 Scope and Objectives of the study ……………………………………….. 10 1.6 Organization of the Report.……………………………………………… 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………….... 12 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2 Description of Water Quality Parameters ...................................................... 12 2.3 Quantification of Water Availability …………………………………….... 17 2.3.1 Flow Duration Curve ..................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Environmental Flow ....................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Use of Mathematical Model (HEC-RAS)....................................................... 18 2.4 Review of Water Supply Assessment in Various Countries .......................... 19 2.4.1 Water Demand Management in Srilanka ....................................................... 21 2.4.2 Water Supply Management in India .............................................................. 22 2.4.3 Water Supply Management in Nepal.............................................................. 23 2.4.4 Surface Water Management Plan (SWMP) in London.................................... 24 2.4.5 Surface Water Management Plan in New York, USA... ....... ....... ................. 26 2.5 Water Supply Scenario in Different Cities ...................................................... 27 vi 2.6 System Loss in Different Cities....................................................................... 28 2.7 Review of Studies on Surface Water Quality of rivers around Dhaka City..... 28 2.8 Review of Previous Studies on Groundwater Quality ..................................... 32 2.9 Deep Tube Wells Operated by Private Agencies .................. ......... ................... 34 2.10 Relevant Studies of Dhaka Water and Sewage Authority (DWASA)................
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