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HEAVY METAL EXPLORATION IN WATER AND FISH FROM BANGSHI RIVER AT MIRZAPUR AREA UNDER OF

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Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 30, 7-12, 2016 @ BAED ISSN 1561-9206 HEAVY METAL EXPLORATION IN WATER AND FISH FROM BANGSHI RIVER AT MIRZAPUR AREA UNDER TANGAIL DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

M. Rehnuma, M. S. Islam, N. T. Meghla and M. H. Kabir Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal concentration in water and Fish (Tengra: Mystus vittatus) of the Bangshi River at Mirzapur upazila in Tangail district, Bangladesh during the period from July 2015 to February 2016.The water samples were collected from three different stations indicated as St-1 (Mirzapur municipality), St-2 (Gorai) and St-3 (Ajgana), and fish samples were collected from only station-3 during the period from July to September 2015 (wet season) and December 2015 to February 2016 (dry season) to analyze different heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The water and fish samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in water were ranged from 0.005 to 0.016, 0.0005 to 0.0009, 0.04 to 0.06, 0.78 to 1.39 and 1.30 to 1.94 ppm, respectively during the wet season and 0.011 to 0.021, 0.0011 to 0.0019, 0.07 to 0.13, 1.32 to 2.05 and 2.06 to 3.05 ppm, respectively during the dry season. All the metal concentrations in water except Mn were within the standard levels for domestic use, surface water, fisheries and irrigation purpose. The concentration of Mn exceeded the standard level this might be due to the emission from battery, glass and textile industry and runoff from agricultural land. In Tengra fish (M. vittatus) the level of Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn were 0.21, 0.02, 0.65, 3.45 and 5.81 mg/kg, respectively during the wet season, and 0.18, 0.023, 0.77, 2.80 and 5.67 mg/kg, respectively during the dry season. The heavy metal concentrations in fish were within the permissible limit compared to standard values. The study revealed that the water and fish of Bangshi river is not completely safe for human consumption. So, to maintain the sound and healthy ecosystem of the river and surrounding areas, proper management and monitoring of water quality of the river should be taken immediately. Key words: Bangshi river, heavy metal, water, fish.

Introduction

Pollution of heavy metals in aquatic system is growing at an alarming rate and has become an important worldwide problem due to their potential toxic effect and ability to bioaccumulate in the tissues of living organisms (Malik et al., 2010). Heavy metals have toxic properties, leading to adverse effects on human health and ecosystem even in small doses. Another problem-causing property is their non-degradability. Once they enter the environment they will remain there for long time (Mahfuza, 2012). Heavy metals enter the aquatic environment through various natural methods and human activities, and can accumulate in fish and other organisms. Industrial wastes, geochemical structure and mining of metals create a potential source of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment (Gupta et al., 2009). Accumulation in the food chain may lead to an increased stock in biota, thereby magnifying the human dose (Ahmed et al., 2012). Therefore, the problem of heavy metal contamination in fishes is increasing global attention (Rahman et al., 2012). Exposure to heavy metals has linked to several human diseases such as development retardation or malformation, kidney damage, cancer, abortion, effect on intelligence and behavior, and even death in some cases of exposure to very high concentrations.

The water qualities of the rivers of Bangladesh are getting highly polluted day by day (Alam et al., 2007). Many of the rivers water get polluted from untreated industrial effluents, municipal waste, agricultural waste, sewage disposal, etc. (Hasan et al., 2014). Bangshi river is one of the most important rivers in the central part of Bangladesh in respect to irrigation, fisheries, transportation, recreational uses and so on. The water of Bangshi river is undergoing continuous changes in terms of quality day by day due to discharge of industrial wastewater to the river, agricultural runoff and dumping of solid waste beside the river. Different 7

Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 30, 2016 kinds of industries are found closely connected alongside the Bangshi river such as glass industry, textile industry (Hoque et al., 2012). The water of the river is also getting polluted due to indiscriminate dumping of solid waste beside the river. A very few study is available on water quality of Bangshi river. Thus the present study was an attempt to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in water and fish (Tengra: Mystus vittatus) of Bangshi river in Mirzapur, Tangail, Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted in the Bangshi river at Mirzapur upazila of Tangail district, Bangladesh during the period from July 2015 to February 2016. There were three sampling stations selected for this study, indicated as St-1: located at latitude 24˚06′34′′ N and longitude 90˚05′50′′ E in Mirzapur municipality (locally called Ferangi ghat); St-2: located at latitude 24˚06′12′′ N and longitude 90˚08′34′′ E in Gorai (locally called Kodaliaghat); and St-3: located at latitude 24˚07′82′′ N and longitude 90˚10′26′′ E in Ajgana (locally called Hatubhanga ghat). The Bangshi was a distributary river of the old Brahmaputra flowed in the southwardly direction through Tangail and discharged in the river Dhaleshwari near at Dhaka (Kabir, 2014). On the other hand, the commonly consumed one fish species Tengra (Mystus vittatus) were collected from only St-3 directly from fisherman, during the wet season (July to September 2015) and dry the season (December 2015 to February 2016), respectively. Water samples were collected by 500 ml plastic bottles with double stoppers from each sampling points. The bottle were cleaned and washed with detergent solution and treated with 5% nitric acid (HNO3) over night before sampling. Finally the bottles were rinsed with deionized water and died. After sampling, the bottles were screwed carefully and labeled properly for identification. After collection of fish samples from fisherman the samples were preserved at - 20˚C for the analysis of heavy metal. The prepared samples were taken in vials and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (Model: AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan).The collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper form and were subjected to statistical analysis. The Microsoft Office Excel software was used to present and interpret the collected data.

Results and Discussion

The concentration of Pb in the river water was ranged from 0.005 to 0.016 and 0.011 to 0.021 ppm during the wet and dry season, respectively. The highest concentration of Pb (0.021 ppm) was found at St-2 and St-3 in dry season and the lowest concentration (0.005 ppm) was found at St-1 in wet season (Table 1). Mean concentration of Pb 0.01 and 0.017 ppm was found during wet and dry season, which were lower than the domestic, irrigation, fishing and surface water standard levels given by De (2005), ADB (1994), and Ayers and Westcot (1976). Yasmeen et al. (2012) found concentration of Pb in the water during wet season <0.01, 0.011 and 0.0403 ppm in different location of the river. Ahmad et al. (2010) observed the concentration of Pb ranged from 0.058 ppm during pre-monsoon to 0.072 ppm during monsoon season in the Buriganga river, which are more or less similar with the present study.

The concentrations of Cd were found to vary from 0.0005 to 0.0009 and 0.0011 to 0.0019 ppm in wet and dry season, respectively. The highest concentration of Cd (0.0019 ppm) was found at St-3 during dry season and lowest concentration (0.0005 ppm) was found at St-1 during wet season. All the stations during the dry season showed slightly higher concentration of Cd than the wet season (Table 1). The lower level of Cd during the wet season is might be due to the dilution of river water by rain water as well as runoff. The mean concentration of Cd along the river was 0.0008 and 0.0016 ppm during wet and dry season, respectively which were much lower than the domestic, irrigation, fishing and surface water standard levels (Table 2). Meghla et al. (2013) reported that the mean concentration of Cd in the water ranges from 0.09 to 0.13, 0.15 to 0.20 and -0.04 to -0.10 ppm during post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon season, respectively. Ahmad et al. (2010) studied that the concentration of Cd ranged from 0.007 ppm during pre-monsoon to 0.012 ppm during monsoon in the Buriganga river. These values are comparatively higher than the present study; this might be due to the presence of large scale pollution sources in the bank of the river. 8

Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 30, 2016 Table 1.Concentration of heavy metals in water of Bangshiriver during the wet and dry season

Heavy metals Sampling Wet season (Jul. - Sep.) Dry season (Dec. - Feb.) stations Avg. (N=3) Range Avg. (N=3) Range St-1 0.007 0.014 0.005 St-2 0.011 0.018 0.011 Pb (ppm) - - St-3 0.013 0.019 0.016 0.021 Mean±SD 0.01±0.003 0.017±0.003 St-1 0.0007 0.001 0.0005 St-2 0.0008 0.001 0.0011 Cd (ppm) - - St-3 0.0008 0.001 0.0009 0.0019 Mean±SD 0.0008±0.0001 0.0016±0.0001 St-1 0.04 0.09 0.04 St-2 0.06 0.09 0.09 Cu (ppm) - - St-3 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.13 Mean±SD 0.05±0.01 0.09±0.01 St-1 0.91 1.55 0.78 St-2 1.07 1.63 1.32 Mn (ppm) - - St-3 1.14 1.87 1.39 2.05 Mean±SD 1.04±0.12 1.68±0.17 St-1 1.49 2.33 1.30 St-2 1.69 2.50 2.06 Zn (ppm) - - St-3 1.74 2.87 1.94 3.05 Mean±SD 1.64±0.13 2.57±0.28

Note: Avg.=Average

The concentration of Cu in the river water was ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 and 0.09 to 0.13 ppm during the wet and dry season, respectively. The highest concentration of Cu (0.13 ppm) was found at St-3 during the dry season and the lowest concentration (0.04 ppm) was found at St-1 and St-3 during wet season (Table 1). The mean concentration of Cu along the river was 0.05 and 0.09 ppm during the wet and dry season, respectively which were lower than the domestic, irrigation, fishing and surface water standard levels (Table 2). Islam et al. (2012) recorded that the concentration of Cu of the water during the monsoon and dry season were 0.0122 and 0.0189 ppm, respectively. Meghla et al. (2013) found that the water samples of Turag river contained significant amount of Cu ranged from 0.01 to 0.02, 0.02 to 0.03 and -0.27 to -0.21 ppm during post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, respectively which are lower than the present study.

The concentration of Mn in the Bangshi river water ranges from 0.78 to 1.39 and 1.32 to 2.05 ppm in the wet and dry season, respectively. The highest concentration of Mn (2.05 ppm) was found at St-3 during dry season and lowest concentration (0.78 ppm) was found at St-1 during wet season. The mean concentration of Mn along the river water was 1.04 and 1.68 ppm during the wet and dry season, respectively which were higher than the domestic, irrigation, fishing and surface water standard limits, it could be due to the dumping of solid waste, discharging of industrial effluent and run-off from agricultural activities. Mondol et al. (2011) observed that the concentration of Mn in water of Tejgaon industrial area during the dry 9

Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 30, 2016 season ranged from 0.019 to 0.34 ppm, which is lower than the current study. Mokaddes et al. (2013) recorded that the concentration of Mn in river water of Dhaka Metropolitan City was 0.075 ppm. Faisal et al. (2014) reported that the average concentration of Mn in river water of Savar industrial area was 37.65 ppm, which is much higher than the present study, this might be due to the discharged of waste and effluent from industry and municipality, agricultural runoff etc.

The concentration of Zn recorded in the Bangshi river water ranged from 1.30 to 1.94 and 2.06 to 3.05 ppm in the wet and dry season, respectively. The highest concentration of Zn (3.05 ppm) was found at St-3 during the dry season and the lowest concentration (1.30 ppm) was found at St-1 during the wet season (Table 1). Mean concentration of Zn 1.64 and 2.57 ppm was found during the wet and dry season, respectively (Table 2), which were lower than the domestic, irrigation, fishing and surface water standard levels provided by De (2005), ADB (1994) and Ayers and Westcot (1976). Faisal et al. (2014) recorded that the average concentration of Zn 9.18 ppm in river water of Savar industrial water which is much higher than the present study, this might be due to the discharged of waste and effluent from industry and municipality, agricultural runoff etc. Hasan et al. (2014) found that the mean value of Zn during the winter and rainy season of the water 0.38±0.08 and 0.05±0.02 ppm, respectively. Mondol et al. (2011) observed that the concentration of Zn in water samples of Tejgaon industrial area during the dry season ranged from 0.01 to 0.348 ppm, these findings are lower than the current study.

Table 2. Comparison of heavy metals concentration (ppm) in water of Bangshi river with standard levels

Heavy Wet Dry Standard levels metals season season Domestic Irrigation Fisheries Surface (ppm) (De, 2005) (ADB, 1994) (ADB, 1994) (Ayers and Westcot, 1976) Pb 0.01 0.017 <0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 Cd 0.0008 0.0016 0.01 0.01 - - Cu 0.05 0.09 1 0.2 0.4 1.5 Mn 1.04 1.68 <0.05 - - - Zn 1.64 2.57 5.5 5 10 0.5

Table 3. Concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) in Tengra (Mystus vittatus) fish of the Bangshi river

Parameters Wet season Dry season Permissible level (mg/kg) (FAO, 1984) Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Pb 0.21±0.04 0.17-0.25 0.18±0.03 0.15-0.21 0.5

Cd 0.02±0.003 0.016-0.023 0.023±0.005 0.019-0.029 0.5 Cu 0.65±0.14 0.53-0.81 0.77±0.13 0.63-0.89 30 Mn 3.45±1.12 2.59-4.72 2.80±0.36 2.41-3.13 - Zn 5.81±1.5 4.21-7.19 5.67±0.94 4.81-6.67 30

The study was found that among the five studied heavy metals, Zn concentration was the highest (5.81±1.5 mg/kg), and Cd concentration was the lowest (0.02±0.003 mg/kg), while Pb, Cu and Mn were moderate in concentration compared to other heavy metals for this study (Table 3). The result revealed that all the heavy metal concentrations in fish samples were within the permissible level set by FAO (1984). The highest amount of Pb, Mn and Zn concentration were found in the wet season whereas the highest amount of Cd and Cu was found in dry season, and all the concentrations indicated that there were no significant variations in between wet and dry season. It could be due to during dry season heavy metals concentration 10

Bangladesh J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 30, 2016 in water were much higher than wet season. As a result, the fish absorbed more heavy metals during dry season and at the start of wet season their concentration increased. Generally bioaccumulation of heavy metal depends on exposed metal concentration, time of exposure, way of metal uptake, environmental conditions (temperature, pH, hardness and salinity) and intrinsic factors-fish age, feeding habits (Timbrell, 2002). Organism can uptake the metals directly or with food particles from water body and then these metals are being bound into the different parts of the body of the organism and may cause harmful effect (Gupta et al., 2009). The concentrations of all the heavy metals recorded in the fish species under this investigation were below the permissible limit approved by FAO (Table 3).

The heavy metals contamination in fishes of Bangshi river is much safer than the others. However, to maintain sound environment and healthy ecosystem of the river and the surrounding areas, identification of illegal industries set up on the bank of the river, set up of effluent treatment plant (ETP) for all industries, strict legislation for dumping of wastewater into the river, raising awareness among local people about the water pollution and their adverse effects on public health

Conclusion

From the overall discussions, it can be concluded that though the heavy metal concentration levels in both water and fish were below the permissible limits, the present status should not let continue that may get critical in near future. In order to prevent pollution from various sources appropriate steps must be taken.

Acknowledgements

Sincere gratitude due to Dr. Iqbal Bahar (Assistant Registrar, Lab), Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh, for nice cooperation during the study period.

References

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