Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 Online ISSN 2468-0842 DOI 10.1007/s13765-016-0219-y Print ISSN 2468-0834

ARTICLE

Appraisal of heavy metal status in water for irrigation usage of the Bangshi River,

M. Taufique Arefin1 . M. Mokhlesur Rahman1,2 . M. Wahid-U-Zzaman1 . Jang-Eok Kim2

Received: 26 April 2016 / Accepted: 5 July 2016 / Published online: 14 July 2016 Ó The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2016

Abstract An attempt was made to assess the status of Mn–Pb. This finding showed that Cr, Cu, and Mn ions were heavy metals in the Bangshi River water for irrigation considered contaminants in river water used for irrigation usage. River water was sampled from 20 sampling points because the present status of these metals may pose a for chemical analysis of physicochemical parameters and harmful impact on human health. metal ions. Our analyses revealed that water samples were slightly alkaline to alkaline. All samples had reasonable Keywords Bangshi River Á Heavy metal Á Irrigation Á electrical conductivity, and these samples were from low to Water medium salinity classes as being fit for irrigation on soils having moderate level of permeability. Water samples were categorized freshwater as per total dissolved solids Introduction (TDS). All water samples were excellent indicating low alkalinity hazard, based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), The presence of heavy metals in river water as contami- but most of the samples were doubtful to unsuitable for nants is a serious ecological problem. Some heavy metals soluble sodium percentage (SSP). All samples were free are toxic even at low concentrations, are nondegradable, from residual sodium carbonate (RSC) suggesting suit- and can bioaccumulate in the food chain (Abdullah 2013). ability for irrigation purpose. For water hardness, samples This is considered a global problem because of its adverse were rated as moderately hard, hard, and very hard. The effects on human and ecosystem health. The entry of status of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni in water samples were contaminants into the water environment, due to human within permissible levels but Cr, Cu, and Mn content in activities, is one of the most important issues facing water samples were in excess of recommended limits and today’s communities. Water resources are among the most these ions would be considered toxic in long-term irriga- major resources. The importance of water resources, par- tion system. Significant relationships existed between EC ticularly surface waters (e. g., rivers), in meeting the water versus TDS, SAR versus SSP, SSP versus RSC, and SAR needs of humans and industries highlights the essential versus RSC. There were significant correlations between need to protect them against contamination. As municipal metal ions: Fe–Cu, Fe–Pb, Cu–Pb, Fe–Mn, Cu–Mn, and and industrial waste enters the water, chemical contami- nants, including heavy metals, also enter water resources. Agricultural practices with untreated industrial effluents, & Jang-Eok Kim the dumping of domestic wastes, and the flow of sewage [email protected] effluents into waterways lead to water and soil pollution M. Mokhlesur Rahman (Devi et al. 2010). River water has been a recipient of [email protected] hazardous materials from domestic, industrial, and agri- 1 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh cultural runoff (Aksoy et al. 2005; Zheng et al. 2008; Dey Agricultural University, Mymensingh 202, Bangladesh et al. 2015; Saleem et al. 2015; Ali et al. 2016). The 2 School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National unplanned industrial expansion of surrounding areas in the University, Daegu 702-701, Korea 123 730 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737

Bangshi River is adversely affecting the surface water current status of heavy metal in the Bangshi River, and its quality. Growing industrialization on the banks of this river impact on agricultural crops when applied to soils as irri- in Bangladesh has resulted in a considerable increase in gation water. surface water pollution. This river water pollution, due to rapid industrialization, is very common in the study areas where polluting industries, such as textile, dyeing, leather Materials and methods tanning, chemical, and fertilizer industries are located. These industries generate a large amount of effluent Study area everyday, and most of the industrial effluents are being discharged into the Bangshi River without any treatment, The selected area was within a section of the Bangshi River thus polluting the surface water (Hossain et al. 2012; (23°51.750–23°55.470N and 90°13.550–90°14.290E) for the Rahman and Mondal 2013). Water pollution is more per- present study (Table 1). Twenty sampling points were vasive than soil or air pollution. Because of the change in identified from the adjacent agricultural crop fields irri- the hydrological pattern of the country, the contaminants gated with this river water (Fig. 1). GPS was used to find are not flushed out properly and the situation becomes out the location of each sampling site. severe during the dry season. In developing countries, like Bangladesh, where rapid Water sampling industrialization is taking place, farmers are vulnerable to water pollution. Farmers rely on surface water irrigation Water sampling points were selected to collect samples in because of its availability and cost effectiveness, but February, 2015 from the Bangshi River and this sampling industrial discharges threaten the access to suitable irriga- was started from the upstream to downstream of river. The tion water, and this could lead to a decline in crop pro- collected samples were acidified with nitric acid to a pH duction (Roy et al. 2015). In Bangladesh, industrial below 2 to minimize precipitation and absorption of metal development along the river banks is the main threat to ions on the walls of glass containers (APHA 2012). The water quality. For this reason, a long-term monitoring samples were filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. program is required to know the levels of metallic con- 42) and then transferred to the laboratory for subsequent tamination in urban rivers. Agricultural lands along the chemical analysis. Bangshi river banks are frequently irrigated to grow agri- cultural crops, such as leafy vegetables and rice particu- larly in the dry season. Farmers often complain that rice Water analysis and vegetable production is not at satisfactory level as to the use of contaminated water, more fertilizer doses are pH and EC values of samples were measured by pH and also their concern to get optimum production. EC meters (sensION, Hach, Loveland, CO, USA) follow- In agroecosystem, contaminants from anthropogenic ing the procedures as cited by Gupta (2013). TDS meter sources entering the soil–water-plant environment systems (sensION) was used to measure total dissolved solids through various matrices are concern for all communities. (TDS) values of water samples. The contents of sodium Long-term use of this contaminated irrigation water could (Na) and potassium (K) in all samples were determined lead to bioaccumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants, using flame photometer (PFP7, Jenway, Stone, UK) and the which may lead to high intake by humans and the devel- contents of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc opment of serious health problems, such as kidney damage (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and cancer (Chojnacka et al. 2005; Sharma et al. 2009; calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in water samples were Rahman et al. 2015; Samad et al. 2015). The excessive analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA- metals in river water may pose a toxic effect to plant, 7000, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a hollow cathode animal, and even human life (Kanta et al. 2014). Exposure lamp for specific metal ion (APHA 2012). Standard metal to heavy metals has contributed to several human diseases solutions were selected based on the concentration of that such as abnormal organs, kidney damage, cancer, and metal in a sample so that the optimal absorbance range was effect on intelligence and behavior. In the study area, the covered. Standard solutions of metals were prepared at incessant consumption of heavy metal accumulated rice known concentrations in deionized water. Standards were grains and vegetables affects adversely the health risks of commonly prepared from stock solutions (1000 mg/L). At the farmers. Keeping these above facts in mind, it is very first, this instrument was calibrated with the prepared important that the current heavy metal profile of the standards before chemical analysis. In water samples, Bangshi River water be determined. Taking these factors titrimetric method was used to estimate the concentration into consideration, our study focused on exploring the of carbonate (CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3) (Gupta 2013). 123 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 731

Table 1 Sampling locations in Sampling points Sampling locations Sampling points Sampling locations the Bangshi River Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Longitude (E)

123°55.470 90°13.550 11 23°53.160 90°13.840 223°55.380 90°13.560 12 23°53.080 90°13.850 323°55.270 90°13.590 13 23°52.730 90°14.000 423°55.160 90°13.620 14 23°52.590 90°14.020 523°54.230 90°13.800 15 23°52.450 90°14.030 623°54.010 90°13.710 16 23°52.330 90°14.040 723°54.750 90°13.860 17 23°52.160 90°14.050 823°53.510 90°13.880 18 23°52.030 90°14.090 923°53.360 90°13.850 19 23°51.980 90°14.140 10 23°53.250 90°13.870 20 23°51.750 90°14.290

Fig. 1 Geographic location of the study areas in the Bangshi River

The chemical analysis of each ion for water sample was chemical quality factors were computed from water ana- replicated three times. lytical results:

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) Water contamination rating A high concentration of sodium in water leads to devel- The classification of this river water for irrigation usage is opment of alkalinity (Singh et al. 2010). Sodium or alkali generally based on some defined quality factors, viz. SAR, hazard is determined by the absolute and relative concen- SSP, RSC, and hardness. To assess the status of ions in the tration of cations and is expressed in terms of SAR, which river water and its usability for irrigation, the following is determined by the following formula:

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NAþ pH, EC, and TDS values SAR ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð1Þ Ca2þþ Mg2þ 2 In water samples, pH values ranged from 7.75 to 8.37, slightly alkaline to alkaline in nature (Table 2), which was Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) within the acceptable limits (6.50–8.40; FAO, 1992) for a High concentration of sodium in water used for irrigation long-term irrigation system, and was probably due to the causes exchange of Na in water for Ca and Mg in soil, abundance of some alkaline metal ions, viz. Ca, Mg, and N eventually resulting in poor soil drainage. SSP is calculated (Todd and Mays 2005). Water samples from the Turag and by the following formula: Shitalakha Rivers in Bangladesh had similar pH values (Islam et al. 2014) as well as other recent water samples Naþ þ Kþ SSP ¼ Â 100: ð2Þ from the Bangshi River (7.04–8.16; Mahbub et al. 2014). Ca2þ þ Mg2þ þ Naþ þ Kþ EC values of water samples varied from 157.91 to 434.83 Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) lS/cm having an average value of 322.22 lS/cm (Table 2). All samples were categorized as low (C1, EC \ 250.0 lS/cm) The quantity of bicarbonate and carbonate in excess of and medium (C2, EC = 250.0–750.0 lS/cm) salinity haz- calcium and magnesium influences the suitability of water ards (Richards 1968). This water can be safely used for for irrigation purpose. The suitability of water for irrigation agricultural crops on soils having moderate permeability. is assessed by computing residual sodium carbonate (RSC) For other rivers of Bangladesh, Tareq et al. (2013)found values as follows: similar EC values (195.0–471.0 lS/cm) for water samples ÀÁÀÁ collected from the River, while EC values 2À À 2þ 2þ RSC ¼ CO3 þ HCO3 À Ca þ Mg : ð3Þ (104.0–141.0 lS/cm) for water samples from the Jamuna River were lower than those observed in the present study Hardness (HT) (Uddin et al. 2014). The estimated TDS values of water Hardness of water is caused by the presence of divalent samples ranged from 101.15 to 278.36 mg/L showing a cations like Ca2? and Mg2? (Todd and Mays 2005). mean value of 207.66 mg/L (Table 2). All samples were Hardness of water is computed by the following formula: identified as freshwater because the recorded TDS values were below 1000 mg/L (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). In other 2þ 2þ HT ¼ 2:5 Â Ca þ 4:1 Â Mg : ð4Þ Bangladesh studies, TDS values (62.0–245.0 mg/L) for All ionic concentrations are expressed as me/L but in the water samples from the were similar to case of hardness, cationic concentrations are expressed as this study (Tareq et al. 2013). On the other hand, TDS mg/L. values (106.0–131.0 mg/L) from the Jamuna River were mostly lower than those observed in the current study (Uddin et al. 2014). Statistical analysis Ca, Mg, K, and Na status Statistical analysis was accomplished from the analytical results of different river water samples (Gomez and Gomez In all water samples, the status of Ca, Mg, K, and Na were 1984). Correlation studies were performed to obtain the within the limits of 1.39 to 2.88, 0.68 to 1.92, 0.63 to 0.73, interrelationships between the metal ions and chemical and 3.54 to 6.64 me/L, with mean values of 1.90, 0.96, quality factors of water samples. In the case of each metal 0.67, and 4.78 me/L, respectively (Table 2). The concen- ion, means, standard deviations, and coefficient of varia- tration of Na ion in the water samples was higher than that tions were calculated. of any other cation under investigation. The permissible limits of Na, Ca, and Mg are 40.0, 20.0, and 5.0 me/L, respectively, but the acceptable limit of K for irrigation is 2.0 mg/L (FAO 1992). Considering these levels, these Results and discussion water samples would have no any hazardous influence on soil properties as well as crop growth as irrigation water. In The intensity of ionic contamination in river water samples India, the detected values of Ca (0.25–1.70 me/L), Mg is presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4. In all studied water (0.25–0.99 me/L), K (trace–0.10 me/L), and Na (0.04–0.22 samples, the detected dominant ions such as Ca, Mg, K, me/L) were obtained in surface water samples from the Na, and HCO3 were recorded but CO3 was not detected. In Bhagirathi and Kosi Rivers and these values were lower the present study, metal ions under consideration were than our findings (Semwal and Jangwan 2009). Kundu found in water samples. (2012) observed that the concentrations of Ca and Mg in 123 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 733

Table 2 pH, EC, TDS, and Sample ID pH EC (lS/cm) TDS (mg/L) Ca Mg K Na HCO3 ionic constituents of the (me/L) Bangshi River water samples 1 8.23 430.40 277.24 1.74 0.73 0.67 5.31 1.55 2 8.35 434.83 277.44 1.96 0.74 0.70 5.53 1.58 3 8.33 384.92 253.21 1.70 0.74 0.67 5.31 2.00 4 8.20 351.57 230.15 1.85 0.75 0.65 5.98 0.79 5 8.37 327.57 211.83 2.03 0.79 0.66 6.42 1.65 6 8.29 284.90 186.88 2.03 0.70 0.66 4.87 1.65 7 8.20 282.30 184.58 1.92 0.84 0.67 4.21 1.24 8 8.11 171.39 110.99 1.85 1.50 0.63 3.98 0.81 9 8.11 172.80 109.50 2.13 1.01 0.66 3.76 1.14 10 8.10 171.64 110.53 1.92 0.98 0.67 3.54 1.64 11 8.03 161.30 102.71 1.96 1.00 0.66 4.21 1.21 12 8.06 157.91 101.15 1.74 1.92 0.63 3.98 0.80 13 7.86 416.12 273.64 2.42 1.04 0.70 4.87 1.89 14 7.99 432.67 277.22 2.17 1.42 0.64 4.43 1.19 15 7.88 424.68 278.00 2.88 0.98 0.66 4.21 1.53 16 7.91 383.33 242.37 1.39 1.04 0.67 4.21 1.62 17 7.75 370.39 232.50 1.64 0.88 0.73 3.54 2.01 18 8.34 430.59 278.36 1.60 0.76 0.70 5.31 1.30 19 8.30 330.28 207.93 1.53 0.70 0.66 5.31 1.29 20 8.18 324.84 207.02 1.49 0.68 0.65 6.64 1.29 Min. 7.75 157.91 101.15 1.39 0.68 0.63 3.54 0.79 Max. 8.37 434.83 278.36 2.88 1.92 0.73 6.64 2.01 Mean – 322.22 207.66 1.90 0.96 0.67 4.78 1.41 SD – 103.16 66.88 0.34 0.32 0.024 0.92 0.37 CV (%) – 32.02 32.20 17.89 33.33 3.58 19.25 26.24 FAO guideline value* 6.5–8.4 – – 20.00 5.00 0.05 40.00 1.50 * FAO (1992)

surface waters of Ghaggar River system varied from 34.50 et al. 2012). In this investigation, CO3 was not detected in to 85.50 and 13.60 to 48.20 mg/L, respectively, for eval- any of the water samples. uating its suitability for irrigation purpose and some recorded values were higher than this study. Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn status

CO3 and HCO3 status In the analyzed samples, the concentration of Fe was found to vary from 1.02 to 4.91 mg/L, with an average value of

River water samples contained HCO3 ranging from 0.79 2.16 mg/L (Table 3). On the basis of FAO (1992), the and 2.01 me/L having an average value of 1.41 me/L detected concentration of Fe in all samples was within the

(Table 2). The concentration of HCO3 detected in 10 of our recommended limit (5.00 mg/L). In other Bangladesh river samples is not recognized hazardous for irrigating soils and studies, Fe concentrations were more variable (Buriganga crops as long-term use because the acceptable limit of River; 0.12–8.59 mg/L; Azim et al. 2009) or lower

HCO3 for irrigation usage is 1.50 me/L (Evangelou 1998). (; 0.47–1.60 mg/L; Hassan et al. 2015) than Semwal and Jangwan (2009) stated that HCO3 concentra- our finding. The status of Mn in all water samples ranged tion in water samples from the Kosi River, India ranged between 0.35 and 0.57 mg/L with a mean value of from 0.38 to 2.12 me/L and these values were more or less 0.52 mg/L (Table 3). In our study, Mn content in all river similar to our study. In Bangladesh, the status of HCO3 in water samples exceeded the permissible limit for irrigation water samples of the Karatoa River ranged from 2.00 to (0.20 mg/L; FAO 1992). Industrial activities were pre- 8.00 me/L with an average value of 2.59 me/L, which were dominantly responsible for the high concentration of Mn in higher than the values observed in the present study (Zakir the river water, with Mn probably originating from dyeing

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Table 3 Metal concentrations Sample ID Fe Mn Cu Zn Cr Pb Cd Ni in the Bangshi River water (mg/L) samples 1 1.02 0.42 0.198 0.104 0.43 0.57 BDL 0.129 2 1.14 0.53 0.192 0.098 0.41 0.58 BDL 0.120 3 1.09 0.52 0.205 0.109 0.40 0.58 BDL 0.127 4 1.18 0.53 0.197 0.076 0.41 0.69 BDL 0.130 5 1.52 0.35 0.198 0.098 0.41 0.59 BDL 0.139 6 1.66 0.51 0.200 0.098 0.42 0.61 BDL 0.143 7 1.59 0.51 0.206 0.105 0.44 0.63 BDL 0.150 8 2.05 0.52 0.207 0.102 0.47 0.61 BDL 0.166 9 1.66 0.51 0.208 0.100 0.41 0.62 BDL 0.156 10 1.79 0.51 0.206 0.100 0.42 0.63 BDL 0.157 11 2.22 0.53 0.207 0.098 0.55 0.61 BDL 0.156 12 2.07 0.52 0.213 0.102 0.30 0.61 BDL 0.177 13 2.43 0.53 0.214 0.093 0.42 0.63 BDL 0.161 14 2.13 0.52 0.217 0.093 0.30 0.62 BDL 0.156 15 1.46 0.53 0.218 0.093 0.29 0.64 BDL 0.159 16 3.78 0.57 0.219 0.093 0.43 0.90 BDL 0.155 17 3.37 0.56 0.220 0.096 0.32 0.89 BDL 0.155 18 3.30 0.57 0.226 0.105 0.47 0.91 BDL 0.146 19 2.89 0.54 0.223 0.112 0.43 0.92 BDL 0.171 20 4.91 0.53 0.233 0.082 0.46 0.90 BDL 0.153 Min. 1.02 0.35 0.192 0.076 0.29 0.57 – 0.120 Max. 4.91 0.57 0.233 0.112 0.55 0.92 – 0.177 Mean 2.16 0.52 0.210 0.098 0.41 0.69 – 0.150 SD 1.02 0.05 0.011 0.010 0.064 0.13 – 0.015 CV (%) 47.22 9.62 5.23 10.20 15.30 18.84 – 10.00 FAO guideline value* 5.00 0.20 0.20 2.00 0.10 5.00 0.01 0.20 BDL below detection limit * FAO (1992) and textile industries. For this reason, Mn ion is considered (Table 3). The detected Zn levels in the samples were toxic in a long-term irrigation system. In similar studies of within the permissible limit for irrigation usage (2.00 mg/ Bangladesh, Mn status was lower in all samples from the L; FAO 1992). Other Bangladesh studies have found Meghna River (0.0003–0.025 mg/L; Hassan et al. 2015) higher (; 0.22–0.26 mg/L; Mohiuddin and its content was almost similar to water samples from et al. 2011) and lower (; 8.39–76.86 lg/L; Islam the (0.35–0.92 mg/L; Arefin et al. 2016). In et al. 2012) concentrations of Zn in water samples. our study, Cu content in all samples ranged from 0.192 to 0.233 mg/L having average value of 0.210 mg/L (Table 3). As per FAO (1992), this metallic status in most of the water Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ni status samples was above the acceptable level for irrigation (0.20 mg/L). In this contaminated river water, Cu probably River water samples contained Cr ranging from 0.29 and originated from textile and dyeing industries. Therefore, 0.55 mg/L, with a mean value of 0.41 mg/L (Table 3). Cu ion is toxic in a long-term irrigation system. In other These recorded Cr levels are treated toxic in a long-term Bangladesh river studies, Cu concentrations were generally irrigation system (permissible limit is 0.10 mg/L; FAO lower in water samples from the Buriganga River 1992). Possibly, Cr in the contaminated river water derived (107.38–201.29 lg/L; Ahmed et al. 2010) and the Turag from the textile and leather tanning industries, as the River (0.01–0.07 mg/L; Bakali et al. 2014). The concen- aforementioned values clearly indicate an anthropogenic tration of Zn in river water samples varied from 0.076 to supply of this heavy metal through uncontrolled discharge 0.112 mg/L, with an average value of 0.098 mg/L of industrial effluents into the river. Similar observations

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Table 4 Ionic contamination rating for water samples from the Bangshi River

Sample ID SAR SSP (%) RSC (me/L) HT (mg/L) Sample ID SAR SSP (%) RSC (me/L) HT (mg/L)

1 4.78 70.77 -0.92 123.54 11 3.46 62.20 -1.75 148.01 2 4.76 69.76 -1.12 135.06 12 2.94 55.74 -2.86 182.82 3 4.81 71.02 -0.44 122.03 13 3.70 61.68 -1.57 173.05 4 5.24 71.83 -1.81 130.06 14 3.31 58.55 -2.40 179.45 5 5.41 71.52 -1.17 141.06 15 3.03 55.78 -2.33 193.11 6 4.17 66.95 -1.08 136.57 16 3.82 66.76 -0.81 121.45 7 3.58 63.87 -1.52 138.04 17 3.15 62.89 -0.51 126.00 8 3.08 57.91 -2.54 167.41 18 4.89 71.80 -1.06 118.02 9 3.00 58.47 -2.00 157.03 19 5.03 72.80 -0.94 111.52 10 2.94 59.21 -1.26 145.01 20 6.37 77.06 -0.88 108.52 were reported by Alam et al. (2003), Ahmed et al. (2010), samples were considered doubtful to unsuitable (SSP [ Islam et al. (2014), and Arefin et al. (2016), who stated that 60 %). Regarding RSC, the obtained values were all negative Cr was considered dominant heavy metal ion in water indicating suitability for irrigation usage (RSC \ 1.25 me/L) samples from urban rivers, viz. Buriganga, Turag, and (Gupta 2013). As per SAR values, water samples of the Shitalakha in Bangladesh. The level of Pb in all water Buriganga River, Bangladesh were excellent in quality and no samples ranged between 0.57 and 0.92 mg/L, with an RSC was found, therefore the water was suitable for irrigation average value of 0.69 mg/L (Table 3). These detected usage (Zaman et al. 2002). In all river water samples, hardness levels were far below the acceptable limit (5.00 mg/L; (HT) values ranged between 108.52 and 193.11 mg/L FAO 1992) and, therefore, pose no threat to the safety of (Table 4). Based on the classification proposed by McGowan irrigation water. Other water samples from Bangladesh (2000), out of the 20 water samples, only 3 samples were rivers, such as the Buriganga River (5.00–72.45 lg/L; moderately hard (HT = 60–120 mg/L), 15 samples were hard Alam et al. 2003; Ahmed et al. 2010) and the Karatoa River (HT = 120–180 mg/L), and 2 samples were very hard (8.00–64.00 lg/L; Islam et al. 2015), contained very low (HT [ 180 mg/L). This finding may be due to the presence of levels of Pb. The content of Cd in water samples was found Ca and Mg ions in water samples (Todd and Mays 2005; below detection limit and its level was considered safe Manahan 2010). Similar findings were reported by Zaman (permissible limit is 0.01 mg/L; FAO 1992) (Table 3). et al. (2001), who stated that water samples of the Buriganga Similarly, low Cd level was also found in water samples River, Bangladesh were classified as moderately hard, hard, collected from the Buriganga, Turag, and Shitalakha Rivers and very hard. in Bangladesh (Ahmed et al. 2010; Islam et al. 2014). The concentration of Ni in water samples was found to vary Relationship between chemical quality factors between 0.120 and 0.177 mg/L, with an average value of and metal ions 0.150 mg/L (Table 3). Considering the recommended limit (0.20 mg/L; FAO 1992), Ni concentration of river water is The interrelationship between chemical quality factors, viz. considered safe for irrigation. In comparison, lower con- EC, TDS, SAR, SSP, RSC, and hardness was computed. centrations of Ni were found in water samples from the Buriganga River (7.15–10.32 lg/L; Ahmed et al. 2010) and the Karatoa River (9.30–66.00 lg/L; Islam et al. Table 5 Correlation matrix for chemical parameters of the Bangshi 2015). River water samples Parameters TDS SAR SSP RSC Hardness

SAR, SSP, RSC, and hardness values EC 0.999** 0.421 0.432 0.414 -0.221 TDS – 0.420 0.425 0.401 -0.203 The calculated values of SAR, SSP, and RSC varied from 2.94 SAR – – 0.958** 0.554* -0.706 to 6.37, 55.74 to 77.06 %, and -2.86 to -0.44 me/L, SSP – – – 0.729** -0.867 respectively (Table 4). River water samples were considered RSC––––-0.857 excellent in terms of alkalinity hazard (S1) because the ** Significant at the 1 % probability level; * Significant at the 5 % recorded SAR values are less than 10 (Richards 1968). Con- probability level sidering SSP values, according to Todd and Mays (2005), only The tabulated values of r with 18 df are 0.444 at the 5 % probability six samples were permissible (SSP = 40–60 %), and 14 level and 0.561 at the 1 % probability level 123 736 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737

Table 6 Relationship between Ions Mg K Na Zn Fe Cu Mn Pb Cr metal ions in the Bangshi River water samples Ca 0.140 -0.059 -0.206 -0.161 -0.498 -0.238 -0.178 -0.577 -0.362 Mg – -0.488 -0.548 0.050 -0.016 0.106 0.116 -0.260 -0.386 K– – -0.048 0.104 0.153 0.070 0.229 0.310 0.016 Na – – – -0.283 0.074 -0.051 -0.367 0.125 0.249 Zn––––-0.231 -0.070 -0.115 -0.115 0.109 Fe – – – – – 0.859** 0.465* 0.853** 0.166 Cu – – – – – – 0.528* 0.780** -0.106 Mn – – – – – – – 0.524* -0.016 Pb – – – – – – – – 0.099 ** Significant at the 1 % probability level; * Significant at the 5 % probability level The tabulated values of r with 18 df are 0.444 at the 5 % probability level and 0.561 at the 1 % probability level

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