Appraisal of Heavy Metal Status in Water for Irrigation Usage of the Bangshi River, Bangladesh
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Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 Online ISSN 2468-0842 DOI 10.1007/s13765-016-0219-y Print ISSN 2468-0834 ARTICLE Appraisal of heavy metal status in water for irrigation usage of the Bangshi River, Bangladesh M. Taufique Arefin1 . M. Mokhlesur Rahman1,2 . M. Wahid-U-Zzaman1 . Jang-Eok Kim2 Received: 26 April 2016 / Accepted: 5 July 2016 / Published online: 14 July 2016 Ó The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2016 Abstract An attempt was made to assess the status of Mn–Pb. This finding showed that Cr, Cu, and Mn ions were heavy metals in the Bangshi River water for irrigation considered contaminants in river water used for irrigation usage. River water was sampled from 20 sampling points because the present status of these metals may pose a for chemical analysis of physicochemical parameters and harmful impact on human health. metal ions. Our analyses revealed that water samples were slightly alkaline to alkaline. All samples had reasonable Keywords Bangshi River Á Heavy metal Á Irrigation Á electrical conductivity, and these samples were from low to Water medium salinity classes as being fit for irrigation on soils having moderate level of permeability. Water samples were categorized freshwater as per total dissolved solids Introduction (TDS). All water samples were excellent indicating low alkalinity hazard, based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), The presence of heavy metals in river water as contami- but most of the samples were doubtful to unsuitable for nants is a serious ecological problem. Some heavy metals soluble sodium percentage (SSP). All samples were free are toxic even at low concentrations, are nondegradable, from residual sodium carbonate (RSC) suggesting suit- and can bioaccumulate in the food chain (Abdullah 2013). ability for irrigation purpose. For water hardness, samples This is considered a global problem because of its adverse were rated as moderately hard, hard, and very hard. The effects on human and ecosystem health. The entry of status of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni in water samples were contaminants into the water environment, due to human within permissible levels but Cr, Cu, and Mn content in activities, is one of the most important issues facing water samples were in excess of recommended limits and today’s communities. Water resources are among the most these ions would be considered toxic in long-term irriga- major resources. The importance of water resources, par- tion system. Significant relationships existed between EC ticularly surface waters (e. g., rivers), in meeting the water versus TDS, SAR versus SSP, SSP versus RSC, and SAR needs of humans and industries highlights the essential versus RSC. There were significant correlations between need to protect them against contamination. As municipal metal ions: Fe–Cu, Fe–Pb, Cu–Pb, Fe–Mn, Cu–Mn, and and industrial waste enters the water, chemical contami- nants, including heavy metals, also enter water resources. Agricultural practices with untreated industrial effluents, & Jang-Eok Kim the dumping of domestic wastes, and the flow of sewage [email protected] effluents into waterways lead to water and soil pollution M. Mokhlesur Rahman (Devi et al. 2010). River water has been a recipient of [email protected] hazardous materials from domestic, industrial, and agri- 1 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh cultural runoff (Aksoy et al. 2005; Zheng et al. 2008; Dey Agricultural University, Mymensingh 202, Bangladesh et al. 2015; Saleem et al. 2015; Ali et al. 2016). The 2 School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National unplanned industrial expansion of surrounding areas in the University, Daegu 702-701, Korea 123 730 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 Bangshi River is adversely affecting the surface water current status of heavy metal in the Bangshi River, and its quality. Growing industrialization on the banks of this river impact on agricultural crops when applied to soils as irri- in Bangladesh has resulted in a considerable increase in gation water. surface water pollution. This river water pollution, due to rapid industrialization, is very common in the study areas where polluting industries, such as textile, dyeing, leather Materials and methods tanning, chemical, and fertilizer industries are located. These industries generate a large amount of effluent Study area everyday, and most of the industrial effluents are being discharged into the Bangshi River without any treatment, The selected area was within a section of the Bangshi River thus polluting the surface water (Hossain et al. 2012; (23°51.750–23°55.470N and 90°13.550–90°14.290E) for the Rahman and Mondal 2013). Water pollution is more per- present study (Table 1). Twenty sampling points were vasive than soil or air pollution. Because of the change in identified from the adjacent agricultural crop fields irri- the hydrological pattern of the country, the contaminants gated with this river water (Fig. 1). GPS was used to find are not flushed out properly and the situation becomes out the location of each sampling site. severe during the dry season. In developing countries, like Bangladesh, where rapid Water sampling industrialization is taking place, farmers are vulnerable to water pollution. Farmers rely on surface water irrigation Water sampling points were selected to collect samples in because of its availability and cost effectiveness, but February, 2015 from the Bangshi River and this sampling industrial discharges threaten the access to suitable irriga- was started from the upstream to downstream of river. The tion water, and this could lead to a decline in crop pro- collected samples were acidified with nitric acid to a pH duction (Roy et al. 2015). In Bangladesh, industrial below 2 to minimize precipitation and absorption of metal development along the river banks is the main threat to ions on the walls of glass containers (APHA 2012). The water quality. For this reason, a long-term monitoring samples were filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. program is required to know the levels of metallic con- 42) and then transferred to the laboratory for subsequent tamination in urban rivers. Agricultural lands along the chemical analysis. Bangshi river banks are frequently irrigated to grow agri- cultural crops, such as leafy vegetables and rice particu- larly in the dry season. Farmers often complain that rice Water analysis and vegetable production is not at satisfactory level as to the use of contaminated water, more fertilizer doses are pH and EC values of samples were measured by pH and also their concern to get optimum production. EC meters (sensION, Hach, Loveland, CO, USA) follow- In agroecosystem, contaminants from anthropogenic ing the procedures as cited by Gupta (2013). TDS meter sources entering the soil–water-plant environment systems (sensION) was used to measure total dissolved solids through various matrices are concern for all communities. (TDS) values of water samples. The contents of sodium Long-term use of this contaminated irrigation water could (Na) and potassium (K) in all samples were determined lead to bioaccumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants, using flame photometer (PFP7, Jenway, Stone, UK) and the which may lead to high intake by humans and the devel- contents of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc opment of serious health problems, such as kidney damage (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and cancer (Chojnacka et al. 2005; Sharma et al. 2009; calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in water samples were Rahman et al. 2015; Samad et al. 2015). The excessive analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA- metals in river water may pose a toxic effect to plant, 7000, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a hollow cathode animal, and even human life (Kanta et al. 2014). Exposure lamp for specific metal ion (APHA 2012). Standard metal to heavy metals has contributed to several human diseases solutions were selected based on the concentration of that such as abnormal organs, kidney damage, cancer, and metal in a sample so that the optimal absorbance range was effect on intelligence and behavior. In the study area, the covered. Standard solutions of metals were prepared at incessant consumption of heavy metal accumulated rice known concentrations in deionized water. Standards were grains and vegetables affects adversely the health risks of commonly prepared from stock solutions (1000 mg/L). At the farmers. Keeping these above facts in mind, it is very first, this instrument was calibrated with the prepared important that the current heavy metal profile of the standards before chemical analysis. In water samples, Bangshi River water be determined. Taking these factors titrimetric method was used to estimate the concentration into consideration, our study focused on exploring the of carbonate (CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3) (Gupta 2013). 123 Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(5):729–737 731 Table 1 Sampling locations in Sampling points Sampling locations Sampling points Sampling locations the Bangshi River Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Longitude (E) 123°55.470 90°13.550 11 23°53.160 90°13.840 223°55.380 90°13.560 12 23°53.080 90°13.850 323°55.270 90°13.590 13 23°52.730 90°14.000 423°55.160 90°13.620 14 23°52.590 90°14.020 523°54.230 90°13.800 15 23°52.450 90°14.030 623°54.010 90°13.710 16 23°52.330 90°14.040 723°54.750 90°13.860 17 23°52.160 90°14.050 823°53.510 90°13.880 18 23°52.030 90°14.090 923°53.360 90°13.850 19 23°51.980 90°14.140 10 23°53.250 90°13.870 20 23°51.750 90°14.290 Fig. 1 Geographic location of the study areas in the Bangshi River The chemical analysis of each ion for water sample was chemical quality factors were computed from water ana- replicated three times.