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17 BENCHMARKING STUDY of STRAY DOG POPULATION EXTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS from DIFFERENT REGIONS of RUSSIA Abeldinova A.S., Konyash

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17 BENCHMARKING STUDY of STRAY DOG POPULATION EXTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS from DIFFERENT REGIONS of RUSSIA Abeldinova A.S., Konyash Principy èkologii. 2016. Vol. 5. № 3. BENCHMARKING STUDY OF STRAY DOG POPULATION EXTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF RUSSIA Abeldinova A.S., Konyashkin V.A. National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia [email protected] Stray dog population is increasing for last ten-fifteen years in Russia (Poyarkov, 2000). Stray dogs are the vectors of many diseases (such as canine rabies, leptospirosis, and different helminthoses), therefore, uncontrolled growth of stray dog population may dramatically worsen epidemiological and epizootological situation in human settlements and entail stray dog attacks. Humans try to regulate stray animal population throughout the entire history (Goriachev, 2001). Stray dog survival depends not only on external conditions (shelter, food, etc.), but also on morphological, physiological and ethological animal characteristics which guide their adaptation. The identification of those is an important part of stray dog population structure monitoring (Rakhmanov, 2002). We performed population assessment in all parts of Kemerovo in 2011–2015. Seventy five dogs were found via accounting method. We also used data from Kemerovo city animal protection society for the period from August 2, 2011 to September 20, 2015. The total amount of stray dogs was 235. We considered the following characteristics: height, ear shape, tail shape and hair structure. Mid- height dogs prevailed (48,9%), whereas small and large ones were equally prevalent (26,7% and 24%). In more than 50% cases hair type was average (“wild”). Stray dogs ears were predominantly half-flap and not long (60). “Ring” tail shape was the most prevalent one (63%). Therefore, the main stray dog morphotype of Kemerovo was the one of average height, average hair, half flap-eared, ring-like tail shape, when West Siberian laika was most likely to contribute to this type formation. We conducted a comparative study of stray dog population exterior characteristics in Saint Petersburg (85 dogs, “Rzhevka” dog shelter population) and Voronezh (46 dogs “Pravo na Zhizn” dog shelter population). We elicited the main dog type of this region, such as shepherd-like mongrel of average height with “wild” hair type, stand-up ears and “billet”-tailed. That could be explained by the most popular breed in this region, Eastern European shepherd‟ contribution in stray animal population formation. Moreover, breed and mongrel Eastern European shepherds were most likely to be admitted to the shelter. The popularity of basic dog breeds in Voronezh and Saint Petersburg resulted in similar shepherd-like morphological type, which was different from Kemerovo laika-like stray dog. The most prevalent breeds in private possession mainly determined the regional stray animal morphological type. Living conditions were equally likely to make an impact and select the most physically fit breeds to survive in the severe climatic conditions. 17 Principy èkologii. 2016. Vol. 5. № 3. THE COLLAPSE OF YAKUT POPULATION OF SPERMOPHILUS UNDULATUS PALLAS, 1778: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Akhremenko A.K. Institute of biological problems of cryolithozone SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia [email protected] For the first time Yakut suslik was described by P.Pallas in 1783. In 1937 S.Ognev determined this suslik as subspecies of an Long-tailed ground squirrel. Populations of this species spread from Eastern Kazakhstan to Amur region. P. Larionov was the first, who determined limits of Yakut suslik natural habitat (1958). It was area between Lena and Viluy rivers estimated to be 60 000 square kilometers. Basing on amount of 3 creatures per hectare, he got the total amount about 1 200 000 overwintering susliks. Main areas, that had highest strenght of suslik, layed in three neighbouring valleys of Lena river: from Pokrovsk till Tabaga cape, than from Tabaga cape till Kangalassy cape (with centre in Yakutsk) and from Kangalassy cape till Tyubyatsy village in Namsky region in the North. This valleys have extension about 50–80 km long and 10 km wide. This territory covered only 25% of all inhabited area. Despite this, there they obtained about 95% of population. In 1925 V. Bianki, who was the chief of biological squad at that time, wrote about suslik: «There is such a great amount of beasts around Yakutsk, that locals are sure, that they spawn twice». We should notice, that at that time those valleys had heavy crops of herbage, now it is barren steppe. In 1960s organized extermination of rodents began: mechanical, chemical and aerochemical. Nevertheless there still has been around 700 000 of susliks within all area of inhabitat in spring (Vinokurov, Akhremenko, 1982) and about 2,5–3 million – in summer. Further extension of development, including country-housing and garden co-op, conduced to population decrease. By 2000 population of suslik considered to be decreased (Anuriyev, Sedalishchev, 2002). Since that time no attempt to count the population was made. Further urbanization (urban population of Yakutsk has increased from 8 000 in 1924 to 350 000 in 2016) leaded to bigger population decrease. The result of it was total kite‟s depopulation, whose ration is mostly suslik. Population decrease may have also genetic reasons along with population consenescence. Considering Yakut suslik biocenotic role, we should track and analyze nascent soil-forming and trophic connections within this changing area. Analyzing snathes of information, we can see this tendency in other populations of S. undulatus. 18 Principy èkologii. 2016. Vol. 5. № 3. FACTORS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS OF BIRDS IN THE MOUNTAINS Ananin A.A. ”Zapovednoe Podlemorye” Federal State Establishment, Ulan-Ude, Russia [email protected] We conducted quantitative analysis of birds on constant routes in mountain forest, sub rocky and rocky belts of the Western macroslope of Barguzin Range (460–1700 m) in 1984–2015. The total length of the pedestrian route was 18320 km, including 7660 km during the nesting period. We used Yu.S. Ravkin (Ravkin, 1967) method for bird abundance estimation. The return ratio of earlier nesting adult birds in the conditions of the South-Eastern Siberian mountains was insignificant. It might have been the result of the regional effect of the nested area for the large part of species. The birds‟ population of a particular area was formed of immigrant individuals again every year, which was also confirmed by rings data. That undermined intra- population mechanisms of quantity regulation and prioritized abiotic environmental factors and their permanent instability. The population of birds can be seen as the result of individual selection of suitable conditions in a given year. Following return from places of wintering birds move a lot in search of territories for nesting during the prenested period. The following indicators are important for habitat selection: structures of vegetation, phenological state of vegetation, the presence of successful breeding markers in the previous year (existing old nests), presence of other individuals of the same species in the community of other individuals who occupied a habitat earlier and their acoustic signals. Changes in the number of local populations are determined by the selection of favorable territories for nesting. This is confirmed by the analysis of the statistical association of the long-term changes in local quantity of bird species with various abiotic factors in mountain conditions. Weather conditions of spring and the beginning of summer (heat supply and amount of precipitation) and spring phenological situation (time of snow cover termination and vegetation growth) influence existence and availability of fodder resources and suitable habitat for nesting. Variability of these parameters serves as the reason of annual population density of species distribution. Such redistributions occur between high-altitude lands and neighboring river valleys within one belt of vegetation. Conditions of previous year, including heat balance and moisture, affect the formation of the nested population in mountains also. Formation of invertebrate biomass in the current year depends on balance of those indicators, including heat and moisture. The quantity of individuals, who reached the area of nesting and settled in a particular habitat, is defined by conditions of duration and range of spring migrations. Changes of survival of birds in places of wintering are also important. Main forages productivity is important for specialized granivorous birds species. The population size of the victim-species in the previous and current year is important for prey birds. In many species, inconstancy of the local population is registered because of the nesting places change, depending on the environmental conditions of the migration period and the start of the breeding. We found the association of nesting species abundance with the dates of the first registration in the spring breeding area. We also found nesting species density increase both in the earlier, and at a relatively late arrival. Time shift of spring birds‟ arrival because of global climate change may have an impact on the formation of the breeding population and its dynamics. They are accompanied by directed transformations of the local abundance of nesting bird species. 19 Principy èkologii. 2016. Vol. 5. № 3. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE NORTHERN BAIKAL REGION ON THE GROUND BEETLES (CARABIDAE, COLEOPTERA) POPULATION Ananina T.L. ”Zapovednoe Podlemorye” FSBI, Ulan-Ude, Russia [email protected] Investigation of the effect of climate change
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