William Randolph Hearst Und Die Neutralität Der USA 1914-1917

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William Randolph Hearst Und Die Neutralität Der USA 1914-1917 Macht und Ohnmacht der Worte: William Randolph Hearst und der Weg der USA zur Weltmacht, 1898-1917 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Martin Bethke, M.A. geboren am 24. April 1970 in Lübeck Inhaltsverzeichnis VORWORT ................................................................................................................................................... 2 A EINLEITUNG...................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Gegenstand .................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Quellenlage.................................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Forschungsstand .......................................................................................................................................... 10 4. Fragestellung und Erkenntnisinteresse......................................................................................................... 21 B HAUPTTEIL...................................................................................................................................... 25 1. William Randolph Hearst: Biographisches ................................................................................ 25 1.1. Die Eltern: George und Phoebe Hearst.................................................................................. 30 1.2. William Randolph Hearst, 1863-1886................................................................................... 34 2. Die Macht der Worte: Hearst und der „New Journalism“, 1887-1914 .................................... 45 2.1.1. Der San Francisco Examiner und der New Journalism ......................................................... 45 2.1.2. Das New York Journal und der Krieg mit Spanien ............................................................... 60 2.1.3. Politische Ambitionen und Progressivismus ......................................................................... 87 2.1.4. Hearsts Verständnis einer U.S. Außenpolitik...................................................................... 153 3. Die Ohnmacht der Worte: Hearst und der Große Krieg, 1914-1917 ..................................... 168 3.1. Der Kriegsbeginn 1914: Perzeptionen und Reaktionen in den USA................................... 174 3.1.1. Gesellschaft, Politik und Wirtschaft............................................................................................... 175 3.1.2. Pressestimmen: Hearst und die nationale Presse............................................................................ 182 3.2. Die Neutralitätsfalle, 1914-1917 ......................................................................................... 196 3.2.1. Friedensbemühungen und Aufrüstungsbestrebungen..................................................................... 196 3.2.2. Ambivalenz der See- und Handelsrechtstreitigkeiten .................................................................... 232 3.2.3. Uneingeschränkter U-Bootkrieg und Zimmermann-Telegramm.................................................... 258 4. Pro-Germanismus und Propaganda: Hearst an der Heimatfront, 1914-1918....................... 268 5. Epilog ........................................................................................................................................... 295 C ERGEBNISSE UND AUSBLICK .................................................................................................. 302 D ANHANG ......................................................................................................................................... 313 E LITERATURVERZEICHNIS........................................................................................................ 316 I. Quellen......................................................................................................................................... 316 a) Archivmaterialien..................................................................................................................... 316 b) Gedruckte Quellen ................................................................................................................... 316 c) Zeitungen und Zeitschriften ..................................................................................................... 318 II. Sekundärliteratur und Aufsätze................................................................................................ 319 2 Vorwort Das erzählerische und wissenschaftliche Interesse der hier vorliegenden Arbeit geht in erster Linie von einem der änigmatischsten und bis in die Gegenwart immer wieder historisch fehlinterpretierten Medienzaren der jüngeren amerikanischen Geschichte aus: William Randolph Hearst. Auch wenn Hearst in seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten im öffentlichen und auch historischen Ansehen immer hinter der Person Joseph Pulitzers zurückstehen mußte - was nicht zuletzt an dem sehr prestigevollen und in der Öffentlichkeit äußerst bekannten Pulitzer Prize liegt - so waren es doch gerade die politischen und somit letztendlich auch in die Geschichte eingegangenen Ambitionen Hearsts, die eine Verschiebung der Bedeutungswertigkeit zu seinen Gunsten ratsam erscheinen lassen. Dem soll hier Rechnung getragen werden. Grundvoraussetzung dafür ist ein Verständnis der Hearstschen Persönlichkeit, da sich nur so der Politiker und „Politikmacher“ Hearst erklären und verstehen läßt. Ohne Zweifel ein kontextintensiver Ansatz, der jedoch gerade für die im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehenden Jahre von 1898-1917 eine Interpretation der amerikanischen Außenpolitik von einem der glühendsten Verfechter einer amerikanischen Neutralität äußerst hoffnungsvoll erscheinen läßt und einen perspektivisch verrückten Eindruck vom Weg der USA zur Weltmacht vermittelt. Mein herzlichster Dank für das Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit gilt in erster Linie Herrn Prof. Dr. Jörg Nagler, der diese Arbeit stets mit kontinuierlicher Anteilnahme und konstruktiver Kritik in ihren einzelnen Phasen betreute. Da ein Dissertationsvorhaben in seiner Gesamtheit und Komplexität nie ohne die Hilfe vieler Personen und Institutionen entsteht, möchte ich an dieser Stelle kurz die Gelegenheit ergreifen und ihnen den dafür gebührenden Dank aussprechen. An erster Stelle gilt dieser Frau Prof. Dr. Brigitte Fleischmann und Herrn PD. Dr. Jürgen Elvert, die es mir ermöglichten, ein Stipendium des Pädagogischen Austauschdienstes und der Fulbright Kommission zu erlangen, mit welchem ich als Teaching Assistant an der University of Scranton, Pennsylvania, die Grundlagenforschung für die Dissertation betreiben konnte. 3 Mein Dank gilt ebenso den Mitarbeitern der Weinberg Memorial Library der University of Scranton sowie den Mitarbeitern der Library of Congress und der Bancroft Library der University of California at Berkeley, die mir stets unbürokratisch und voller Interesse zur Seite standen. Ferner sollen nicht die äußerst hilfreichen sowie kostruktiven Kritiken und Korrekturen von Dr. Peter Doepgen, Ulrich Sagebiel, M.A., Willem Herrmann, M.A. und Christian Bethke unerwähnt bleiben. Abschließend gilt mein besonderer Dank meiner Familie, die immer wieder hilfsbereit zur Seite stand, und Sabine, ohne deren Verständnis, Anteilnahme und Unterstützung diese Arbeit nie meinen Schreibtisch verlassen hätte. Lübeck, im Oktober 2001 Martin Bethke 4 A Einleitung 1. Gegenstand Die Karriere William Randolph Hearsts ist einzigartig in der Geschichte der USA. Galt er 1887 bei der Übernahme des im Familienbesitz befindlichen San Francisco Examiners (SFE) nur als reicher introvertierter Millionärssohn, dem ein neues Spielzeug überlassen wurde, so entstand innerhalb weniger Jahre aus dieser Geringschätzung Bewunderung. Hearst war zum Herausgeber der bedeutendsten Zeitung der Westküste avanciert und wiederholte nach der Übernahme des New York Journals seinen journalistischen Erfolg auch auf dem umkämpftesten Zeitungsmarkt der Ostküste, indem er sich gegen Joseph Pulitzer durchsetzte und damit die Voraussetzungen für den Aufbau eines Medienimperiums und eine fast 60 Jahre dauernde Karriere schuf. Nach dem von U.S. Außenminister John Hay 1898 so treffend als „splendid little war“ bezeichneten Krieg gegen Spanien, mit welchem die USA von einer hemisphärischen Hegemonialmacht zu einer Weltmacht wider Willen aufgestiegen waren, entschloß sich William Randolph Hearst, seinen publizistischen Erfolg auch in der Politik zu wiederholen. Im Rahmen seiner politischen Karriere unterstützte er die progressivistischen Reformen und Ideale seiner Zeit mit größtmöglichem Einsatz und erlangte 1902 und 1904 ein Kongreßmandat für den 11. Bezirk von New York City. Auch in den anschließenden zwei Jahrzehnten blieb er seinen progressivistischen Idealen treu und obwohl er von vielen als radikaler oder gar exzentrischer Progressivist - bedingt durch seinen Reichtum und die damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Extravaganzen1 - eingestuft worden war, hoffte er, eines Tages Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten zu werden. Daß er über das entsprechende Potential verfügte, stand für seine engsten 1 Hearst war nicht nur einer der größten Kunstsammler seiner Zeit, sondern hatte auch das in den Hügeln über San Simeon, Kalifornien,
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