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Role of Tourism in Rural Development of Dukagjini Region in Kosovo

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Role of Tourism in Rural Development of Dukagjini Region in Kosovo Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at Faculty of The approved original version of this thesis is Architecture available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. and Spatial Planning http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Role of Tourism in Rural Development of Dukagjini Region in Kosovo Candidate: Bujar Demjaha Student No: 1128691 Submitted for the PhD degree in Spatial Planning Faculty of Architecture and Spatial Planning - Vienna University of Technology Mentor: Sibylla Zech, Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing Co Mentor: Thomas Dillinger, Assistant Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn 28th October, 2015 Kurzfassung Das Hauptziel dieser Doktorthesis ist es, zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung der ländlichen Gebiete in der Region Dukagjin beizutragen. Ländliche Gebiete in Südosteuropa waren nach dem Unterschiedsparadigma Stadt-Land entwickelt, weshalb diese Gebiete auch zurück geblieben waren, und die dort lebende Bevölkerung, in einigen Fällen auch heutzutage mit extremer Armut konfrontiert wird. In Bezug auf die Entwicklung der ländlichen Gebiete greift diese Doktorthesis auf ein Gesamtkonzept, in dem sie die wirtschaftliche und räumliche Entwicklung, über den ländlichen Tourismus, zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, steuert. Sie beabsichtig die Problematik auf eine komplexe Weise zu betrachten und behandeln, indem Potenziale, laut der Philosophie „schützen, während nutzen“ erhalten werden, und die Entwicklung des ländlichen Dukagjins auf eigene bzw. Kräfte der Gemeinschaft basiert. Dieser Ansatz, bekannt als eine endogene Entwicklung, hat in diesen Gebieten sporadisch auch früher, historisch stattgefunden. Der Überlebenskampf in ländlichen Gebieten dieser Region, hat der Bevölkerung eine Entwicklung, die in der Vergangenheit spontan erfolgt ist, und auf familiäre Einheiten basierten, imponiert. Somit ist die Existenz mit landwirtschaftlich orientierten Aktivitäten gesichert. Dies erhöht die Erfolgschancen einer endogenen Entwicklung in den ländlichen Gebieten der Dukagjini Region. Das Konzept der endogenen Entwicklung dieser Region, basiert auf Erfahrungen des LEADER Ansatzes (“Liaison Entre Actions de Development de l'Économie Rural” welches auf Deutsch bedeutet "Die Verbindungen zwischen ländlicher Wirtschaft und Entwicklungsmaßnahmen“), die in EU-Ländern erfolgt sind. Die Verknüpfung der Theorie der endogenen Entwicklung mit Erfahrungen der LEADER Initiative in dieser Studie, ist mit Entwicklungsmodalitäten der Gruppe einzelner Zellen kombiniert, Entwicklungen, die die gesamt Entwicklung durch Familienunternehmen stärken. Familienunternehmen, als Merkmal der lokalen Bevölkerung in der Region Dukagjini, sind eine Garantie ihrer Nachhaltigkeit. Natürliche und kulturelle Potenziale in diesen Gebieten, sowie die im Durchschnitt sehr junge Bevölkerung, sind eine sehr gute Grundlage für die Entwicklung des ländlichen Tourismus, aber auch weiterer Modalitäten eines nachhaltigen Tourismus, der in ländlichen Gebieten der Region Dukagjini entwickelt werden kann. Diese Potenziale alleine sind jedoch für die Entwicklung nicht ausreichend. Recherchen ergeben eine Anzahl verschiedener Probleme, wie das Fehlen einer stärkeren legislativen Förderung, fehlende institutionelle Unterstützung der ländlichen Entwicklung, fehlendes Wissen zur Verwaltung vom ländlichen Tourismus, sowie das Fehlen der sehr notwendigen Unterstützung in der Gründung einzelner Zellen (und deren Gruppen), welche den ländlichen Tourismus in die Region Dukagjini ins Leben rufen können. Die endogene Entwicklung transferiert die Initiative von der nationalen und lokalen Regierung auf die Gemeinschaft selbst. Die “bottom- up” Entwicklung, schließt allerdings die nationale und lokale Regierung nicht von ihren Pflichten aus. Die nationale und lokale Regierung haben weiterhin eine sehr wichtige Rolle im Entwicklungsprozess von ländlichen Gebieten, basierend auf den endogenen Ansatz. Nur ist in diesem Fall, die Gemeinschaft selbst, diejenige die den Prozess leitet. In diesem Zusammenhang, spielen lokale Aktionsgruppen eine wichtige Rolle, derer Transformation in dieser Studie vorgeschlagen wird. Sie sollten in einem kleinen Umfang gegründet werden, mit eine Mehrheit von zusammengesetzten Vertretern der lokalen Gemeinschaften und Untenehmern. Die Thesis konkludiert dass, basierend auf dem Konzept der endogenen Entwicklung, der ländliche Tourismus die beste Option für eine nachhaltige ländliche Entwicklung der Region Dukagjini ist, und dass diese Region ausreichende natürliche, kulturelle und humane Ressourcen aufweist, um langfristig den Wohlstand der Bevölkerung zu sichern. Hauptwörter: Region Dukagjini, ländliche Gebiete, ländlicher Tursimus, endogene Entwicklung, LEADER Ansatz. i Bujar DEMJAHA: “Role of Tourism in Rural Development of Dukagjini Region in Kosovo” ABSTRACT The main purpose of this PhD thesis is to contribute to sustainable development of rural areas in Dukagjini Region. Rural areas in Southeastern Europe used to be developed based on the paradigm of difference between cities and villages, thus resulting in lack of development of these areas. Consequently, the population living in these areas is still facing extreme poverty even now. This PhD thesis adopts a holistic approach while treating the issue of development of rural areas by directing this economic and spatial development, through rural tourism, towards a sustainable development. It aims at approaching the issue in a complex manner by preserving potentials according to the philosophy “protecting by using” and by basing the development of rural Dukagjini on its own forces, on community forces. This approach, known as endogenous development, has sporadically happened in these areas even before. Fight for survival in rural areas in this region has imposed on population a development which happened spontaneously in the past and was mainly based on family cells, thus providing activities directed towards agriculture. This increases the chances of a successful endogenous development in rural areas of Dukagjini Region. The concept of endogenous development in this region is also based on experiences of LEADER Approach (“Liaison Entre Actions de Development de l'Économie Rural”, meaning “Links between the rural economy and development actions”) that took place in European Union countries during the past decade. The theory of endogenous development related to experience of LEADER initiative in this research has been combined with modalities of cell-cluster development, activities that strengthen development based on family businesses. Family businesses as characteristic of local population in Dukagjini Region can be considered provide a guarantee for their sustainability. Natural and cultural potentials in these areas and the population of fairly young average age provide good foundation for development of rural tourism and other modalities of sustainable tourism that can be developed in rural areas of Dukagjini Region, but these potentials only are not enough. The research discovers a number of different problems such as lack of stronger legislative support, lack of institutional support for rural tourism, lack of knowledge about running of rural tourism and lack of necessary support to establish cells (and clusters) at the beginning of implementation of rural tourism in Dukagjini Region. Endogenous approach transfers the initiative from central and local governments to community. But the “bottom-up” development does not exclude central and local authorities from responsibility. Central and local authorities continue to have an important role in the process of development or rural areas based on endogenous approach. In this case, the community leads the process. An important role in this respect is played by Local Action Groups (from LEADER experience) the transformation of which is suggested in the present study –the proposal is for them to be composed of smaller number and have more representatives from local community and local businesses. The thesis concludes that rural tourism is the best option for development of sustainable rural tourism in Dukagjini Region by basing on endogenous development and that this region possesses sufficient natural, cultural and human resources in order to ensure wellbeing of local population in the long term. Key words: Dukagjini Region, rural areas, rural tourism, endogenous development, LEADER approach. ii Bujar DEMJAHA: “Role of Tourism in Rural Development of Dukagjini Region in Kosovo” CONTENT KURZFASSUNG .................................................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ ii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................... 5 PREFACE........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Historical background of Kosovo and Dukagjini Region ..................................................................... 9 1.1.1. From Illyrians to Byzantine Empire ........................................................................................
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