B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur: M.A. Political Science (CBCS

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B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur: M.A. Political Science (CBCS) Semester II (2018-20) MPOL CC 09 Core Course Paper 09: Political Processes and Governance in India —Dr Anil Kumar Ojha, Professor, University Department of Political Science, BRABU (Email:[email protected], whatsapp: 9572110223, mobile:9430526223) Study Material e-content Unit 2 Lecture Series 03: Saturday, 2 May 2020 From Unit 2: Pattern of Coalition Politics

Dear Students, In this series, we shall have an introductory discussion on the topics. Discussion in this series could be supplemented by relevant data provided in study material 1 and 2 uploaded earlier. I hope it would equip you to pursue informed reading with the help of text books you have with you at your home. Understanding well that it is a poor alternative to interactive class- room lectures, I suggest you cope with it in prevailing situation. Students should free to call on the phone numbers of the teacher already publicised through newspapers for clarification of their queries

Pattern of Coalition Politics in India from 1996 onwards Need to form a governing coalition emerge in parliamentary democracies; when elections do not produce a majority party. Such a situation is common in the countries of Europe. Why such electoral outcomes surface? It depends on the nature of the party system, nature of electoral competition and social diversities. • Number of effective parties [effective party is understood as a party whose candidate gets at least five percent votes nationally, state-level or at sub-region level within a state or even at the level of an assembly or parliamentary constituency] • Diversities-- Socio, economic, regional and other diversities that impinge on political behaviour [social diversities in India manifest through identity politics centred on religion, tribe, caste and languages. Identity politics centred on regional aspirations sometimes takes the form of sub-nationalism. Demands for state autonomy, preservation of distinct language and culture (example, Punjabi suba, division of

Maharashtra and Gujarat coupled with dispute over Mumbai), carving ot a new state, extending the boundary of a state (example Greater Nagalim)] • Voting Behaviour (besides other factors, the above diversities impinge on voting behaviour of electors) The nature of Coalition politics depends on: 1. Composition of the house (Lok Sabha/ Vidhan Sabha) overtime, and 2. Nature of competition and cooperation between major political parties. 3. Nature and degree of ideological polarisation-- convergence/ divergence between political parties 4. Compatibility of participating parties’ social bases (various social groups—castes, tribes-- have mutually antagonistic perceptions) 5. Degree of polarisation in the political system (cleavages based on various identities)

xBcU/ku ljdkj dh vko';drk fdlh ,d jktuhfrd ny dks ljdkj xBu ds fy, vko';d cgqre ugha izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr esa iM+rh gSA f}nyh; ;k ,d nyh; izHkqRookyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa cgqnyh; O;oLFkk esa xBcU/ku ljdkj dh laHkkouk vf/kd gSA la?kkRed O;oLFkkvksa esa tulkaf[;dh fofo/krk ,oa vU; dkj.kksa ls nyksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gksrh gSA ftlls ny O;oLFkk esa rjyrk vkrh gS rFkk nyh; izfr;ksfxrk dk Lo:Ik jk"Vªh; u jgdj jkT;&dsfUnzr gks tkrk gSA dkyØe esa lqLFkkfir jk"Vªh; nyksa ds tuk/kkj dk {kj.k gksrk gSA xBcU/ku ljdkj dh izd`fr eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr dkjdks ij fuHkZj djrh gS& izFke] lnu dh nyh; fLFkfr( f}rh;] xBcU/ku esa 'kkfey nyksa dh vkuqikfrd fLFkfr( r`rh;] xBcU/ku esa 'kkfey nyksa ds chp oSpkfjd lekurk dh fLFkfr] rFkk pkSFkk] xBcU/ku dk usr`RoA oLrqr% xBcU/ku ljdkj vkn'kZ fLFkfr ugha gSA fopkj/kkjkRed vuq:irk dk vHkko rFkk lg;ksxh ?kVd ny ls tuk/kkj dh izfrLi/kkZ fLFkfr dks tfVy cukrh gSA

xBcU/ku ljdkj dk rkRi;Z lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa cgqnyh; efU=ifj"kn~ gSA bldh vko';drk laln ds yksdfiz; fuEu lnu ds fy, laiUu djk, x, vke pquko esa fdlh ,d jktuhfrd ny dks ljdkj xBu ds fy, vko';d cgqre ugha izkIr gksus dh fLFkfr esa iM+rh gSA f}nyh; ;k ,d nyh; izHkqRookyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh

2 rqyuk esa cgqnyh; O;oLFkk esa xBcU/ku ljdkj dh laHkkouk vf/kd gSA fdlh jktuSfrd eqís ij nyksa ds foHkktu vkSj nycny ds dkj.k Hkh ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA fdlh fo'kky ns'k esa fo'ks"kdj la?kkRed O;oLFkkvksa esa tulkaf[;dh fofo/krk ,oa vU; dkj.kksa ls nyksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gksrh gSA ftlls ny O;oLFkk esa rjyrk vkrh gS rFkk nyh; izfr;ksfxrk dk Lo:Ik jk"Vªh; u jgdj jkT;&dsfUnzr gks tkrk gSA dkyØe esa lqLFkkfir jk"Vªh; nyksa ds tuk/kkj dk {kj.k gksrk gSA bl {kj.k dh l?kurk vkSj ek=k vyx&vyx jkT;ksa vkSj vapyksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSA ftlls jkT;&Lrjh; {ks=h; nyksa dk mn; gksrk gSA

lkekU;r% xBcU/ku ljdkj dh izd`fr ,dnyh; ljdkj ls fHkUu gksrh gSA xBcU/ku ljdkj dh izd`fr eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr dkjdks ij fuHkZj djrh gS& izFke] lnu dh nyh; fLFkfr( f}rh;] xBcU/ku esa 'kkfey nyksa dh vkuqikfrd fLFkfr( r`rh;] xBcU/ku esa 'kkfey nyksa ds chp oSpkfjd lekurk dh fLFkfr] rFkk pkSFkk] xBcU/ku dk usr`RoA ljdkj xBu ds fy, vko';d cgqer tqVkus ds mís'; ls tc pqukoiwoZ xBcU/ku fd;k tkrk gS] rc fLFkfr fHkUu gksrh gSA pquko iwoZ xBcU/ku esa lhVksa ds iw.kZ rkyesy dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] blesa nksLrkuk la?k"kZ dh ukScr izk;% ugha vkrh gSA cfYd ,d pquko ?kks"k.kk i= Hkh tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA tSlkfd 1999 esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds usr`Ro esa jk"Vªh; turkaf=d xBcU/ku }kjk 'kklu dh jk"Vªh; dk;Zlwph ¼us'kuy ,tsaMk QkWj xous±'k½ tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA blds iwoZ 1989 esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ us la;qDr pquko ?kks"k.kk i= tkjh fd;k FkkA jk"Vªh; ekspkZ esa turk ny ds vfrfjDr rsyxw ns'ke ikVhZ] vle x.k ifj"kn~ rFkk nzfoM+ equS= dM+xe vkfn 'kkfey FksA us'kuy ÝaV ds la;kstd Vh-Mh-ih- usrk ,u-Vh- jkekjko Fks rFkk

,u-Mh-,- ds la;kstd rRdkyhu lerk ikVhZ usrk tktZ Quk±Mhl FksA ;wukbVsM ÝaV ¼1996&98½ ds la;kstu pUnzckcw uk;Mw FksA

oLrqr% Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij igyh xBcU/ku ljdkj 1977 esas turk ikVhZ ds eksjkjth nslkbZ ds usr`Ro esa cuh Fkh] ftlesa vdkyh ny Hkh 'kkfey FkkA 1979 esa pj.k flag ds usr`Ro esa dkaxzsl ¼,l½ ds lkFk vYdkfyd ljdkj xfBr gqbZ FkhA 1989 esa fo'oukFk izrki flag ds usr`Ro esa xfBr jk"Vªh; ekspkZ ljdkj ds ckn 1996&98 ds chp la;qDr ekspkZ ¼;wukbVsM ÝaV½ ds }kjk turk ny ds ,p-Mh-nSoxksM+k rFkk bUnz dqekj xqtjky ds usr`Ro esa rsjg nyksa dk] ftls dkaxzsl dk ckgj ls leFkZu izkIr Fkk] nks xBcU/ku ljdkjsa xfBr gqbZA 1998&2004 ds nkSjku vVy fcgkj oktis;h ds usr`Ro esa ,u-Mh-,- dh xBcU/ku ljdkj jghA viuk dk;Zdky iwjk djusokys xBcU/ku ljdkj ds igys iz/kkuea=h vVy fcgkj oktis;h jgs] ;|fi mUgksaus Hkh le;iwoZ vke pquko djk viuk dk;Zdky NksVk dj fy;kA2 o"kZ 2004 ls 2014 rd dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa la;qDr izxfr'khy xBcU/ku ¼;wukbVsM izksxzsflo ,yka,l&;w-ih-,-½ dh ljdkj jghA ;w-ih-,- dh v/;{k dkaxszl dh v/;{k lksfu;k xk¡/kh jgh] ftuds }kjk euksuhr dk¡xzsl ds gh jkT;lHkk esa usrk eueksgu flag nl o"kks± rd iz/kkueU=h jgsA

;ksa rks 2014 rFkk 2019 esa Hkh Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds ujsUnz eksnh ds usr`Ro esa xfBr ljdkjksa esa vU; nyksa dk izfrfuf/kRo jgk rFkk rduhfd n`f"V ls bUgsa ,u-Mh-,- dh xBcU/ku ljdkj dg ldrs gSaA fdUrq 2014 esa Hkktik dks 282@543 rFkk 2019 esa 303@542 lhVksa ds lkFk iw.kZ cgqer izkIr FkkA 2014 dh xBcU/ku ljdkj esa rsyxw ns'ke ikVhZ ¼v'kksd xtifr jktw rFkk Jh pkS/kjh½] f'kolsuk ¼vuar xhrs½] yksdtu 'kfDr ikVhZ ¼jkefoykl ikloku½]

4 jk"Vªh; yksd lerk ikVhZ ¼misUnz dq'kokgk½] vdkyh ny ¼gjflejr dkSj ckny½] viuk ny ¼vuqfiz;k iVsy½] fjifCydu ikVhZ ¼jkenkl vFkoys½ dk izfrfuf/kRo FkkA fdUrq 2014 dh ljdkj ,d izdkj dk ljIyl xBcU/ku dh ljdkj Fkh vFkkZr~ ljdkj dk vfLrRo fdlh lg;ksxh ny ij fuHkZj ugha FkkA uhfr laca/kh iz'uksa ij fdlh ny dk fu"ks/kkf/kdkj ¼ohVks½ izkIr ugha FkkA

blh izdkj 2019 dh eksnh ljdkj Hkh ukeek= dh xBcU/ku ljdkj gSA ftlesa vdkyh ny] f'kolsuk] yksd tu'kfDr ikVhZ] fjifCyd ikVhZ ¼vFkoys½ dks lkadsfrd izfrfuf/kRo fn;k x;kA blh dkj.k turk ny ¼;wukbVsM½ us efU=ifj"kn~ esa lfEefyr gksus dk vkxzg vLohdkj dj fn;kA fcgkj ls lksyg yksdlHkk rFkk Ng jkT;lHkk lnL;ksa okys turk ny ¼;wukbVsM½ us ljdkj esa Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo dh ekax j[kh FkhA blds ckn ts-Mh-;w- us ,u-Mh-,- esa cus jgus rFkk ljdkj ds lkFk n`<+rk ls [kM+s jgus dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd fcgkj esa ts Mh ;w rFkk chtsih dh xBcU/ku ljdkj tqykbZ 2017 ls gS rFkk jkT; ljdkj dk vfLrRo Hkktik ij vk/kkfjr gSA mÙkj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa dh Hkkafr fcgkj esa Hkh xBcU/ku ljdkjksa dh 'kq:vkr 1967 ls ekuh tkrh gS] tc MkW0 jkt euksgj yksfg;k ds iz;klksa ls foifjr oSpkfjd /kqzoksa ij vofLFkr Hkkjrh; dE;wfuLV ikVhZ ¼lh-ih-vkbZ-½ rFkk Hkkjrh; tula/k us la;qDr lks'kfyLV ikVhZ] iztk lks'kfyLV ikVhZ] LorU= ikVhZ rFkk fo{kqC/k dkaxzst tuksa }kjk xfBr tuØkfUr ny ds lkFk feydj egkek;k izlkn flUgk ds usr`Ro esa fcgkj dh igyh xBcU/ku ljdkj cukbZA dbZ jkT;ksa esa dkaxzsl dk foHkktu gqvk& Hkkjrh; Økafr ny ¼mÙkj izns'k½]

5 mRdy dk¡xsl] caxyk dkaxzsl] dsjy dkaxzsl] fo'kky gfj;k.kk ikVhZ vkfnA 1967&72 xBcU/ku ljdkjksa dk nkSj jgkA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh bl uohu ifj?kVuk us lalnh; jktuhfr vkSj ny O;oLFkk ds v/;srkvksa dk /;ku vkd`"V fd;k FkkA laLFkkRed vkSj O;ogkjoknh i)fr;ksa ds iz;ksx }kjk vusdkusd v/;;u izdkf'kr gq,] ftuesa bl ifj?kVuk dh O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA uohu fl)kUr fuekZ.k dh fn'kk esa dqN lkFkZd lkeU;hdj.k Hkh lkeus vk,A

ijUrq jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dk¡xzsl dh izHkqRo'khy fLFkfr ls iru }kjk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa u;s v/;k; dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA 1989] 1991] 1996] 1998] 1999] 2004 rFkk 2009 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa fdlh ny dks Li"V cgqer ugha izkIr gqvkA 1977 esa f}nyh; O;oLFkk ¼dkaxzsl vkSj turk ikVhZ½ dh tks laHkkouk ek;ju ohuj dks fn[kh Fkh og Hkh turk ikVhZ ds fc[kjko rFkk dkaxsl ds foHkktu ¼dkaxzsl&bafnjk dk xBu½ ls frjksfgr gks x;hA 1980 ds n'kd esa vle] vkU/kz izns'k] tEew d'ehj esa {ks=h; nyksa ds mn; rFkk ia- caxky] dukZVd esa xSj dk¡xzsl nyksa dh l'kDrk us ny O;oLFkk dk Lo:Ik ifjofrZr fd;kA ny O;oLFkk dk {ks=h;dj.k gqvkA jkT; nyh; pqukoh izfr;ksfxrk ds i`Fkd v[kkM+s cu x;sA jk"Vªh; jktuhfr bUgha jkT; Lrjh; jktuhfr ds ifj.kkeksa ls Lo:Ik xzg.k djus yxhA blh nkSj esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij xBcU/ku ;k vYier ljdkj ¼1991&1996½ dk nkSj pykA mYys[kuh; gS fd 2014 vkSj 2019 esa Hkys gh ,u-Mh-,- dh xBcU/ku ljdkjsa cuh] ijUrq budh izd`fr ,d nyh; ljdkj dh gSA

• A political system having parliamentary democracy characterises fusion of executive and legislative leadership spheres.

• The nature of the party system as also intra-party factional interactions determines the pattern of coalition.

• Role and position of the prime minister, stability, coherence and smooth running of coalitions depend on many factors.

• Formation of coordination committee/ core group of partners/ leaders and formulation of common minimum programme facilitate it.

• Post-emergency, 1977 Janata Party government of Morarji Desai had Akali Dal’s representation in cabinet. Anti-Congressism was the main plank of the coalition. Prakash Singh Badal and Surjit Singh Barnala had served successively as agriculture ministers. The CPM supported it from ouside. The government fell due to inner party squabbles as its various constituents didnot coalesce together. Jaya Parakash Narayan (J.P.) was instrumental in bringing these parties together, but he could not help and party disintegrated.

• 1979 Charan Singh government was also a coalition between Janata (S) and Congress (S) led by Y.B. Chavan and Brahmanand Reddy, Karan Singh, K.C.Pant, Chandrajeet Yadav. The government was formed on the assurance of outside support from the Congress (Indira) led by C.M. Stephen in the Lok Sabha. But, the withdrawal of Congress(I) support led to the fall of government without seeking vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha. Dual membership of erstwhile Jana Sangh members (their affiliation with RSS) was the overt reason, however the ambition for power was behind its formation.

• 1989 National Front (Janata Dal+ TDP+DMK+ AGP) led by V. P. Singh had common pre-election manifesto. But due to lack of numbers, it depended crucially on the BJP’s support from outside the government. The NF’s convenor was N.T. Rama Rao of the TDP. The NF had issued a common manifesto. Anti-Congressism was the main plank, but secular credentials soon became an issue.

• 1996 United Front (13 parties) coalition governments led by H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujaral had framed a national commo(n minimum programme NCMP), but it depended

on Congress’ outside support. The convenor of the UPA coordination committee was TDP’s Chandra Babu Naidu. The UF governments fell after withdrawal of Congress’ support. During UF, the post of Lok Sabha speaker was held by P.A. Sangma of the Congress. The UF was formed to prevent the BJP (in post- Babri Masjid demolition scenario, the BJP was perceived by these parties as votary of Hindutva) from remaining in power. It was overtly based on the planks of secularism and social justice. These parties were yet to shed their reluctance to share power with the Congress. The CPM was not not ready to enter into a government supported by the Congress, even from outside. That is why its polit bureau and central committee twice rejected the proposal to anoint Jyoti Basu as the Prime Minister.

• 1998-99, 1999-2004. National Democratic Alliance coalition government led by A.B. Vajpayee had also framed a national agenda for governance. It had a coordination committee with George Fernandes as convenor. The NDA did not depend on outside support. During NDA rule, the post of Lok Sabha speaker was held by ally TDP’s G.M.C. Balyogi and Shiv Sena’s Manohar Joshi. During 1999 elections for the 13th Lok Sabha, the NDA had issued a common manifesto. Agreeing on allies’ point of views, the BJP shelved its core issues such as construction of Ram Mandir at Ayodhya, abrogation of Article 370 in relation to Jammu & Kashmir and introduction of uniform civil code as envisaged in the Constitution’s Directive Principles of State Policy.

• 2004-2009, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition government led by Manmohan Singh had outside support of the Left parties Samajwadi party. It had a coordination committee and core group comprising representatives of all parties. The Congress President Sonia Gandhi was the chairperson of the UPA. A National Advisory Council (NAC) under was credited with introduction of national rural employment guarantee act, right to information act, right to education act. The post of Lok Sabha speaker was held by Som Nath Chatterjee of the CPM. The Left parties withdrew support on the issue of civil nuclear cooperation with the USA, however the government survived trust vote through deft political management. Allies like DMK, RJD and others were engaged in hard bargaining in power sharing.

• 2009-2014, the UPA coalition government’s dependence over outside support had declined due to increase in Congress’ numbers from 145 to 206 and decrease in BJP’s numbers from 138 to 116. UPA committee became less effective during the period.

However, allies like Dravidian parties and Trinamool Congress were holding and displaying veto power in power sharing.

• 2014- 2019 and 2019-.. .NDA coalitions led by BJP’s Narendra Modi are examples of surplus coalitions, where the government’s survival do not depend on allies sweetwill as the leading party, BJP, itself commands parliamentary majority. The present coalition does not have an agreed agenda or common minimum programme. It has not formed any institutional arrangement to deliberate on policy or governance issues. It seeks to implement BJP’s manifesto and pools support from allies, equidistant and even from UPA and Left parties as seen during voting on GST, Article 370, CAA and others. The TDP quit the coalition over special package for Andhra Pradesh as its bifurcation and creation of Telangana posed new problems that include loss of Hyderabad and constructing a new capital. Shiv Sena quit over government formation in Maharashtra, it insisted on the post of chief minister after BJP-Shiv Sena alliance won election. The JD(U) did not join the ministry as it was not offered seats in proportion to its strength in Parliament

From the above discussion, it is apparent that coalition politics in India, even at national level, do not have one pattern but several patterns. Each coalition has its own features. Parties engage in hard bargaining when the leading party crucially depend on allies for the survival of the government. Parties nominate its representative in the ministry. Parties seek to collectively determine allocation of portfolios. Regional parties seek special economic package for their states or ask for other gains.

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