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Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 61 Annual Issue Article 26 1954 Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides B. R. Bluestein Coe College Albert Hybl Coe College Yoshimi Al Nishioka Coe College Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1954 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Bluestein, B. R.; Hybl, Albert; and Nishioka, Yoshimi Al (1954) "Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 61(1), 225-232. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol61/iss1/26 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bluestein et al.: Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlor Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides By B. R. BLUESTEIN, ALBERT HYBL* AND YosHIMI AL NISHIOKA INTRODUCTION The reaction kinetics of the alcoholysis of substituted benzoyl chlorides was studied. The mechanism of the alcoholysis reaction, which is most generally accepted ( 1), shows that the overall re action should be second-order and that the reaction should be first-order with respect to the acid chloride and first-order with respect to the alcohol. This rate study was carried out using a large excess of alcohol as the solvent, thus obtaining pseudo-first order rate constants, first-order with respect to the acid chloride only. -
United States Patent Office
3,455,998 United States Patent Office Patented July 15, 1969 2 tinuously or intermittently into the reaction mixture, e.g., 3,455,998 in the form of an acetylene stream loaded with Water WNYL ESTERS FROMACETYLENE AND vapor. CARBOXYLIC ACDS As the zinc salt component of the combination catalyst, Hans J. Arpe, Kohlkaul, Germany, assignor to Shell Oil use is preferably made of a zinc salt of the same carbox Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware ylic acid as that to be vinylated. However, use may be No Drawing. Filed Mar. 20, 1967, Ser. No. 624,215 made of salts of other acids than of the acid to be Int, C. C07c 67/04, 67/00 vinylated. However, in the latter case, the anion of the U.S. C. 260-498 0 Claims acid is generally slowly exchanged for the anion of the IO acid being vinylated. These salts can readily be prepared ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE by reacting, e.g., zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide or zinc carbonate with the acid in a manner known per se. The Vinyl carboxylates are produced by liquid-phase re salt can either be prepared beforehand or allowed to form action of a carboxylic acid with acetylene in the presence in the reaction mixture itself. as catalyst of a zinc salt in combination with a metal-con 15 The liquid phase in which the vinylation is to be carried taining Lewis acid. out can be formed by the melt of the zinc carboxylate itself. It is, however, advantageous to use a high-boiling solvent, i.e. -
Alkanes-1 [Compatibility Mode]
10/17/2011 Alkanes ALKANES (a “family” of hydrocarbons) CnH2n+2 CH 4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 etc. C2H6 ethane H H H—C—C—H H H sp 3, bond angles = 109.5 o H H σ-bonds (sigma) C C HH HH rotation about C--C (conformations) representation: “andiron” or “sawhorse” 1 10/17/2011 H H H H H H H H H H H H “staggered” “eclipsed” torsional strain: deviation from staggered. Newman projections: H H H H H H H H H H H H y g r e n e l a 3 Kcal i t n e t o p rotation about C-C The barrier to rotation about the carbon-carbon bond in ethane is 3 Kcal/mole. The rotation is ~ “free.” C3H8 propane H H H HC C C H projection formula H H H CH3CH2CH3 partially condensed formula 2 10/17/2011 CH3 H CH3 H H H H H H H H H staggered eclipsed y g r e n e l a 3.4 Kcal i t n e t o p rotation about C-C C H butane(s) 4 10 H H C H H H H H H H HC C C C H HC C C H projection H H H H H H H CH 3 partially condensed CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3 stick formulas Two isomers of butane C 4H10 : CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 n-butane bp 0 oC mp –138 oC d 0.622 g/cc CH 3 CH 3CHCH 3 isobutane bp -12 oC mp -159 oC d 0.604 g/cc 3 10/17/2011 Conformations about C2-C3 in n-butane: CH3 H CH3 H H H H H H H H C CH3 3 anti CH3/H eclipsed CH3 H3C CH3 H3C H H H H H H H H gauche CH3/CH3 eclipsed conformations about C2-C3 in n-butane: H3CCH3 CH3 H3C 4.4-6.1 Kcal y g r e n 3.4 Kcal e l 0.8 Kcal a i t CH3 n H C e 3 t CH3 o p CH3 gauche anti rotation C5H12 pentane(s) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-pentane CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3 isopentane CH3 CH3CCH3 neopentane CH3 these are common, or trivial, names where a prefix is used to idicate the structure. -
United States Patent O Fice Patented Dec
2,816,144 United States Patent O fice Patented Dec. 10, 1957 2. conventional manner and the hydrolysis mass is heated until completely free of any side chain chlorine deriva 2,816,144 tives. This can be determined by the use of alcoholic silver nitrate, for example, which will form a cloudy pre PROBEDUCTION OF RBENZALDEHYDE cipitate upon contact with compounds containing a side Robert W. Harris, Silsborough Township, Somerset chain chlorine group. County, N. S. The benzaldehyde which is obtained upon hydrolysis Separates from the aqueous layer and upon washing and No Drawing. Application August 4, 1955, fractionating yields a substantially pure compound which Seria No. 526,574. 0 is totally free from chlorine. 8 Claims. (C. 260-599) The chlorination of toluene is essentially a step-wise reaction and thus the chlorination can be terminated be fore more than two or three percent is converted to the The present invention relates to a process for the pro 5 tri-chloro derivative. This will correspond to a benzal duction of benzaldehyde from toluene. More particu chloride content of no more than about 35%, depending larly, it relates to a process wherein toluene is reacted upon the particular conditions of the reaction, the balance with chlorine and hydrolyzed to produce benzaldehyde being benzyl chloride with a minor amount of unreacted free from chlorine. toluene. Consequently, the reaction is terminated far The chlorination of toluene will result in the introduc 20 short of the maximum formation of benzal chloride so tion of one, two or three chlorine atoms in the methyl that substantially none of the toluene is lost through the side chain. -
United States Patent Office 3,321,512 Patiented May 23, 1967 2 3,321,512 Peroxide Can Be Prepared in Any Convenient Manner
United States Patent Office 3,321,512 Patiented May 23, 1967 2 3,321,512 peroxide can be prepared in any convenient manner. It MANUFACTURE OF PERBENZOIC ACDS is preferred, however, to produce the suspension by dis David James Cooper and Tony Nicholas Gibson, both of tributing the corresponding benzoyl chloride in finely di Whitley Bay, Northumberiand, England, assignors to vided form in an aqueous alkaline solution of hydrogen Thecorporation Procter of & OhioGamble Company, Cincinnati, Cilio, a peroxide having a pH of not less than 10. The benzoyl No Drawing. Fified Jan. 22, 1964, Ser. No. 339,323 chloride reacts with the hydrogen peroxide solution pro Ciains priority, application (Great Britaia, Jan. 31, 1963, ducing the benzoyl peroxide which is obtained in the form 4,012/63 of a fine suspension. This can be achieved by introducing 2. Ciaisas. (C. 260-502) the benzoyl chloride at the periphery of a high speed agi IO tator (for example, an agitator of at least 2 inches in This invention relates to an improved process for the diameter rotating at 1500 to 2000 rp.m.) which is located manufacture of perbenzoic acids. in the solution. Alternatively, the benzoyl chloride can The conventional method of preparing aromatic percar be introduced into the throat of a Venturi mixer through boxylic acids is a two stage process in which the diacyl which the aqueous alkaline solution is passing. peroxide is prepared by reacting the aromatic acyl chlo 15 As stated above, the alkaline solution of hydrogen per ride (e.g., benzoyl chloride) with alkaline hydrogen per oxide must have a pH of at least 10. -
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Benzyl Chloride (Casrn 100-44-7)
EPA/690/R-08/005F l Final 7-14-2008 Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Benzyl chloride (CASRN 100-44-7) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 Acronyms and Abbreviations bw body weight cc cubic centimeters CD Caesarean Delivered CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 CNS central nervous system cu.m cubic meter DWEL Drinking Water Equivalent Level FEL frank-effect level FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act g grams GI gastrointestinal HEC human equivalent concentration Hgb hemoglobin i.m. intramuscular i.p. intraperitoneal IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUR inhalation unit risk i.v. intravenous kg kilogram L liter LEL lowest-effect level LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAEL(ADJ) LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration LOAEL(HEC) LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human m meter MCL maximum contaminant level MCLG maximum contaminant level goal MF modifying factor mg milligram mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg/L milligrams per liter MRL minimal risk level MTD maximum tolerated dose MTL median threshold limit NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NOAEL(ADJ) NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration NOAEL(HEC) NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human NOEL no-observed-effect level OSF oral slope -
Benzoyl Peroxide
BENZOYL PEROXIDE Prepared at the 63rd JECFA (2004), published in FNP 52 Add 12 (2004) superseding specifications prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000). Treatment of whey with benzoyl peroxide at a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg does not pose a safety concern (63rd JECFA, 2004). SYNONYMS Benzoyl superoxide, INS No. 928 DEFINITION Benzoyl peroxide is manufactured by the reaction of benzoyl chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Chemical name Dibenzoyl peroxide C.A.S. number 94-36-0 Chemical formula C14H10O4 Structural formula Formula weight 242.23 Assay Not less than 96.0% DESCRIPTION Colourless, crystalline solid having a faint odour of benzaldehyde. Caution: Benzoyl peroxide, especially in the dry form, is a dangerous, highly reactive, oxidizing material and has been known to explode spontaneously FUNCTIONAL USES Bleaching agent CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and soluble in ether. Melting range (Vol. 4) 103 - 106° with decomposition Decomposition to benzoic To 0.5 g of the sample add 50 ml of 0.5 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide, heat acid gradually to boiling and continue boiling for 15 min. Cool and dilute with 200 ml of water. Add sufficient 0.5 N hydrochloric acid to make strongly acidic and extract with ether. Dry the ether solution over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then evaporate to dryness on a steam bath. The benzoic acid so obtained melts between 121° and 123°. PURITY Lead (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. -
Roc Profile: Benzotrichloride
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Benzotrichloride Property Information Molecular weight 195.5a CAS No. 98-07-7 Specific gravity 1.38 at 20°C/4°Ca Melting point –5°Ca Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen Boiling point 221°C at 760 mm Hga Log K 2.92a First listed in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (1985) ow Water solubility 53 mg/L at 5°Cb Also known as 1-(trichloromethyl)benzene, α,α,α-trichlorotoluene, Vapor pressure 0.414 mm Hg at 25°Ca or benzoic trichloride Vapor density relative to air 6.77a Cl Sources: aHSDB 2009, bChemIDplus 2009. C Cl Use Cl Carcinogenicity Benzotrichloride is used extensively as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing processes. Its most important derivative is benzoyl Benzotrichloride is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcino- chloride (IARC 1999). It has also been used as a dye intermediate in gen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in the preparation of eight dyes and pigments, including five that have experimental animals. been produced in commercial quantities in the United States. In ad- dition, benzotrichloride has been used to make benzotrifluoride and Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals hydroxybenzophenone ultraviolet-light stabilizers for plastics and in Exposure to benzotrichloride by two routes of administration caused the production of ion-exchange resins, pharmaceuticals, and antimi- tumors at several different tissue sites in mice. When administered crobial agents (IARC 1982b). to female mice by stomach tube, benzotrichloride caused cancer of Production the forestomach (squamous-cell carcinoma) and of the lining of the lung (adenocarcinoma). -
US5241112.Pdf
|||||||I|| USOO524 12A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,241,112 Sanderson et al. 45 Date of Patent: Aug. 31, 1993 54 PREPARATION OF TRIALKYLACETEC 4,262,138 4/1981 Gelbein ............................... 560/233 ACIDS, PARTICULARLY OF PIVALIC ACID, 4,267,308 5/1981 Parziale ............................... 528/395 USING SOLD ACID CATALYSIS 4,276,409 6/1981 DiGiacomo et al................ 528/362 4,276,410 6/1981 DiGiacomo et al. ............... 528/373 75 Inventors: William A. Sanderson, Portola 4,276,411 6/1981 DiGiacomo et al. ............... 528/395 Valley; Michael A. Richard, Foster 4,298,723 11/1981 DiGiacomo et al. .. ... 528/27 City, both of Calif. 4,299,943 11/1981 DiGiacomo et al. ................... 528/9 a - 4,311,851 1/1982 Jung et al............................ 560/233 73) Assignee: Catalytica, Inc., Mountain View, 4,373,079 2/1983 Parziale et al. ......................... 528/9 Calif. 4,384,981 5/1983 Dines et al. ........ 564A305 X 4,386,013 5/1983 Callahan et al. ... 260/429 X 21 Appl. No.: 682,810 4,390,690 6/1983 DiGiacomo et al. ........... 260/429 X 22 Filed: Apr. 9, 1991 4,429, 11 1/1984 Dines et al. ......................... 528/395 4,436,899 3/1987 DiGiacomo ........................ 528/395 51 Int. Cl.......................... CO7C 51/14; A23F 7/00 4,868,343 9/1989 King et al. .......................... 568/697 52 U.S. Cl. ....................................... 562/521; 554/83 58 Field of Search ................ 562/521; 260/413, 408, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 260/400, 403, 404: 554/92, 96, 97, 80, 83,78, 0249976 12/1987 European Pat. -
New Inhibitors of Methane Production by Rumen Micro-Organisms
Downloaded from 429 https://www.cambridge.org/core New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Development and testing of inhibitors in vitro BY J. W. CZERKAWSKI AND GRACE BRECKENRIDGE . IP address: The Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, Scotland 170.106.33.22 (Received 2 Yanuary 1975 - Accepted 9 May 1975) I. A procedure is described for assaying in vitro the activity of various inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. , on 2. Methods of preparation of various inhibitors are described together with attempts to 30 Sep 2021 at 19:00:31 characterize these compounds by determining their physical properties (physical state, density, chromatographic behaviour), their hydrolysis by rumen contents and their relative potency as inhibitors. 3. The results of preliminary studies with trichloroethanol and its ester with pivalic acid are given. 4. The inhibitory activities of several groups of related compounds are reported. These include the polyhalogenated alcohols and their esters with pivalic acid, the esters of tri- , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at halogenated alcohols and monobasic fatty acids from C2to CISand the trihalogenated alcohol esters of dibasic acids. The results of experiments with esters of alcohols and polyhalogenated carboxylic and sulphonic acids are also given. 5. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the inhibitors might be similar to that of known polyhalogenated methane analogues (e.g. chloroform). The relative activity of various compounds might be partly governed by the ease of their absorption into the microbial cells and by the extent to which the esters can be hydrolysed by rumen contents. -
Friedel and Crafts' Reaction-The Preparation of Orthobenzoyl-Benzoic Acid and Benzophenone
732 C. R. RUBIDGE AND N. C. QUA. two and five-tenths grams of cyanimidocaxbonic ethyl ester, prepared from bromocyanogen, potassium cyanide, and alcohol1 were added to the suspended alcoholate. Heat was developed, the solution became yellow, and sodium cyanide was precipitated. The reaction mixture was heated for two hours in a flask connected with a reflux condenser, and enough water was added to dissolve the sodium cyanide. After the water solution had been extracted with ether several times, the ether was dried with calcium chloride. Thus, 32 g. of a light yellow oil, possessing a strong basic odor, were obtained when the ether was evaporated. Even at a pressure of 25 mm. the compound could not be distilled without consid- erable decomposition. Therefore, no analysis of the substance was at- tempted. Its identity was established by converting it into the corre- sponding oximido derivative. Preqaration of Oximidocarbonic Ethyl Isoamyl Ester, CZHS@-C~C~HII,- II NOH Eight and four-tenths grams of hydroxylamine, dissolved in a small amount of water, were added to 20 g. of the imido ester dissolved'in 20 cc. of ether. The mixture was shaken thirty minutes, the water layer was drawn off, extracted several times with ether, and the ether dried with sodium sulfate. Twenty grams of a reddish yellow oil were obtained when the ether evaporated. When cooled to -15', white crystals ap- peared which melted when they were spread out on a cold clay plate. 0.1754 g. gave 12.8 cc. Nz at 24.5' and 742 mm. Calc. for CsH1703N: N, 7.99.