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A Short History of Georgian Architecture
A SHORT HISTORY OF GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE Georgia is situated on the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In the north it is bounded by the Main Caucasian Range, forming the frontier with Russia, Azerbaijan to the east and in the south by Armenia and Turkey. Geographically Georgia is the meeting place of the European and Asian continents and is located at the crossroads of western and eastern cultures. In classical sources eastern Georgia is called Iberia or Caucasian Iberia, while western Georgia was known to Greeks and Romans as Colchis. Georgia has an elongated form from east to west. Approximately in the centre in the Great Caucasian range extends downwards to the south Surami range, bisecting the country into western and eastern parts. Although this range is not high, it produces different climates on its western and eastern sides. In the western part the climate is milder and on the sea coast sub-tropical with frequent rains, while the eastern part is typically dry. Figure 1 Map of Georgia Georgian vernacular architecture The different climates in western and eastern Georgia, together with distinct local building materials and various cultural differences creates a diverse range of vernacular architectural styles. In western Georgia, because the climate is mild and the region has abundance of timber, vernacular architecture is characterised by timber buildings. Surrounding the timber houses are lawns and decorative trees, which rarely found in the rest of the country. The population and hamlets scattered in the landscape. In eastern Georgia, vernacular architecture is typified by Darbazi, a type of masonry building partially cut into ground and roofed by timber or stone (rarely) constructions known as Darbazi, from which the type derives its name. -
Wines by Glasses / Вино По Бокалам
WINES BY GLASSES / ВИНО ПО БОКАЛАМ CHAMPAGNE 200 ml ROSE WINES 150 ml ШАМПАНСКОЕ 200 мл РОЗОВЫЕ ВИНА 150 мл LANSON BLACK LABEL BRUT 1600 ₽ BESINI ROSE, BESENI 390 ₽ ЛАНСОН БЛЭК ЛЕБЛ БРЮТ GEORGIA БЕСИНИ РОЗЕ, БЕСИНИ ГРУЗИЯ SPARKLING WINES 150 ml ИГРИСТОЕ ВИНО 150 мл EXCELLENSE ROSE, MARQUES DE CACERES 550 ₽ SPAIN ЭКСЕЛАНС РОЗЕ, МАРКИЗ ДЕ КАСЕРЕС PROSECCO ZONIN 650 ₽ ИСПАНИЯ ITALY, VENETO ПРОСЕККО ZONIN ИТАЛИЯ, ВЕНЕТО RED WINES 150 ml FANAGORIA WHITE BRUT 390 ₽ КРАСНЫЕ ВИНА 150 мл RUSSIA, KRASNODARSKIY KRAY ФАНАГОРИЯ БРЮТ РОCСИЯ, КРАСНОДАРСКИЙ КРАЙ PINOT NOIR “LE PARCS”, GUY ALLION 550 ₽ FRANCE PROSECCO ROSE “LUNETTA”, CAVIT 650 ₽ ПИНО НУАР «ЛЕ ПАРКС», ГИ АЛЛИОН ITALY, VENETO ФРАНЦИЯ ПРОСЕККО РОЗЕ «ЛУНЕТТА», КАВИТ ИТАЛИЯ, ВЕНЕТО CABERNET SAUVIGNON SINGLE ESTATE, 420 ₽ CASAS DEL TOQUI WHITE WINES 150 ml CHILE КАБЕРНЕ СОВИНЬОН СИНГЛ ЭСТЭЙТ, БЕЛЫЕ ВИНА 150 мл КАСАС ДЕЛ ТОКИ ЧИЛИ PINOT GRIGIO, CASA DEFRA 590 ₽ ITALY ПИНО ГРИДЖИО, КАЗА ДЕФРА PRIMITIVO “QVID”, TENUTO GUISTINI 520 ₽ ИТАЛИЯ ITALY ПРИМИТИВО «КВИД», ТЕНУТО ДЖИУСТИНИ CHARDONNAY, DELLA ROCCA 490 ₽ ИТАЛИЯ ITALY ШАРДОННЕ, ДЕЛЛА РОККА ИТАЛИЯ SAPERAVI VINTAGE FANAGORIA 650 ₽ KRASONADRSKIY KRAY SAUVIGNON BLANC, LE PERRON 460 ₽ САПЕРАВИ ВИНТАЖ ФАНАГОРИЯ FRANCE РОССИЯ, КРАСНОДАРСКИЙ КРАЙ СОВИНЬОН БЛАН, ЛЕ ПЕРРОН ФРАНЦИЯ MUKUZANI SHILDIS MTEBI, BESINI 770 ₽ CABERNET BLAC “F” STYLE 350 ₽ GEORGIA RUSSIA, FANAGORIA МУКУЗАНИ ШИЛДИС МТЕБИ, БЕСИНИ КАБЕРНЕ БЛАН ГРУЗИЯ РОССИЯ, ФАНАГОРИЯ RKATSITELI, VAZISUBANI, KARTULI VASI 770 ₽ KINDZMARAULI, KINDZMARAULI MARANI 950 ₽ GEORGIA GEORGIA, SEMI-SWEET РКАЦИТЕЛИ, -
Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union's
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union’s East Border Brie, Mircea and Horga, Ioan and Şipoş, Sorin University of Oradea, Romania 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44082/ MPRA Paper No. 44082, posted 31 Jan 2013 05:28 UTC ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER Mircea BRIE Ioan HORGA Sorin ŞIPOŞ (Coordinators) Debrecen/Oradea 2011 This present volume contains the papers of the international conference Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union‟s East Border, held in Oradea between 2nd-5th of June 2011, organized by Institute for Euroregional Studies Oradea-Debrecen, University of Oradea and Department of International Relations and European Studies, with the support of the European Commission and Bihor County Council. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY STUDIES Mircea BRIE Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Dialogue in the European Border Space.......11 Ioan HORGA Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Education in the Curricula of European Studies .......19 MINORITY AND MAJORITY IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN AREA Victoria BEVZIUC Electoral Systems and Minorities Representations in the Eastern European Area........31 Sergiu CORNEA, Valentina CORNEA Administrative Tools in the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities .............................................................................................................47 -
THE FUTURE of BANKING «Over 70% of Georgia’S Residents Prefer to Pay with a Smartphone»
S GENERAL SPONSOR OF THE FORUM GOLDEN SPONSOR SPONSORS Media Partners PRIME ADS AD 30 April, 2018 News Making Money http://www.fi nchannel.com THE FUTURE OF BANKING «Over 70% of Georgia’s residents prefer to pay with a smartphone» well as customers have been During the last decade, the Igor Stepanov, forced to adapt. Mastercard development of smartphones Regional Director has made a number of im- has had a profound impact portant changes over the past on the way businesses oper- of Mastercard few years. Mastercard had to ate. With the percentage of overcome signifi cant chal- the global population using in Georgia and lenges to develop eff ective smartphones increasing ev- Central Asia digital tools that meet the dif- ery year, businesses are now fering needs of the countries expected to provide a fully it operates in. Also, by mod- integrated digital platform s the digitaliza- ernizing, particularly through that can provide diff erent tion process of digital services, banks cur- services. life faces sig- rently have an opportunity to nifi cant changes, diff erentiate themselves in a companies, as crowded market. A Continued on p. 4 Bank of Georgia Invests in Social Responsibility as Part of its Obligations See on p. 6 Why would we use crypto euros? See on p. 7 How DRC Carries out the Successful Resolution of Local and International Commercial Disputes See on p. 16 CARTU BANK: Strong Bank For Stronger Georgia See on p. 9 “Digitalization is the future of banks See on p. 10 CURRENCIES Bank of the future Apr 28 Apr 21 1 USD 2.4617 2.4402 is a bank oriented 1 EUR 2.9762 3.0017 100 RUB 3.9379 3.9729 on customers 1 TRY 0.6077 0.6036 See on p. -
Proverb As a Tool of Persuasion in Political Discourse (On the Material of Georgian and French Languages)
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 632-637, June 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1006.02 Proverb as a Tool of Persuasion in Political Discourse (on the Material of Georgian and French languages) Bela Glonti School of Arts and Sciences, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; The Francophone Regional Doctoral College of Central and Eastern Europe in the Humanities (CODFREURCOR), Georgia Abstract—Our study deals with the use of proverbs as a tool of persuasion in political discourse. Within this study we have studied and analyzed the texts of Georgian and French political articles, speeches and proverbs used therein. The analysis revealed that the proverbs found and used by us in the French discourses were not only of French origin. Also, most of the proverbs found in the French discourses were used as titles of the articles. As for the Georgian proverbs, they consisted mainly of popular proverbs well known to the Georgian public. Georgia proverbs have rarely been cited as an article title. According to the general conclusion, the use of proverbs as a tool of persuasion in the political discourse by the politicians of both countries is quite relevant. It is effective when it is persuasive and at the same time causes an emotional reaction. Quoting the proverbs, the politicians base their thinking on positions. The proverb is one of the key argumentative techniques. Index Terms—proverb, translation, culture, argumentation I. INTRODUCTION The article is concerned with a proverb, as a tool of persuasion in Georgian and French political discourse. -
Bakradze Appointed As Georgian Ambassador To
facebook.com/ georgiatoday Issue no: 888/49 • OCTOBER 18 - 20, 2016 • PUBLISHED TWICE WEEKLY PRICE: GEL 2.50 Dimitry Kumsishvili visiting reconstruction works in Gudauri In this week’s issue... Tbilisi - Ashkhabad Direct Flights to Be Launched as Part of Growing Cooperation PAGE 2 Khachapuri Index, Exchange Rate Dynamics and International Tourism ISET PAGE 4 Tbilisi Fashion FOCUS Week ON BUILDING BETTER Gudauri gets longed for water is Back system amid infrastructure PAGE 7 development works PAGE 1-2 Electricity Market Watch GALT & TAGGART PAGE 8 Bakradze Appointed as Georgian Former Diplomat Hopes Era of Messiahs Soon to Ambassador to USA End in Georgia POLITICS PAGE 11 existing relationships and the perspectives of BY THEA MORRISON strengthening cooperation between Georgia and its strategic partner, the United States. Batumi International Beach Gegeshidze’s replacement was announced by he President of Georgia, Giorgi Prime Minister of Georgia, Giorgi Kvirikashvili, Rugby Festival Short-listed for Margvelashvili, appointed David in early September. Davit Bakradze was hosted by President Bakradze, State Minister for Euro- The PM said that Bakradze had “excellent Margvelashvili Rhino Grassroots Award pean and Euro-Atlantic Integration, working experience as an ambassador among not infl uence the decision-making process.” The as the Georgia’s new Ambassador NATO member states, has huge experience President assessed his comments as “an incom- TExtraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United regarding Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic integration petent statement from an unqualifi ed ambas- States of America (USA) on Wednesday. and his personal characteristics will also allow sador.” Bakradze, 41, replaced former ambassador to him to establish important relations.” Gegeshidze fi rst received formal criticism dur- the USA, Archil Gegeshidze, and will begin his Gegeshidze occupied the ambassador’s post ing the October 2015 visit of the Georgian Pres- new duties on December 5, 2016. -
Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia
The Churches of Mtskheta: Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia Samantha Johnson Senior Art History Thesis December 14, 2017 The small town of Mtskheta, located near Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia, is the seat of the Georgian Orthodox Church and is the heart of Christianity in the country. This town, one of the oldest in the nation, was once the capital and has been a key player throughout Georgia’s tumultuous history, witnessing not only the nation’s conversion to Christianity, but also the devastation of foreign invasions. It also contains three churches that are national symbols and represent the two major waves of church building in the seventh and eleventh centuries. Georgia is, above all, a Christian nation and religion is central to its national identity. This paper examines the interaction between incoming foreign cultures and deeply-rooted local traditions that have shaped art and architecture in Transcaucasia.1 Nestled among the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, present-day Georgia contains fewer than four million people and has its own unique alphabet and language as well as a long, complex history. In fact, historians cannot agree on how Georgia got its English exonym, because in the native tongue, kartulad, the country is called Sakartvelo, or “land of the karvelians.”2 They know that the name “Sakartvelo” first appeared in texts around 800 AD as another name for the eastern kingdom of Kartli in Transcaucasia. It then evolved to signify the unified eastern and western kingdoms in 1008.3 Most scholars agree that the name “Georgia” did not stem from the nation’s patron saint, George, as is commonly thought, but actually comes 1 This research addresses the multitude of influences that have contributed to the development of Georgia’s ecclesiastical architecture. -
Guide to Doing Business and Investing in Moldova
Guide to doing business and investing in Moldova 2009 Edition Contents 1. Moldova – A Profile 5 4.4 Investment institutions 1.1 Introduction 4.5 Capital markets 1.2 Government structure 1.3 Legal system 5. Importing and Exporting 16 1.4 People 5.1 Trends in customs policy • Population 5.2 Import restrictions • Language 5.3 Customs duties • Religion • Education • Classification of goods • Living standards • Valuation rules • Customs duty rates 1.5 Economy • Free trade agreements • General description • Excise tax • Transport • VAT • Communications • Processing fee (Customs procedural tax) • Payment 2. Business Environment 8 5.4 Temporary import relief 2.1 Business climate • Inward processing relief (IPR) • Aims of government policy • Outward processing relief (OPR) • Economic Development Plan • Bonded Warehouse (BWH) • Temporary admission (TA) 2.2 Free trade zones • Processing under customs control (PCC) 2.3 International agreements 5.5 Customs duties incentives • European Union, NATO • Contributions in kind to the statutory capital 2.4 Regulations for business • Favourable Tariff Treatment • Toll manufacturing • Competition policy • Consumer protection 5.6 Documentation and procedures • Price controls • Registration of importers and exporters • Patents, trademarks and copyrights • Documentation 2.5 Property market • Declaration of customs value 5.7 Warehousing and storage 3. Foreign Investment and Privatisation 12 5.8 Re-exports 3.1 Foreign investment • Investment climate 6. Business entities 21 • Regulatory legislation • Restrictions on foreign investments 6.1 Legal framework • Investment incentives • Foreign exchange issues 6.2 Forms of business entities • Repatriation of capital and earnings • Guarantees and rights 6.3 Choice of entity 3.2 Privatisation 6.4 Registration procedure • Background • Legacy of privatisation 6.5 Joint stock company • Privatisation calendar 4. -
Georgian Country and Culture Guide
Georgian Country and Culture Guide მშვიდობის კორპუსი საქართველოში Peace Corps Georgia 2017 Forward What you have in your hands right now is the collaborate effort of numerous Peace Corps Volunteers and staff, who researched, wrote and edited the entire book. The process began in the fall of 2011, when the Language and Cross-Culture component of Peace Corps Georgia launched a Georgian Country and Culture Guide project and PCVs from different regions volunteered to do research and gather information on their specific areas. After the initial information was gathered, the arduous process of merging the researched information began. Extensive editing followed and this is the end result. The book is accompanied by a CD with Georgian music and dance audio and video files. We hope that this book is both informative and useful for you during your service. Sincerely, The Culture Book Team Initial Researchers/Writers Culture Sara Bushman (Director Programming and Training, PC Staff, 2010-11) History Jack Brands (G11), Samantha Oliver (G10) Adjara Jen Geerlings (G10), Emily New (G10) Guria Michelle Anderl (G11), Goodloe Harman (G11), Conor Hartnett (G11), Kaitlin Schaefer (G10) Imereti Caitlin Lowery (G11) Kakheti Jack Brands (G11), Jana Price (G11), Danielle Roe (G10) Kvemo Kartli Anastasia Skoybedo (G11), Chase Johnson (G11) Samstkhe-Javakheti Sam Harris (G10) Tbilisi Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Workplace Culture Kimberly Tramel (G11), Shannon Knudsen (G11), Tami Timmer (G11), Connie Ross (G11) Compilers/Final Editors Jack Brands (G11) Caitlin Lowery (G11) Conor Hartnett (G11) Emily New (G10) Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Compilers of Audio and Video Files Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Irakli Elizbarashvili (IT Specialist, PC Staff) Revised and updated by Tea Sakvarelidze (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator) and Kakha Gordadze (Training Manager). -
Шампанское И Игристые Вина Champagne and Sparkling Wine 125 / 750 Мл
ВИНА ПО БОКАЛАМ / WINES BY GLASS .............................................................................................. ШАМПАНСКОЕ И ИГРИСТЫЕ ВИНА CHAMPAGNE AND SPARKLING WINE 125 / 750 мл .................................................................................................................................... NV Brut Reserve Exclusive. Nicolas Feuillatte 1450/8700 Брют Резерв Эксклюзив. Николя Фейят 375 ml 6000 NV Drappier Rose. Drappier 1700/10200 Драпье Розе. Драпье 375 ml 6000 NV Prosecco Extra Dry. Gaetano 750/3750 Просекко Экстра Драй. Гаэтано NV Il Fresco Rose brut. Villa Sandi / Italy 770/4000 Иль Фреско Розе брют. Вилла Санди / Италия 2017 "Cuvee de Vitmer" Rose Brut. Zolotaya-Balka. Crimea / Russia 650/3500 "Кюве де Витмер" Розе Брют. Золотая Балка. Крым / Россия БЕЛОЕ ВИНО / WHITE WINE 150 / 750 мл .................................................................................................................................... 2020 Vinho Verde. Varzea Do Marao / Portugal semi-dry 560/2800 Винью Верде. Варцеа До Марао / Португалия полусухое 2020 Verdejo. Marques de Aldeanueva. Rueda / Spain 600/3000 Вердехо. Маркес де Альдеануэва. Руэда / Испания 2019 Gewurztraminer. Fetzer. California / USA semi-sweet 650/3250 Гевюрцтраминер. Фетцер. Калифорния / США полусладкое 2019 Gavi. Beni di Batasiolo. Piemonte / Italy 750/3750 Гави. Бени ди Батазиоло. Пьемонт / Италия 2020 Sauvignon Blanc. Mud House. Marlborough / New Zeland 750/3750 Совиньон Блан. Мад Хауc. Мальборо / Новая Зеландия 2019 Riesling Dry Qualitätswein. -
Racha Wine Tour 2 Days Wine Tours & Tastings
Racha Wine Tour 2 Days Wine Tours & Tastings Overview Racha Wine Tour Starts from: Kutaisi Available: from mid-April to mid-Oct Duration: 2 days Type: Private wine tour Total Distance: 243 km This two-day wine tour is a perfect gateway for an authentic wine adventure to Racha - unique macrozone in Caucasus mountains of Georgia. Vineyards are located in a small area on RiOni river gorge, producing unique grape varieties and distinctive wines. During the tour, we visit two wineries: Terjola in Imereti region and Ambroulauri district in Racha region. Participants can get information about the characters of Racha viticulture, wine-producing traditions and history of the region`s most signature semi-sweet wine Khvanchkara. Tour details Code: KUT-PT-WR-2D Starts from: Kutaisi Max. Group Size: 15 Adults Duration: 2 Days Prices Group size Price per adult Solo € 601 2 people € 373 3-5 people € 287 6-7 people € 249 8-9 people € 224 10-15 people € 223 *Online booking deposit: € 30 1 person from the group will be FREE of charge if 10 and more adults are traveling together Child Policy 0-1 years - Free 2-6 years - 112 € *Online booking deposit will be deducted from the total tour price. 7 years and over - Adult Balance payment: As for the remaining sum, you can pay with one of the following methods: Bank transfer - Euro/USD/GBP, any time, but not later than two weeks before the tour starts; VISA/Mastercard - GEL only (local currency), in Tbilisi only via POS terminal, directly with your guide at the beginning of the tour. -
6. Imereti – Historical-Cultural Overview
SFG2110 SECOND REGIONAL DEVELOPMETN PROJECT IMERETI REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IMERETI TOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Public Disclosure Authorized STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Tbilisi, December, 2014 ABBREVIATIONS GNTA Georgia National Tourism Administration EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System IFI International Financial Institution IRDS Imereti Regional Development Strategy ITDS Imereti Tourism Development Strategy MDF Municipal Development Fund of Georgia MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoENRP Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia MoIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MoCMP Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection MoJ Ministry of Justice MoESD Ministry of Economic and Sustaineble Developmnet NACHP National Agency for Cultural Heritage Protection PIU Project Implementation Unit PPE Personal protective equipment RDP Regional Development Project SECHSA Strategic Environmental, Cultural Heritage and Social Assessment WB World Bank Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 0 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 PROJECT CONTEXT ...............................................................................................................................