De Man Die Amerika Vleugels

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De Man Die Amerika Vleugels VIRGIL EXNER Twee Chrylers, een brave en een flamboyante. DE MAN DIE Ze laten treffend zien welk een invloed de getalenteerde Virgil Exner op de Amerikaanse AMERIKA auto heeft gehad. Hij is de man die Chrysler een nieuw en vooruitstrevend gezicht heeft VLEUGELS GAF gegeven - en rijdend Amerika vleugels. TEKST Ton Roks // FOTOGRAFIE Lilla Leopold 102 103 VIRGIL EXNER ‘Exner had naam en faam E ONTWERPER VIRGIL Exner was had gemaakt door zijn een natuurtalent, die het vak leerde bij GM, doorbrak bij Studebaker en ontwerpen voor Studebaker zijn glorietijd beleefde bij Chrysler, dat toen tot Amerika’s Big waar hij in dienst was van 1951 tot en met het einde van 1961. Om zijn Four behoorde’ Dinvloed op het uiterlijk van de Amerikaanse automobiel te begrijpen moeten we echter verder terug in de historie. Na de tweede wereldoorlog behoorde Chrysler tot een van de tien grootste ondernemingen ter wereld, met een focus op techniek. De slogan ‘Finest Engineering’ gaf fijn aan wat het bedrijf, dat veel werk voor defensie had gedaan, als dominante missie zag. Chrysler had toen nog geen georgani- seerde ontwerpafdeling, de geboorte van een nieuw model begon bij de techneuten, die maakten een simpele schets van carrosserie BOVEN de Imperial van ‘57, LINKS de New Yorker van ‘56, een wereld van verschil. RECHTS De Chrysler Dart van 1957 was een aerodynamisch studiemodel, min of meer een opvolger van de Ghia Gilda. Hij was bedoeld om de effecten van de vleugels te testen. Exner tot chef van de Studebaker account, maar het was te laat voor grote wijzigingen. maar het boterde niet tussen de twee en de Hij heeft meer invloed kunnen uitoefenen op relatie liep stuk in 1944. de auto’s van 1956, waar van de New Yorker Studebaker ontfermde zich met graagte op deze pagina’s er een is. over Virgil Exner, een gouden greep want hij Ruimschoots vóór die tijd had Virgil Exner heeft de naoorlogse auto’s van het merk uit al van zich laten horen door de samenwer- South Bend (Indiana) een totaal nieuw uiter- king met de Italiaanse koetswerkbouwer lijk weten te geven, vooruitstrevend genoeg Ghia. Deze was de vrucht van een ontmoe- om Studebakers slogan ‘First by far with a post ting tussen Chrysler’s grote baas Keller en war car’ substantie te verlenen. Mede dankzij de Italiaanse ondernemer Luigi Segre, die het werk van Exner scoorde Studebaker in Carrozzeria Ghia vertegenwoordigde, onder 1947 de beste verkoopcijfers in zijn bestaan. Mario Boano, en er later directeur van zou ‘Hij was de eerste die en interieur, waarvan de modelmakers en de concurrentie met Ford, GM en Studebaker en de rand te weten. Doordat Keller een stap De Commander en Champion Starlight worden. Keller was voldoende geïnteresseerd nieuwe auto’s geen prototypebouwers vervolgens ‘iets moois’ aan te kunnen. Het bedrijf had nog wel opzij deed, we schreven toen 1950, kwam de Coupé van 1947 zijn de bekendste succesnum- in de mogelijkheden van Ghia om een chassis maakten. Zij bepaalden hoe de auto er uit- wat koudwatervrees na het debacle met de weg vrij voor een ommezwaai bij Chrysler: de mers die onder Exner bij Studebaker tot stand van Plymouth naar Turijn te laten verschepen. bescheiden vinnetjes gaf, eindelijk uit kwam te zien, de ontwerpers Airstream van 1930, maar in 1949 werd dan ontwerpers kregen de regie over het gehele zijn gekomen. Die auto’s worden ten onrechte Ghia bouwde daarop een grote, wat zwaarlij- maar grote vleugels en waren dermate ondergeschikt dat ze niet eens toch een belangrijke stap gezet: Virgil Exner ontwerpproces, niet meer over alleen de eer- soms aan Raymond Loewy toegeschreven, vige sedan met zes zijruiten, de XX-500. Men bij de modelmakers binnen mochten komen. werd gerekruteerd als chef van de nieuwe ste schetsen. die indertijd een bijna legendarische status is bij Chrysler vermoedelijk niet bijzonder brede motorkappen’ Daarnaast hadden twee belangrijke instruc- Advanced Styling Studio. Exner had toen al De creatieve Exner had al een fors trackre- had, en zich de ontwerpen van zijn stafleden onder de indruk geweest van het ontwerp ties van toenmalig directeur Kaufman Thuma naam en faam had gemaakt door zijn ont- cord toen hij bij Chrysler was aangetreden. min of meer toe-eigende. zelf, maar wel van de snelheid waarmee de Keller een grote invloed: het interieur moest werpen voor Studebaker dat in die tijd tot Hij had onder de grote Harley Earl bij GM’s Toen Exner bij Chrysler aan de slag ging, auto was geleverd plus de kwaliteit van het zo ruim zijn dat de inzittenden hun hoed op Amerika’s Big Four behoorde. Art & Colour Section gewerkt en was op zijn was zijn invloed daar niet meteen zichtbaar, werk en de lage prijs. konden houden en de stoelzittingen moesten Toen de Koreaanse oorlog uitbrak, zocht 27e ontwerpchef van Pontiac geworden. In hij was namelijk nog niet verantwoordelijk Virgil Exner en Luigi Serge konden het zich op dezelfde hoogte bevinden als de stoe- president Truman de bekwaamste en effi- 1938, na vier jaar bij GM, liet hij wegkapen voor Chrysler’s productiemodellen, maar goed vinden en uit die samenwerking zijn len thuis. Dat proces leidde steevast tot auto- ciëntste vervaardiger van oorlogstuig die hij door Raymond Loewy, die een studio voor alleen voor de ontwikkeling van de nieuwe gewaagde en dikwijls heel aantrekkelijke mobielen die weliswaar comfortabel en ruim kende om het Guided Missile Program van de Industrial Design had met ondermeer Coca Advanced Styling Studio. Pas in 1953 kreeg droomauto’s voortgekomen, ontworpen waren, maar ook saai en risicomijdend. VS te leiden, en die vond hij in Chrysler-baas Cola en Studebaker als belangrijke klanten. hij zeggenschap over de productieauto’s en door Exner en zijn mensen en gebouwd door Op een goed moment besefte Keller dat Keller, deze had tijdens de tweede wereldoor- Loewy staat te boek als de ontwerper van het kreeg hij de modellen voor 1955 voor het eerst Ghia. Denk aan de K-310 coupé, die zijn tijd Chrysler een frivolere koers moest varen om log overtuigend gedemonstreerd van de hoed beroemde flesje van Coca Cola. Hij benoemde te zien. Hij was er niet zo enthousiast over, ver vooruit was; de indrukwekkende C-200 104 105 VIRGIL EXNER ‘Het verschil tussen is enorm en je kunt je voorstellen welk een schok de Chrysler’s van ‘57 teweeg moeten hebben gebracht bij Ford en GM’ De Imperial showt zijn ‘dougnut deck’ waaronder niet het reservewiel ligt, en zijn Interieur van de Imperial met links de achterbank met faux ‘towncar’ dak. drukknoppen van de transmissie. De legendarische Norseman, helaas geëindigd op de zeebodem. Convertible, die een val op de kade over- nieuwe stijl werd ‘Forward Look’ gedoopt, leefde; de imponerende Styling Special, die in al gebruikte Chrysler in zijn reclamecam- kleine serie in productie is gegaan; de Dodge pagne de slogan ‘The One Million Dollar Look’, vleugels zijn de achterlichten verwerkt, op FireBomb en FireArrow die tot de Dual mede om aan te geven hoeveel geld het in de een zodanige manier dat ze op de roodgloei- Ghia’s hebben geleid; de prachtige DeSoto omwenteling had gestopt. Succesvol waren ende uitlaten van een straaljager lijken. Op de Adventurer I en de Chrysler K300 Special van de nieuwe modellen zeker, de verkopen kofferbak is een rond deksel aangebracht dat 1956, een gigantische doch elegante coupé, van het concern verdubbelden in 1955 ten suggereert dat het reservewiel er onder hangt gebouwd in opdracht van de Sjah van Perzië, opzichte van het jaar daarvoor. – het ligt echter ‘gewoon’ in de gigantische als geschenk voor diens vrouw. De meest Exner ging nog véél verder in de jaren kofferbak. Het deksel werd een ‘doughnut bizarre was de, deels naar hemzelf genoemde, daarna, hij was de eerste die nieuwe auto’s van 1956, op het ontwerp waarvan Exner in een andere enthousiast, Eelco Hoek uit deck’ genoemd en was een stylingelement dat Plymouth A760 Asimmetrica XNR van 1959, geen bescheiden vinnetjes gaf, maar grote bescheiden mate invloed heeft gehad. Echter Heerhugowaard, tevens de gelukkige eige- Exner van zijn ontwerpen voor de Ghia’s had een gevinde sportwagen, die ook in de collec- vleugels en brede motorkappen, die in het- bij de andere auto, een Imperial van 1957, had naar van de Imperial. De New Yorker ver- overgenomen. tie van de Sjah van Perzië is beland. zelfde vlak lagen als de voorschermen. Exner hij carte blanche. Het verschil tussen de twee keert in relatief goede gezondheid en laat Bijzonder is dat ook de zijruiten licht gebo- Een van Exner’s auto’s heeft overigens gaf hen coupédaken die op flinterdunne stij- Amerikanen is enorm en je kunt je voorstel- zich gemakkelijk over de Noord-Hollands gen zijn, waardoor het dak smaller lijkt dan een weg naar Europa gevonden, dat was len leken te rusten. Zijn auto’s zagen er zo len welk een schok de Chrysler’s van 1957 dreven sturen, al vragen de remmen enig de rest van de auto. De Imperial is zeker niet de bij Ghia gebouwde Chrysler d’Elegance. vooruitstrevend uit dat Plymouth in 1957 de teweeg moeten hebben gebracht bij Ford en anticipatievermogen. De besturing is welis- Exner’s mooiste auto, die bevindt zich zonder Volkswagen had namelijk aan Ghia gevraagd reclameslogan ‘Suddenly it is 1960!’ gebruikte General Motors. Stel je een Chevrolet BelAir waar bekrachtigd, maar de remmen zijn dat twijfel tussen zijn Ghia’s, maar indrukwek- om een ontwerp voor een stijlvolle sport- en teksten als ‘Three years ahead… the only car van die periode voor en je ziet hoe groot het niet en er moet dan ook stevig getrapt wor- kend is hij wel met zijn brede grille met daarin coupé, mooi genoeg om het imago van VW that dares to break the time barrier… the new verschil is.
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