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Verski Pluralizem Med Albanci in Revitalizacija Religije V Albaniji

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Verski Pluralizem Med Albanci in Revitalizacija Religije V Albaniji UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE SREČKO SREBOT Mentor: doc. dr. MARJAN SMRKE Somentor: dr. MARTIN BERISHAJ VERSKI PLURALIZEM MED ALBANCI IN REVITALIZACIJA RELIGIJE V ALBANIJI DIPLOMSKO DELO Ljubljana, 2005 KAZALO 1 UVOD................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 ETNOGENEZA ALBANCEV........................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 PREDNIKI ALBANCEV SO ILIRI........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Prve omembe Ilirov na tleh današnje Albanije................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 Naselitve albanskega ozemlja do 15. st............................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Prve in kasnejše omembe Albancev.................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3.1 Najbolj pogosta imena za Albance pri drugih narodih ................................................... 10 2.1.3.2 Kako Albanci imenujejo sebe ...........................................................................................10 2.2 ILIRSKA IN TRAČANSKA TEORIJA O PREDNIKIH ALBANCEV ............................................... 10 2.2.1 Nekaj najbolj znanih proučevalcev................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1.1 Primerjava ilirske teorije s tračansko teorijo .................................................................. 12 2.2.1.2 Raziskave arheologov in etnologov ................................................................................... 14 3 TURŠKA OKUPACIJA ................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 OBDOBJA ISLAMIZACIJE..................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Albanska in srbska ozemlja v obdobju pred islamizacijo............................................................. 15 3.1.1.1 Ozemlje srednjeveške Srbije pred islamizacijo................................................................ 15 3.1.1.2 Omembe Albancev na Kosovu v 13. in 14. stoletju......................................................... 15 3.1.1.3 Vdori Turkov na ozemlja Albancev.................................................................................. 17 3.1.1.4 Vdori Turkov na ozemlja Srbov........................................................................................ 18 3.1.1.5 Turki zahtevajo lojalnost od svojih podanikov................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Začetno obdobje islamizacije .......................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.1 Prvi prestopi krščanskih fevdalcev v islam ...................................................................... 19 3.1.2.2 Upornik in junak Gjergj Kastriot Skenderbeg................................................................ 20 3.1.2.3 Padec obmorskih mest v turške roke................................................................................ 21 3.1.2.4 Dubrovniška republika ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2.5 Selitve balkanskih narodov kot posledica turške okupacije ........................................... 22 3.1.2.6 Selitve Srbov in drugih narodov po turško-avstrijskih vojnah ...................................... 23 3.1.2.7 Borbeni Klimenti in njihova izselitev na Pešter............................................................... 24 3.1.3 Obdobje hitrega širjenja islama...................................................................................................... 25 3.2 VZROKI ISLAMIZACIJE ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Izboljšanje osebnega statusa............................................................................................................ 25 3.2.2 Krvni davek ...................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Davki (harač) .................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.4 Islamizacija kot posledica obdobja vojn: ....................................................................................... 27 – kretsko-turška vojna od 1645. do 1669. leta,....................................................................................... 27 – turško-dunajska vojna od 1683. do 1699. leta..................................................................................... 27 – in rusko-turške vojne v 18. stoletju...................................................................................................... 27 3.2.5 Pomanjkanje duhovnikov oziroma njihova neizobraženost ali brezbrižnost ............................. 28 3.2.6 Slučajni vzroki islamizacije ............................................................................................................. 29 3.3 NAČINI ISLAMIZACIJE......................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.1 Neposredna islamizacija .................................................................................................................. 29 3.3.2 Fenomen religiozne mimikrije: ljaramanstvo................................................................................ 30 oziroma kriptokatolicizem kot predhodna faza islamizacije.................................................................. 30 3.3.2.1 Pravoslavni ljaramani ........................................................................................................ 32 3.3.3 Prozelitizem muslimanskih sufijskih sekt kot predhodna faza islamizacije:.............................. 32 sekta Bektaši ............................................................................................................................................... 32 4 NASTANEK NEODVISNE DRŽAVE ALBANIJE....................................................................................... 34 4.1 PRIZADEVANJA ZA NEODVISNOST.................................................................................................. 34 4.1.1 Prizadevanja Mahmut paše in Ali paše za neodvisnost od Porte................................................. 34 4.1.2 Ustanovitev Prizrenske lige ............................................................................................................. 35 4.1.2.1 Berlinski kongres................................................................................................................ 36 4.1.2.2 Mnenja o Albanski (Prizrenski) ligi v različnih časopisih............................................... 37 1 4.1.3 Nastanek narodno preporodnih društev v tujini........................................................................... 38 4.1.3.1 O vlogi Avstro-Ogrske na Balkanu v srbskem tisku ....................................................... 38 4.2 USTANOVITEV ALBANIJE ................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 Mladoturki razočarajo Albance...................................................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Razglasitev neodvisne države Albanije .......................................................................................... 40 4.2.2.1 Voditelja Fan Noli in Ahmed Zogu ................................................................................... 41 4.3 ALBANCI V JUGOSLAVIJI ................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 Albanci v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji...................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Albanci v Socialistični federativni republiki Jugoslaviji............................................................... 43 5 KOMUNISTIČNA ALBANIJA OD LETA 1944 DO LETA 1990 ............................................................... 46 5.1 OBDOBJA VLADAVINE ENVERJA HOXHE...................................................................................... 46 5.1.1 Jugoslovansko obdobje .................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.2 Sovjetsko in kitajsko obdobje.......................................................................................................... 47 5.2 NEKATERE ZNAČILNOSTI ALBANSKEGA KOMUNIZMA.......................................................... 48 5.3 ODNOS KOMUNISTIČNE ALBANIJE DO RELIGIJE ...................................................................... 48 5.3.1 Povojno obdobje od 1944. do 1949. leta in obdobje od 1949. do 1967. leta ................................. 49 5.3.2 Obdobje od 1967. do 1990. leta ....................................................................................................... 49 5.4 VRSTA CIVILNE RELIGIJE V OBDOBJU ENVERJA HOXHE ...................................................... 51 5.5 VEROIZPOVED MED ALBANCI V SOCIALISTIČNI JUGOSLAVIJI ...........................................
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