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Appendix A Climatic Characteristics and Classification of , Studies of the Hot Arid Zone1

Climate

Iran is located in the arid belt of eastern hemisphere, in the West borders the in north and in the south. Two ranges of high mountains, in the north and Zagros in the west, have the basic role in preventing the Mediterranean and Caspian winds to the central plateau, which is the prime determinant of creating urban and architectural form in the hot arid regions (Fig. A.1). The desert area comprises several parts, especially a characteristic tri- angular shape including salt desert and low areas of and , which is about 300,000 km2. All of the studied and villages in the present book are located in the different regions of the hot arid zone of Iran. Considering atmospheric pressure, Iran is located in a low-pressure area and accordingly current of air from north and northwest regions (Fig. A.2). Among the wind systems in Iran, one of the most important and consistent seasonal winds which have influenced urban and architectural form is 120-day wind/bad-i sad o bist rooze known as Levar. This wind blows regularly southward from the Qizil-Qum steppes in toward Kurasan, Sistan and Baluchistan, from about mid-May until September. The mud-brick wind mills that we discussed before are located in these regions. Olgyay writes (Fig. A.3):

…There are many systems for classifying ( zones) but W. Koppen’s is generally accepted. Using the relation of climate to vegetation as a criterion, he determined five basic climate zones: tropical-rainy, dry, warm-temperate, cool-snow-forest, and polar. In W. Koppen’s classification, a considerable part of the Iran falls into two important categories, semiarid (BS) and arid (BW) (Fig. A.4b). In the more refined research based on Koppen’s classification, A.H. Adl has made a detailed study (Fig. A.5).

1Appendix A is mainly extracted and analyzed from the works of distinguished Iranian professors at University. See A. H. Adle, Climatic regions and vegetation of Iran, , 1960. and M.H. Ganji, , in Iranshahr vol. 1, UNESCO, Iran, 1962.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 207 M. Tavassoli, Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7 208 Appendix A: Climatic Characteristics and Classification of...

Fig. A.1 a The Iran highlands. b The position of Iran in the Region, and the two high barriers Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges prevent moist Mediterranean and Caspian winds from reaching the central plateau and have the basic role in creating the hot arid regions Appendix A: Climatic Characteristics and Classification of... 209

Fig. A.2 Atmospheric pressure and air movement: a in winter. b Western Asia in summer. c Western Asia in winter. d Western Asia in summer. e Iran in winter. f Iran in summer. (redrawn from Adl)

Fig. A.3 Direction and types of wind movement in several cities 210 Appendix A: Climatic Characteristics and Classification of...

Fig. A.4 a Arid lands, from Geographical, July 1971. b W. Koppen’s classification, Iran, (re- drawn from Adl 1960) Appendix A: Climatic Characteristics and Classification of... 211

Fig. A.5 Adl’s classification 1960. Here only information about hot arid zone included

Letter symbols for maps by Koppen and Adl: (includes only information about the hot arid zone). h temperature equal or greater than 18 °C, k less than 18 °C, s dry summer, a temperature of the warmest month 22 °C or above, n''' mist, high moisture, summer temperature more than 28 °C, C mild climate, and D cold. Appendix B Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study Between Phoenix Arizona and Yazd Iran2

Appendix B and Appendix C are structured on the system of research and findings and methods of Victor Olgyay in Design with Climate and a United Nations report on Climate and House Design. Here, I have carried out an examination and an analytical comparative study between the Yazd region in Iran and Phoenix Arizona, using the methods described by Olgyay. He was the first scholar to propose design in the process of climatic consideration. His method is based on a bioclimatic chart founded on the comfort zone structure. Considering comfort zone, he writes:

Some writers consider sunstroke or heat stroke as the upper temperature limit for man’s existence, with the freezing point as the lower limit. The ideal air temperature assumed to be midway between these extremes. After discussing several sources as a basis for the outline of the comfort zone he constructs his bioclimatic chart, considering the integrated effects of climatic ele- ments on comfort (Fig. B.1). Climatic elements includes the following: • Air movement • Vapor pressure • Evaporation • Radiation effect From the bioclimatic chart and its use, Olgyay writes:

The effects of the climatic elements can now be assembled from these separate studies into a single chart. This chart shows the comfort zone in the center. The climatic elements around it are shown by means of curves which indicates the nature of corrective measures necessary to restore the feeling of comfort at any point outside the comfort zone. … No corrective measure are necessary for any point of known dry-bulb temperature and relative which falls within the boundaries of the comfort zone. For any point falling outside zone, corrective measures needed to restore the feeling of comfort can to taken

2Appendixes B & C are structured on the system and methods in Olgyay’s book: Design with Climate, and a United Nations report: Climate and House Design. Information and climatic data about Yazd In Iran (Appendix A), have been collected, depicted, analyzed, and comparatively studied with Phoenix in Arizona.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 213 M. Tavassoli, Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7 214 Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study...

Fig. B.1 Olgyay’s bioclimatic chart, structured on the basis of the relation of climatic elements to comfort Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study... 215

directly from the chart. For example, at dry-bulb temperature, 75 °F; relative humidity, 50 %, Need is: none, the point is already in the comfort zone. At dry-bulb temperature, 75 ° F; relative humidity, 70 %, Need: 280 fpm wind to counteract vapor pressure. … Bioclimatic evaluation is the starting point for any architectural design aiming at environmental climate balance. Prevailing climatic condition can easily be plotted on the chart and will show the architect what corrective measures are needed to restore comfort conditions. A good many of these measures may be achieved by natural means, that is, by adapting architectural design to utilize the climatic ele- ments. Other problems which fall outside natural possibilities will have to be remedied by mechanical means, such as air-conditioning. It is the task of the architect to make utmost use of the natural means available in order to produce a more healthful and livable house, and to achieve a saving in cost by keeping to a minimum the use of mechanical aids for climate control. The bioclimatic chart maps the problems and describes the counter measures for human comfort in varying climatic conditions. To apply this, to evaluate the cli- matic situation of a given locale, a detailed analysis covering the complete yearly cycle is necessary.

Climatic Evaluation of the Yazd Region, Bioclimatic Registration of Climatic Data, and Timetable of Climatic Needs

Local weather data supplied by meteorological stations for Yazd Region, including thermal, humidity, , and wind, has been collected, charted, and ana- lyzed (Figs. B.2, B.3, B.4, and B.5). The climatic situation of a typical average day of each month is plotted on the bioclimatic chart. The 24-h data of the mid-month show as closed curves. These 1 pedxB Scienti B: Appendix 216 fi osdrto,aCmaaieStudy... Comparative a Consideration, c

Fig. B.2 Yazd. Temperature analysis pedxB Scienti B: Appendix fi osdrto,aCmaaieSuy. 217 Study... Comparative a Consideration, c

Fig. B.3 Yazd. Humidity analysis 218 Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study...

Fig. B.4 Yazd. Precipitation analysis Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study... 219

Fig. B.5 Yazd. Wind analysis curves are selected intervals of a continuous spiral which would upward until July and then descend till January (Fig. B.6). When the bioclimatic analysis is trans- ferred to yearly chart, then the needs are transferred into a timetable (Fig. B.7), where the varying climatic elements of any day in the can be read vertically. With such “diagnosis of the region,” the relative importance of the various needs, such as radiation (indicated in full lines up to 300 Btu/hr intensities) and shading (dotted area, overheated period), or wind effects (lined indication), can be evalu- ated. The result of Yazd can be compared with Phoenix (Figs. B.8 and B.9). . 220 Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study...

Fig. B.6 Yazd. Bioclimatic registration of climate data Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study... 221

Fig. B.7 Yazd. Timetable of climatic needs 222 Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study...

Fig. B.8 a Evaluation of Phoenix, Ariz. Bioclimatic registration of climate data (from Olgyay) Appendix B: Scientific Consideration, a Comparative Study... 223

Fig. B.9 Timetable of climatic needs (from Olgyay) Appendix C Overheated Period in Yazd3

In order to protect building elements, especially the openings, against direct solar radiation, we need to know overheated periods and transfer them to sun path diagrams.

Sun Path Diagram and Shadow Angle Protractor (from Climate and House Design, United Nations)

Solar radiation is welcome when the weather is cold and unwelcome when it is hot. The information in this annex explains how the architect can protect buildings, especially the openings, against direct solar radiation and how he can encourage sun penetration when it is needed to warm the interior. The sun’s position as it moves across the sky can best be shown on a map of a sky, the sun path diagram. This diagram consists of a circle, the periphery of which represents the horizon, while the center represents the zenith directly overhead.

The two coordinates are needed to a position in the sky. They are called azimuth and altitude. In the sun path diagram, the azimuth is shown on an angular scale 0–360 around the circle. It is measured clockwise from the north. The altitude of the sun’s position is shown by a series of concentric rings, and is measured upward from the horizon (0) to the zenith (90).

3Appendixes B & C are structured on the system and methods in Olgyay’s book: Design with Climate, and a United Nations report: Climate and House Design. Information and climatic data about Yazd In Iran (Appendix A), have been collected, depicted, analyzed, and comparatively studied with Phoenix in Arizona.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 225 M. Tavassoli, Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7 226 Appendix C: Overheated Period in Yazd

Sun’s Path and Hour Lines

The path of the sun across the sky is shown by a series of lines which start at the eastern edge of the circle (sunrise) and finish on the western edge (sunset). The northernmost line represents the sun’s path on June 22 (the ) and the southernmost line represents it on December 22 (the ). The lines between represent the sun’s path at intervals throughout the year. Each of these lines represents the sun’s path for 2 days of the year, 1 day during the period from January to June, when the sun’s path moves further to the north each day, and the second during the period from June to December when the sun’s path moves back to the south.

The shorter lines that cross the sun’s path represent the hours of the day. They show that the sun rises around six o’clock in the morning, crosses the line due north–south at mid-day, and sets in the evening around six o’clock. The times given are solar times, which may vary slightly from local time, but the designer can safely ignore this difference. The effect of the difference is negligible (Fig. C.1).

Shadow Angle Protractor

The shadow angle protractor is used to find the sizes of vertical and horizontal projections (or reveals) which are to exclude the sun when it is not needed. The shadow angle pro- tractor consists of two series of lines marked on a transparent semicircle which has the same diameter as the sun path diagram. The first series of lines are curved and show the vertical shadow angles. The second series of lines, which radiate out from the center, show the horizontal shadow angles. The diameter of the protractor is called the base line.

The curved lines represent a number of hypothetical sun paths. If the sun were to follow these paths, it would always appear to have the same altitude when seen in section per- pendicular to the base line. The angle of the sun seen in section is the vertical shadow angle. It is measured from the horizon (0) up to the zenith (90). It should be noted that the sun’s vertical shadow angle is equal to the solar altitude only when the sun’s rays are perpen- dicular to the base line.

The shadow angle protractor is placed on the sun path diagram and rotated so that the base line and the curved line, which represent the vertical shadow angle, cover the area of sky obscured by a horizontal projection. The extent of the projection is determined by the vertical shadow angle which is measured in a vertical section at right angles to the wall. It is the angle between the horizontal and a line drawn from the edge of the projection to the sill or the lower edge of the opening.

It is not always possible to exclude the sun by horizontal projections alone. The second series of lines can be used to find the horizontal shadow angles. The horizontal shadow angle is the angle shown on the plan between a line from the inner edge of the opening to a vertical projection beyond it and a line perpendicular to the base line (Fig. C.2). Appendix C: Overheated Period in Yazd 227

Fig. C.1 Sun path diagrams (from United Nations, 1971) 228 Appendix C: Overheated Period in Yazd

Fig. C.2 The shadow angle protractor and sun path diagram, determining the horizontal and vertical shadow angles (from United Nations, 1971)

From the timetable of climatic needs of Yazd (Fig. B.7), we can determine the overheated period or the times when shading is needed. Overheated periods must be transferred to sun path diagrams. By plotting protractor on the sun path diagram, we can determine the type and position of a shading device for overheated periods (Figs. C.3 and C.4). Appendix C: Overheated Period in Yazd 229

Fig. C.3 Yazd. Overheated periods (Fig. B.7) which is transferred to sun path dia- gram, determines the position of the sun when shading is needed 230 Appendix C: Overheated Period in Yazd

Fig. C.4 Determining the HSA and VSA for an ivan, a semiopen space, latitude 32° north (Yazd), orientation 30° south toward east, summer mid-September, eight o’clock morning, HSA = 48°, if we choose the width of ivan 3.60 m, the depth will be 3.50 m, this dept with VSA which is 38°, determines the height which is nearly 2.80 m. Accordingly, the back room of the ivan avoids the early morning hot sun Glossary

madrasah “place for lessons an institution associated with the and which developed into a university for religious sciences but also for many of the intellectual sciences” from Nasr Islamic Science, p. 248. In the cities studied here, it is a part of a complex, a center at the scale, which not only included commercial areas, but also integrated with , madaris (plural of madrasah), , and other elemental structure. bazaarchah It is a part of a complex, a center at neighborhood scale including commercial areas integrated with other elements at neighborhoods scale. bagh Garden, in Iranian knowledge, has a profound meaning. Persian garden originated in ancient times. “In the prehistoric Samarra pottery we find the typical garden lay-out, based on the chahar-su the crossing of two canals… The gardens of the were carefully designed with rectangles alleys and symmetrical trees. By the time of the , gardens were of vast extent… In Islamic times huge gardens were symmetrically laid out in relation to the main axis of the building. The terminal points were marked by pavilions.” from Pope, Persian Architecture, pp. 111–112. For the shaping principles see the present book, p. 46. badgir wind catcher, climatic responsive element interconnected and functions with other architectural elements, and also a characteristic and symbolic urban element. gunbad . bath. husayniyyah a square, a covered space, usually at neighborhood scale, used most often for religious ceremonies. ivan a semiopen space, portico, usually on the axe and looking onto a courtyard. caravan stop, hostel for travelers. jami .

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 231 M. Tavassoli, Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7 232 Glossary khanaqah Sufi center initiatic and spiritual practices where esoteric and sometimes exoteric sciences are taught. Zawiyah in from Nasr, Islamic Science. p. 248. mahalleh an area, “The Moslem city as a collection of homogenous areas” from Rapoport, Human Aspects of Urban Form. p. 252. “ and cities were usually divided into different neighborhoods comprised of different social classes, different religious groups, and different handicraft producers. Each neighborhood was an economic component or administrative part of the city.” from Tavassoli, City Planning… p. 122. maydan public square. qalah fortress, citadel. underground water channel, an innovative method for collecting subter- ranean water and bringing it to surface. takyah a square, a covered space, usually at city scale, used most often for reli- gious ceremonies. chahar su four arched, usually domed space at the intersection of two bazaar lanes. chahar taq a fire temple form with dome resting on a square of four arches. “simply means ‘a place for prayer’ and it appears to have been a large open space totally devoid of constructions, although one can suppose that it had some kind of boundaries.” from Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art. p. 103. qiblah the direction of . timchah usually a small caravanserai, a space for commercial affairs. qaysariyah usually a roofed space connected with the bazaar, for selling similar merchandize. the greatest mourning day of the Shiite Muslim, the day of martyrdom of Imam Husayn, see also p. 37. haydari and nemati see n. 47, p.198. kalantar, bailiff, and kalu leader of groups or neighborhood organizations who supported the rulers, defended the city wall and gates, or sometimes acted against and did treachery to the rulers. See also Zarin kub, As Kucheh-yi Rendan, first chapter, and Limbert, in the Age of , p. 36 & p. 89. nakhl symbol of coffin of Husan ibn Ali, third Imam of Shiism, an element dec- orated and move it around the square on the 10th day of Muharram, see also M. Moin, The Persian Dictionary. patoq an spatial element of city and neighborhood centers for gathering of chivalrous people, see also p. 26. Glossary 233

saqayeh public fountains which endowed by rulers and other wealthy benefactors fed by underground channels (), see Limbert, Shiraz in the Age of Hafez, p55. sara in persian it has several meaning, for example as a suffix it is added to the end of the word, caravan. Here it can be considered as a space like caravanserai. See M. Moin, The Persian Dictionary. Index

A Ardestan, 28, 106 Ab-ambar, 23, 26 Aristocratic house(s), 68 Abarquh, 125 Aristocratic housing complexes, 64 Abbasid, 11, 27, 32 Arrangement, 27, 64, 105, 170, 189, 190 Abrahamian, Ervand, 9, 38 Ashraf, Ahmad, 9 Abu Eshaq (the ruler), 19, 25 Asian cities, 13 Abil-Khayr, Abu Said, 24 Asquith, Lindsay, 102 Access, 170 Atabekan rulers, 62 Achaemenians, 3 Athens, 7 Addiction, 172 Atmospheric pressure, 205, 207 Adel Ahmad Hossein Axis, 28, 87, 105, 148 Aesthetic characteristics, 21, 28, 44 , 12 B Afshar, Iraj, 19, 25, 27, 54, 75 Baba logman tomb, 100 Agoras, 9, 38 Babylon, 3 Air inlet, 106, 138 Bad-i sad o bist rooze (Levar), 120 days wind, Air outlet, 138 205 Air vent, 106, 127, 131, 134 Bafq, 28 Alavi, Husein b. Mohammad, 4 Bahari, Fakhri, 46 Al-Azzawi, 139, 147 Baluchistan, 205 Albert Hall (), 36 Bam, 15, 50, 104 Ali b. Abi Talib, 32 Bandar-e Abbas, 129 Al-i Kakooya (Rulers), 60 Bandar-e , 128 Analytical study, 60 Bandar-e Daylam, 128 Anarak, 94, 104 Bandar-e Khamir, 129 Ancient cemetery, 78 Bandar-e Lengeh, 128 Ancient city form, 4, 96 Barrel vaults, 116 Ancient civilizations, 3 Barthold, V.V., 4 Ancient times, 50, 52 Baths, 12, 13, 62 Antioch (Antakya), 12 Bazaar(s), 4, 9, 13, 15, 22, 26, 46, 82, 86 Apartment blocks, 104 Bazaarche (small bazaar), 49, 71 Aqda, 106, 138 Belief, 11, 19, 22, 96 Arab migration, 24 , 94, 104 Arab rulers, 23 , 4 Arab style, 29 Bonyadi, Naser, 32, 34, 35 Aran, 106, 159 Brown, E.G., 4 Archaeological discoveries, 3, 9, 19, 53, 90 , 13, 15 Ardakan, 53 Buyids dynasty, 24 Ardashir-Kurra (Firuzabad), 4, 8, 12

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 235 M. Tavassoli, Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7 236 Index

C D Camel-drivers, 23 , 12 Caravanserai, 46, 62, 127, 138 Daneshdust, Ya'qub, 87 weaving, 67 Dar al-Funun school, 52 Center(s), 15, 22, 23, 26, 41, 46, 64, 71, 82, 89, Dayhuk, 140 172 Decoration, 27 Centrality, 12 Derelict buildings, 172 Ceremonies, 26, 27, 36, 71 Diakonov, M.M., 5, 7 Chahar fasl, 76 Dieulafoy, 9 Chahar soffa, 76 Diolafoi, Madame, 38 Chahar su, 24, 25 Diurnal temperature, 101 Chahar taq, 31 Domed roof, 48, 117, 139 Champions, 25 Domed shape, 36 Chief of the neighborhood, 26 Dome(s), 31, 62, 115, 116, 122, 125 , 121 Double dome(s), 119 Chivalrous, 26 Dredging, 67 Citadel, 9, 13–15, 22, 36, 50, 86 Dryness, 102 City center(s), 22, 23, 27, 28, 46, 49, 62, 82, Dyeing, 67 86, 89, 92, 96, 103 Dyer’s workshop, 71 Climatic characteristics, 110 E circumstances, 102 (s), 15, 19, 21, 28, 52, 86, 102, 104, factors, 9, 21, 28, 86, 87, 96, 105, 115, 190 106, 134, 171, 190 problems, 102, 104 Economic, 15, 23, 41, 46, 65, 171 response, 28, 116, 127 Ekbatana, 6 Cloak-weavers, 23 , 3 Coherent whole, 22 Elemental structure, 8, 22, 26–28, 60, 71, 82, Compact 104 fabric, 33, 55, 107 Emam Shushtari, S.M.A., 27 integrated, 44, 102, 105 Endowment, 54 Comparative English, Paul Ward, 54 look, 13 Eslami Nadooshan, M.A., 25, 27 study, 7, 19, 20, 25, 33, 60, 71, 211 Estakhri, Abu Eshaq, 19, 25 Composition, 21, 101, 102 Experimentation, 190 Congregational mosque, 25, 27, 32, 62 Exterior knowledge, 20 Conical , 125 External dome, 119 Connected centers, 103 F elements, 22, 86 Fabric(s), 27, 28, 32, 44, 60, 67, 94, 101–103, spaces, 15 105, 170, 172, 175, 191 Constructing new streets, 27 Factory production, 71, 104 Context, 171 Fahraj, 28 Continuous roofs, 103 Farmers, 67, 84 Coppersmith’s crafts, 67 , 91 Courtyard houses, 4, 94, 102, 103, 104, 105 Feast days, 31, 33, 138 Creative solutions, 169 Feast of Sacrifices, 27, 34 , 11 Ferdows, 104 Cultural Fictional, 8 factors, 103, 190 Fin garden, 54, 90 Heritage, 50 , 31, 78, 116 Culture, 7, 11, 21, 28, 96, 102, 104, 169, 171 Form Custom, 11, 96 city, 4, 15, 96 Cypress of Abarquh, 125 the meaning behind, 3, 9, 28, 139, 172 Cyrus, 9 urban, 9, 22, 41, 101, 170, 171 Index 237

Forough, Mehdi, 36 Husayniyyah, 22, 26, 33, 71 Four-ivan court, 86 Four sided wind catchers, 138 I Friday Mosque, 14, 22, 27, 28, 38, 46, 82, 106 Ice house (yakhchal), 23 Identity, 25, 96, 179 G Imam Husayn, 31 Ganji, M.H., 205 Imam Reza, 32 Garden(s), 9, 23, 52, 54, 64, 90, 103, 170 , 85, 132 , 14 Implementation, 172 Gaube, Heinz, 41 implemented, 147, 148 Gav, Bandi, 128 Inaccessibility, 83, 172 Ghaenat, 131 Inequality, 94, 170 Ghaffari, Abu zar-i, 27 Inner area(s), 23, 60, 94, 103, 104, 172 Ghasem Abad, 18 Inner core, 13, 38, 171 Ghirshman, R., 189 Innovative works of art, 101 Gies Donald, E., 102 Integrated Giese, E., 15 blocks, 107 Givoni, Baruch, 102 fabric, 30, 31, 84, 91, 140 Glaring sun, 101, 104 neighborhoods, 11, 64, 82, 85, 96 Godard, Andre, 28 with nature, 102 Golbaf, 104 Integration Gonabad, 27, 53, 131 of elements, 190 Gonabadi, Sultan Ali Shah, 27 Interconnected Grabar, Oleg, 32 elements, 127 Greece, 3 parts, 102 Greek, 9 Interior dome, 122 Guidance, 105, 138 Interior knowledge, 20 Guidelines, 172, 179, 189 Interior spaces, 52 Guild organizations, 26, 60 Inventiveness, 125 Gulestan , 36 Inward looking, 21, 105, 190, 203 Gunbad-i Qabus, 125 , 9, 23, 28, 29, 35, 38, 41, 46, 62 Gurkanian rulers, 62 Islami, Amir Gholi, 48 Islamic culture, 8, 54, 71 H Islamic Era, 19, 25 Hafiz, 24 Islamic feasts, 27 , 23 Islamic period, 3, 8, 9, 11, 19, 21–23, 60, 96 Hammam (bath), 24 Islamic territories, 11, 96 Hardy, Andre’ P., 116 Ivan, 29, 35, 86, 102, 104–106 Harmoniously, 23, 104 Hat-makers, 23 J Haydari, 26 Jafari, Jafar b. Muhammad, 19, 25 Haydari-khane, 26 Jay, 4, 9 , 7 Jewish neighborhoods, 23 Hierarchical system, 12 Hierarchy K of centers, 26 Kabir, Amir, 26, 33 of crafts, 46 Kamal al Molk, 36 of guild organizations, 60 Kangan, 128 Homai, Jalal al-Din, 8 , 27, 54, 90, 103, 106 Homogenous, 11, 22, 26, 64, 82, 96 Kerman, 54, 171, 205 Honarfar, L., 9 Khanaqah, 29, 62, 64 Household workshops, 67 Kharanaq, 140 Huff, D., 9 Khargird, 139 238 Index

Khosravi, K., 9 Middle area urban blocks, 104 Khurasan, 53, 62, 106, 131, 140 Middle East, xxxiv, 206 Kohandez (the Old Citadel), 9, 90 Migration, 24 Konya, Allan, 102 Mill, 54, 67, 71 Koppen’s climatic classification, 205 , 15 Kostof, Spiro, 7 Modern Iran, 23, 50, 103, 104 Mohammd, Amir (Mozaffarid ruler), 25 L Moin, Mohammad, 8 Land reform, 23, 60 Morphological, 105, 185, 191 Land speculations, xxxvii, 103 Morphology, 140 Leaman, Oliver, 8 Morris, A.E.J., 4 Leith, Amru (the Saffarid ruler), 46 Mosahab, G., 26 Lessons for the future, 102 Mosque, 12, 13, 15, 23, 27, 28, 38, 46, 64, 71, Lethaby, W.R., 7 86, 106, 190 Libertines, 25 Mourning days, 26, 27 Limbert, John, 24, 26, 32, 46 Mozaffarid (rulers), 25, 62 Looking inward, 21, 105, 190, 203 Muhammadiya, 23 Low humidity, 102, 116 Multistory buildings, 138 Low Simple Wind Catchers, 131 Musa, Ahmed b. (Shah-i CheraghShah-i Cheragh, 32 M , 27, 31, 32, 138 Madrasah(s), 13, 41, 62, 64, 71, 86, 139 Mahan, 127 N Main entrance, 28 Naghsh-i Jahan square, 38 Main passageway(s), 15, 22, 26, 64, 67, 71, 82, Nain, 8, 23, 26, 46, 82, 89, 103, 138, 171 86, 89 Naraghi, Hasan, 27 Main structure, 29, 170, 174, 179 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 8, 102 Malcolm, Napier, 38, 52 Natanz, 27, 29 Marqad (tomb), 30 Natural disasters, 102 , 31 Natural energy Masjid-i Jami, 134 in shaping urban form, xxxv Masjid-i Shaykh Lutfullah, 42 utilization, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, 106, 172 Mathematical, 8 Ne’mati, 26 , 14, 72 Neighborhood(s) Maydan, 30, 31, 94, 230 center(s), 15, 23, 26, 64, 71, 82, 90, 103, Mechanical devices, 213 170, 190 Mecquenem, R., 9 scale, 38, 49, 66, 82, 170 , 3 Neighborhood square, 8 Median, 6, 7 Neighborhood system, 13, 25, 27, 64, 71, 102, Median city, 7 169, 170, 190, 191 Mehdiabad qanat, 53 Neighborhood villages, 25, 62, 71 Mehneh, 106, 139 Neisar, 116 Mehr Abadi, Abu'l Qasim Rafii, 27 Ne'mati, 26 Merchants, 22, 36, 67 New Mexico, 148 , 4 , 24 Mesopotamia, 3 Notables, 22 Method Number(s), 8, 24, 172, 224 by Olgyay, 116, 148, 205, 211 innovative, 53 O qualitative, xxxviii Occupations, 12, 23, 46, 64, 65, 84 quantitative, xxxviii Octagonal wind catchers, 138 research, xxxviii Oil mill-pressing, 67 Metz, Adam, 29, 32 Olgyay, V., 116, 148, 205, 211, 223 Middle area(s), 22, 50, 60, 94, 103, 104, 171 Oliver Paul, 139 Index 239

Omayyad, 27 Quran, 8, 27 Organic unity, 107 Qutb al-Din Haydar, 26 Orientated, 4 Orientation, 90, 102, 104, 105, 107, 170, 203 R Outer area(s), 9, 23, 25, 60, 62, 103 Rabaz, 9, 23 Radial pattern, 8 P Rapoport, Amos, 12 , 148 Razavi, Amin, 102 Palace, 7, 12, 27, 36, 52 Regional Parthians, 3 imbalance, xxxvii, 170 Passion plays, 34 inequality, 94 Past Relationship, 14, 32, 64, 71, 102, 203 lessons from, xxxiv Religion, 12, 15, 22, 44 solutions, 169 Religious, 4, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 27, 64, 104 Peddlers, 67 Rendan, 22, 25, 46 People of knowledge, 22 Renewal, 35, 172, 184 People of spiritual virtue, 22 Renewing Perfection, 29, 35 the old structures, 14, 97, 102 Perrot, J., 4, 9 urban block, 190 Persian architecture, 7, 21, 28, 117, 125, 179 urban structure, 104 Persian Gulf, 49, 105, 128, 205 Resistant unit, 103 Phoenix, 211, 217, 223 Roman, 9, 13, 38 Physical shape, 25 , 3, 44 Pigoulevskaya, N.V., 9 Rope making, 67 Pirnia, M.K., 27, 28, 48 Row courtyard housing, 3, 94, 195 Political conflict, 50 Rudofsky, B., 139, 145, 146, 148 Political unit, 26 Ruler(s), 22, 23, 25, 53, 60, 62, 64, 65 Politics, 22 Ruling system, 22, 25, 26 Pope, 7 Rural complexes, 105 Pope, A.U., 7, 28, 35, 44, 125 Rural environment, 14 Power architecture, 6 S struggle, 50 Sabean, 7 symbol, 130 Sacred tombs, 32 Pre-Islamic, 4, 5, 7–9, 13, 19, 22, 29, 31, 38, Sacrificing camel, 27, 34 54, 82 Sadat, 22 Professional, 23 Safavid, 26, 35, 44, 62 Prophet, 22, 27 , 13, 15 Prophet Soloman, 27 Sand storms, 102 Public participation, 172 Sarakhs, 119 Public space(s), 4, 28, 33, 61, 102, 104, Sassanian, 3, 8, 9, 11, 28, 116 170–172, 179, 195 Secret, 20, 25, 28 Pythagorean, 8 Segregation, 26 Seljuqs, 35 Q Seminary, 25, 31, 62 Qaenat, 106 Semitic, 8 Qajar, 26, 36, 64 Semnan, 28, 46, 52, 89, 171 Qanat, 23, 52, 53, 84 Serial vision, 202 , 4, 26, 41, 53 Seven Qiblah, 31 as number of universe, 8 Quarter(s), 4, 9, 12, 14, 15, 22, 24, 25, 31, 61, neighborhoods, 8, 24 62, 65 Seyyed-i Rokn al-Din, 31 240 Index

Shaded structure, 103 Staging spectacles, 34 Shadow angle protractor, 223, 224 Static element, 29 Shafiei, Kadkani M.R., 24 Street construction, 22, 90, 170 Shah, Abbas, 41 Street mobs, 25 Shahmirzadi, S.M., 4, 53 Structural elements, 13, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 46, Shah street, 28 54, 71, 78, 86, 90, 103 Shams al Emareh building, 36 Structural similarity, 13 Sharestan, 9, 22 Subterranean aqueducts, 23 Shawl weavers, 67 Sufi, 24, 26 Shiite Sultanzade, H., 82 Imam, 32 Sumerian, 3 power, 44 Sun path diagram, 223, 224 shrines, 32 , 5, 9, 41 Shiraz, 22, 24–26, 32, 46, 91 Symbol , 17, 28, 33, 71, 85, 89 of purity, 54 Silk-weavers, 23 Symbolic essence, 3 Similar, 12, 26, 38, 48, 90, 102, 139 Symbolic, 8, 19, 20, 56, 106, 127, 229 Similarity, 4, 13 Symbolize Simple four directional wind catchers, 106 Symmetrical, 126, 128, 196, 229 Simplicity, 171 Simplification, 193 T Sistan, 106, 205 , 28, 52, 86, 106, 134 Skyline, 30 Taft, 45, 196 Social Taherian dynasty, 53 characteristics, 26 Takyah(s), 22, 28, 33, 94 classes, 23, 64, 67 Takyah-yi Dowlat, 36, 52 factors, 21 (s), 31, 105 street architecture, 21, 23, 103, 179 Tall massive wind catchers, 128, 131 transformation, 23 Tehran Socio-cultural, 21–23, 96, 102 City Region, 36, 94, 170, 174 Socio-economic, 67, 71, 96, 172 Temperate zone, 21 Socio-political, 25, 26, 28, 46, 91 Temple, 71 Socio-spatial, 64, 140 Tepe Zagheh, 4 Solar radiation, 101, 105, 122, 223 Three sided wind catcher, 87 Spatial Tomb(s), 27, 62, 125 characteristics, 22 Torbat-i Haydariya, 131 criteria, xxxiv Traditional form, 12 crafts, 60, 67 order, 15 fabrics, xxxiii, 105 organization, 13, 89 forms, 20, 172 relationship, 64, 71 Muslim architects, 28 structure, 4, 13, 21, 29, 33, 60, 64, 84, 96, urban blocks, 104, 191 140, 169, 179 urban structure, 102, 172 Spiritual Transformation, 104 centre, 15 , 13 climate, 27 , 146 meaning, 20 Tus, 120 Spirituality of forms, 20 Twentieth century, 46, 90, 94, 96, 170, 179 Spoon-makers, 23 Twenty first century, xxxv, xxxvii Square(s), 4, 8, 22, 26, 31, 38, 49, 62, 71, 106, Two-story wind catcher, 138 116, 174, 179 (s), 115, 116 Index 241

U W Unidirectional wind catcher(s), 106, 107, 132, Warfelli, M., 13 134 Water mill(s), 54 Unified structure, 107 Water reservoir(s), 71, 127 Unique solutions, 101 Weaving of cashmere, 67 United Nations, 211, 223 Weaving textiles, 66 Ur, 4, 9 Westernization, 23 Urban White Revolution, xxxvii block(s), 94, 103, 105, 179, 190 Whole, 22, 23, 31, 54, 59, 89, 102, 107, 151, configuration, 108 169 decay, 94 Whole city, 12, 24, 26, 105 density, xxxvii, 104 Wind catcher(s), 87, 102, 105, 106, 127, 132, element(s), 30, 61, 83, 103 134, 203 fabric, 102, 103, 172 Wind energy, 105 form, 171, 172 Workshop production, 104 management, 25, 27 Workshops, 64, 67, 104 poor, 172 Wulff Hans, E., 115, 116, 138 renewal, 21 space(s), 21–23, 28, 34, 38, 62 Y speculation, 103 Yakhchal (ice house), 23, 125 Uthman the Caliph, 27 Yazd, 23, 25, 26, 28, 32, 38, 46, 52, 53, 55, 60, Utilization of natural energy, 106, 172 64, 65, 103, 171, 205

V Z Vacant houses, 172 Zabol, 106, 131 Vandenberg, Martiz, 102 Zagheh village, 53 , 122 Zamani, Karim, 27 Varjavand, Parviz, 49 Zarin-kub, Abd al-Hosein, 7 Vaulted roof, 140 Zaware, 27, 28, 46 Vellinga, Marcel, 102 Zohhad, 22 Ventilation, 103–105, 170, 203 Zoroastrian(s), 7, 23, 65, 71, 78, 106 Visual values, 28, 34 Zuker, Paul, 38