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Algal Studies on the Diversity and Distribution of Blue Green Algae (Bga) from Selected Paddy Field Habitats of Goa

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Algal Studies on the Diversity and Distribution of Blue Green Algae (Bga) from Selected Paddy Field Habitats of Goa ALGAL STUDIES ON THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE (BGA) FROM SELECTED PADDY FIELD HABITATS OF GOA Thesis submitted to Goa University for the Award of Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY by Ms ANNIE F. D’SOUZA E GOMES. M. Sc. Research Guide Dr. A. V. VEERESH, M. Sc., Ph. D. Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College of Art’s & Science Margao- Goa. Co- Guide Dr. B. F. RODRIGUES, M.Sc., Ph. D. Professor, Department of Botany, Goa University. UGC-SAP DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOA UNIVERSITY 2012 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “ALGAL STUDIES ON THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE (BGA) FROM SELECTED PADDY FIELD HABITATS OF GOA” submitted to Goa University, for the award of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY is a record of original work carried out by me in the Department of Botany, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts & Science, Margao under the supervision of Dr A. V. VEERESH, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts & Science, Margao and Dr. B. F. RODRIGUES, Professor, Department of Botany, Goa University and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associate-ship or fellowship or any other similar title to any candidate of this or any other University. Signature of the student (Ms Annie F. D’Souza e Gomes) Signature of the Guide Signature of the Co-guide (Dr. A. V. Veeresh) (Dr. B. F. Rodrigues) ii CERTIFICATE We certify that the thesis entitled “ALGAL STUDIES ON THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE (BGA) FROM SELECTED PADDY FIELD HABITATS OF GOA” submitted to Goa University, for the award of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY is a record of original work carried out by MS ANNIE F. D’SOUZA E GOMES in the Department of Botany, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts & Science, Margao during the period of May 2006 to April 2012 under our supervision and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associate-ship or Fellowship or any other similar title to any candidate of this or any other University. Signature of the Guide Signature of the Co-guide (Dr. A. V. Veeresh) (Dr. B. F. Rodrigues) Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Botany, Department of Botany, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College of Art’s & Science Goa University. Margao- Goa. Countersigned: iii Dedicated to my… ....Late parents iv Acknowledgement It is my pleasure to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. At the outset, I thank Almighty God for the enlightenment and strength which he bestowed on me throughout my research. I express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. A. V. Veeresh for his encouragement, inspiration, guidance throughout my research career. I also express my sincere gratitude to my co-guide Dr. B. F. Rodrigues for his guidance and his meticulous editorial care in completion of this thesis. I wish to thank Principal Shri Bhasker G. Nayak, Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Quepem and Dr. R. V. Gaonker, Principal, Smt. Parvatibai Chowgule College for their support and extending facilities. I am very much thankful to Dr. M. K. Janarthanam for his valuable suggestions during the course of my research. I also extend my thanks to all my teachers in the Department of Botany, Goa University for their encouragement and help. I am grateful to the Scientists at CCUBGA, New Delhi for their telephonic and postal assistance in carrying out my research. I also extend my sincere gratitude to the Faculty and Librarian of University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad for their valuable suggestions and help in shaping my research ideas. I gratefully acknowledge Mr. D. K. Sangam for helping me in my statistical analysis. I sincerely acknowledge University Grants Commission for providing me two years fellowship to complete my research. v I am grateful to the staff members of soil testing laboratory, Ella farm, Old Goa and the Meteorology Department of Goa, for their assistance during this research. I shall always be immensely indebted to my parents who raised me to this level. This thesis wouldn’t be accomplished without the selfless help of my husband and children who stood by me throughout my research career. Annie F. D’Souza é Gomes vi CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-20 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 21-25 3 METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND PHYSICO- 26-66 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND WATER FROM THE STUDY SITES 4 BLUE GREEN ALGAE (BGA) FROM PADDY 67-130 FIELDS OF GOA 5 DENSITY AND DIVERSITY OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE 131-168 (BGA) IN PADDY FIELDS OF GOA 6 EFFECT OF ALGAL BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH 169-193 AND YIELD OF ORYZA SATIVA L. (VAR. JAYA) 7 EFFECT OF LOCALLY USED COMMERCIAL 194-239 FERTILIZERS ON BGA 8 EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON BLUE GREEN ALGAE 240-282 9 SUMMARY 283-289 10 CONCLUSION 290-291 REFERENCES 292-325 SYNOPOSIS 326-338 APPENDIX 339 vii LIST OF TABLES Sr. No. TITLE Page No. 3.1 Monthly meteorological data for the year 2006 39 3.2 Monthly meteorological data for the year 2007 40 3.3 Monthly meteorological data for the year 2008 41 3.4 Monthly meteorological data for the year 2009 42 3.5 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples from 46 hinterlands of Quepem for kharif and rabi season of 2006-2007 3.6 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 47 paddy fields from hinterlands of Quepem for kharif and rabi season of 2007-2008. 3.7 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 48 paddy fields from hinterlands of Quepem for kharif and rabi season of 2008-2009 3.8 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 51 paddy fields from coastal area of Utorda for kharif and rabi seasons of 2006-2007 3.9 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 52 paddy fields from coastal area of Utorda for kharif and rabi seasons of 2007-2008 3.10 Physico-Chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 53 paddy fields from coastal area of Utorda for kharif and rabi seasons of 2008-2009. 3.11 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 56 paddy fields from khazan area of Quelossim for kharif and rabi seasons of 2006-2007 3.12 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 57 paddy fields from khazan area of Quelossim for kharif and rabi seasons of 2007-2008 3.13 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 58 paddy fields from khazan area of Quelossim for kharif and rabi viii seasons of 2008-2009 Sr. No. TITLE Page No. 3.14 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 61 paddy fields from mining area of Velguem for kharif and rabi seasons of 2006-2007 3.15 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 62 paddy fields from mining area of Velguem for kharif and rabi seasons of 2007-2008 3.16 Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil samples of 63 paddy fields from mining area of Velguem for kharif and rabi seasons of 2008-2009 4.1 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 74-77 year 2006 -2007 4.2 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 78-81 year 2007 -2008 4.3 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 82-85 year 2008 -2009 5.1 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 132-137 year 2006 -2007 5.2 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 138-141 year 2007 -2008 5.3 Distribution of BGA from different rice field habitats for the 142-145 year 2008 -2009 5.4 Cyanobacterial density of hinterlands fields of Quepem during 148 the study period of 2006-2009 5.5 Diversity indices of different seasons in the three groups of 150 cyanobacteria in the hinterlands of Quepem 5.6 Cyanobacterial density of coastal fields of Utorda during the 153 study period of 2006-2009 5.7 Diversity indices of different seasons in the three groups of 154 cyanobacteria in coastal paddy fields of Utorda 5.8 Cyanobacterial density of khazan fields of Quelossim during 157 ix the study period of 2006-2009. Sr. No. TITLE Page No. 5.9 Diversity indices of different seasons in the three groups of 158 cyanobacteria in Khazan paddy fields of Quelossim. 5.10 Cyanobacterial density of mining area fields during the study 161 period of 2006-2009 5.11 Diversity indices of different seasons in the three groups of 162 cyanobacteria in mining area paddy fields of Velguem 5.12 Comparative diversity indices of BGA from different habitats 168 6.1 Effect of BGA inoculation on growth and grain yield in Oryza sativa187 L. (var. jaya). 6.2 Correlation analysis between various plant characters and grain 188 yield/plant. 6.3 Effect of BGA inoculation on carbohydrate and protein 189 content of grains and chlorophyll content of leaves in Oryza sativa L. (var. jaya) 7.1 Chemical formulations of fertilizers. 196 7.2 Effect of fertilizers (Samarth and Samrat) on biomass content of 226 A. oryzae. 7.3 Effect of fertilizers (Samarth and Samrat) on chlorophyll a 227 content of A. oryzae. 7.4 Effect of fertilizers (Samarth and Samrat) on total protein 228 content and total carbohydrate content of A. oryzae. 7.5 Effect of fertilizers (Samarth and Samrat) on biomass content of 230 C.
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