HANDB K E DATE OO O S.

A RRA N G ED A L PHA BETI CALLY AND CHR ONO LO I OALLY G .

C OMPILED BY

E CLI N R H NRY NTO RO WN .

I c N O AD Q C Q O a

N EW Y O RK O EL A . L V L C O .

1 8 8 3 .

P R EF A C E.

IN compilin g this book it h a s been my chief aim to make It accuracy its stron gest recommendation . is a work which, I

d an d trust, will meet a deman fill a vacancy in the list of edu c ation al handbooks . I have often found; even in my own

a sefitain the st udies , when I wished to date at which a certain : it even t occur red, that was a work of time as well as of labor

n to determine the date by referri g to a chronological table, for W the reason that it is the date which one ishes to find, and it

n is impossible to turn to it . There are ma y events concerning which even the latest developments in archaeology have failed to remove the surrounding doubt and obscurity. For instance, as regards the origin of the city of Babylon, history gives us no clue ; and even Herodotus has given no intimation respecting

100 A . D . its founder . In the present compilations , after the year

. h . A . D e 1000 A D . the abbreviation is dropped ; lat r t an the year ,

con fla r ation s t no earthquakes, eruptions , plagues , or g are inser ed, Of w . unless very great importance, as ith the great London fire There are many items in the chronological table wh ich it is m i possible to record alphabetically, and also many which I have

n o t not considered of e ough imp rtance to record in bo h, while the names of all important persons , places , and events will be found under their respective letters .

HENRY CL INTON BRO WN.

D INTRO UC TIO N .

T KE I A pleasure in recommending this Handbook of Dates , l having felt the need of some such book myse f, at many times , when the necessity for verifying a statement has presented e f . ur itsel D ing his coll ge vacation, I found that my young friend — the compiler — was engaged upon such a manual as this, and at my urgent request he has concluded to have his labors published for the sake of other students . I heartily commend this little book to any who may feel the need of it ; and hope that it may be to the author the begin

n an d ni g of other like ventures , to the reader a saving of valu able time . E E L R E O . WM . WI B RFO C N WT N

I T IE P T SF LD , MA SS . ,

M ay 21 , 1883 .

TE H A N D B O O K O F D A S .

— [4004 1764 B . C . ]

4004 Creation .

4003 Birth of Cain.

' 3875 Abel mmder ed by Cain .

3874 Bir th of Seth .

3317 Birth of Methuselah ; died at the age of 969 .

48 f wh o O f 950 . 29 Birth O Noah, died at the age

2349 Noah entered the ark .

2348 The Deluge .

2247 Tower Of Babel built about this time . 2234 O Celestial bservations begun at Babylon , a register of which lli th n 1 903 was sent by C a s e es to Aristotle for years , to the _ capture of that city by Alexander in the year 331

2207 . The Chinese monarchy founded, according to some historians 2 188 The kingdom of Egypt commen ces under Mis r a im (son of 1 663 Ham) , which lasted for years, to the conquest of Cam

b s es 525 B . C . y , in the year 2089 The kingdom of Sicyon established .

2059 i r The k ngdom of Assy ia begins . 19 96 2 . . 1 5. 18 1 B . aet Abraham born ; died C , 7 18 9 . 7 u f . O . Circumcision instit ted City Sodom, etc , destroyed 1 8 6 9 Birth of Isaac . 1 856 The kingdom of Argos begins . Isaac marries Rebekah . 1827 17th s ix E The dynasty of the shepherd kings in gypt begins , 1 and continues 03 years . 1822 E Memnon the gyptian invents the letters . 1796 The reign of Ogyges begins 1020 years before the first O lympiad . 1764 The deluge of O gyges laid waste Attica for more than 200

years, or until the coming of Cecrops . F E 1 —1 3 HANDBO O K O DAT S . [ 759 45

his Jacob goes to Haran, and marries the two daughters of

uncle Laban .

Jos eph s old into Egypt . ’ i s . Joseph interprets Pharaoh s dreams , and promoted The

seven years of plenty begin .

The seven years of famine begin . t All the lands in Egypt sold to Joseph, who let them out wi h

a perpetual tax of a fifth part of their produce .

. 14 . Jacob predicts the advent of the Messiah (Dies set. 7 yrs ) Joseph dies at the age of 1 10 ; his death terminates the

2369 . book of Genesis , containing a period of years

The Ethiopians , coming from the Indus , settle in the neigh

bor h ood of Egypt . A r un delian h The chronology of the marbles begins , at whic

time Cecrops is supposed to have come into Attica .

Moses born . Pharaoh publishes an edict for drowning all h the c ildren of the Israelites . n Cecrops. bri gs a colony of Saites from Egypt into Attica, Of 80 and founds the kingdom Athens , 7 years before the

first O lympiad . d About this perio Scamander comes from Crete into Phrygia,

and begins the kingdom of Troy . ‘

Moses visits the Israelites ; flies into Midian , and continues 4 there 0 years .

The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly .

The council of Amphictyonis established .

Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece, and built

the citadel of Thebes . E c Moses goes into gypt, where he inflicts ten suc essive

plagues upon Pharaoh , till he allows the children of Israel 430 r to depart, which completed the years of sojou n

ing .

Sparta built by Lacedaemon .

The first ship that appeared in Greece , brought from Egypt

u . by Danaus , s rnamed Armais

Troy supposed to have been built by Dardanus . — The first O lympic games celebrated at Elis . Moses died in

Of act . 1 10 . the land Moab , E H F . C . O O O S 1413 1234 B . ] ANDB K DAT 3

1413 ‘ un The Israelites , s k into idolatry, continued in slavery under

Cushan, king of Mesopotamia, for eight years . 1406 m Minos gives laws to the Cretans , and acquires a great ari — time power . Iron is found by the Idaei Dactyli from the f’ accidental burning O the woods Of Mount Ida in Crete . 1405 O thniel, the first judge of Israel, in the fortieth year after

J . that, given them by oshua e 1390 Benjamin almost totally d stroyed by the other 1 1 tribes .

1383 m . Ceres came to Athens , and taught them how to sow co 1356 The Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens ; some

s ay 1326 . 1344 The M cen e be in s w e kingdom of y a \ g about this time , h n the

kingdom of Argos was di vided . 1343 t The Israelites , on accoun of idolatry, enslaved by Eglon, n 18 ki g of Moab, for years . 1326 The Isthmian games first introduced .

1325 the Ehud , second judge of the Israelites , kills Eglon, and

rescues them from their second bondage .

1307 Th e O lympic games instituted by Pelops . 1305 The third servitude of the Israelites under Jaban, king of

40 . Canaan , which continued years

1300 The Lupercalia instituted . 1285 Deborah, the prophetess , defeats the Canaanites under Sisera . 1 284 The Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily, about three genera

tions before the Trojan war . 1263 79 k The Argonautic expedition , years before the ta ing of

Troy. About this time the first Pythian games were

celebrated by Adrastus . — 1252 The city of Tyre was built . The fourth servitude of the n Israelites under the Midianites, which conti ued for seven

years . 1250 Expedition of the Argonauts to Colchis took place about this

time . 1245 an d Gideon routs the Midianites , Israel had rest in the

fortieth year after that given by Deborah .

1243 A colony of Arcadians conducted by Evander into Italy. 1234 Theseus settles a democracy in Attica, and renews the Isth 123 mian games ; others s ay in 1 . 1 — 0 E 233 1 88 B . C . H ANDBO O K O F DAT S . [

Carthage founded by the Tyrian s .

. The Theban war of. the seven heroes

The celebration of the O lympic games by Hercules .

Helen dishonored by Theseus . The fifth servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines and

n 1 8 . Ammo ites , which continued years “ Helen dishonored by Paris .

'

w ar be in s . The Trojan g , and lasts ten years i 408 Troy s taken and burned by the Greeks , years before - ZEn the first O lympiad . ea s s et sail in the beginning of

autumn for Thrace . ZEn ea s s The kingdom of the Latins begins , under , who build

L avin iu m . The maritim e power of the Mediterranean acquired by the

Lydians .

Salamis in Cyp rus built by Teucer .

Eli 40 . , the high priest, eleventh judge of Israel for years

s eT' yitu de The sixth of the Israelites under the Philistines ,

which continued 40 years .

Th e a- n city of Alb Longa built by Ascanius , second ki g of

the Latins .

The Amazons burned the temple of Ephesus .

Samson kills 3000 Philistines .

The migration of the ZEolian colonies . Thebes built by the

B oeotians .

Teh eou . Third dynasty of China, called , begins

Samson betrayed to the Philistines . Eli dies . 2 Samuel the twelfth and last judge of Israel for 1 years . ’ r The marine s compass said to be known in China . The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus ; they divide — — it . The kingdom of Lacedaemon begins That of My

cenae ends . The most prosperous period of the kingdom of the Pharaohs

ended with this century ; which had lasted 400 years .

i . The Israelites obtain a k ng, and Saul anointed by Samuel

Saul rejected, and David anointed king .

The kingdom of Sicyon ends . The kingdom of Athens ends h n . in Codrus , and governed by Arc o s — 1058 869 HANDBO OK O F DATES . 5

8 -" m 105 The Pelasgians , the second people who acquire the aritime

power of the Mediterranean . E l 1055 Saul consul ts the witch of ndor, and kills himse f on Mount

Gilboa .

1048 Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites , and made the

seat of the kingdom .

1044 Migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece .

1040 About this time Syria became a Jewish province .

1 023 Abs olom rebels and is killed by Joab . 12 480 1 0 Solomon begins to build the temple , years after the

exodus from Egypt .

1004 The temple dedicated . 1000 The Thracians acquir e thenii ar itime power of the Mediter r a

19 . nean about this time, and hold it for years ’ 9 96 Solomon s fleet prepared in the Red Sea, and sent to Ophir . 86 t 9 Samos , in the island of the same name , and Utica built abou

this time . 975 The Jewish state as a divided kingdom from about this date

until 588 B . C .

1 974 Ses a ck u 97 or , king of Egypt, takes Jer salem , and plunders

the temple . 926 - 1 50 Lycurgus , the Spartan law giver, is born , years before the

first O lympiad . 9 16 The Rhodians are the fourth to acquire the maritime power

23 . of the Mediterranean, and hold it for years

907 Homer flourish ed about this time .

900 The kingdom of Assyria ends .

896 . Elijah , the prophet, is taken up into Heaven 893 The Phrygians are the fifth people who acquire the maritime

power Of the Mediterranean . 884 l Lycurgus , after travelling ten years , establishes his aws in — a . Cleosthen e r Laced emon Iphitus , Lycurgus , and s estore O E 108 ear s the lympic games at lis , v before the vulgar era

Of the first O lympiad . 872 The art of sculpture in marble said to have been discovered .

869 Phidon l , king of Argos , invented sca es and measures , and ' coined silver at JEgin a . The city of Carthage is built by

Queen Dido about this time . H F - ANDBO OK O DATES . [868 722

The Cyprians are the sixth who acquire the maritime power

of the Mediterranean .

T e h army of Hazael, king of Assyria, desolates a great part of

the kingdom of Judah . The Phoenicians are the seventh wh o acquire the maritime

power of the Mediterranean .

Babylon becomes subject to Assyria .

The kingdom Of Macedon begins .

The kingdom of Lydia begins .

in . 8 Amos , the prophet , flourished , and began his prophecies 7 7 .

‘ The Egyptians are the eighth who acquire the mar itime power

Of the Mediterranean . he T race of kings ended at Corinth , and was succeeded by

annual magistrates , called Prytanes . Coroebus conquers in the twenty-eighth O lympiad fromtheir

institution by Iphitus , though vulgarly called the first

O lympiad . Age of Lycurgus .

’ inva defi h e s Phul kingdom of I rael , and is bribed to depart

with 1000 talents . Th The Ephori established at Lacedaemon by eopompu s . 60 Isaiah , the prophet , prophesies for above years ; was sawn

asu nder by order O f Manasseh in 69 6 .

The decennial Archons begin at Athens. Micha the prophet . - The Milesians are the ninth who acquire the ma ritime

power Of the Mediterranean .

Rome is built by Romulus and Remus ; some s ay 752 .

The Romans dishonor the Sabine women .

The Romans and Sabines unite . The era of Nabonassar

begins . The first war between the Messenians and Lacedaemonians

19 . begins , and continues years S The first Grecian settlement in ic ilv . The Carians about this time have the command of the Medi

terranean . Syracuse built by a colony of Corinthians

under Archias .

H abbak uk the prophet .

The first Messenian war ended .

The Chinese Empire divided into principalities . — 721 658 HANDBOO K OF DATES . 7

’ n — n Samaria, after a three years Siege , take The ki gdom of

Israel finished by Salmanaser, king of Assyria, who carried Of the ten tribes into captivity. The first eclipse the moon

is recorded .

The second and third eclipse of the moon on record . am Ineffectual siege of Tyre , for about five years , by S l anaser,

king O f Assyria . ’ Gela, in Sicily, founded . Sennacherib s army destroyed in

one night by an angel, to the number of men — Th e O f 1ns tituted a Salii, an order priests , by Num Sargon

of Assyria conquers Babylon .

D e oces . Ecbatana built by j , as near this date by some

' Tarentum built about this tmie .

Holofernes besieged Bethulia and killed by Judith . n Archilochus the poet flourished, and i vented the iambic verse .

E 12 . , gyp t divided between kings

14 . The second Messenian war begins , and continues years — Athen s begins to be governed by annual Archons . Tyrtaeus

the poet flourished . The real history of Athens begins with the institution of annual L ace m n ian Archons . The dee o s defeated by A u stomenes .

E . sarhaddon , king of Assyria, takes possession of Babylon

- The chariot race instituted at the Olympic games .

Numa Pompilius , second Roman king .

Manasseh , king of Judah, is taken prisoner, and carried in

chains to Babylon . The Lesbians about this time acquire the command of the

— T r der 69 . e an Mediterranean , and retain it about years p

the poet the first victor .

The festival of Carnia instituted at Sparta .

The second Messenian war finished .

Alcman of Sardis , the lyric poet .

The combat between the three Horatii and the three C ur iatu .

d . The city of Alba estroyed The Messenians settled in Italy . i War between the Romans and the F den ates .

O f Cypselus usurps the government Corinth, and retains it for 3 0 years .

Byzantium built . H F - N O O O ES . 51 6 596 B . 8 A DB K DAT [ C .

’ 51 fi - 6 A ve years war begins between the Romans and Sabines .

Cyrene in Africa founded about this time .

640 u Hostiliu s . T llus , third Roman king Thales of Miletus bor n

about this time . “

638 559 B C . Solon born about this time , and died about i 636 The Tartars defeated the Ch nese with great slaughter . 631 Fiden ates S i War between the Romans and the and ab nes ,

which continues at intervals for fifty years .

630 Cyr ene built about this date . 62 9 The government of Corinth usurped by Periander. 6 27 Jeremiah th e prophet .

626 Zephaniah the prophet .

625 The Pentateuch found by Hilkiah . 2 6 4 . n The Scythians invade Media, Lydia, etc , and keep possessio

of several provinces for 28 years . Draco appointed to draw

up a written code of. laws . 621 11 A war between the Lydians and Milesians, which continues

‘ 3 ‘ years .

618 An cu s M ar tin s . , fourth Roman king 612 Cylon institutes a revolution at Athens , which is not suc

ces sfu l. 610 Pharaoh Necho about this time begins the canal between the

Nile and the Red Sea . 608 Josiah , king of Judah, slain by Pharaoh Necho .

607 Alcseus the poet flourished . 606 Nineveh taken and destroyed by the joint armies of Cyaxar es N abo las s ar and po . 6 05 The first captivity of the Jews ; dated by others in 606 . 604 ’ By Necho s order, some Phoenicians about this time sailed e from the Red S a around Africa, and returned by the Medi

terranean . 6 00 Sappho the lyric poetess . Solon drives the Megarians out of

the island of Salamis . 597 eh oiachin J , king of Judah , carried captive to Babylon by

ebu ch a dn ezz ar wh o th e . N , conquers Jews 596 C axa r es 28 The Scythians expelled from upper Asia by y , after E years of possession . pimenides of Crete visits Athens ,

and is the first to build temples in Greece .

H E - F S . 52 1 O O O 54 49 B . 10 ANDB K DAT [ C .

Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses .

Hagga l prophesied .

Zachariah prophesied .

n . Learning e couraged at Athens , under Pisistratus A public

library first founded . War between the Romans and

Sabines . E Of E s ch lu s . The birth y gypt conquered by Cambyses , and

becomes a Persian province . A comet appeared in China . — s . 445 B Darius becomes king of Per ia Pindar born ; he died C .

'

Confucius lived . The second edict to rebuild Jerusalem . a 14 Hipp rchus assassinated years after the death of Pis istratus .

The Temple of Jerusalem finished . 2 1 Babylon taken by Darius after a siege of months .

Babylon revolts from Darius . a The tyranny of the Pisistratid e abolished at Athens . Tar qu in iu s Superbus dethroned — The consular government

begins at Rome .

'' ’

vVith P . Roman war orsena, king of the Etruscans The first

alliance between the Romans and Carthaginians . - The second census at Rome : citizens . M e Heraclitus the philosopher lived . gabys u s subdued Thrace k E and Macedonia . Porsena . ing of the trurians , made T war again st the Romans — “ar between the Romans and

Sabines .

Parmenides of Elea, the philosopher . lived . b a Sardis taken and burned y the Athenians , which occ sioned

the Persian invasion of Greece . O Pos The lesser triumph , called vation , began at Rome by

“

th u miu s w . , who entered the city with a myrtle cro n

The Greek cities in Asia revolt from Persia .

Anaxagoras born ; died 427 B . C .

The first dictator created at Rome .

The Saturnalia instituted a t Rome : citizens . — Secession of the Roman people to the Mons Sacer . War

between the Romans and Sabines . Capture of Miletus . The first expedition of the Persians against the Grecian states

in Europe ended .

The kingdom of Syracuse usurped by Gelo . Coriolanus ban

ished from Rome . - H O O K OF ES . C . , 490 463 B . ] ANDB DAT 1 1

— h e 432 B . C . Th e battle of Marathon . Phidias born ; dies

War between Athen s and JEgin a .

th e &c . Coriolanus , by entreaty of his mother, , withdraws the a rmy of the Volsci from Rome

487 Egypt revolts from the Persians . 486 JEs chylu s first gains the prize of tragedy at the age of 39 — years The Agrarian law first proposed at Rome, by Cassius . 485 Cassius punished for usurping the sovereignty — The Volsci

and JEqu i subdued . Themistocles and Aristides are the

- two leading citizens of Athens at this time . Xerxes suc

c eeds Darius as king of Persia .

. X 484 A ristides banished from Athens erxes recovers Egypt, and i commits the gover n meifl? to h s brother Achaemenes .

Herodotus born .

483 Quaestors first created at Rome . An eruption of Mount

JEtn a

481 Xerxes begins his expedition against Greece .

480 The Persians defeated at Salamis . The affair of Thermo

ae . r . pyl finished Pindar, the ly ic poet , flourished

479 Th e M ar don iu s Platzea Persians under defeated at , September V 22 - r M cale . V a , on which day occurred the battle of y E ur — between the Romans and tr ians . Charon O f L amps a

cus , the historian, lived . 477 The three hundred Romans of the name of Fabius killed by V eien tes m the , near Cre ona . 476 Valerius triumphed over the V eientes and Sabines — . A citizens in Rome great eruption O f Mount E tna . 471 Themistocles accused of conspiracy against the , liberty of

Greece, retires to Xerxes , in Asia . Thucydides born he

d 391 B . C . ied Ctesias born ; he died 337 B . C .

470 — An r n Cimon defeats the Persian fleet and army . e uptio of

Etn . J a Clazomen ae . Mount Anaxagoras of , the philosopher 469 n The first solemn contest between the tragic poets , whe 2 8 Of Sophocles , at years age , was declared victor over

s ch lus . fE y An earthquake at Sparta . 466 61 The Syracusans recover their liberty, and maintain it for

years . — . A Egypt revolts from the Persians _ great pestilence in

Rome . O F E — 12 HANDBO O K DAT S . [462 445

The Persians defeated by the —Athenians in a naval en gage

ment in Egypt . — . In ar The third Messenian war The revolt of us . Hippo

b . crates orn He established a school of medicine at Corinth . He died 357 The Athenians begin to exercise tyranny over the other

Grecian states . — “ Cimon banished from Athens Ezra sent from Babylon to

Jerusalem by Artaxerxes . Cincinnatus appointed dictator .

. u Nehemiah , the prophet The L di seculares celebrated for — (En h t o a . the first time at Rome . Battle of p y s The Persians regain pos s es mn of the greater part of Egypt . n Of E ina The Athenia s completed the reduction g , which

became a tributary and ally. The Romans send deputies to Athens for a copy of Solon’s — An E . laws . eruption of tna

oet r l Aristarchus , the tragic p A co ony sent from Athens to

’ The Lacedaemonians conclude a five years truce with the

Athenians . an d 12 The decemvirs created at Rome, the laws of the tables

compiled and ratified . — leu Cimon triumphed over the Persians by s ea and land . Z a

- LOcr i. cus , the law giver of

Th e - The decemvirs banished from Rome . Persians make an ignominious peace with the Greeks

n The height of Athe ian prosperity. The first sacred war f about the temple O Delphi . Tolmides a The Athenians under lose a b ttle , fought with the - 5 B oeotians . Xenophon born ; he died 3 6 B . C . ’ A thir ty years truce between the Athenians and L acedaemo

n . nia s Pericles reduces the whole of Euboea and Megara . - Ch an on da s v Th ur iu m . , the law gi er of Thucydides, the

Athenian general , banished by ostracism . - A Herodotu s reads his history in the cou ncil at Athens . new 30 peace concluded between Athens and Sparta for years , — 14. though it lasted, in fact, but Military tribunes created - at Rome . Nehemiah returned to rebuild the walls of

Jerusalem . — H O O O F E B . C . S 444 420 ] ANDB K DAT . 1 3

A r i entu m h u Empedocles of g g , the philosop er, flo rished . — . Her odicu s Censors first created at, Rome , called the gym — nastic physician . Pericles sends out a colon y to found

Thur ii.

Profound and universal peace . Euripides first gained the

prize Of tragedy at Athens .

A great famine at Rome . ’ n i Samos, after a mo th s s ege , surrenders to Pericles . Come - dies prohibited at Athens . Phidias the sculptor flourished . r t o i The Pa henon c mpleted under Per cles about this time .

C r atinu s . , the comic poet The colony of Amphipolis founded .

War i . between Cor nth and Corcyra Malachi, the last of th e e prophets,deliver d his pTedi ction s . - Fidenas taken by theRomans . The Corinthians defeated by h i E a w o s . Eu the Corcyr eans , ga n pos ession of pidaur us po

lis , the comic poet .

Aristophanes , the comic poet . The temple of Apollo consecrated — A comet appeared in

China . - The Metonic cycle begins . Phidias dies, sculptor .

The Thebans surprise Plataea . The Peloponnesian war

begins . O ld The history of the Testament finishes about this time .

A plagu e at Athens . — Socrates the philosoph er flour ish ed. Plataea besieged by the — — n . aet . 65 . army of the Pelopo nesians Pericles dies , Plato

born . — Democritus of Abdera flourished . Revolt of Myt ilene

L eon tiu m r a . . Su render of Plat ea Gorgias of , the orator

~ - l . . Celon, the leather sel er Anaxagoras died

The plague broke out at Athens a second time . Thucydides

the historian flourished .

Hippocrates of Corinth , the physician .

Br as ida s Th u c Taking of Amphipolis by , and the exile of y dides — Defeat of the Athenians at the battle of Delium . i is Br as idas Battle near Amph pol between and Celon, and

death of both generals . — The peace of Nicias concluded . Alcibiades, the Athenian

general . E 4 14 HANDBO OK O F DAT S . [ 194 00

: Protagoras of Abdera, the sophist — Battle of Mantinea . Visit of Herodotus to Thebes .

Par r h as iu s E . of phesus, the painter Mutilation of the — . E Hermae at Athens . Alcibiades accused xpedition of

the Athenians against Sicily.

Egypt revolts from the Persians , and is partly successful .

Second part of the Peloponnesian war begins . Un s u c

‘ ces sfu l Siege of Syracuse .

Of . 27 . An eclipse the moon, Aug Archelaus, brother of Per ‘ : ducas, lays the foundation for the culture of Macedon

Diogenes born ; died 323 B . O . — 4 Lysias the orator . 00 persons elected to the government of

Athens . Zeuxis the painter flourished. Polycletus died ;

the sculptor . - Democracy r e established at Athens .

a C z icu m The Laced emonians defeated at y by the Athenians .

o The history of Thucydides ended, and that of Xenoph n

BS . begun . T Carthaginians attacked Sicily — The Romans defeated the Volsci . The Athenians become

masters of the Hellespont . r s — Cy us , son of Darius , arrives in Sardi The Carthaginians

renew their attack on Sicily . — mi . n a h th e c o c a d Of C allicr atidas . Ag t on , poet Defeat death

E set . 4. uripides dies , 7 The Athenian fleet totally defeated at E gospotamos by

Lysander . Syracuse usurped by Dionysius . Cebes the

philosopher . Athens taken by Lysander which finishes the Peloponnesian

. r war Athens governed by 30 ty ants . Socrates forbidden — . . Th r a s bu to teach Euclid of Megara, the philosopher y

lus occupies Phyle . The 30 tyrants deposed by Thrasybulus .

The 30 are succeeded by the council Of 10 .

Teles tes . , the dithyrambic poet

The retreat of the Greeks under Xenophon . O rigin ’ n of the history known as Xenopho s Anabasis .

— E r u . o s Socrates put to death by the Athenians p , as guar O dian of the young king restes, usurps the supreme power — n . of Macedo Hippocrates , the geometrician, lived about

this time . - E . C . H O O OF S 399 368 B . ] ANDB K DAT 15

399 : The feast called Lectisternium in s tituted at Rome . Payment

of the Roman soldiers began about this time .

398 Military catapultas invented about this time by Dionysius .

n . Ctesias , the physician and historia , lived Many prodigies

at Rome .

396 al . Antisthenes, c l ed the cynic philosopher h 395 An alliance between Athenians, Thebans , Corint ians, and

a . Argives , against the Laced emonians 394 L acedee A naval battle at Cnidus , between the Persians and

b r ar . mon ian s . Contest at Rome a out the Ag ian law

The Corinthian war begins . Death of Lysander . Conon Theo om u s rebu ilds the walls of Athens . The history of p p

TTi s o h er h . . o ended Archytas , the p t p and mat ematician

393 Argives become masters of Corinth .

3 389 . 90 Rome taken by the Gauls, and burned ; by some, in ’ 389 Plato s first voyage into Sicily. 387 Peace between the L acedaemonians and Persians t P th a o effective men in Rome . Damon and Py hias , the y g

rean philosophers and friends .

385 Destruction of Mantinea . 8 3 4 Aristotle born .

381 22 . Demosthenes born he died 3 B C .

380 . Is aeu s . of Chalcis , the Athenian orator 3 — 9 . 7 The end of the O lynthian war Liberation of Thebes . 378 e Alliance betw en Athens and Thebes , and a declaration of — war against Sparta . Isocrates the rhetorician . 3 77 . Arete of Cyrene, the female philosopher 3 76 Battle of Naxos . Artaxerxes concludes a peace with the

Greeks . 374 The unsuccessful expedition of the Persians under Artaxerxes

. t in Egypt Philolaus, the Py hagorean philosopher . 372 n Diogenes , the cy ic philosopher . - 371 t . Peace be ween Athens and Sparta The battle of Leuctra, in a which the Laced emonians were defeated by Epaminondas . 3 0 — 7 The Messenians return to the Peloponnesus . Jason of — a n . E Pher e assassi ated paminondas invades Laconia . 368 a m Battle between the Laced e onians and Arcadians , called the “ "— tearless battle . Eudoxus about this time brought the

celestial sphere from Egypt, and carried it into Greece . H O O O F E - 1 6 ANDB K DAT S . [367 336

The populace at Rome obtain the privilege of having one Of

ul . ul the cons s a plebeian The Ga s defeated by Camillus .

The Licinian law passed .

Alliance between Arcadia and Athens .

Pelo idas . The death of p Praxiteles , greatest of painters ,

born ; died 2 80 B C .

u n . the Aristippus J , Cyrenaic philosopher . Revolt of several Persian governors in Lesser Asia against

Artaxerxes . ’ Plato s second voyage into Sicily . s n i 24 Philip of Macedon ascend the thro e , and re gns years . th e Philip besieges Amphipolis , and city surrenders .

The second sacred war begins . Aristotle observed the ’ moons transit over Mars . — d . i Dion put to eath Demosthenes , the most em nent orator

O f Greece . s a The Phocaeans defeated in The s ly by Philip .

Sidom an s P The , besieged by the ersian army, burn their city,

and put themselves to death . The monument of M au s olus

erected .

Egypt conquered by O chu s .

Philip takes O lynthus ; or early in 347 .

The conclusion of the sacred war . 42 Plato died ; born at Athens in 9 R C .

Aristotle the philosopher flourished . A second commercial

treaty made with Carthage .

Philip conquers Illyria and Thrace . — War between the Romans and Samnites begins . TimOlian — li . recovers the berty of Syracuse Protogenes of Rhodes ,

the painter . The Syracusan era commenced . Philip

t . makes Thrace a ributary A pestilence at Rome .

Epicurus born . Menander the poet born .

Tim li n A r i m The Carthaginians defeated by o a near g gentu .

Xenocrates , the academic philosopher

&c . in a a Philip defeated the Athenians , , the battle of Ch erone ,

Aug . 7 .

r é Philip killed by Pausanias . A Plebeian admitted to the p ee

r i n . to s h p at Rome . Accession of Alexa der

- ‘ H O O O F ES . 310 283 B C 1 8 ANDB K DAT [ . .

Agathocles , defeated by the Carthaginians , carries the war — — a A a . G into Afric comet appe red in China rantor, the

academic philosopher . — Fabius defeats the Samnites . Philemon, the rival of Menan

der, comic poet .

‘ The oligarchy of Athens changed into a democracy by Deme

li r trins Po o cetes .

The successors of Alexander assume the title of king .

M egasth enes the historian . — &c . r Seleucus founded Antioch, Edessa, Laodicea, Py rho

the first of the sceptic philosophers .

The battle of Ipsus , in which Antigonus is defeated .

th e . Euclid of Alexandria, mathematician

Arcesilaus the philosopher .

Athens taken by Demetrius Polior cetes . Epicurus the

philosopher .

men in Rome . Demetrius gains Macedonia .

s u n- Pa ir iu s u The first dial erected at Rome by p C rsor, and E their time divided into hours . rasistratus the physician .

A r is t llu s . y of Alexandria , the astronomer

Seleucus built about 40 new cities in Asia . — The Samnite war ended . Painting brought to Rome by — Fabius . Bion Bor ys th enites the philosopher . Menander

the poet died .

S . trato , the peripatetic philosopher Z n tu The Athenians revolt from Demetrius Polior cetes . e odo s

Of . Ephesus , the first librarian of Alexandria Archimedes the geometer born at Syracuse ; the most celebrated mathe m i i at c an .

P r r hu Macedon taken possession of by Lysimachus , and y

expelled .

i Of A . D onysius , the astronomer lexandria The Septuagint translation of the O ld Testament supposed to have been made abo ut this time — The Pharos of Alex

a . andria built . The foundation of the Ach ean republic laid — A great earthquake in the Hellespont and Chersonese . — The Gauls attack the Romans .

S r os t atu s . o of Cnidus , the architect The c llege and library

of Alexandria founded . - E 282 249 HAND BO O K OF DAT S . 1 9

T . heocritus of Syracuse, the pastoral poet

Aristarchus of Samos , the astronomer .

Her acleotes . Dionysius , the philosopher A new census at

: Rome citizens . A large army of Gauls under Br en n u s cut to pieces near the

temple of Delphi . Philo , the dialectic philosopher .

Artus of Tarsus , the astronomical poet . Th e first regular body of grammarians or critics began about h als i C s . this time . Lycophron of , the poet E s . Per s aeu s Pyrrhus, defeated by the Romans, retires to piru ,

the stoic philosopher .

Epicurus died .

Silver first coined at Rome . Crates , the philosopher .

n G on atu s . Athe s taken by Antigonus Berosus , the Chaldaean

Ab en u . historian . yd s flourished

Ptolemy made a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea .

A census at Rome : citizens .

The first Punic war . Cleanthes , the stoic philosopher.

un . . Homer, J , the tragic poet

f . a O f O . The battle Sardis Tim eus Sicily, the historian in The Romans first concerned themselves naval affairs .

a . M netho , the Egyp tian historian The Carthaginians defeated at s ea by the Romans — Calli

mach u s . of Cyrene, the poet

- ll . Zoilus the critic , ca ed Homero Mastix

ur m . D is of Sa os , the historian m ean th es C z icu . N of y , the orator and historian — Athens restored to its liberty by Antigonus . Ctes ibius the

historian .

S s ibi s a . o u of Laced emon, the critic

m . Hierony us of Rhodes , the philosopher A census at Rome : effective men — The C ar th agin

ians masters of the s ea . t - n Aratus wi h his fellow citize s joins the Archaean leagu e .

The Parthians revolt from the Macedonians . Apollonius of

Perga born about this time . s e a fi ht D r e an um The g of p , in which the Romans are totally

defeated by the Carthaginians . OF E — 20 HANDBO OK DAT S . [248 220

Antigonus C ar ys tiu s the historian .

A census at Rome : citizens .

&c . . i All the records, , in China destroyed Ptolemy k lls

Laodice, queen of Antiochus , and overruns a gr eat part of

r . . Sy ia Conon of Samos , the astronomer

O f . S h aer us The citadel Corinth taken by Aratus p , the stoic " philosopher and historian .

Th e Carthaginians defeated . The first Punic war termi

n ated. Apollonius of Perga, called the great geometrician .

. L a c des . Agis , king of Sparta, put to death y the philosopher

The first plays acted at Rome .

. Pol str atu s The Carthaginians finish the Libyan war y , the

Epicurean philosopher .

n w h s on Hamilcar leads a Carthaginia army into Spain, it his

Hannibal .

The Tartars expelled from China . m The temple of Janus shut the first time after Nu a, and

universal peace .

iu . . aev s . The Sardinian war begins C N , the comic poet

‘ la w . . Cato born . The Agrarian revived The Gauls revolt

The first divorce at Rome . Sardinia and Corsica subdued by

the Romans .

Apollonius the Rhodian, the poet and third librarian of Alex

andria .

m l r The Ro ans dec are war against the Illy ians .

n i &c . The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athe s Cor nth,

Ph iloch or u s . of Athens , the historian le m ni The C o e c war begins .

C eu s Aristo , the peripatetic philosopher . Cleomen es E an d kills the phori , restores the Agrarian laws of - . . F a Sparta The Gauls enter Italy, and are defeated biu s Pictor, the first Roman historian .

s The Romans for the fir t time crossed the PO . The Colos

sus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake . Ph lar h — y c u s the historian . Extinction of the Heraclidae at

Sparta .

: i A census at Rome c tiz ens . The social war in

. u O f Greece Plaut s Umbria, the comic poet . 219 HANDBO O K O F DATES . 2 1

un n r . Sag tum take and dest oyed by Hannibal Archagathus , O f the first physician at Rome . The art surgery introduced

at Rome . i ’ The second Punic war beg ns with Hannibal s passing the Alps,

and continues 17 years .

The Romans defeated at Th r a s ymene . i The Romans totally defeated n the battle of C an nes . Philip

makes a treaty with Han nibal.

E . vander, the philosopher of the second academy

Philip poisons Aratus .

Syracuse, after a siege of three years , taken by Marcellus .

r A s d u b al defeated and k illegd by Claudius Nero . Zeno of g

Tarsus , the philosopher . E nnius of Calabria, the poet, brought to Rome by Cato the

m i n . quaestor . Philip akes peace with the E tol a s

Scipio besieged Utica .

A s dr u b l Scipio in one day took the two camps of a and Syphax .

Hannibal recalled .

Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama . Peace Obtained on very ign ominious terms by the C ar th agin

n n . ians , and the close of the seco d Pu ic war

The first Macedonian war .

Panius . Sidon taken by Antiochus , after the battle of

Syria becomes independent .

Th e Romans send two praetors into Spain . Defeat of Philip

n . Cy ocephalus by the Romans Licinius Tegula, the comic

poet .

a . r . Caius L elius , the Roman orator Greece declared f ee

Sparta and Hither Spain subdued by the Romans .

Hyginus of Pergamus , the philosopher .

The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans begins .

A cens u s at Rome effective men .

The battle O f Thermopylae .

Scipio defeats Antiochus in the battle of Magnesia .

The Romans make peace with Antiochus . Asiatic luxury

introduced at Rome . Philopoemen obliges the Lacedaemonians to renounce the laws

of Lycurgus . H - 22 ANDBOO K OF DATES . [187 162

ll Antiochus defeated and ki ed in Media . Scipio Africanus

banished from Rome .

Diogenes of Babylon , the stoic philosopher .

Philo oemen D in ocr ates p defeated and killed by , tyrant of the

Messenians . The Transalpine Gauls march into Italy.

The stars said to have appeared in China in the daytime .

Pestilence at Rome . his Philip dies succeeded by son Perseus, the last monarch of — . A : f Macedonia census at Rome ef ective men .

a ' coflin Some books of Numa found at Rome in stone , and

burned .

A ar th acides . g of Cnidus , the historian — An earthquake in China . Pestilence at Rome .

t . A talus of Rhodes , the astronomer and grammarian ’ A comet appeared in China, in the east . Antiochus s first .

expedition in Egypt .

The second Macedonian war begins . Antiochus defeats ’ Ptolemy s generals .

Paper invented in China . Antiochus takes Jerusalem , and

plunders the Temple . An irruption of the Tartars into M etr odor u s i China . , the philosopher and pa nter of

Athens ; afterwards carried to Rome by E miliu s .

A census at Rome : citizens . Perseus defeated in the battle of Pydna ; an eclipse of the

l . moon happened the preceding night, foretold by Gal us

C . Sulpicius Gallus , the tribune and first Roman astronomer . con s is tl n The first library erected at Rome, g of books brought

from Macedon .

of . l Terence . Carthage, the comic poet Apol onius killed by

Judas Maccabaeus .

Judas p urified the Temple Of Jerusalem . An eruption of ll te M o s . E . tna Crates a of Pergamus , called the critic

: . A census at Rome citizens Polybius of Megalopolis ,

the historian .

The government of Judaea under the Maccabees begins . M .

Pacuviu s . , the tragic poet n O R Hipparchus begins his astro omical bservations at hodes .

Demetrius takes possession of Syria . F E 159 HANDBO O K O DAT S . 23

asi . 1 59 . ca , Time measured at Rome by water ; invented by Scipio N

1 58 An irruption Of the Tartars into China . Hipparchus observed

the autumnal equinox .

1 57 A comet appeared in China in the ninth month . Pr u s ias 1 56 Several temples of Pergamus plundered by , king of

r a Bithynia . A istarchus of Alexandria, the great gramm

rian .

1 52 A n dr is cu s s on , personating the of Perseus , assumes the tyranny

O f Macedon .

1 51 Embassy of the three philosophers to Rome . ' 1 50 1 1 u B Demet s , king of Syria, killed by alas Aristobulus of

an d . Alexandria, the Jew peripatetic philosopher Pr u s ia s 149 The third Punic war w as commenced . put to

death .

148 a A ollomu s . Stat r u s Jonathan Maccab eus defeats p y , the

philosopher and historian .

: 147 A census at Rome citizens . The Romans make

war against the Achaeans . M m i . m u s 4 n . u 1 6 Carthage destroyed by P Scipio, and Cori th by L ,

who brought to Rome from thence the first fine paintings .

Greece becomes a Roman province . h 144 Tr yp on murdered Jonathan and his brethren . Antipater l m C a a oboas he . of Tarsus , called , t stoic philosopher 142 Simon the high priest takes the castle of Jerusalem ; repaired a it, and rescued Jud ea from Syrian servitude . m n tian 141 u a s . The N war begins , and lasts eight year

i d r u 140 D o o s . , the peripatetic philosopher

139 . Lucius Accius , the tragic poet 1 38 Pa n atius of Rhodes , the stoic philosopher . 137 Ptolemy Phys con began a new restoration of learning at Alex

. N icander andria of Colophon, the physician and poet .

136 &c . E Scipio Africanus, , made an embassy into gypt, Syria, and

. Ctesibiu s Greece of Alexandria, the mathematician and

ul inventor of hydra ic instruments . 135 The history of the Apocrypha ends . The Servile war begins

in Sicily. 33 u — 1 N mantia in Spain destroyed by Scipio . The kingdom of

Pergamus annexed to the Roman Empire. Tiberius Grac

chus put to death . - 24 HANDBO OK O F DATES. [130 91

— 130 O f . A Antiochus , king Syria, defeated and killed comet in

n . Asia . The revival of learning in Chi a Ptolemy VII .

. 28 1 1 B . . flees to Cyprus returns B C . 1 ; dies 7 C

129 The t emple in Ger izim destroyed by Hyr can u s .

124 s a . Apollonius of Ny , the stoic philosopher

123 Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate . Hero

Cr atiteu s r a mmar l an . dicus, called , the g

121 ZEtn a . a . A great eruption of C ius Gracchus killed L . C aeliu s b Antipater, the Roman istori

120 . Castor of Rhodes , the chronologer and historian

1 19 M enecr ates . of Nysa, the grammarian 1 18 A colony settled at Narbonne by the Romans . 11 6 h t e n . Cleopatra assumes governme t of Egypt Lucilius, the

first Roman satirist . 115 A olodor u s p of Athens, the chronologer and grammarian .

1 1 3 . Marcus Antonius, the Roman orator

1 1 1 r i u u th ne five . The J g war begins, and continues years

1 10 . Lucius Crassus , the Roman orator 109 The Teutones and Cimbri attacked the Roman Empire .

108 Athen ion . , the peripatetic philosopher The Romans defeated

by the Cimbri .

1 07 Cicero is born . — 106 Ptolemy dethroned by Cleopatra . Jugurtha delivered up to

M ar s iu s . Cicero born . 5 10 The Cimbri and Teutons defeated the Romans .

104 h o . Aristobulus , the first high priest w wore a crown Arte

midor u s . of Ephesus , the geographer

103 The Roman people obtained the power of electing the praetors . 1102 The Teutons defeated by Marius . 101 The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catullus . ur in - i 100 The Agrarian law revived by Sat n us . Julius C aesar s

born . Philo the philosopher . 9 A ion n RO 7 Ptolemy pp dies, and bequeaths his ki gdom to the

mans . m 96 The king Of Parthia sends a bassadors to China . mid 95 Ch ar as . , the philosopher of the third academy 94 n Hortensius begi s to plead at nineteen years of age . 9 S 1 fi . The ocial or Marsic war begins , and is nished by Sylla

. isenna the R . L S , oman historian

F E 62 —37 HAN DBO O K O DAT S. [

Antiochus, the philosopher of the third Academy.

Lucius Taruntius Spu r in a the mathematician .

t a . The first triumvirate be ween Pompey, C esar, and Crassus l Q. V. Catu lus, the lyric poet . R Andronicus of hodes , the peripatetic philosopher, and restorer

O f the works of Aristotle .

Cicero banished from Rome at the instigation of Clodiu s . i Sallu st u s . Cicero recalled from exile . C . Crispus the historian th e C aesar passes Rhine, and defeats the Germans ; makes his n — E r e first expedition into Britai Ptolemy, king of gypt,

stored to his k ingdom . ’ — Tim n i . a e es C aesar s second invasion of Brita n g of Alexandria,

th e histor ian and rhetorician .

Crassus killed, and his army defeated by the Parthians .

C r ati u s pp , the peripatetic philosopher

Gaul becomes a Roman province .

The civil war begins .

a . C esar proclaimed dictator Cornelius Nepos . — . a . The battle of Pharsalia Antipater, procurator of Jud ea

. . d Atacin u s . P T Varro, calle the poet

ul . Alexandria retaken by J ius C aesar The library destroyed .

The war of Africa . Cato kills himself at Utica .

a act . 56 . Di d r u i C esar killed in the Senate house , o o s S cu lu s the

historian . ir O The second triumv ate, between ctavius, Antony, and Lepi

. 7th Of c m dus Cicero assassinated on the December, by o

mand of Antony.

r u The battle of Philippi Cassius and B tus defeated . — . A n Tr u A great famine at Rome earthquake in China . og s iu Pompe s the historian .

Jerusalem occupied by Antigonus , assisted by the Parthians . H r canu y s expelled . Herod r ecel ves the kingdom of Judaca

from the Romans .

The Romans recover Syria and Palestine .

6 a . The Senate made 7 pr etors The Spanish era commenced . i Pompey gained the empire of the sea . Sos u s took Jerusalem

and Herod . Antigonus put to death . The Asmonaean 126 family terminates years after Judas Maccabaeus . F TE 136 HANDBO OK O DA S . 2 7

— Sextus Pompeius defeated in Sicily. Lepidus degraded from

. V ir iliu s . the triumvirate, and banished g Maro

Antony seizes the kingdom of Armenia . Marcus Manilius ,

o the astronomical poet .

Dioscorides , physician to Antony and Cleopatra .

The battle of Actium ; Antony and Cleopatra defeated . The

Roman emperors properly begin . An earthquake in Ju daea . — — A in i The sects of the Scribes and Pharisees begin . s u s

Pollio, the orator and historian .

Alexandria taken by O ctavius . Antony and Cleopatra put E m themselves to death . gypt reduced to a Ro an province .

Strabo the geographer. O ctavius dissuaded by M egden as from divesting himself of the

Flaccu . a empire . Horatius s C esar triumphed three days

in Rome . The temple of Janus shut .

E miliu s . Macer of Verona, the poet The title of Augustus conferred upon O ctavius by a decree of

the Senate ; the power of imperator for ten years, next the exem censorship, then the tribuneship, and at last an absolute p — — tion from the laws The Pantheon at Rome built . A great

. . ur . famine in Palestine S A elius Propertius , the elegiac poet

Titus Livius .

Antonius Musa the physician .

A great pestilence in Italy. Augustus goes to Greece and Asia ; recalls Agrippa ; gives him ul an d his J ia in marriage, the government in absence ; made

Syracuse a colony . Tibullus , the elegiac poet .

Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians .

Porus , king of India, solicits an alliance with Augustus . i O v diu s Naso banished .

Rome at the meridian of its glory . Herod rebuilt the Temple - of Jerusalem . Agrippa constructed the magnificent aque

ducts at Rome . Augustus reduces the Senate to 300 ; afterwards limits them to

600 . r . Bath llu s Celibacy is discou aged Pylades and y , two

famous Roman actors .

The secular games revived .

a . Agrippa goes to Syria, and thence to Jud ea B K ED TE 15-2 28 HAN D O O O A S . [

— M . u 1 5 Drusus defeats the Rhae tians . Vitr vius Pollio the archi

teet .

14 A great Con flagr atiqn at Rome . “ i 13 Augustus assumes the office of Pont fex Maximus .

12 . D amas cen u s Tiberius conquers the Pannonians Nicholas , the

peripatetic philosopher and historian .

1 1 Drusus conquers several German nations .

10 Herod built the city of C aesarea . ’

9 . Drusus s expedition into Germany, where he dies — m 8 Augustus corr ect s the calendar . The onth Sextilis named

— r i Augustus by a decree of the senate . V e r u s Flacons the

grammarian .

6 Tiberius retires to Rhodes .

1 . ur 5 Q. Varus appointed governor of Syr a O Saviour Jesus

. 2 5 Christ born on Monday, Dec ; four years before the com — mon era . Cyr enius appointed governor of Judaea . Dion y

‘ sins of Halicarnassus, the historian .

2 . Julia banished by Augustus Dionysius the geographer .

C . Caesar made peace with the Parthians . h ‘ 4 t ir d ear . Leap year corrected, having been formerly every y

Phaedrus .

A great famine at Rome .

Germanicus sent against the Pannonians . 12 Jesus Christ, at the age of years , disputes with the Jewish — — A in i . . s u s doctors in the temple Gallus Germanicus .

Dalmatia subdued by the Romans .

m . Arminius , a German general , defeated the Ro ans

Augustus dies at Nola . i V elle u s Pater cu lu s .

Cappadocia reduced to the form of a province . An earthquake

12 . in Asia destroyed cities Cornelius Celsus .

Herod built Tiberias .

- s — n Caiaphas, high priest of the Jew The Jews ba ished from

Rome . - TE H O O OF S . A D . 21 66 . ] ANDB K DA 2 9

2 1 T heatre O f Pompey consumed by fire .

23 Valerius Maximus . — 26 Tiberius goes to the island C apr aea . John the Baptist begins

his ministry .

2 c n fla r ation . 7 A o g at Rome Pilate made governor of Judaca .

Jesus baptiz ed by John .

Columella .

33 O ur a s s . i S viour Jesu Chri t crucified Ap on of Alexandria, the “ " grammarian, called the trumpet of the world .

36 St . Paul converted .

37 Tiberius dies . i n — 40 The name of Christians g sm at Antioch . Petronius appointed

governor of Syria .

41 Caligula put to death . St . Peter . ’ Claudius s expedition into Britain . St . Paul .

44 Peter imprisoned . James put to death . ’ — Vespasian s successful war in Britain . Pompon ius Mela the

geographer .

The secular games celebrated at Rome . Caractacus , the British

king . London built by the Romans about this time

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome . — The council of the Apostles at Jerusalem . Paul preaches at

Athens . Seneca .

Claudius dies ; Nero succeeds .

a . C esar landed in Britain Paul preached at Ephesus .

Rotterdam built about this time .

Persius .

m u t Nero caused his other, Agrippina, to be p to death . n 60 The Christian religio published in Britain .

61 n m bu t Boadicea, the British quee , defeats the Ro ans , soon after — is conquered by Suetonius . Petronius Arbiter .

62 St . Paul sent in bonds to Rome . Lucan .

63 A great earthquake in Asia . — 64 A confla gr ation at Rome . The first persecution Of the Ch i

tians . Quintus Curtius .

s . 65 Seneca , Lucan , and other put _to death

. l th e 66 The Jewish war begins P iny historian . - E 6 10 A . D H F 7 7 . 30 ANDBO O K O DAT S . [

— . a . 67 St . Peter and St Paul put to de th Vespasian defeats the

a nd . Jews , takes Josephus prisoner

68 Nero dies .

69 Galba put to death . O tho kills himself .

70 Titus takes and destroys Jerusalem .

71 Josephus .

75 Vespasian dedicated a temple to Peace . “ 77 A great plague at Rome . The Parthians revolt . - 79 Vespasian dies . Herculaneum and Pompeii are burned by an

eruption of Mount Vesuvius .

80 n . fir e . The Capitol, Pa theon, etc , of Rome consumed by Titus - bu ilds the hot baths and amphitheatre . — 81 Titus dies . Martial . 82 Agricola reduced South Britain to the form of a Roman prov

T n . ince . Apollonius ya aeu s

84 Valerius Flacons . 85 Britain discovered to be an island

86 a . lin The Capitoline games instituted by Domiti n So u s .

88 The secular games celebrated . The Dacian war begins E pictetus , the stoic philosoph 8 9 Quintilian .

90 . Agrippa of Bithynia, the mathematician

9 1 . . Statius of Naples , the poet St Clement I .

92 . St Ignatius . 93 The empire of th e Huns in Tartary destroyed by the Chinese .

. . Tacitus the historian . John banished to Patmos

9 5 . The second persecution of the Christians , under Domitian

Ju ven al.

96 Domitian put to death .

97 The evangelist John return ed from banishment . 8 9 Nerva dies .

99 . Julius Severus , governor of Britain 102 - Pliny, pro consul in Bithynia, sends Traj an his account of the

Christians . 1 - 03 th e . un . Dacia reduced to form of a Roman province Pliny, j 1 05 . A great earthquake in A sia and Greece Dion Pr u s aeu s . 1 ’ 06 . Trajan s expedition against the Parthians , etc 1 07 th e a . The third persecution of Christians , under Tr jan H O O F D E 109 AND B K O AT S . 3 1

Plutarch .

Suetonius the historian dies .

Trajan erects his column at Rome . Armenia becomes a prov

ince of the Roman empire . Elian .

Trajan subdues Assyria . An earthquake at Antioch .

- an r E . L . An n aeu s The Jews make incu sion into gypt Florus . ’ Adrian s expedition into Britain . Trajan dies .

ur . The fo th persecution of the Christians , under Adrian i b Nicomed a and other cities swallowed up y an earthquake .

Adrian builds a wall between Carlisle and Newcastle .

Caesarea and Nicopolis destroyed by an earthquake . Aquila r n l th the interpreter t a s ated\ e O ld Testament into Greek .

ui Adrian reb lds Jerusalem and erects a temple to Jupiter .

The Jews commence a second war . St . Polycarp .

Sa lviu s ulian u s m l J co piles the perpetual edict, or body of aws ,

for the praetors at Alexandria .

Cl . Ptolemy the mathematician . ’ Ur bicu s s wall was built between Edinburgh and Dumbarton — Frith . Marcion the heretic .

The Jewish war ends , and almost all the Jews banished .

The second great canicular year of the Egyptians begins .

A r r ian the historian and philosopher.

Adrian dies at Baiae.

Justin Martyr writes his first apology for the Christians .

A number of heresies appear .

Appian the historian .

, D acian s . Antonius defeats the Moors , Germans and j w m The orship of Serapis is introduced at Ro e by the emperor,

and his mysteries celebrated . Artemidorus .

Apuleius .

Justin the historian .

Gelliu s Aulus the grammarian .

Maximus Tirins .

An earthquake at Rhodes . Antonius stops the persecution

against the Christians .

Pausanias .

Attiliu s Titianu s is put to death for usurping the empire .

Lucian . H O O F E - O S . 161 213 A . D . 3 2 ANDB K DAT [ _

Antonius Pius dies . Hermogenes becomes an idiot .

ar r W with the Parthians ; continues th ee years .

. . i The persecution of the Christians under M A Anton us .

Galen .

The Romans sent ambassadors to China .

A plague over the known world . Athenagoras .

r t Montanus propagated his h e es y Titian .

War with the Marcomanni , Vandals, etc . , finished .

Another war with the Marcomanni, which lasts three years .

Diogenes L aer tiu s .

Marcus Aurelius dies . m Com odus makes peace with the Ger mans .

r . St . I enaeus

A violent war in Britain finished by Marcellus . Th eodotion

the interpreter.

Julius Pollux .

. d . The Capitol , etc , at Rome destroye by lightning

A plague at Rome . The Romans defeated by the Saracens .

A great part of Rome destroyed by fire .

Commodus is put to death . f Pertinax is killed, and dif erent persons assume the empire .

Byzantium besieged by Severu s . Disputes first commence about Easter

Albinus defeated by Severus in Gaul, and killed at Lyons . E a d Severus goes into the ast n defeats the Parthians . - . Pa in ia Symmachus published a version of the Bible p nu s .

. e r The fifth persecution of the Christians , under Sept S xe u s .

The secu lar games celebrated at Rome .

An earthquake in Wales .

Clemens Alexandrinus . - . M Severus goes into Britain ; of his troops die . Felix .

O f Severus builds his wall across Britain from the Frith Forth .

Philos tr atu s .

Severus dies at York .

The Christian faith introduced into Scotland . A distinction

made between municipal and free citizens at Rome . Cara

hi . calla kills s brother Geta, and many others

Oppian .

E - H F S. 2 2 O O O 6 D . ANDB K DAT [ 306 A .

262 E A an arthquake in Europe , sia, d Africa ; three days of dark

ness . E i 264 O den a tu s . , king of Palmyra, governs the astern emp re

2 67 The Scythians and Goths defeated by the Romans .

2 68 Gallienus is killed at Milan .

2 69 Claudius gains a great victory over the Goths . Z en Obia takes

possession of Egypt . f 2 2 O r . 7 The ninth persecution the Christians , under Au elian

2 3 lm ur m 7 Zenobia, queen of Pa yra , defeated by A elian ; Pal yra

taken .

0 1 274 The temple of the s u n is built at Rome . Da a given up by

Aur elian to the Barbarians .

275 Aurelian is killed near Byzantium .

m 1 . 276 Wines first ade in Brita n Tacitus dies at Tarsus . Por

phyr y. ’ a b s . 277 Pr o us expedition into Gaul The Franks settled in Gaul .

280 Probus defeats the Persians .

2 82 Probus is put to death at Sirmium .

284 The era of Diocletian begins . The Romans send ambassadors

to China .

2 85 A r n obiu s .

2 86 ~ The empire attacked by northern nations ; Several provinces

usurped by tyrants .

r iu s a 2 87 C a au s procl imed emperor in Britain . H 2 89 . Gregory and ermogenes , lawyers The two emperors and the two Caesars march to defend the

ir . E liu s S ar ti a n four quarters of the emp e p u s the historian .

293 C ar au s iu s is killed by Alectu s . The Franks expelled from

Batavia .

296 Britain recovered to the emperors . Alexandria besieged and i l i n takenby D oc es a .

r n 301 wa between the Persia s and Romans . Julius C apitolin u s .

302 Hier ocles . 303 The tenth persecution of the Christians , under Diocletian .

Flavius V opis cu s .

4 M x imi nu s 30 Diocletian and a a resign the empire and live retir ed .

305 Tr ebelliu s Pollio .

306 Cons tantius carries on war against the Britains ; dies . - H O O OF ES. D . 307 354 A . ] ANDB K DAT 3 5

" — l. 307 A considerable part of Rome destroyed by fire . E Lam

Four emperors reigned at the same time .

Th e Christians persecuted in the East .

Constantine divides Britain into four governments .

L a ctan tiu s

M ax entius killed . The Indictions begin . Pestilence over

the East . The tenth persecution of Christians terminated by an edict of

Constantine and Licinius .

A civil war between Constantine and Licinius .

The punishment of the cr os s a\bolis h e d.

Constantin e begins to favor the Chr istians .

° Su n day appoin ted to be observed . Constantine becomes master of the empire ; gives full liberty

to Christians .

Licinius defeated and banished . — — The first general Council of Nice . Arius . Crispus , falsely i — s . accused , put to death Christians persecuted by the E . P m hil . Parthians u s e . a p u s

The seat of empire transferred from Rome to Constantinople .

mtan tin le r c . C o op dedicated . A dreadful perse ution in Persia H eathen temples destroyed by order of the emperor . St .

Athanasi us .

A great famine and pestilence in Syria . h Sarmatians revolt, and are dispersed t rough the em

pire .

Constantine th e Great dies .

. il . Constantine, jun , killed at Aqu eia An earthquake in the

East . — H t . i The gospel propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius . S

lary . Jamblich u s a Neoc esarea destroyed by an earthquake .

Constans killed in Spain .

The heathens first called Pagans . m E lia s Donatus the gra marian .

Gallus put to death by Constantius . H O OF ES 356—404 A D O . . . 3 6 ANDB K DAT _ [

Eu tr o iu s . p , the historian and sophist

Julian defeated s ix German kings at Strasburg . - i i An earthquake ruins 1 50 cities in Greece and Asia . L ban u s .

Ammianus Marcellinus . i Constantius dies at Tar s u st Gregory N az anz en . m Of Julian in vain endeavors to rebuild the Te ple Jerusalem ,

and dies in an expedition into Persia . Aurelius Victor .

- The Roman emperors enacted laws against magicians . Brit

ain harassed by the Picts , Scots , and Saxons . The Roman

empl r e divided into the Eastern and Western Empires .

Valens marched against the Persians . St . Basil . Eu n api us

The Bible translated into the Gothic tongue .

f 39 . t . O 7 S Ambrose made bishop Milan , and dies

T e . h Goths , expelled by the Huns , settle in Thrace

Valens defeated the Goths .

S . The Lombards first leave candinavia, and defeat the Vandals

Au sonius . — . M The second general council of Constantinople acedon iu s .

The Emperor Gratian defeated and killed . The Huns rav

- O f math ema aged Mesopotamia . Pappus Alexandria, the

tician .

. Theon , jun . , of Alexandria, the mathematician '

The quinquennales celebrated by Arcadius . St . Jerome .

The tyrant Maximus defeated and killed by Theodosius .

The first kings of the Lombards elected in Pannonia .

Prudentius .

Theodosius defeats Eugenius and Ar bogastes . St . Augustine .

Theodosius the Great dies .

St . Chrysostom .

Claudian .

i r Hel odo u s . — O f . S Alaric , king the Goths, overruns Europe ulpicius Seve

rus , the ecclesiastical historian .

The Avari become masters of Great Tartary . — Alaric defeated by Stilicho . Macrobius . -Pan dor u s An irruption of the Goths . o of Alexandria, the

mon k and chronologer . O r E 405 H ANDB OK o DAT S . 3 7

— h . t The Pelagian eresy published John S obaeu s . Stilicho

defeats Goths in the mountains of F es u lae.

S . The Vandals , Alani, and Suevi , pread into France Pelagius . ‘ — The Christian religion propagated in Persia . Hypatia th e mathematician. — . commen Rome taken and plundered by Alaric , Servius , the

tator on Virgil . — The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain . Armen1 a divided

. . r i between the Persians and Romans St Cy l , bishop of

Alexandria .

The kingdom of the Bur gundians begins in Alsace .

The Visigoths founded the kingdom of Toulouse .

' ’ i r i The Christians per s ecu ted n Te s a .

O rosius the historian .

The Alans extirpated by the Goths .

An earthquake in Palestine . i The kingdom of the French beg ns on the Lower Rhine .

China divided into two empires .

The Salic la w promulgated . The Christians persecuted in

Persia .

The Huns ravage Thrace . Em The Western pire usurped by John . f m The restoration O learning atte pted by Theodosi us .

The Romans leave Britain . - n n . Pa nonia is recovered by the Roma s Zosimus the historian .

- The third general council of Ephesus . Nestorius , the heretic

bishop of Constantinople .

u The Roman provinces in Africa s bmit to the Vandals . - n fire . A great part of Constanti ople consumed by Attila,

king of the Huns , begins his reign . E — Nestorianism prevails in the ast . The Theodosian codex

published . 7 Th e Goths defeated by 1 Etiu s . The first persecution of th e

Th e dor et . o Christians by the Vandals , bishop of Cyrus Genseric becomes master of Carthage ; commen ces the king m . Soz o en dom of the Vandals in Africa , the ecclesiastical

historian . f Sar acens . The Huns, Persians, , etc , invade the Roman territo

r1es . E - H O O O F S . 443 4 91 D ANDB K DAT [ A . .

a ur . Ol m iodor u s The Manich ean books b ned at Rome y p , the

ecclesiastical historian . — Fire , famine , pestilence, and sedition at Constantinople . The Britons make their fruitless complaint to E tiu s and the R O f the r O . mans , against incu sions the Scots and Picts

r . Attila, with his Huns, ravages Eu ope - The Saxons first come into Britain . Heptarchy established in

England . A great famine in Italy.

d . Theodosius II . ies

The fourth general council of Chalcedon . Attila defeated by — . h t . e E ius The Christians persecuted in Britain Eu tyc s .

The city of Venice t akes its rise about this time .

The Britons in vain attempt to expel the Saxons . The Van

dals become masters O f Sicily.

Rome taken by Genseric . The kingdom of Kent begins .

r r The Suevi defeated by Theodoric . P es pe .

V or timer defeated by Hengist .

A great earthquake at Antioch . The Chinese said to have

sailed to the north O f California . — A fire in Constantinople . Peace between the Emperor Leo

and the Goth s .

The Vandals expelled from Sicily. The Goths defeated by th e Romans b The Vandals defeated y the Romans .

The Visigoths drive the Romans out of Spain .

Leo I . and Leo II . die . 300 Hengist treacherously massacres British nobles . The m . f z u Saxons defeated by the Romans Gelasius O Cy ic .

- ~ . E The kingdom of Italy begins The Western mpire ended .

A dreadful fire in Constantinople . O doacer captures

Rome .

Peter surnamed the Fuller .

r n Great pa t of Constantinople destroyed by a earthquake . i Hu n er e . , king of the Vandals , persecutes the Christians 8 D . Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons ; some s ay 4 6 A .

The Britons , under Prince Arthur, defeat the Saxons .

Theodoric defeats O doacer . E f lla founds the second Saxon kingdom O Sussex . - F E . 3 522 D . S 49 A . ] HANDBO O K O DAT 39

Th e kingdom of Italy passes from the Heruli to the O stro — goths . Malchus the sophist .

The Roman pontiff asserts his supremacy .

Timotheus G az aeu s . Third Saxon invasion of Britain .

Christianity received in France .

Fu l n tiu . The Bul garians ravage Thrace . ge s

The Saracens ravage Syr ia and P oen icia .

. A ca diu s Anastasius makes peace with the Saracens , coun

u d f s ellor to G on debau d. G on deb a publishes his laws O the

Burgundians . ’ C ab a des k m . Anastasius army cut to pieces by , g of Persia

The Pope resisted the legal magistrate . \ The Christians per s ecu ted by the V andals . The pandects

i . published . Magi preva led at Rome

The Persian war ends .

Arien , chancellor of Alaric, reforms the Theodosian code . — Poict ier s . s Alaric defeated and killed by Clovis , near Clovi

founds the kingdom of the Franks . ' A gr eat fire at Constan tinople . The Saracens invade Arabia

and Palestine .

Paris becomes the capital of the Fren ch Dominions . A great in surrection at Constantinople — Prince Arthur de

feats the Saxons . Salic law established in France .

An eruption of Vesuvius .

The Persian and Saracen kings embrace the Christian religion .

Boetius the philosopher . Constantinople besieged by

V italian u s , whose fleet is burned by a brass speculum of

- Proclus . Cassiodorus made governor O f Sicily by Theodoric .

a . a The Get e ravage Macedonia, Thessaly, etc The comput O f tion time by the Christian era, introduced by Dionysius m the onk .

Five years of drought and pestilence in Palestine . be ms Prince Arthur defeated at Charford by Cerdic , which g

the third Saxon kingdom of Wessex .

- The Britons defeat the Anglo Saxons at Bath .

u . h An earthq ake at Corinth Hes yc iu s of Miletus . Th r a s amon d , king of the Vandals , defeated and killed by the

Moors . H E - O O F . 525 2 D . 40 ANDB K O DAT S [ 55 A .

525 r e . Antioch consumed by fi Priscian the grammarian .

r in 527 E ch en w founds the fourth Saxon kingdom of Essex . 528 Belisarius marches with an army against the Persians .

529 1 6 . The code of Justinian is published , April The order of

. Tr ibon ian u s Benedictine monks is instituted , the famous

lawyer . — 532 A conspir acy and sedition at Constantinople . A great pesti - T m f lence in Ethiopia. he kingdo O Burgundyconquered by

Childeber t and Clotair e .

- 533 O f . 30 . The digest Justinian is published, Dec Belisarius sent

against the Vandals in Africa . 534 The kingdom Of the Vandals finished by Belisarius — Proco

pius , the historian and secretary to Belisarius .

‘ 535 Belisarius gains Sicily .

536 Belisarius takes Naples . The inhabitants of Constantinople

taught to fabricate silk .

537 Rome surrendered to Belisarius . French coin current in the

Roman empire . Count Marcellinus the chronologer .

t an d . Italy distressed wi h war, famine , pestilence The Goths m take the city of Milan . The camps of the Ro ans and the

Goths taken by Th eodeb er t . — 4 iti es R aven n a . Th e o 5 0 V g taken prisoner by Belisarius , in M ors defeat the Romans in Afric a — Antioch destroyed by the

king of Persia .

41 r n a n des to . 5 Jo , the Gothic his rian — i 542 The consulship of Basilius ; the last at Rome . Pr nce Arthur — murdered . Antioch rebuilt . The Romans defeated by

PO . the Goths , on the - 543 . A great plague desolates Asia and Europe Totila, king of

G . the oths , seizes Tuscany, Campania, etc

546 . Rome taken by Totila, and barbarously pillaged n 547 Ida founds the fifth Saxon kingdom Of Northumberla d .

r 549 Totila fo tifies Rome . l An earthquake in Palestine , Syria, etc . The State of Po and

formed by L eek .

551 The manufacture O f Silk introduced into Europe from In dia . 552 The empire of the Avars in Great Tartary ends — The fifth

n . general council , or second of Constanti ople

H O O O F — ES . 590 6 22 A . 42 ANDB K DAT [ D .

Pestilence in Italy and France . The Romans defeated by the

Avari . C eau lin defeated and dethroned in the battle of Wanborough

in Wilts by Ceolr ic . m The Avari, expelled fro Thrace . The Gascons establis h

themselves .

The Sclavonians penetrate into Istria, Bohemia, and Poland. m The Lo bards ravage Italy . n John of Co stantinople assumes the title of universal bishop . E Augustin the monk comes into ngland .

A truce between the Romans and Lombar ds .

‘ e A dreadful p stilence in Africa .

The Sclavonians and Avari ravage Italy. M au r iciu s , emperor of the East, put to death by Phocas .

The Lombards defeat the Romans .

War between the Persians and Greeks . Secundus , historian

of the Lombards . ’ Chos r oes defeats the Roman army . St . Paul s church in Lon E don founded by thelbert .

r u The use of bells int oduced into ch rches . The power of the

popes begins .

The court of chancery instituted in England .

The Pantheon of Rome converted into a church .

The Jews in Antioch revolt, and massacre the Christians .

Her aclius takes Constantinople .

The church and abbey of Westminster founded by Sibert . - The Saracens ravage Syria . Mahomet begins to publish his h im Koran . T eophyla ctu s S ocatta thehistorian .

ir Clota e reigns over all France .

O ff . The Persians take Jerusalem , and carry the cross of Christ

The Persians overrun Africa, and take Alexandria .

The Persians take and plunder Carthage . The Jews banished

out O f Spain and France . — f Al Edwin kills Eth elfr id in the battle O f Retford . John O

ex an dr ia Philo on u s m o , called p , the gra marian and ommen

tator on Aristotle .

The Avari take and plunder Constantinople . — Heraclius defeats the Persians in a great battle . Mahomet

fled from Mecca to Medina, and the Hegira begins . — H D . N O O F E 6 28 685 A . T A DB K O DAT S . 43

An academy founded at Canterbu ry . Ch os r oes put to death

by his s on .

The era of Jes degir d commences . or th u mb er lan d Edwin, king of N , killed m a battle by Penda,

king of Mercia . — s . Pis ides The Saracens take Damascu Geo , the poet and

historian .

The Sar aben s invade Egypt and Palestine .

The Christian religion introduced into China .

The Saracens take Jerusalem .

The Saracens take Alexandria, and burn the library.

Heraclius dies .

O Sar acen s k illed. f mar, caliph of the t The University O Cam

Si eber t 3 2 . bridge founded by g , king the East Anglia The

laws of the Lombards formed into a system .

The Saracens make themselves masters of Africa .

The Saracens take Cyprus . r m Pe sia becomes a part of the e pire of the caliphs .

The Saracens take Rhodes, ravage Armenia, and defeat the

Greeks at s ea . The Danes invade England .

O rgan s fir st used in chur ches .

T e m Gr imoald h kingdo of Lombardy taken possession of by , — - duke of Ben even tu m . Glass invented and brought into

England . m E Constans urdered , and the astern Empire usurped by Me

tius the Armenian .

The Saracens ravage Sicily. a The Sar cens invade Syria, besiege Constantinople, etc .

The Saracens defeated by the Greeks . a ‘ The Saracens ttempt to land in Spain , but are defeated by

Wamba . The Saracens make a peace with Constantine on paying an an

nual tribute .

The sixth general council of Constantinople .

Pestilence in Saxony, and next year in Syria .

r id N r th u mber lan d n , king of b , invades Ireland, but is de

feated . An eruption of Vesuviu s .

Constantine V . dies . The Britons totally subdued by the

Saxons . — H O OF ES . 8 O 4 D. 44 ANDB K DAT [6 6 7 8 A .

C ea dwalla the Sussex subdued by , and united to kingdom of

Wessex .

Kent wasted by the West Saxons .

Pepin engrosses the power of the French monarchy .

A conspiracy of the Jews in Spain . Justinian II . banished .

Money first coined by the Arabians .

L eon tiu s deposed . Af The Saracens take Carthage, and expel the Romans from

rica . The Piets in Britain embrace the Christian religion .

The first prince of Poland elected, and Cracow built .

- Eighty on e battles fought by the Saracens .

C . Justinian seized on Thrace , and marched to onstantinople The Lombards reduced by internal wars ; the first province

given to the Pope .

Ju stinian defeats the B ulgarians .

The Saracens invade the Roman territories . f In a published the laws O the Saxons about this time .

Justinian is put to death by Philippicu s .

The Saracens conquer Spain . The Bulgarians ravage Thrace .

Charles Martel governs all France .

The Saracens u nsuccessfully besiege Constantinople . Charles

Martel defeats Kin g Chilper ic .

The kingdom of Asturias in Spain founded by Pelagio . - i Boniface, an Anglo Saxon, propagates the Chr stian religion in

Germany . ’ e n - W . Ina, king of ssex, bega the tax of Peter s pence

Pope Gregory excommunicated the Emperor .

Th e . Saracens defeated by Charles Martel, near Tours ’ Charles Martel becomes master of Aquitaine . The Pope s

nuncio instituted about this time .

Leo destroys all the images in his empire, and persecutes the

monks .

Joannes D emas cenu s .

F r ede air e n . g , the Fre ch historian

The monastery of Fulda in Germany founded . n E A dreadful pestile ce over urope and Asia for three years . The computation of years from the birth of Christ begins to

be used in histories from this time . - F E . D . H O O S 749 792 A . ] ANDBO K DAT 45

4 h e a A en cour 7 9 T r ce of bbas become caliphs of the Saracens , and age learning ; the empire of the Saracens is divided into

three parts . Many cities in Syria are destroyed by an earth

The Merovingian race ends in France .

The second race of the French kings begins .

The exarchs of Ravenna are conquered by the Lombards . The defenders of images are persecuted — The first con s e

cration of the kings of France . The exarchate ends by the

capture O f Ravenna .

The kin gs of the Lombards declared war against the Pope . kiri d m Pepin assists the Pope with a numerous army. The g o

of Cordova in Spain fou iided.

The temporal dominion of the Pope commences . — r The first organ sent by Constantine to France . Pepin e

duces the Saxons .

Constantine persecuted the worshippers of the images .

Bagdad built by Almansor . Bur ials permitted in towns .

O ct . 1 150 . A violent frost begins about , and lasts about davs

The Turks ravage Armenia and Asia .

Constantine dissolves the monasteries in the East .

Charlemagne makes war against the Saxons . ’ The kingdom Of the Lombards terminates by Charlemagne s

capture Of Pavia .

l in 8 . A cu u s 04 A D . , dies

Charlemagne reduces the Saxons .

Charlemagne restored learning in France .

e The worship of images r established . Win ifr idu s Paulus , surnamed Diaconus , the historian .

n Wittikin d s o Charlemag e defeats and the Saxons , that they

submit .

n r im d — s e The Da es , for the fi st t e, arrive in Englan The v en th b general council , or second of Nice , egins .

Pleadings in courts of judicature are instituted .

An earthquake at Constantinople .

t e Charlemagne defeats h Avari in Pannonia . The Moors de n feated by the Spa iards with great slaughter . — . h An An academy founded in Paris Et elbert, king of East

O . glia, treacherously murdered by ffa , king of Mercia H E - OO OF . S 794 835 A . D . 46 , ANDB K DAT [

- 794 Charlemagne extirpated the Huns . O ffa begins the tax ’- called Peter s pence, in Mercia . 796 The Pope sent legates to Charlemagne to request him to con

firm his election .

797 Seventeen days of unusual darkness . Alph onso defeats the — Moors . Constantine dethroned and pu t to death by his

mother Irene . - 800 The temporal power of the popes abridged . Charlemagne

proclaimed at Rome Emperor of the West .

801 . A great earthquake in France, Germany, and Italy 8 2 0 The empress Irene deposed and banished . 8 8 0 The first descent of the Normans into France . 81 0 A civil war among the Saracen s . 81 1 ice h r us — N p o killed by the king of the Bulgarians . Eginh ar d

the historian . 1 h 8 4 Leo ordered the images in c urches to be destroyed .

815 An insurrection against the Pope at Rome . 8 m n A m 16 Learning encouraged a ong the Sarace s by l amon . 817 Ecclesiatics exempted from military service — Louis divides

his kingdom among his children . 819 Almamon ordered his astronomers to measure a degree of lati “ tude on the plains of Sinj ar, near Babylon .

M . 820 Leo V . killed in the temple at Constantinople by ichael 822 Constantin ople besieged by the Saracens un der Thomas the

slave ; but the siege is raised by the Bulgarians .

823 Th e Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete, and call it

Candia . 826 m n Harold , king of Den ark, embraces the Christian religio , and

is dethroned by his subjects . 827 The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of

n . . Almamo The Saracens take possession of Sicily, etc d E 828 The several kingdoms of England united un er gbert . The

kingdoms of Navarre and Arragon foun ded . ’ 829 Missionaries sent from France to Sweden . St . Mark s at

Venice is built .

830 Theophilus p ublished an edict against images .

832 Painter s banished from the Eastern Empire by Theophilus . - 835 The feast of All Saints instituted . - H OO O F ES. D . 838 870 A . J ANDB K DAT 4 7

Th e Piets defeated and their nation extirpated by Kenneth,

king of Scotland .

Louis le Debonnair e dies .

L oth ar iu s . The battle of Fontenai, where is defeated Albu

masar, the Arabian astronomer .

Theophilus dies . The worship of images restored . Ger many separated from the empire of the Frank

A new partition of the French dominion .

The king of Spain defeated the kin g of Corduba . The king

of Ge rmany defeated the Vandals . Hin m r u e . c a s The N ormans penetrate into G rmany , arch

bishop Of Rheims . A great earthquake in The Venetian fleet totally defeated by the Saracens in the bay

of Crotona . About this time the gospel was preached in Denmark and

Sweden . v The Normans in ade England . The Saracens ravage Sar

dinia and Corsica . h - The English defeat the Danes at O ley . The Moors perse

cute the Christians in Spain .

The Normans get possession of some cities in France .

L th ar i The Emperor o u s retires to a monastery and dies .

The Normans plunder the waste of Holland . An earthquake

over a great part of the known world . O do the historian .

The Scots defeated by the Britons .

A severe winter and frost ; carriages used on the Adriatic .

Photius , patriarch of Constantinople .

The schism of the Greeks begins .

Rurick, the first prince of Russia, begins to reign . — th e . Missionaries sent to convert Sclavonians John Scotus . — Civil war among the Saracens in the East . They ravage

Italy.

Anastasius the librarian .

r th The Danes conquer No umber lan d. Th e government of Egypt becomes independent of the Saracen

caliphs of Bagdad under Ahmed .

The Danes successfully ravage England . H O O O F E — S . 1 87 205 A . ANDB K DAT [ D .

Ethelred fought n ine pitched battles with the Danes in on e

year .

Clocks first brought from Venice to Constantinople . The

Danes defeat Alfred near Wilton . Charlemagne makes

war against the Saxon s . The Danes invade Scotland Alfred concealed himself in the isle of Athelney ; but soon E after defeats the Danes ; they leave ngland .

The Normans invade German y. The kingdom of Arles

begins .

Th e Normans ravage France . The French monarchy divided

between Louis and Carloman .

Louis defeats the Normans in a great battle .

Albate n i m Ar actu . g the athematician , surnamed Mahomet of s i Reg n on the historian .

The Normans besiege Paris . m The university of O xford founded about this ti e by Alfred .

The Scythians become mas ters of Croatia . Charles

made a dishonorable peace with the Normans .

le The dominions of Charles Gro s divided into five kingdoms .

The B ulgarians ravage Greece . The Hungarians settle about

the Danube .

The Normans ravage France and the low countries . Alfred

E 7 divides ngland into counties , and composes his bod) of

laws about this time .

— Ar n l h The Danes again invade England . o p of Germany de

E . feats the Normans . The first land tax in ngland

The monastery of Cluny is founded .

A r n olph takes Rome . i War between the Greeks and Bulgarians . A great fam ne in

Germany . John Asser the historian .

The Hungarians ravage Lombardy.

Civil wars in France and G ermany .

The Saracens defeated by Himer iu s at sea .

The Normans ravage Fran ce .

The Hungarians ravage Italy . E n Haron , caliph of gypt, co quered and killed by Mahomet, the

Saracenian general .

E - H O O O F S . 968 1015 A D 50 ANDB K DAT [ J .

The Normans ravage Spain .

O . d ice h or u s tho , jun , efeats N p , and drives the Saracens out of

. e Italy The race of Abbas xtinguished by the Fatimites ,

who build Grand Cairo .

The Russians , Bulgarians, etc . , defeated by Bardas ln Bul

garia . Bardas usurps the Eastern Empl r e e O tho def ats and subdues the Bohemians .

War between O tho and Lothaire . The two emperors of Constantinople recover Apulia and

Calabria .

The Vandals and Bohemians ravage Saxony, etc . A

war in Spain .

Violent commotions and dissensions in Venice . E d The Danes invade ngland and Scotland un er Sueno .

The third race of kings in France begins .

England invaded by the Normans . Th e figures in arithmetic brough t in to Europe by the Sara

1 . G er ber t cens from Arab a , afterwards Pope Silvester II .

A great eruption O f Vesuvius .

King of Denmark and Norway invades England .

Alman z or defeats the Christians . n The empire of Germa y declared elective by O tho III .

The Christian s defeat Alma n z or . Basilius defeats the Bulgarians and drives them out of Thes

saly .

An insurrection in Rome against O tho .

The Emperor Henry assumes the title of King of the Romans .

A general massacre O f the Danes in England .

Sueno invades England .

A new style Of architecture for churches .

A great eruption of Vesuvius . The Saracens besiege Jerusalem ; a civil war among them in

Spain .

Ethelred gran ts an annual tribute to th e Danes .

The Danes under Sueno get possession Of England . The king of Poland agrees to pay a yearly tribute to the em

per or O f Germany. - E D . H N O O OF S . 1016 1061 A . ] A DB K DAT 51

Edmund Ironside fought s ix battles in Englan d with Canute II f tr ea ch , king of Denmark, most of which he lost by the

ery of Edric . ' The Nor man s fir s t enter Italy in a body. f Bulgaria reduced to the form O a Roman province .

A dreadful plague in Saxony . ’ i Ar et n . Guy d Arezzo in Italy ; or, the monk i ix O f mu s c s A r etin . New species under notes , introduced by

The caliph of Egypt ravages Palestine , and plunders the

Temple O f Jerusalem . n Canute conquers Norway . Constanti e, emperor of the

E ee u . ast, is succ ded by Roman s \ — O f the ast r on omer . m Campanus Novarro , Ro anus defeated

n in Syria by the Sarace s . ra Romanus drives the Sa cens out of Syria, and begins to — build the Temple O f Jerusalem . The Normans conquer

Apulia .

Capua taken from the Pope by the king of Sicily. The

kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin . The Vandals

ravage Saxony.

The kingdom of Norway begins .

An earthquake and famine at Constantinople . The dynasty

of O mmiades ends in Spain . r Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake . The Saracens of Af i

ca invade Italy . The Greeks ravage Bohemia .

The Russians come from Scythia, and land in Thrace . The

Turks become masters of Persia . Three usurping popes deposed by a council convened at Su

tr iu m by the Emperor Henry III .

The Greek church separated from the Latin .

r . Pope Leo IX . taken prisoner in Naples by the No mans

u The Turks take Bagdad, and overt rn the empire of the

caliphs .

George C edr en u s the historian .

Guiscard drives the Saracens out of Sicily.

A severe famin e in Germany .

Surnames appointed to be taken in Scotland, by a parliament

at Forfar . H O O F - O ES . 1062 10 4 52 ANDB K DAT [ 9 A . D .

“ 1062 Seventy thousand persons and more undertook a voyage to

Palestine, and were killed or made prisoners . M . Pr ellus

of Constantinople, the historian .

1063 The massacre of Goslar . 1 065 m Jerusalem taken by the Turks fro the Saracens . 1066 The conquest of England by William , duke of Normandy, in

n O ct . 14. the battle of Hasti gs ,

1069 The Danes land in England . 1 0 0 la w 7 The feudal introduced into England . 1 071 e n a nd The Turks defeat d Roma us took him prisoner . 1072 Roger took possession of Sicily: Su rnames were first used

in England about this tim e .

1 073 Marinus Scotus . 1074 The king of Bohemia obliged to pay tribute to the Holy See . 1075 The famous wars of th e Saxons agains t Henry begin about

this time . 1076 0 1 v Asia Min , ha ing been subdued by Solyman two years ago,

was from this time called Turkey .

1 077 The Emperor Henry IV . of Germany goes barefooted to the

Pope at Canoss a . t 1 . o 078 Henry IV retracts his submission the Pope . 1080 n Domesday book begi s to be compiled , and is finished in

1 086 .

1 081 . l . Henry IV ays siege to Rome William of Spires , the

mathematician .

1 08 . 3 Hen ry IV . takes possession of Rome 1085 Toledo taken from the Saracens, made the capital of Castile .

The conflict between Pope Gregory VII . (Hildebrand) f . O and Henry IV , concerning the right investiture . 1 8 0 6 The order O f Carthusians founded by Bruno . 1087 An expedition Of the Christians against the Saracens in — — . i . d . Su a s Africa William I ravages France , author of

the Greek lexicon .

s 1090 The dynasty of A s s a s s m began in Irak .

109 1 wh o The Saracens in Spain call in Joseph, king of Morocco , thus gains possession of all their dominions in that king

dom .

1094 k. Margaret conquers Sweden, and annexes it to Denmar F E 1095 4127 13 3 ] HANDBO O K O DAT S . 53

— Sigeber t the historian Urban H . announces the first cru 8— 2 1 8 . sade , Nov . — The emperor took Naples and Sicily St . George becomes the patron saint of England Jews murdered by

n . do the crusaders, at Triers , Colog e, and Mayence O ,

bishop of Bayeux, died .

The order O f St . Benedict instituted . 27 Jerusalem captured by the Christian army, June Godfrey

er us alem . elected king of J , and the order of Knights of St

2 . John instituted . First crusade ends July 3

An earthquake in Sicily . William II . accidentally shot i n

. 2 . the New Forest, Aug \

Sar acehs n ear . Baldwin defeats the Joppa William, duke of

A u itain q , undertakes a voyage to Palestine with a numer

ous army . ’ William s army massacred at Constantinople .

Baldwin defeats the Saracens , and takes Ptolemais .

E . Henry, king of ngland, invades Normandy

ur Henry IV. of Germany capt ed by his son and formally de

posed . f O . Anselm, archbishop Canterbury, died f Learning revived at the University O Cambridge . Writing Th on paper made O f cotton became common . e library O f

Tripoli, containing volumes , burned by the Chris

tians .

Peter Abelard .

Peter the hermit died .

r Baldwin defeats the Tu ks at Antioch . Boh emia erected

into a kingdom . Institution of the order of Knights Tem

la r . s . p , by Baldwin II , king of Jerusalem

O f E Prince William, with a number nglish lords , drowned in

E B r fl r their return to ngland from a eu .

r iflamme a s O first used a national banner . Baldwin overcomes the Saracens near Antioch — Germany

afflicted with the plague .

Almed of Beverly died .

h e T Pope declares war against Roger, duke of Sicily, who is

proclaimed king . H F 54 ANDBO O K O DATES . [1 132

i r i 1 132 The kindom O f Portugal begins . The C s te t an s exempted

from tithes . St . Bernard .

1 136 . Averroes of Corduba, called the Commentator

x 1 13 th e r u in A 7 The pandect of Justinian found in s of malfi.

1 138 The Scots invade England and are defeated .

— 1 1 39 in . A civil war England Alphonso , having defeated the

m u . Moors , is proclai ed king of Port gal ’ 14 — 1 0 King Stephen defeated and taken prisoner . Abelard s doc — trines condemned . Battle of Weinsberg ; names O f Guelph

and Gibelline first used after this battle . 4 - 1 1 1 Stephen exchanged ; begins to recover his kingdom . The i i factions of the Guelphs and G bell n es prevail.

1 142 A belard dies . 1 — V 1 43 . V illia m The Koran translated into Latin of Malmesbury,

the historian, died . 1 146 E f E The mpress Matilda retires out O ngland . 1 147 d A quarrel between Stephen and Theobal , archbishop of Can

r n te bu r y. The seco d crusade into the Holy Land by the

pr ea phin g of St . Bernard . — 1 149 Henry of Anjou arrives in En gland Roger VI . of Sicily

invades and ravages Greece . 1 1 50 Wer nes u s The civil law revived at Bologna by , who was the

first restorer after Justinian .

1 1 51 The cannon law composed by Gratian .

1 1 53 Treaty of Winchester between Stephen and Henry.

1 1 54 N ou r a din took Damascus . Christianity introduced into Fin

f . land . Geof rey of Monmouth died

1 1 55 Arnold of Brescia burned at Rome .

1 1 56 The city of Moscow founded .

1 5 u r din n n r 1 7 Baldwin defeats No a n ear Ge es a eth . 1 158 Frederic received the title Of king of Bohemia at the diet of I

Ratisbon .

1 1 59 Insurrections in Scotland . War between England and mm n . x t France The emperor e co u l ca ed by the Pope . i 1 160 The order of Carmelites in s t tu ded.

1 1 61 Eu s tathiu s o , the commentator on H mer . 62 11 The affairs of the crusaders on the decline in Palestine .

The Emperor Frederic destroys Milan . - H F E D . O O O S . 1 163 1190 A . ] ANDB K DAT 55

— m . of 1 163 Nou1 adin defeats Ray ond II John Salisbury.

Clai en don . 25. 1 1 1 64 Constitution of , Jan The Teutonic 0 der

. F r edei i begins The first king of Sardinia created by c .

1 165 Simeon of D urham .

1 6 u . 1 6 Maimonides of Cord ba, the most learned of Jews 1 167 Frederic takes possession of Rome — War between England f and France . The caliph O Persia invades Egypt . i O f E 1 169 . Interv ew between the kings ngland and France, at St

Denis .

1 170 Peace between England and France .

1 171 The Venetians take the island of Ohio . The sovereigns O f E s — gypt henceforth styled Sultan The Bank of Venice,

- the first banking house e stablished in Europe .

E f . 1 172 Henry II . of ngland takes possession O Ireland

1 173 The city of Catania destroyed by an earthquake . 1 174 William acknowledges the kingdom of Scotland a fief of th e

crown of England .

1 176 Frederic totally defeated bythe Milanese . The dispensing

111 E — n 1 of justice by circuits first appointed ngland . G e gb s

kan begins to reign .

1 177 Baldwin defeats Saladin before Jerusalem . — 1 178 The Pope sends a legate to Prester J ohn .

1 179 Saladin defeats the crusaders . The French king visits ’ Becket s tomb in England . The University of Padua

founded .

1 181 The laws of England digested by Glanville .

1 182 Saladin takes Damascus .

1 183 . Peter of Blois , the historian 1 184 Andronicus orders all the Latins m Constantinople to be

murdered .

1 1 86 The Bulgarians thro w O ff the Roman yoke . 1 1 87 The kingdom of Jerusalem finished, that city being taken by

Saladin . ’ 1 1 88 The third crusade . The tax called Saladin s tithe imposed . H 1 189 The kings of England and Fran ce go to the oly Land . Richard renounces his superiority over Scotland for a sum

O f money .

1 190 . Frederic subdues Cilicia, and defeats the Saracens — H D OF ES . 1190 1212 A O O . D 56 AN B K DAT [ .

Of The Teutonic order Knights, said by Playfair to be insti

tu ted at Ptolemais .

The crusaders take Ptolemais .

. b . 20 Richard I made prisoner y the duke of Austria, Dec ; n who sells him to Henry IV . of Germany ; he is ra somed m L . 4 1 1 94 n Feb , , for arks Guy of

signan elected king of Cyprus . c The Sara ens from Africa invade Spain ; defeat Alphonso ,

king of Castile .

The emperor, Henry VI . , takes possession of Naples and

Sicily . The fourth crusade .

— bu r h an m . l ew Henry sends ar y into Palestine Wi liam of N g ,

the historian . i The fifth crusade . The order of the Holy Trin ity inst

tu ted.

. l Ch aluz r Richard I mortal y wounded at the siege of , on Ma ch — 24 . . Campanus of Lombardy, the astronomer

'

Th e Un iv er s it n . y of Salamanca, in Spai , founded H v d Th e . o e en city of Riga, in Livonia, founded Roger de

the historian died . War between Fra nce and England .

The sixth crusade .

— Constantinople taken by the Venetians and French . Nor mandy conquered and reunited to France — The inquisi

tion established . Th e first tO wn s erected into corporation s in Normandy wer e O f those Rouen and Falaise , this year . O Philip of Germany is assassinated , and tho crowned sole

emperor . King John of England excommunicated by the

Pope .

s n The works of Aristotle , imported from Con tanti ople , are

condemned by the council of Paris . The silk manufacture

imported from Greece into Venice .

The persecution against the Albigenses . The Emperor O tho

excommunicated by the Pope . The king of England subdues VVales — Saxo -G r a mmaticu s

the historian . The Christians defeat the Moors at Toulous e — Th e Pope k Of n li gives the ingdom E gland to Phi p of France .

- H O O OF ES. 1250 12 58 ANDB K DAT [ 82 A . D .

u l n — Lo is defeated Egypt and taken prisoner . Painting r e — vived in Florence by Cimabue . The SO 1 bonne in Paris

founded . an d h Wales subdued, Magna C arta confirmed .

War . . between Denmark and Sweden St Thomas Aquinas .

The order of th e Augustines founded .

The empire of the Saracens ended, by the Tartars taking — Bagdad . Representatives of the commons of England

present for the first time in parliament . John de JO inville .

The Tartars invade Poland . Nassar Eddin the Pers1an as — tr on omer and geographer . Matthew Paris dies Alphonso of Spain orders all public records to be written in

the vulgar tongue, not in Latin .

The Greek emperors recover Constantinople from the French .

Roger Bacon .

The Norwegians invade the western islands of Scotland . W th e ars in England between barons and king . O f H The battle Lewes , in which enry is taken prisoner . The first regular representative parliamen t is summoned by

O f i . 20 . Simon de Montfort, earl Le cester, Jan

. u The police of Paris established about this time Cimab e ,

the first of the modern painters at Florence . — The Mussulmen gain Antioch . The battle of Celano , in — C onr a din . Th e 1nvade Italy, fatal to Tartars China and

expel many of the natives . Louis ’s expedition to Palestine

The king of Hungary reduced Bulgaria .

The academy of Florence founded .

The empire of the present Austrian family begins . E n The first commercial treaty between ngland and Fla ders .

The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Damascus .

King Edward relinquished his right to Normandy .

mortmain act passed in England . E The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near messa .

A revolution in Bulgaria .

Twelve thousand French massacred at the Sicilian vespers .

S . Peter, king of Arragon , seized on icily The Academy de

la Crusca founded . - H O O OF ES . D . 1283 1307 A . ] ANDB K DAT 59

Wales conquered by King Edward and united to England .

A new separation between the Latin and Greek churches .

- The Tartars ravage Hungary, and defeat the Hungarians . Alphonso of Arragon becomes master of Majorca and Mi

norca .

An irruption of the Tartars into Poland .

The sultan of Babylon takes Tripoli .

E . A great earthquake in urope Albertet, the mathematician

and provencal poet .

The Jews banished out of England . The University of

Lisbon founded .

The sultan of Babylon conquered Syria . The Latin patri — A archs of Jerusalem cuHed. contest between Bruce and

Baliol for the crown of Scotland . The crusades ended . A regular succession of parliaments in England from this

year .

Parliaments established in Paris .

A war between England and Scotland . The coronation chair a n d records of Scotland carried Off by

Edward I .

The O ttoman empire founded . The Emperor Adolphus

Ha s en s er et slain at the battle of , and his forces defeated by

those of Albert of Austria, who thus won the imperial

sceptre . l An earth quake in Germany . Spectac es invented by a monk

of Pisa . The famous year of Jubilee instituted at Rome

by Bon iface VIII .

Edward I . invades Scotland .

V . The Pope excommunicates Philip I , king of France . E d The sultan of gypt efeats the Tartars near Damascus . ’ The mariner s compass improved by Flavio Gioia . The f University O Avignon founded . E The Scots defeat three nglish armies in one day, near Roslin .

ir NV alla ce S . 24. William executed in London , Aug f — The Jews banished out O France Edward I . of England

invades Scotland .

Coals first used in England . The establishment of the

Swiss cantons . E - H O O F S . 13 O 08 1340 A . D 60 ANDB K DAT [ .

The seat of the popes removed to Avignon . John Duns ,

8 . called Duns Scotus , died Nov .

The Knights of St . John take Rhodes and se ttle there . Th e order of Knights Templars abolished by the council of — . D ur n n O . a du s Vienna The U iversity of rleans founded ,

bishop O f An iciu m. u Molay, grand master, with a number of templars , b rned

alive in Paris . s et e — The cardinals fire to the conclave, and separat Br uce

of Scotland defeats the English in the battle of Bannock: 4 2 . burn , June

Germany afflicted with famine an d pestilence . The Scots

invade Ireland . f D u The University O blin founded . in Gold coined Christendom . — in . A civil war England Dantedied .

. an u . The battle of Muldorf, between Frederic III d Lo is V , the former being taken pr is on e

A truce between England and S cotland for 13 years . A

great eruption Of E tn a .

O f commer ce . The first treaty _ between England and Venice E 2 1 . dward II. murdered in Berkeley castle , Sept . The battle O f Mount Cassel gained by King Philip over the

l . Of . F emings Robert Bruce , king Scotland , died

Gunpowder invented by a monk of Cologne .

Th e Turks take and plun der the city O f Nice . The Knights

of the Teutonic order settle in Prussia . The art of weav

ing cloth brought from Flanders into England .

— The king of Poland seizes na Silesia . The Pope accused of — N ice h or a r r a . . s G e o s heresy p g , the astronomer and historian - The Moors gain possession of Gibraltar . The Scots defeated

at Halido wn Hill .

ar E W between ngland and France .

Th e empire of Germany declared independent of the Pope .

King Edward III . begins his war against France . — The academy of Pisa founded . Denmark desolated . The French defeated in a s ea fight by Edward III near Hel

oet lu v s s h . y , followed by a truce w ich lasted four years m n Copper oney first used in Scotla d and Ireland . — E H N O O OF S . D . 1341 1377 A . ] A DB K DAT

u z n u E E 1 C anta c e s usurps the astern mpire for 7 years . ’ s w w as — f . E The siege O Algier , in hich powder used dward s

expedition to the continent . — The Madeira Islands disco vered The Tartars invade Po

land and are defeated . v b O f r en ch an d E The attle Cressy, between the F nglish . A treaty of commerce between the Venetians an d the sultans

Of Egypt . The - admiralty cour t instituted — A code of laws published w n “ in Poland, and the University of Craco fou ded . r i Of the fi m The Unive s ty, Prague founded ( rst in Ger any) by

Charles IV .

Of a rtef ins titu ted E The order the G in ngland . A plague in

a . England, Scotl nd, and Ireland

The Jubilee fixed to every fiftieth year .

The Turks first enter Europe . " th e i The last of Tr bunes murdered by the people of Rome ,

O ct . 8 . B i A conspiracy at Venice . Iovanni occa c o .

n Poictier s n d i The Fre ch defeated at , a K ng John taken pris

u . oner . The golden b ll published

A great sedition in France .

T a mer la n ebegins to reign in Persia . The law-pleading in England changed from French to Eng — n lish . Janizaries established amo g the Turks .

The universities of Vienna and of Geneva founded . E Adrianople made the seat of the Turkish mpire .

Wickliff begins to teach in En gland .

Chivalry flourished about this time . The Office Of gran d

visier established . The French defeated the En glish fleet near Rochelle — The

family of Stuart begin s to reign in Scotland .

Sir John Mandeville died .

Th e Genoese become masters of Cyprus . ’ - E A three years truce between ngland and France .

John Froissart lived . E The French invade ngland . The seat of the popes trans

ferred from Avignon to Rome . H F TE 3 — O O . 1 8 3 ANDBO K DA S [ 7 1 98 A . D u

i The schism of double popes , one at Av gnon and one at

Rome . Greenland discovered, by a Venetian .

Civil commotions in Flanders . - A Bills of exchange first used in England . plague in Ger — V ’ E . many . V a tt Tyler s insurrection in ngland

Cannon first used in the English service, by the governor of

Calais ,

- - The first act O f n avigation m Englan d . IIos tilities between

' — f . England and Scotland . John Wicklif e died

The king Of Portugal defeats the king of Castile at Alju b a ~

. O f roba The ancient race kings ended in Sweden .

Nicholas Flamel lived .

‘ Andronicus Paleologus takes Constantinople ; soon retaken

. n by John and Manuel Tamerla e subdues Georgia .

The first company of linen weavers in England . Death ‘ n O f Sem a ck 9 . of Ar old von Winkelried, at the battle p , July

The first lord high admiral of England appointed . Tamer

lane subdues Turkestan .

Bombs invented at Venloo . The Scots defeat the English m O . at tterburn Margaret of Den ark defeats the Swedes,

and unites the crowns of Denmark and Sweden .

The sacred war in Prussia .

n Cards invented for the amusement of the French ki g . The d — papal power abolished in Englan The academy of St .

Luke founded in Paris .

Annats established . The Jews banished out of Germany.

Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese .

h r r Emanuel C ys olo a s .

The Turks ravage Walachia . The doctrin e of Huss pr opa

gated ih Bohemia . l — ou t . A r etin The Jews banished of France Leonard , secre

tary O f Florence .

Ba a zet at j defeats the Christians Nicopolis , and subdues the

Bulgarians .

hn r C a a . The union of Denmark , Sweden, and Norway, at

O wen Glen dou r lived . — ' A rebellion in Ireland . Dukes first created in Scotland . i t Tamerlane penetrates into H n doos an and takes Delhi . - H N O O OF ES . D . 1399 1426 A . J A DB K DAT (33

Tamerlane becomes master Of N ovogor od. Richard II . de

posed . — War between England and Scotland . Tamerlane invades

Asia Minor with a great army. Geoffrey Chaucer dies . — E d i s . The mperor Rupert inva es Italy, and repulsed Tam

er lan e becomes master of Bagdad . Tamerlane defeats Bajazet and takes him prisoner ; he dies

the followin g year . John Gower dies .

The battle of Shrewsbur y ; rebellion of the Per cies .

Great gu ns first used in England at the siege of Berwick .

The Canary Islands discovered by Bethencourt , a Norman . — l . Tamer ane dies Execution of Scrope , archbishop of York,

or n 8 thefir s t f treason , Ju e ; instance in England of capital

punishment in flicted on a bishop .

Leonard A r etin lived . — France laid under an interdict. Huss propagates his opin — t . ions . Balthazar Cossa becomes mas er of Rome

The Lollards multiplied in England . The council of Pisa .

Painting in O il color invented at Bur ges by John Vaneyck .

A civil war in France ,

The University of St . Andrews in Scotland founded . IV ar

between King Ladislaus and the Pope . Algebra brought from Arabia into Europe about the begin

ning of this century.

The council of Constance begins , and lasts four years , in

which two popes voluntarily submitted to deposition .

fl

7 . John Huss condemned, and executed at Constance July

Henry of England in vades Normandy. Th e battle of

O ct . 2 5. Agincourt, ’ — Henry s second expedition into Normandy . Paper made of

linen l ags invented . — The massacre of the Armagnac faction in Paris . Poggio

the Florentine lived .

The treaty of Troyes signed . The battle of Beauge, in

which the duke of Clarence is killed . The revenue of England amounts to

2 . Z is ca died O ct . 1

An earthquake at Naples . - H ND O O O F ES . 1427 1452 A B K DAT [ A . D .

The academy of Louvain founded . J O u The siege of rleans is beg n, and repulsed by Joan of Arc . — O f . Philel hu s The battle Herrings Francis p lived .

. . E A great earthquake at Lisbon Henry IV , king of ngland , — crowned king of F r an ce J Joan of Ar e bur ned a s a s or

30 . . Tr a ezu n ti ceress at Rouen , May Geo p u s .

emis tiu s Pleth o . G . G lived -

A civil war in Sweden . Cosmo de Medici recalled from ban ishmen t r a , which began the ise of th t family in Florence .

The treaty O f Arras between Charles II. and the duke Of Bur

gu/ndy.

Paris retaken by the French . Laurentius Valla lived .

in — An expedition of the Portuguese tO Africa . The Tu rks

invade Hungary. f The reunion O the Greek and Latin churches . The Prag

matic sanction settled in France .

The art of printing invented at Mentz .

John Faustus .

Th e Turks invade Hungary. Peter Schaeffer .

Famine in Sweden . Truce between France and England at — Tours Charles II . instituted the first standing army i n

es s elu s . Europe . W

ea d The s breaks in upon Dort and rowns persons .

. Frederic declares war, against the Swiss

The Visconti family ends in Milan ; succeeded by the Sforzas .

The Turks defeated by Scanderbeg .

ldenbu r h The house of O g begins to reign in Denmark . Sweden separated from Denmark — Contest between the — house of York and that Of Lancaster . The Vatican at

Rome founded .

War betwe en England and France . Geo . Pu r ba chius . — ’ i i . The battle of Fou r m gn . Building of St Peter s com

- men ced by Pope Nicholas V . Gutenburg first used cut metal types in printing the Mazarin Bible — Jack Cade

died July 1 1 .

The English evacuate Rouen and other parts of France .

War between Sweden and Denmark .

Cardinal Bessarion .

- H O O OF ES . 1478 1498 A D 66 ANDB K DAT [ . .

‘ 1478 Lorenzo de Medici expelled from Florence . Peace betw een

France a n d Castile .

1479 The Uni versity of Upsal founded . The kingdoms of Castile

and Arragon un ited .

1480 The Turks besiege Rhodes .

1481 A great famine in France . Savona rola .

1482 The coast of Guinea discovered by the Portuguese . A court — i ui . J O . Pious M of nq sition erected at Seville , of irandola .

1483 A conspiracy in England against Richard . Post horses and “ d stages established. Murder of Edward V . and the uke of

York in the tower, in August . 1 148 . : 5 Luther born Nov 0 ; died 1 546 . Richard III s lain at the

battle of Bosworth Field . Famine and pestilence raged in

Denmark .

1486 War between the sultan of Egyp t an d the Turks . The Rus — sians subdue the kingdom of Casan . Brazil discovered .

Angelo Politian . - 1487 The court of Star Chamber instituted in England . 8 14 8 The French king defeats the duke O f Brittany .

1489 Maps and charts brought into England . An earthquake at

- Constantinople . Cyprus ceded to the Venetians . Wil M n n liam a tu a u s . Xl 492 America discovered by Columbus . Brittany reunited to the — — f . . French crown . Isle O St Domingo discovered Ferdi n and expelled the Moors from Granada, after a possession 8 of about 00 years . h i u 1493 Montserrat discovered . J O . Reuc lin ntrod ced the Hebrew

‘ and Gr eek languages into Germany . ’ 1494 Poyning s act passes in Ireland .

149 5 . Al The king of France , seized on the kingdom of Naples — gebra taught by a friar at Venice . The diet of Worms .

A . u k treaty of commerce between Henry VII and Philip, d e

of Burgundy .

149 6 The Jews and Moors banished o ut O f Portugal .

49 e iu - $1 7 North America discovered by Americus V s pu t s . Vas ’ E quez di Gama s expedition to the ast Indies .

V -1 1498 V ala chian s . i The ravage Poland Torquemada, grand nqui

the his sitor of Spain , dies ; during term of administration

individuals were burned alive . - D H OO O F ES . 1498 1517 A . . J ANDB K DAT 6 7

. 1498. Savonarola burned at Florence nd s — 1499 War between the Turks a the Venetian Louis XII .

takes possession of the Milanese . — +1 500 Florida discovered by John Cabot . Maximilian divides the

E . empire into Six circles . A great plague in ngland — 1 501 State inquisitors established at Venice . Ishmael Soph i be gins to reign in Persia — Louis O f France and Ferdin and f — in of Castile seize 0 11 the kingdom O Naples . Printing

tr odu ced in Scotland .

H i . C . 1 502 St . elena d scovered onsalvo called the great captain O f Cer i n ole 1503 The battle g , which finished the French power in

, Naples . “ “ ‘ l a r ch a el W 1504 King Henry VII . bui t p at estminster abbey.

Gawin Do uglas .

Shillings first coined in England .

f -on - — 1 506 The academy O Frankfort the O der founded. Ceylon

discovered . 1 507 Louis reduced the Genoese to subjection — Madagascar dis

covered .

B u . 1 508 The league O f Cambray . u dae s of Paris

1 509 The battle of Aign a del. The expedition of Ximenes to the

coast of Barbary .

1510 The Pope grants to Ferdinand the investiture of Naples . - A 1 51 1 Cuba conquered by the Spaniards . league between the Pope and the Venetians against the French — Philip de

Commines dies .

n . 1 512 The battle of Raven a The river De la Plata discovered .

Erasmus . 4 — l an d E n . 7 1 513 War between Scot and ngla d The battle of Navarre . — . O f The battle of the Spurrs The battle Flodden .

Sa n n az ar ius of Naples .

1 514 Cannon bullets O f ston e still in use . War between the

O ttoman empire a n d Persia . F 1515 The first Polyglot Bible printed . erdinand annexed Na

varre to Castile . Cornelius Agrippa . n — Barbarossa seizes the ki gdom of Algiers . War between

the Tu rks and Persians . The tr eaty of Noyon 151 b 7 The reformation begun in Germany y Luther . E — H N O O O F S . 1517 1531 A fD 68 A DB K DAT [ .

The Turks terminate the kingdom of the Mamelukes in

o . Egypt . Five b oks of the Annals of Tacitus found t f N e w Spain and the S raits O Magellan discovered .

. an d . Francis I Charles V competition for the imperial throne .

Cardinal Bembo of Venice . 4 The confederacy of the Holy Junta formed in Spain . Pope

. i Leo X issued a bull condemning the doctr ne of Luther,

1 5 . . June ; Luther burned the bull Dec 1 1 Raphael died . H A league between the emperor and enry VIII . against Fran

t . cis I . The second die of Worms The Turks take Bel

- A c n ir c ' f grade . o s p a y o the king of Sweden against the “ " n obility . The title O f Defender Of the Faith conferred

on Henry VIII. Copernicus of Thorn in Prussia .

‘

The Turks take Rhodes .

‘

a I . th e A le gue formed against Francis by Pope, the emperor,

the Venetians , etc . Paracelsus .

Clement Marot .

. 24 The battle of Pavia, Feb , in which Francis I . was made

prisoner. Sir Thomas More , lord chancellor . — The treaty of Madrid . . The inquisition established in Por

— d n . e an tugal The Pope , Ven tians , Fre ch form a league - against the emperor . Lutherism established in Denmark .

Paul Jovins . The first diet of Spires .

War between the Pope and the Viceroy of Naples . The ’

O f V . Pope s territories invaded by the army Charles , and

Rome taken and plundered . Bermuda Isles discovered .

Francis Rabelais . Popery abolished in Sweden — Francis challenges the emperor

to single combat . A new form of government established

in Genoa by Andrew Doria . “ The second diet of Spires , from which the name of Protes

r tants begins . The peace O f Cambray. The Tu ks be

siege Vienna and are repulsed . — The diet of Au gsburg . Th e union of the Protestants a t ’ Smalcaid. Th e secretary O f state s Office instituted in

England . Cardinal Wolsey died .

. E . Post offices in ngland . A great earthquake at Lisbon

Hieronymus Vida lived . - E H A F . D . O O O S 1532 1546 A . ] NDB K DAT 69

: 1 532 The court of sessions instituted in Scotland . Peace between

the emperor and German princes .

1 533 Papal authority abolished in England . An insurrection of T - the Anabaptists in “estphalia . i f — 1 534 Barbarossa seizes the k ngdom O Tunis . Julius C aesar

Scaliger .

r . 1 535 Expedition of Charles V . into Af ica ends The society of

the Jesuits formed by Ignatius Loyola . Archbishop

Cranmer .

1 536 E . xpedition of James , king of Scotland, into France

league between Solyman and Fran cis against Charles V .

1 . . n 9 John Leland A ne Boleyn beheaded, May 3 1 5 7 Fracastorius .

1 538 A truce concluded at Nice between Charles and Francis .

Peter A r etin .

1 539 . A rebellion at Ghent, which occasions Charles V to pass — through France . The Bible printed in En gland 645 monasteries and religious houses suppressed in England

and Wales . 1540 The variation of the compa ss discovered by Sebastian Cabot: ‘

. Th The order of Knights of St . John abolished c Pi a s

O f E 28 . Cromwell, earl ssex , beheaded July

1 . . 541 Solyman reduced Hungary . Charles V besieged Algiers

Pizarro assassin ated by Juan de Herrada . 4 1 5 2 A treaty between Solyman and Francis I . against Charles V. Th n be e E glish invade Scotland . Catherine Howard

. 12 . headed , Feb — 1 543 Iron cannon and mortars made in En gland A league be.

tween Henry and Charles V. against Francis I . Pins

E . brought from France , and first used in ngland

' 1 544 i — n The battle of C er s oleS . The cr ow of Sweden declared to ’ - A be hereditary . treaty of peace between the emperor

and Francis I . at Cressy. The reformed religion author

iz e in r n . d Sweden . Iron fi st cast in Engla d 1 545 — Sc . T Civil commotions in otland he Council of Trent begins , — s . and continues until 1 563 . Needles fir t made in England

Conrad Gesner lived . 1546 A league between the Pope and the emperor against the

t n . Protes ants . Socinianism Spru g up in Italy — H O O O F D ES . 154 1 2 ANDB K AT [ 7 56 A . D .

A conspiracy against the government at Genoa . The in 10 — ter es t Of money settled at p er cent . in England Fer

f

nando C or tes died.

War between , the Turks and Persians The Reformation — . J o . advances in Poland Genesius de Sepulveda, restorer

O f learning in Spain . The eldest sons of peers first permitted to sit in the House of

u E Commons . Iron bullets first sed in ngland.

. a A league between Henry II and M urice, duke of Saxony,

against the emperor . Annibal Caro lived .

The treaty of Passau between Charles and the Protestan ts . E Books of astronomy and geometry destroyed in ngland,

under a charge of magic . The Book of Common Prayer

- confirmed by act Of parliament . The corsair D r a gu t de feated by Doria before Naples — The duke O f Somerset

22 . beheaded, Jan .

O f E 10 r e Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen ngland, July ; — lin u ish ed th e 1 9 . q title , July Calvin caused Servetus to

e O ct . 27 be burn d to death , as a heretic , at Geneva,

The French invade the Low Countries . The Russians sub

— due Astracan . Execution of Lady Jane Grey and Lord

2 . l F eb . 1 Dud ey, — l . 25. Religious peace estab ished in Germany, Sept Martyr

m O ct . 1 6 . dom of Ridley and Lati er, — The Turks ravage Corsica Charles V . of Germany abdi

cated in . favor of Ferdinand Burning of Cranmer, March

— 2 1 . LoyO la died .

1 h . Philip defeats the F en c at St Quintin .

l r m i i The efo ed 1 el g on authorized in England . Loss of

E . Calais , the last nglish possession in France

E . The tranquillity of urope restored Death of Henry II . m

consequence of a wound received at a tournament .

The conspiracy at Amboise begins the civil wars in France . A treaty between Elizabeth and the Protestants E The discord between lizabeth and Mary commences. — Mary arrives in Scotland . Livonia ceded to Poland . in The battle of Dreux , which the Duke of Guise defeated

the Prince of Conde . 1563 HANDBO O K O F DATES . 7 1

1 563 War between Sweden an d Denmark . The Escurial in Spain

En . built . The slave trade begun in gland

1 564 Peace between France and England . The n ame of Puritans

. 161 6 . first used in England Shakespeare born, and died

1 565 The revolt of the Low Countries . The Turks attack Malta .

1 566 The Thirty-n ine Articles of the Chur ch of England estab

The . lish ed. Tartars ravage Hungary ) 1 56 1 a in r 7 The duke of Alv arrived the Nethe lands , and established

the council of blood . Murder of Lord Darnley . The

b t . attle of S Denis , between the Prince of Conde and Mont

morency . Civil commotions in Sweden . 1 568 Queen Mary defeated iii-t he battle ‘Of Glasgow ; retires into i E s d . ngland, and imprisone The Moors in Spain revolt E xecution of the Counts Egmont and Horn at Brussels ,

June 5 . 1 569 The battle of Moncontour, between the duke of Anjou and

the Huguenots . — 1 570 A league against the O ttoman Porte . The peace of Ger -en - main Laye, in favor of the Huguenots . The regent

Murray assassinated by Bothw ellh au gh .

1 5 . 71 Cyprus taken by the Turks The battle of Lepanto .

T . 1 572 he . massacre of St Bartholomew, the Protestants of Paris — The Netherlands revolt under William of O range . John

Knox died .

1 573 War in France against the Protestants .

1 574 Sebastian of Portugal makes an expedition into Africa . 1 576 The league begins , and the Protestants allowed the exercise f - A O . their religion in France . civil war ensues n 1 577 Drake undertakes a voyage arou d the world . 1 578 The first treaty of alliance between England and the states

general . War between Persia and the O ttoman Porte .

a Al a r The Moors defe t the Portuguese at c s a .

1 579 Sir Francis Drake discovered gold in California . The union

of Utrecht , which begins the republic of Holland .

1 580 Philip O f Spain seizes the kingdom of Portugal . 1 581 An edict of the United Provinces against Philip — Copper

money introduced into France . F A E — - H O O O S . 1582 1603 D A . ANDB K D T [ .

The Julian calendar r eformed by Pope Gregory.

Th e fir f 1 st proposal O settling a colony 11 America .

‘ m O Balth az a1 at Willia of range assassinated by Gerard,

Delft . Cape Breton discovered

r t i . n Drake takes C a h agen a Gree land dis cove1 ed . Coaches

first used ln England . The treaty of Nonsuch . ’ ’ Babington S conspiracy . Cavendish s first voyage to ci1 cu m

n . O ct . 17 . avigate the world Sir Philip Sidney died ,

Fr othin a . Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , at g y castle, Feb

8 . The battle Of Contras

The Spanish Armada destroyed . First newspaper in En g l and . The duke of Guise assassinated in France . Bomb

shells invented at Venloo .

n . s 2 . He ry III assas inated by Jacques Clement , Aug . Peace

between the Turks and Persians .

l b . Te escopes invented y Jansen , in Germany The art of

weavmg stockings invented by Lee . The battle of Ivry . — b The University of Dublin erected . Tea first rought into

Europe . ’ Bothw ell s conspir acy against King James . A great plague

in London .

The Jesuits expelled from France .

Mendana and Quiros make discoveries in the Pacific ocean .

T r The Russians make the first discoveries ln Siberia . o

u ato 2 5 . q Tasso died, April

E . Calais tak en by th e Spaniards . The nglish take Cadiz

E . A treaty of ngland , France, and Holland against Spain E — Watches brought to ngland from Germany . The Turks

invade Hungary . ’ T n . h e Tyrone s insurrectio in Ireland edict of Nantes ,

April 1 3 . The peace of Vervins .

n . 1 6 . Spe ser died, Jan ’ E E Gowrie s conspiracy . nglish ast India Company esta b

lish ed. St . Helena first possessed by England .

Lord Chancellor Bacon . ’ - Byron s conspiracy . Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges . Th e A league between France and England . crowns of

England and Scotlan d united .

— H O O O F ES . 1622 1634 A D 74 ANDB K DAT [ . .

France with the Huguenots . War be tween Poland and the

. O ttoman Porte . The Dutch establish the settlement of

Batavia . The two parties of Whigs and Tories formed .

The impeachment O f Lord Ba cOn . E Heidelberg taken by the mperor, and its famous library sent 2 . 3 to Rome The first daily newspaper published, May , “ bear ing the title of The Certaine News of th e Pr esent

Week .

The English factory massacred by the Dutch at Amboyn a .

Sir Henry Spelman .

The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet near Lima . The Turks

besiege Bagdad . ’

n . . A plague in Engla d James I . dies at Theobald s Discord

between Charles I . and the House of Commons . The first

English settlement in the West Indies . Peace between

Ferdinand of Hungary and the Sultan . Peace between th e Huguenots and the king of France War

f . n renewed the ollowing year A league agai st the Emperor .

War b etween England and F r ance . The Turks invade Persia — The duke of Buckingham mur

h . de red . Roc elle taken The Massachusetts Bay colonists

m . 1 6 . (Puritans) entered Sale harbor, Sept

Charles I . dissolves the English Parliament . Peace between

Germany and Denmark . The edict of pa cification at — A i m . w N s es truce bet een S weden and Poland . Gustavus

Adolphus enters Germany . Peace between France and - England . Bahama Isles discovered .

Gazettes first published in Venice . The treaty of Stockholm .

— V r V a between Spain and Germany . The Turks invade

. N OV . 1 5. Poland Kepler died ,

A treaty made between France and Sweden .

War between the Danes and Swedes , and between the Swedes

and the Imperialists . Gustavus Adolphus slain at the

ov . 1 6 . t . battle of Lutzen , N A grea eruption of Vesuvius

Antigua settled by the En glish .

Galileo condemned by the inquisition at Rome . Anthony

Vandyck . T r “a between Poland and Prussia . Assassination of Wallen 25 stein , Feb . . — D O OF ES . 1635 1648 A ~ HANDBO K DAT 75

—A The French Academy established at Paris . war between

France and Spain . A treaty between France and Holland .

Regular p osts established in G reat Britain .

f n . A treaty between Louis XIII . and the queen O Swede

A truce between Poland and Sweden . — The Scots withdraw their allegiance from Char les I . The

' — A polemoscope invented by Helvetius . leagu e between Spain and Denmark against Sweden — A n insurrection of

. H n the Protestants in Hungary The trial of ampde ,

June 12 . The Turks take Bagdad — The Solemn League and Cove

. r . nant in Scotland Petaviu s . Harva d College founded The Scots invade Englah th A conference between the En g - lis h and Scots at Ripon . The duke of Braganza recovers

Portugal . The Long Parliament . — r f d 12 . The ea l of Straf ord beheade , May The massacre of

the Protestants in Ireland .

Peace between the Imperialists and th e Turks . Attempt of Charles tO seize the five members in the House of Com 4 mons, January ; and defeat of Charles at Edgehill . Sal

masin s .

t ur — Bris ol s rendered to Prince Rupert . The first battle of — ur . f Newb y The Tartars invade China, and e fect a revo

lu tion . The Royal Academy of Painting founded by — — Louis XIV . Barometers invented by Torricelli . Wal ’ ler s plot in England detected . Nicholas Poussin .

The Swedes defeat the Imperialists in Bohemia . The battle f O 2 . Marston Moor, July

War between the Turks and the Venetians . Charles I .

14 . totally defeated at Naseby, June Peace between — Denmark and Sweden . The first code of Russian laws

. D u e R och efou cau lt . published de Laud beheaded,

January 10 .

Paul Scarron .

. T . Charles I delivered up by the Scots . wo revolts in Naples

Henry Hammond .

The treaties of Westphalia signed, which ended the Thirty ’ Years War . Thomas Hobbes . H O O O F ES : 1 - D . ANDB K DAT [ 649 1661 A .

O f I . 20 Trial Charles , January ; sentenced to death, January — 27 30 . beheaded, January The government of England

as a common wealth . A league between Denmark and th e — United Provinces . Galileo first applied the?pendulum to

clocks . — . 1 1 . Cromwell defeats the Scots Descartes died, February

The battle of Worcester, in which Cromwell defeats Charles - II . The Quakers appear in England . The Venetians

defeat the Turkish fleet near Scio . Dr . John Wallis . War between the English and Dutch begins — Van Tromp defeats the English fleet in the Downs — A colony estab

lish ed t — by the Dutch a the Cape of Good Hope . Chancel

lor Segu ier .

2 0 . Cromwell dissolves the Long Parliament , April The En glish defeat the Dutch fleet on the coast of Flanders ;

and again near the Texel . Cromwell proclaimed Pro

1 6 . tector, December

Peace between England and Holland sign ed . The air pump

invented by O tto Guericke . Admiral Blake .

E n n a The nglish, under Admiral Pen , take possessio of J

maica . Blake attacks Tunis . The Venetians defeat the

Turkish fleet at the Dardanelles . Peace between England

— r n d/ and France . VVa between Sweden a Polan d. A treaty between the king of Sweden and the elector of

' E i nbu i . Br an de g War declared by ngland aga nst Spain . — War between Sweden and Denmark . Peter Corneille .

Turenne , after having defeated the Spaniards , takes Dunkirk, — A and the city is delivered to the English . dmiral de

Ruyter . Richard Cromwell resigned th e title O f Lord Protector May

P r enu s 13 . The peace of y between France and Spain .

D u Cange . — Peace between Sweden and Denmark . The restoration of O Charles II . The peace of liva between Sweden, Poland, k in f n and the Empire . The g o De mark declared absolute

. A i and the throne hereditary lgernon S dney. A treaty between the D utch and Portuguese — A treaty of commerce between Great Britain and Sweden — Bombay

yielded to the English . Cardinal Mazarin died . - - D . H O O F ES . 1662 1672 A . Z] ANDB O K DAT 7 7

D unkirk restored to the French . The Royal Society estab

' — 1 9 . li h ed. . . s Pascal died, Aug The Royal Academy O f Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres estab

lish ed at Paris . The Portuguese defeated the Spaniards — h l E . eu a s e near vora The Turks took N , in Hungary

Prussia declared to be independent of Poland .

War between the English and Dutch . A treaty between th e a — French king and the Pope, at Pis The battle of St . E Godart . nglish clergy resigned the power of taxing

themselves . The great plague .

E . E War between . France and ngland The nglish defeated

the Dutch fleet near Harwich . The magic lantern invented r by Kircher . The Po t uguese defeated the Spaniards at

Villa Viciosa . 2 The great fire of London, Sept . , which consumed

. n E . houses , etc A settleme t in Antigua by the nglish " War declared between England and Denmark . The

Academy of Sciences established in France . Giles Menage .

A treaty O f commerce between Great Britain and Spain .

The peace of Breda . War renewed between France and

Spain .

A commercial treaty between Great Britain and Holland .

th e The triple alliance of Great Britain, Sweden , and - — . O f States General, against France The peace Aix la

n . Chapelle , between France and Spai

Candia taken by the Turks . The commercial treaty between

Great Britain and Savoy. — Charles II . betrayed his country to France Commercial

treaty between Great Britain and Denmark . Peace of

Madrid, between Great Britain and Spain . Peace between f the duke of Savoy and the republic O Venice . Sir

Christopher Wren .

Isaac Barrow . War declared by France against Holland — England declares — war against Holland . War between the Turks and Poles . A treaty between the Empire and Holland against — France . Louis XIV . overruns a great part of Holland .

O f O h . dc The Prince range is made Stadt older, and J

' VIit put to death . H E - O O OF S . 1 3 1 3 D ANDB K DAT [ 67 68 A . .

The English and French defeat the Dutch fleet . France

declares war against Spain . Moliere died Feb . 17 . l a . A treaty between Great Britain , Ho land , and Sp in

Sicily revolted from Spain . The fir St establishmen t O f

the French in the East Indies . The Academy O f Soissons

established . Turenne defeats the Imperialists at M u l

hausen and at Tur k eim . A treaty between Great Britain

. act . 6 . and Holland John Milton died, 7 years

n A conferen ce at N imegu en . War between Sweden a d — M i. Denmark . Turen ne O pposed by ontecu cu l A treaty

n . between Great Britai a nd Holland . Robert Boyle E Carolina planted by nglish merchants . France declares

war against Denmark . The Royal O bservatory at Green

wich built . Sir Matthew Hale died .

A commercial treaty between Great Britain and France . — The Protestants revolt in Hungary. M . de Navailles h defeats t e Spaniards several times . The micrometer

invented by Kirch .

The defensive alliance of Westminster, between Great Britain

— e im n o . e u e e and H lland The peac of N g , b tween France — — and Holland . Peace between France and Spain The

Tartars attack the Russians . The Popish plot . “ 2 Habeas Corpus Act passed May 7 . The words “ " Whig and Tory first used, in their application to

E s — ime u en the nglish faction The peace of N g , between r — F ance and Germany . Peace between Sweden and Den

- mark . The Meal tub plot . An engagement between the E w nglish and Moors , hich lasted eleven days , at

Tangier .

Anatomy of plants made known by Grew . Charles XI . declared absolute by the States of Sweden — Lord Strafford

beheaded .

Contests between the king of England and parliament .

Sir George Mackenzie . T The Royal Academy of Nis mes established . Sir homas

Browne died . - — The Rye house plot . Vienna besieged by the Turks , but — be l . 12 . they are compel ed to retire, Sept Lord Russell

headed . Philadelphia founded . - H O O O F ES . D . 1684 1695 A . ] ANDB K DAT 79

S . A "truce between France and pain A league between

Venice and Poland again st the Turks . The duke of

ur Weitzen . Lorrain e defeated T ks at Racine .

th e Rebellion O f duke of Monmouth, and the battle of Sedge — 1 5. f moor ; Monmouth beheaded, July Jef reys held the 320 s — Bloody Assizes , and hanged person The edict of

O ct. 22 . . . Nantes revoked, Charles II dies

The Newtonian philosophy published . An embassy from

‘ the king of Siam to Lou is XIV. The grand alliance

against France , at Vienna . A convention of Great Britain

and Holland against France . The league of Augsburg

against France . — 8 bis hO S 29 30 . n 1 6 8 Trial of the seven p 7 June , La ding of the — O ov . 5 . . E Prince of range , N James II fled from ngland ,

22 . r . Dec . Smy na destroyed by an earthquake A revo

lutie n in Siam . John Bunyan died .

‘ The Bill of Rights passed . William III . and Mary pro — n . claimed . James II . landed in Irela d The emperor de clares war against Fran ce — France decla res war against n Spain and Englan d . The gra d alliance con cluded at

E . Vienna . piscopacy abolished in Scotland Falkland

Islands discovered . A treaty between Russia and China .

King William defeats James II . at the Boyne . Edward Stil

lin fleet Of . g , bishop Worcester

The congress at the Hague , January . Limerick surrenders ,

which finishes the war in Ireland . A treaty of union be

tween Sweden and Denmark . Richard Baxter died . The English national debt commenced — The sea-fight pff

La Hogue . The French besiege Namur, and take it . The

massacre of Glencoe , in Scotland . The duchy of Hanover

- made the ninth electorate Of the empire . Earthquakes in

England, and also in Jamaica . The French defeat the English and the Dutch fleets off Cape — m Vincent . Luxe bourg defeats the allies at Lamden .

Bossuet, bishop of Meaux . — Th e E . Bank of ngland incorporated Queen Mary dies .

M a d. de Maintenon .

War between the allies and the O ttoman Porte . The allies H - O O OF ES . 169 1 6 704 A . D ANDB K DAT [ .

take Namur . Casal taken by the duke of Savoy . Nicho

las Malebranche . — . I The assassination plot discovered Peter , czar of Mus

c ov A z o h . C a s s 1n 1 . y, takes p

. 20 a The treaty of Ryswick, Sept , between Great Britain nd

France, France and Holland, France and Spain, France

and the empire .

The first treaty of partition, between France, Great Britain , — r n iu . and Holland . James G o ov s n The peace of Carlowitz . The Scots attempt to settle o the — A m coast of Darien . league between Den ark , Poland,

. . . of and Russia, against Sweden Dr W Lloyd, bishop

INor ces ter .

r The Spanish monarchy tran sfer ed to the house of Bourbon .

The second treaty of partition . A treaty between Den

m . S th e ark, Sweden, and Holstein The wedes defeat - Russians at Narva . Yale College foun ded .

War of the Spanish Succession begins , and continues thirteen

w . years . The first king of Prussia cro ned An academy — A n O f sciences founded at Berlin . allian ce between Ger

En n e — A many, gland, and Holland, against Fra c league

th e . between France, Spain, and Portugal , against allies

Dryden dies . — . 1 n A comet appeared Var declared in E gland, Germany,

an d . a Holland, against France L ndau surrendered to the

. the Imperialists The French , under Venloo , surrender to

l s E e t al ie The nglish and Dutch destroy the Fr nch flee ,

. th e . s etc , in port of Vigo The French send colonie to the

Mississippi . King William III . died .

Portugal cedes to the lea gue against France and Spai n.

The foundation of Petersburg laid . A dreadful tempest

in Englan d . Godfrey William Liebnitz .

Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke . The battle of Hoch stet

or Blenheim , in which the French are defeated by the allies .

s - Narv a taken by the czar of Muscovy . The ea fight off E ‘ Malaga , in which the nglish defeat the French fleet .

. Avr a n ch e Landau taken by the allies Huet, bishop of

John Locke died .

- H O F ES . 1 19 3 D. ANDBO O K DAT [ 7 17 1 A .

m n w d a d t n . bet een Ger any, France, Hollan , Grea Britai

Great Britain declares war against Spain . William Penn

died .

Peace between Spain and Great Britain . Pea ce between l Po and and Sweden ; between Hanover and Sweden, at — ’ Stockh olm . John Law s bank exploded in England .

Joseph Addison died . A league between Sweden and England — Peace between — b ur . 2 a 9 . Sweden and Prussi South Sea bu ble b sts , Sept — ’ A great earthquake in China . Pestilence in France .

Sardinia ceded to the Duke of Savoy . Peace between Great Britain and Spain — A defensive alli

n - A ance between Great Britain , France , and Spai treaty

'

O f peace between Sweden and Russia . Dr . Samuel Clarke . f' A great revolution in Persia . The czar O Muscovy assumed

the title of Emperor of Russia . The Christians and Jesuits

n a — ba ished out of Chin John Churchill , duke of Marl

borough , died . — The Protestants persecuted in France An academy of — sciences established at Petersburgh . Philip V . resigns his

kingdom to his s on Louis . - r 8 . Peter the Great died, Februa y The treaty of Vienna, “ between the emperor and the king of Spain . War b e

tween the Persians and Turks . The treaty of Hanover .

A11 earthquake at Palermo . — 20. n Sir Isaac Newton died, March The treaty of Cope

t . b hagen . The Spaniards besiege Gibral ar Peace etween — r . f E Persia and the O ttoman Po te George I . O ngland

1 1 . dies , June Four iron furnaces running in America — The treaty of Westminster between Great Britain and Holland — The

congress of Soissons . Cardinal Polignac . ll The treaty of Sevi e , between Great Britain , France , and

Spain . A revolution at C on sta ntin oplef The usurpation of the Afghans in Persia ended — The Persian s victorious over

the Turks . A treaty between the emperor and the kin gs of Britain a n d - H O F ES . D . O O 1732 1744 A . ] ANDB K DAT 83

— e . A Spain , at Vi nna treaty between the electorates of

Saxony and Hanover . A great earthquake at Naples .

22 . t . George Washing on born, Feb The Pragmatic sanction

confirmed by the diet O f the empire .

The Jesuits expelled from Paraguay . A double election of

. . a , king in Poland A war between France and Germany

The French defeat the Imperialists at Parma . The city of

D an tz ic submitted to Augustus . A commercial treaty be

tween Great Britain and Russia .

A treaty between Denmark and Sweden . The preliminaries

Of peace between France an d Austria signed at Vienna .

. Sh er lock sh o . Dr Thomas , E p of London “ T e . h first newspaper published in America, viz , the Vir " — f g1n1 an Gazette . Peace between Spain and the house O

Aust ria . War between the Russians and Turks . The emperor declares war against th e Turks — A dreadful

u h rricane at the mouth of the Ganges . h 1739 Schah Nadir becomes master of the empire of t e Moguls .

A treaty between Great Britain and Denmark . Peace between Germany and the O ttoman Porte; between Russia V e — V ar b n E and the sam declared etwee ngland and Spain .

- Admiral Vernon took Porto Belle .

. . r l The emperor Charles VI dies Hen y Fie ding . — M olwitz . The battle of War of the Austrian Succession , — — 1741 48 . Vernon takes Carthagena . A revolution in

Russia .

The battle of Czaslaw, between the Prussians and Austrians . — a n Pe ce between Austria and Prussia . The Austria s

besiege Prague . A defen sive alliance between Great

Britain and Prussia at Westminster . Wa r O between Persia and the ttoman Porte . The battle of

. 1 6 i Campo Santo The battle of Dettingen , June , in wh ch m the allied ar y defeats the French . A treaty between — Great Britain and Russia . War in Germany . Peace be tween Russia and Sweden — A n alliance between Great

. m . Britain , Hungary, etc , at Wor s

e . The French attempt to invade Great Britain, and are defeat d s ea fi h t ff A g O Toulon . War declared by Great Britain — H BO O O F ES . 1 45 1 5 7 7 4 A . D AND K DAT [ .

against France . War of Hungary and France declared .

Prague taken by the king O f Prussia . Commodore Anson d — completes his voyage around the worl Henry Pelham ,

English minister . Alexander Pope died . War began in ’ e an d E America betwe n the French nglish, called George s " war, which continued four years .

The quadruple alliance between Great Britain , Austria, Hol d — Of n land, and Polan The battle Fonte oy, between the

— ~ French and Allies . The capture Of Louisburg . The r e

bellion in Scotland . The king of Sardinia almost stripped

of his dominions by the Spaniards . The treaty of Dres

den . Count de Saxe , marshal of France . Dean Swift

died .

Peace between Persia and the O ttoman Porte . Cou n t Saxe

. t C olloden takes Brussels and Antwerp L The bat le of , — e — April 27 . Lima destroyed by an earthquak William

Hogarth the artist . Th n e French fleet defeated by Anso and Warren. The Prince of O range elected stadtholder of the United Prov — ‘ in ces . A r defensive alliance between P ussia, Poland, and

L affeldt . Sweden . The French defeat the Allies at The

¢ r n ~ French fleet defeated by Admiral Hawke . Be ge op — — - i~ Kh n A Zoom taken by the French . Koul a murdered

revolution i n Persia . f - - Maestricht taken by the French . The peace O Aix la Cha

pelle . n Nova Scotia peopled . A league between the Pope, Ve etians, — . s etc , against the corsairs of Algiers and Tuni Pierre

Bouguer . Philip, earl of Chesterfield . — A slight earthquake in England . Interest on the English funds reduced to 3 per cent — A n academy of sciences — . Of founded at Stockholm The commercial treaty Madrid,

between Spain and Great Britain . — . W Peace between Spain and Portugal Prince of ales died , 2 March 0 .

4. in . 1 The New Style introdu ced ; Sept . 3 be g accounted Sept

- m i . E u . The British mu seu establ shed . Dr dward Yo ng

A dreadful eruption O f ZEtn a . A great earthquake at Con — H O F E D . O O . 1755 1761 A . ] ANDB K DAT S 85

‘

s tantin o le etc . Fr en ch a n d E p , The last nglish war began, ’ and continued nine years . King s (now Columbia) College

founded .

— War declared between the Du tch and Algerines . Quito in

Peru destroyed by an earthquake . B1 addock defeated and — 9 . G killed, July The French defeated near Lake eorge , G 1 . 6 . A Sept convention between eat Britain and Russia,

at Petersburg . Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake . — A treaty b etween Great Britain and Prussia . Loss of O s

wego forts . An engagement between the English and

French fleets Off Minorca . Calcutta taken by the V iceroy

Of . r . Bengal William Pitt, ea l of Chatham ’ Damien s conspiracyagains t the kin g of F 1 ance . The king

o Of Prussia invades Bohemia . The battle of P1 a u e . The T kmg of Pru ssia ls repulsed by Count Daun . h e battle of i - Pla s s . y, in the East Indies The convention of Closter

seven . The king of Prussia takes Br es law and becomes — master of Silesia Admiral Byng shot on March 14.

Princeton College founded . Fort William Henry captured

by the French .

Minden reduced by Prince Ferdinand . A treaty between

G r eat Br itain and Prussia . The English take Senegal . — The English repulsed at Ticonderoga . The English cap

27 . E ture Louisburg, July The nglish capture Fort

Duquesne in November . Goree taken by Commodore

° Keppel .

Guadaloupe surrendered to the English . Sir William JOh n n a — u s o reduces Fort Niagar Capture of Q ebec , and deaths — . 13 . of Wolfe and Montcalm, Sept Boscawen defeats the

French fleet Off Gibraltar . Hawke defeats the French

fleet O ff Belleisle . Balbec and Tripoli destroyed by an

1 96 . earthquake . Robert Burns born ; died 7 — A The English defeated by the French at Quebec . transit E Of Venus over the Sun . The nglish become masters O f

. d Montreal , and of Canada Berlin taken and plun ered by E the Austrian and Russian troops . arthquakes in Syria .

E . King George II . of ngland dies l Pondicherry taken . A eague between France and Spain .

A process against th e Jesuits in France . H O E — O O F S . 1762 1770 A . D . ANDB K , DAT [

— War against Spain . Czarina dies . Martinico surrenders ;

Grenada, etc . Peace between Russia and Prussia . War

between Portugal and Spain . War declared by Fran ce i and Spain against Portugal . A revolution n Russia .

Havana sur renders to th e English . Prince of \Vales

born . The Jesuits banished from France . Manilla taken

by the English . Peace between Great Britain and France

at Fontainbleau .

The treaty of Paris , between Great Britain, France , and Spain ,

r ur acceded to by Portugal . The peace of Hube s b g between

Hungary and Prussia . Peace between Prussia and Poland .

The expulsion of the Jesuits from France completed.

A treaty signed between Russia and Prussia . Coun t Stanis — laus P on iatow sky elected king of Poland Famine and

pestilence in Italy . An earthquake at Lisbon . Munro

defeats Suj ah Dowlah at Bux ar . St . Louis founded . Bengal established by Lord Clive under the British govern — d n . . ment . The uke of Cumberla d dies Dauphin dies “ " Chevalier de St . George dies . The Stamp Act passed .

The first Colonial Congress meet in O ctober .

“ A n r The Stamp Act repealed in March . insu rection in - i . A Spa n, and the king obliged to leave Madrid treaty of

commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Russia .

A great earthquake at Constantinople . The Jesuits

expelled from Bohemia and Denmark .

The Jesuits expelled from Spain, Genoa, and Venice . b M on tin ico almost destroyed y an earthquake . The l Protestants are tolerated in Po and . — The Royal Academy of Arts established in London . The

Turks declare war against the Russians . The Jesuits

expelled from Naples . Bougainville makes discoveries in — l — the Pacific O cean . Vio ent commotions in Poland David

. t E Garrick Rober , Lord Clive . Troops sent from ngland

to Boston .

California settled . Three battles of Ch ocz im . The Russian

fleet enters the Mediterranean . Paoli fled from Corsica . — The Turks are defeated by the Russians near Pruth . A n

earthquake at St . Domingo . The right Of Falkland islands

settled . The Boston massacre . H E E D . N O O O S . 1771 A . ] A DB K DAT 8 7

An emigration of Tou r gou th s to the frontiers of m of China . The lord ayor London committed to the

r Tower . The Tu kish fleet burned by the Russians at

f . . VV ar b ur ton O Cisme . Dr , bishop Gloucester — First partition Of Poland . Royal marriage act passed in

. r f Britain Warren Hastings becomes governo O Bengal . “ " ; . 6 . E s The Boston Tea Party, Dec 1 xploration of Fur

neaux . The American colonies revolt .

Captain Cook explores Australia and New Zealand . The

Boston Port bill . Continental or second Colonial Con

5 . . . Of gress held at Philadelphia, Sept Declaration Rights, — 4 . . . Nov . Death of Louis XV ; accession of Louis XVI

A r l 1 8 . Battle of Lexington, p i Ethan Allen surprises Fort

10 . 20 . Ticonderoga, May Union of the Colonies , May

Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton arrive in America . George Washi ngton appointed commander-in—chief of the American

m un 1 5. 17 . ar y, J e Battle of Bunker Hill , June Assault

31 . ill on Quebec , Dec . General Montgomery k ed, and

the Americans defeated . War resumed by Spain against

Portugal .

Turgot dismissed from office . The British evacuate Boston

a — 17 . 28 . a on March Attack on Charleston, June Declar

n u 4 . tion of Independe ce adopted by the thirteen States, J ly — f — O . 2 . E e The battle Long Island, Aug 7 ngag ment at — O ct . 2 8 . O ct . White Plains , Battle of Lake Champlain ,

— — 1 3 . 1 1 E i N OV . 1 6 . Fort Washington taken by the ngl sh,

. 2 6 Of Battle of Trenton , Dec surrender Hessians to

Washington .

f . O . 3 Battle Princeton, Jan Loss of Ticonderoga and — u 5 . 7 Crown Point , J ly Battle of Hubbardton , July

O f . 1 6 Of n Battle Bennington, Aug , Battle Brandywi e , ’ . 1 1 . Of . 19 . Sept Battle Bemis Heights , Sept The

. 26 . British occupy Philadelphia, Sept Battle of German — — 4 . n O ct . w O ct . 7 . town , Battle of Still ater, Burgoy e — Th e O ct . 17 . surrenders to the Americans at Saratoga,

th e French acknowledge the independence of United States , — — 1 6 . . Dec . The third voyage of Captain Cook Necker

becomes minister of finance in France . Alliance between

France and Switzerland . H O O F E - S. O 1 8 1 4 . D 88 ANDB K DAT [ 77 78 A .

e Princ Potemkin becomes prime minister of Russ1 a . France declares w ar against England in aid of the A merican c s — i 8 1 . olonie The British evacuate Ph ladelphia, June — M 2 8 . c Battle of Monmouth , June assa re of Wyoming , — -1 8 . E . 8 s . July xpedition to Illinoi , Dec Savannah cap

tu r e d . 2 9 . r by the British , Dec Pondicherry su renders to

the E a — O f - nglish in Indi Death Lord Chatham . Th e E Relief bill for Irish Catholics passed in ngland .

'

Spain renews war with England . Gibraltar besieged by

F r . e the ench and Spanish The battl of Briar Creek,

March 3 . Rhode Island evacuated by the British in

O ctober . - — Anti property riots in Lon don . Holland begins war with

E an e s — k ngl d, which continues thre year Hyder Ali ta es — . E 12 . Arcot Surrender of Charleston to the nglish , May — 23 . O f Battle of Springfield , June Battle Camden ’ ’

. 1 6 n (Sanders Creek) , Aug Ar old s treason . Capture

é wh o O ct . 2 . of Major Andr , was executed as a spy, ’

l O f n O ct. 7 : Batt e King s Mountai , - . i The trial and acquittal of Gordon Necker, m nister of — c . finan e of France , resigns Civil strife in Switzerland, in — B s ul 1 . which France interfere attle of Novo Porto , J y — . The The treaty of Chunar battle of Cowpens , British -H . 1 7 . Ba tle of a defeated, Jan t Guilford Court ouse, M rch ’ - f H fk ir k s 2 8 1 5 . O o . Battle Hill (Camden) , April New

. Th e . 6 Of London burned , Sept surrender Cornwallis at - o O ct . 1 9 . 1 729 . Yorkt wn , Lessing died; he was born Ti — H l The Fren ch assist ppoo Saib against the English . o

land acknowledges the independence of the United States .

t r i The eaty of Paris , which declares the Un ted States free ,

S . 8 . Signed at Paris , ept The British evacuate New — “ 25 . York , Nov . Washington resigns his position as com - - — in . 23 . mander chief of the American forces , Dec Bussy — i arrives in In dia w ith French troops . T ppoo takes Bed

- O f . E more . The treaty Versailles ngland cedes Balearic

Isles to Spain . — Crimea ceded to Russia . Treaty concluded with Tippoo n a r 4 . Saib . The treaty of P ris ratified by Co g ess , Jan .

hn s i w as 1709 . Dr . Samuel Jo on d ed he born

H O F - D O O . 1 1 1 9 3 A . ANDB K DATES [ 79 7 . :

— Vermont admitted as a state . United States Bank estab

i h . l l s ed at Philadelphia General St . C air defeated by the

. A r ik er a 14. Indians The battle of , May The Quebec " Bill passed, which divides Canada into Upper and Lower - . M 2 . the Provinces Death of irabeau, April Escape of

o 20 . i th e r yal family from Paris , June Imprisonment

king and queen in the Tuileries . Louis assents to the — National Constitution on Sept . 1 5 . National Assembly

S . 29 s dissolves , ept , and the Legislative As embly meets ,

“ O ct. 1 . Pelniz Conference of , between the emperor and

Frederick .

Kentucky admitted to the Union . Capt . Grey discovers the — Columbia Riven First coin issued in the United States . - — Peace concluded with Tippoo Saib . First coalition of

Great Britain against France . The French declare war — 20 . ur with Austria, April Tuileries capt ed by the mob ,

the . 10 . and royal family imprisoned in the Temple, Aug

—a - b o v Royalty abolished y the National C n ention , and - n b . 21 . Fre ch Repu lic declared, Sept Trial of the king,

— — i . 12 . . Nov . Dec 8 Accession of Franc s II of Austria to

the German crown . a Trouble with Genet, the French mbassador to the United V ’ — - hin n . States . V a s gto s second term begins Cotton gin

. be invented . Pondicherry taken by the English War - tween France and England . Execution of Louis XVI . ,

2 . an d . Jan . 1 Fran ce declares war with Spain Holland “ 25 . Robespierre becomes dictator, March The Reign of " o 31 28 1794. Terr r began May , and lasted until July , — n 13 . n vic Marat assassi ated, July Siege of Toulo ; first E i tory of Napoleon Bonaparte . xecution of Marie Anto ’

. E n O ct 1 6 . O r ette , Execution of Philip galite (Duke of

8 . e s u leans) and Madame Roland, Nov . Vend e revolt p — — . t 12 . pressed, Dec The Rhenish provinces revol The — D an tz ic o . B O f Prussians seize , and acquire P sen attles Neer win den and Quesnoy ; Austrians victorious — Second partition of Poland — Allian ce between Russia and Great - n . Britain . Naples declares war against Fra ce The French E army invades the Netherlands . nglish embassy received

at Pekin . 4 — H O O OF A ES . D . 1791 1798 A . ] ANDB K D T 9 1

“ — ’ 179 4 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania . Genet recalled . Jay s

treaty with Great Britain . Wayne defeats the Miami — i n E Indians . Habeas C orpus Act ngland suspended . — 1 . t Battle of Brest, June Lord Howe defea s the French

n 5 . fleet . Danton guilloti ed, April Robespierre bec omes Of o 7 president the French republic in June ; dep sed June ,

and executed, with St . Just and seventy others , which ends “ the Reign of Terror. ’ 1795 Jay s treaty ratified by Congress . The Prince of Wales

n i 8 . n marries Caroline of Bru swick , Apr l Warre Hastings — 28. O acquitted, April range clubs formed in Ireland . — Louis XVII . dies in prison . Bonaparte suppresses the — E 0 69 5 . royalist rebellion , stablishment of the Directory - O ct. 2 8. in France, Final partition of Poland between — Russia, Prussia, and Austria . Battle of Loano . — 1 96 . VVas hin ton 7 Tennessee admitted to the Union g resigns . — Robert Burns died ; he w as born 1 759 . Campaign of — . t 2 n 1 . Napoleon in Italy Bat le of Monte otte, April

n 22 . n Battle of Mo dovi, April Battle of Attenkirche , — — 1 . 5 . June Battle of Radstadt, July Battle of Roveredo,

— — 4 . v . 14 1 . o 7 Sept Battle of Arcola, N ; and many others in which the French were victorious over the Germans

Austrians . War again begun between Spain and England . 1797 John Adams inaugurated second president of the United

States . Treaty between France and the United States

annulled . Edmund Burke died ; he was born 1730 . The — ’ Fe , 27 . Baboeu f s Bank of England stops payment, b con - — s pir acy fails . Napoleon returns to Paris . Frederick

m . r Willia III of P ussia ascends the throne of Germany . — The treaty of Campo Formio . Napoleon gives up Lom

bardy, and receives Venice . Cisalpine republic formed .

Battle of St . Vincent ; Spanish fleet defeated .

1798 : 2 3 Rebellion in Ireland battle of Kilcullen , May ; battle of - 7 . 1 Antrim, June The battle of the Nile , August ; great

victory of Nelson over the French . The marquis of VVelles ley becomes governor-general of India — Bass and Flan ’ — ders discover Bass s Straits Napoleon invades Egypt . — — E a 13 21 . Battle of the Pyr mids , July Russia, ngland, and E - H O O O F S . 17921 1803 A . ANDB K DAT [ D .

Austria unite against France — Second invasion of Italy

— - r by the French Napoleon deposes Pope Pius VI . VV a

— between Turkey and France — The Iielvetian Confedera

tion dissolved in Switzerland, and a republic founded .

. 14 n . 22 Death of George Washington , Dec ; he was bor Feb ,

— — 1732 . The Irish rebellion completely suppressed Alli u ance between England, Germany, Russia, Turkey, Port gal, — 22 . and Naples , against Napoleon , June Directory of

N O V . 10 . France dissolved, Napoleon elected First Consul, - n Dec . 1 3 . The Austria s renew war with France ; are de — feated at Zurich and Bergen . Suwarrow assists the Aus

' n — n tr ia s in Italy Allia ce between Russia and France .

The French are defeated in Italy by Suwarrow . The capital of the Un ited States removed fr Om Philadelphia — to Washington . Treaty signed between France and the

United States . Surrender of Surat ; Nizam cedes Mysore

to England. Explorations and surveys O f Grant and Flin — En de rs in Australia began . Attempt on the king of g ’ 4 . 1 land s life , by Hatfield The battle of Marengo, June ; n the Austrians totally defeated . An attempt to assassi ate — E D ec . 24 . O f 3 Napoleon, Battles ngen, May ; Montebello , H 9 1 9 . 3 June ; Hochstadt , June ; ohenlinden , Dec ; and

Mincio in all of which Napoleon defeats the Austr ians .

Parma ceded to the French . Internal dissensions in 19 Switzerland , which is divided into cantons.

Thomas Jefferson inaugurated president of the United States . — War between the United States and Tripoli . Treaty of

Luneville . Legislative union of Great Britain and Ire — 2 — land . Battle of Copenhagen, April . Peace of Amiens ,

O ct . 1 . Prussians seize Hanover . Assassination of Paul

I . of Russia ; accession of Alexander I . The peace of

Badajos ends the war between Spain and Portugal .

O hio admitted into the Union . Treaty of Bassein between

the Company and the Peishwa of India . The treaty of

27 - e — Amiens , May Napoleon made consul for lif Cis

l N a a pine republic remodelled as the Italian republic , with — . E poleon as president Peace between ngland and Spain .

Louisiana purchased from the French by the United States .

-6 H O F ES . 18 1 1 O O 053 8 2 A . D 94 ANDB K DAT [ .

E a . Cardinal Henry Stuart died, claim nt of the nglish throne — Treaty of peace between Napoleon and Russia signed, — “ " 7 P . 17 July ublication of the Milan Decree , Dec Treaty of Tilsit between Germany and France — France

— signs a trea ty with Spain for partition of Portugal . War

s O f Turkey with England and Russia . The Briti h fleet

pass es the Dardanelles . — 1808 War between India and Travancore Gov. Bligh depos ed — for tyranny in Australia S erfdom a bolished in Pruss1 a .

The Peninsular war begm s . Charles IV. abdicates .

Murat enters Madrid and massacres two hundred F rench .

Ferdinand VII . abdicates . Napoleon I . gives the crown

his wh o . to brother Joseph, is driven from Madrid Battle

O f . O f . Nimeira Battle Logrono Napoleon enters Madrid,

Dec . 4. “

1809 James Madison inaugurated president Of the Un ited States . - Congress prohibits trade with Great Britain and France .

r Travan co re subdued . Sir John Moo e died ; he was born — — 1 761 . . 1 6 . Battle of Corunna, Jan Battle of Talavera,

21 . July 28 . Battle of Molinos De Rey,Dec . Treaty of

— i i tr i be . . S l s a Vienna Divorce of Josephine Battle of ,

tween the Tu rks and Russians .

1810 Napoleon prohibits trade with the United States . Com — mer cial depression . Napoleon marries Mar ia Louise of

Austria . Holland annexed to France . North Germany

. G . 2 annexed to France The French seize ranada, Jan 7 ;

8 2 1 . . 1 Seville, Jan ; Astorga, April

1811 . . 17 . Oregon settled Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov The — 5 . Prince of Wales becomes regent, Feb . Luddite riots in

November . Birth of the king of Rome, afterwards

. T r r Napoleon II Battle O f Fuentes de O noro . a a gova

taken by Suchet . Joseph retu rns to Madrid . Soult

defeats the Spanish ar my at Lorca . Switzerland aids — . Meh emet France Massacre of the Mamelukes . becomes

supreme .

n 1 812 Lou1 s1 ana admitted as a state . The U ited States declares — n J u n o 1 8 . e war with Great Britai , General Hull invad s

1 ns titu tion d . u J u n e 7 C o Cana a S rrender of Mackinaw, E OO OF S . D . 18134 814. A . J HANDB K DAT 9 5

- 0 . u . 1 O ct . 1 3 u r r ier e . takes G e , Aug Battle of Q eenstown,

Wa s F r olic O ct . 1 8 United States frigate p takes the ,

nited S ta tes M a cedon ia O ct . 25 . The frigate U takes the , — C ons titu tion takes the J a va in December . War declared — m l n k between France a n d Russia . Battles of S o e s o and - 4. the . 1 Borodino . Burning of Moscow by Russians , Sept — — 1 Retreat of the French from Moscow in O ctober . Pruss a

concludes an alliance with France and Austria . Ciudad

‘

b VV elles le . 19 . Roderigo taken y y, Jan Storming of Bada 2 2 . E 6 . jor, April Battle of Salamanca, July The nglish — E . enter Madrid . dict against Christianity in China

T . reaty of Bucharest \ H r n F r en chtOwn J an . 24. o et Battle of , The takes the — P ea cock . 2 5. , Feb Capture of York (Toronto) by the

27 . C hes a ea ke S ha n Americans , April p captured by the — n n 1 . t o , June Battle of S ony Creek and Burlington 1 E . 1 . s 6 . O f 0 Height , June Battle Lake rie , Sept Battle

En . 3 . O ct . 5 . 1 of the Thames , The glish burn Buffalo , Dec ’ — n Madison s second term begins . Allia ce of Austria, — 16 . \ Russia, and Prussia, against France, March Velling

. 16 . a O c t. 7 . Of ton enters Fr nce, Battle Katzbach , Aug — O ct. 1 6 . Battle of Leipsic , Holland revolts from France,

and the Prince of O range proclaimed sovereign .

s E 4. The American defeat the nglish at Longwood, March

n u E O 6 . Creek India s s bdued ; the nglish seize swego , May f E ul 3 . t O The Americans take Fort rie J y Ba tle _ Chip — — 4 . 2 5 . pewa, July Battle of Lundy s Lane , July Public i — n . 24. buildings at Wash ngton bur ed , Aug Battle with E — 12 . the nglish at Baltimore , Sept . Hartford convention , - 4 . Dec . 1 Treaty of peace between Great Britain and the

24 . United States signed at Ghent , Dec . Surrender of

30 . . Paris to the Allies , March Abdication of Napoleon I — in favor of his s on . Bourbon dynasty restored ; Louis

XVIII . arrives in Paris . Constitutional charts decreed in — a . Fr nce in June . Congress of sovereigns at Vienna - Dissolution of the kingdom of Italy . Ferdinand VII . — restored . Free constitution adopted in Holland . Belgium

annexed to the Netherlands . H F E — O O O S . 1815 1 2 D . ANDB K DAT [ 8 1 A .

— O J n . 8 . Battle of New rleans , a Treaty of Ghent ratified, — 1 . Feb . 7 War between the United States and Barbary — . . E States Napoleon I returns from lba, lands at Cannes ,

- 1 . E March Alliance of ngland, Austria, Prussia, and — Russia . Louis XVIII . leaves Paris ; restoration of the - — . 1 5. O f empire Napol_ eon invades Belgium, June Battle t Waterloo , final defeat of Napoleon by Welling on and — 8 . 1 . 6 . Blucher, June Louis XVIII returns to Paris , July — — St. . 8 . e Napoleon sent to Helena, Aug Marshal N y

. 7 . m c d. executed, Dec Ger anic onfederation forme

Treaty of Vienna . Alexander proclaimed kin g of Poland . — Most of Belgium ceded to Austria . Swiss independence — procured ; 22 cantons . Insurrection of Morelos in Mexico . — Discoveries Of Belzoni in Egypt . — Indiana admitted to the Union . The decree of amnesty f excludes the Bonapartes forever from the throne O France . ’ Lord Amherst s embassy to China fails . — Mississippi admitted to the Union . James Monroe in au gu

rated president of the United States . The Mahratta con

— hm n r federacy dissolved . A ed u ggu ceded to En gland .

Pin dar r ic war in India . An insurrection in Breslau

suppressed .

Illinois admitted to the Union . Florida war . End of the

Pin dar r ic war in India . Formation of the Prussian

Z ollver im (commercial union) . Alabama admitted to the Union — Arkansas made a separate

- . O e e . territory udh b comes independ nt Victoria born ,

May 24. Congress of Carlsbad . — Main e admitted to the Union Missouri Compromise Act . — — Death of George III . ; accession of George IV. Cato f . O Street conspiracy discovered Trial . Queen Caroline, — D u e . Aug . 7 . Assassination of the de Berri Revolution — in Spain . Ferdinand accepts constitution of the Cortes.

Missouri accepts Compromise Act, and is admitted to the ’ — — Union . Monroe s second term begins . Death of Queen

Caroline . O utrages in Ireland . Napoleon I . died in H — l exile at St . elen a Insurrections in Mo davia and Wal — l n ti. la chia . Revolt of Ip sy a The Greeks gain the Pelo

m . ponn es u s . Mexico beco es independent

E — H O O F S. 1831 183 D . ANDB K O DAT [ 7 A .

16 . i 5 . r evolu dissolved, May Alg ers taken , July The

1 830 27 . tion of begins in France, July Charles X abdi

cates . The duke of Orleans becomes Louis Philippe I .

Abdication of the kmg of Saxony . Insur rection in Poland t suppressed . Revol of Belgium, which becomes inde

pendent . Q i The first locomotive engine . Refor m bill rejected by the — O ct . 7 . . House of Lords, Riots ln Bristol Riots ln Paris,

— — “ 4 5 . . Feb . 1 1 Mazzini forms the Young Italy Party — M h m e e et . Insurrections in Central Italy . Revolt of Ali

Battle of Konieh . m New tariff law . Black Hawk war . Com ercial crisis in — the United States English reform bill passed . Death

O f n 1 771 . Sir Walter Scott ; he was bor , Irish reform

bill passed . Attempt on the life of Louis Philippe, Dec . — 27 . Of 1749 . R e Death the poet Goethe ; he was born,

volt of the Texans . Defeat of the Turks at Konieh . ’ Jackson s Second term begins — O ther states join the Prus

sian Zollverein . Death of Ferdin and II . Queen Christin a — acts as regent for Isabella II . Russians enter Constanti — neple . Accession of O tho I . Santa Anna elected presi

dent of Mexico . Treaty of Ku tayah .

Slavery ceases in the English colonies . The quadruple

. a. alliance of France , England, Spain , and Portugal Chin

prohibits the opium trade . Lafayette died ; he was born,

1757 .

The Seminole war in Florida . Great fire in New York .

En . 9 . Corporation Reform Bill passed in gland , Sept ’ Fie chi s s s infernal machine plot in France . Death of

Francis I . and accession of Ferdinand I .

Arkansas admitted to the Union . Failure of Louis Napo ’ leon s Strasburg insurrection . Battle of Bilbao ; defeat of

Carlists . - Michigan admitted to the Union . Martin Van Buren inau ’ ur ated g president of the United States . Papineau s rebel — lion in Canada . Attempt to take Toronto ; defeated at — — 4 . E . . 1 e St ustace , Dec Founding of Melbourn Death

. r of William IV ; accession of Queen Victoria. Hanove — 3 D . H K F E . 1838 184 A . ] ANDBO O O DAT S 9 9

separated from Great Britain . Dissolution of the men

a s ter ies in Spain .

~ 1 838 r . 7 . E Afghan war ; Cabul captu ed, Aug xplorations of - Grey in North west Australia . Coronation of Victoria, l 28 . 31 . June Irish poor law bi l passed , July Death

- of Talleyrand ; he was born 1754. War between France

and Mexico .

- 1 839 The United States bank suspends payment . War between — f . o N England and China Murder Lord orbury in Ireland .

Insurrections in Paris . Don Carlos retreats to France . Second revolt of M eh emet ; battle O f Nez ib ; the Turks

defeated . 1 840 Marriage O f Queen Victoria with Prince Albert O f Saxe C O — . 10 . Bo burg, Feb Louis Napoleon attempts to take u

~ lo n e Au . 6 . g , g ; fails and is imprisoned Attempt on the

life of Louis Philippe I . Accession of Frederic William — IV. of Prussia . Treaty of London signed by Russia . — The queen regent of Spain abdicates . William I . abdi — T E cates . rade with ngland forbidden by the emperor of

China . War between China and England ends in a truce .

Battle O f Beyr ou t .

1 841 W l . i liam H Harrison , inaugurated president of the United

4 6 . States, dies , April ; John Tyler inaugurated, April ’

a . The M Leod difficulty . Upper and Lower Canad joined — Russian war with the Circassians . Insurrection in Spain .

Treaty between Egypt and Turkey. Chinese break the

truce with England, and war renewed . 1 842 Ashburton or first Washington treaty between the United

States and England . Attacks on the queen of England ; — on e 30 3 . . on May , the other June Income tax passed Death of the duke of O rleans — Insurrection at Barcelona ;

3 E . 4 . the city bombarded Dec . ; surrenders to spartero Dec Dissensions between the Protestants and C ath oli ESin Swit

z er lan d. Treaty of peace between Great Britain and Chi na ; China pays 3 1 84 Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island . Espartero defeated and de — r . 13 p ived of power . Isabella II ( years old) declared to — r h be of age by the Cortes . Insur ection in At ens ; new E — H O O O F S . 1844 D . 100 ANDB K DAT [ 1848 A .

constitution . Treaty between Great Britain and China

ratified . — . i Texas asks for annexation First telegraph line establ shed .

Joseph Smith the Mormon prophet shot . Seat of gov

t ‘M n tr er nment transferred from Kingston O o eal. Trial of ’ O C onn el o Daniel , at Dublin, for sedition ; c nvicted, fined,

and imprisoned . Attempt to assassin ate the king Of

Prussia .

Texas annexed by act of congr ess . Flor ida admitted to the w Union . War declared bet een the United States and

4. E Mexico , June ngland purchased the Danish posses — n . M sions in I dia Battle of oodk ee . Great famine in -la w E Ireland . Anti corn agitation in ngland . Carlos - assigns his claims to his s on . Railways Opened in Eng

land . North-western boundary fixed at — Hostilities begin in M al a 8 . n Mexico ; battle of P o Alto , y Monterey take , — 24. . Sept . Iowa admitted to the Union Treaty of La

i n E . sor e . Commercial panic ngland Repeal of the " — in a ; - An Corn Laws . Food riots Irel nd attempt on ’ the kin g s life in France — Leu is Napoleon escapes from

' — a II . F Ham . Marriage of Isabell to rancisco . — n . 23 . . s San a Battle of Bue a Vista, Feb Gen Taylor defeat t

il 18. i Anna ; battle of Cerro Gordo, Apr Mol no del Rey

S . 8 . . t s of taken, ept Gen Scott en er the city Mexico,

1 5 . Sept . England expends for the relief of -el- r Ireland . Surrender of Abd Kade to the French . ’

u . Espartero restored . Attempt on the q een of Spain s life — Jesuits expelled from Switzerland ; civil war . Sewing

machine invented by Howe .

Treaty between the United States and Mexico . Upper Cali i for n ia ceded to the United States . Gold dis covered n — — California . Wisconsin admitted to the Union . War with

Sikhs in In dia . Irish rebellion suppressed . Revolution A d . in France . b ication of Louis XVIII Republic pro — . 26 . o un e23 . claimed , Feb Insurrecti n in Paris , J Paris

2 5 . in a state of Siege, June Surrender of the insurgents , cl - June 26 . Napoleon pro aimed president elect of the

E — H O O O F S . 1 D 1 02 ANDB K DAT [1853 856 A . .

N Napoleon declared emperor, and assumes the title of a — e e II I . . 2 . . i p le n , Dec Merino the monk attempts to k ll the

queen of Spain . Trial by jury abolished in the Austrian r e— empire . King of Prussia establishes the Council of — i . e . State . M nie rifle introduced Cork xhibition opened

Treaty between the United States and Japan . The emperor

n e . 29 . ar vaez of Fra ce mai ries Eug nie, Jan N exiled from — i . A Spain . Austrians enter the Danubian pr ncipalities

plot against the Prussian government detected . Quarrel “ " between Russia and Turkey about the Holy Places . Submarine telegraph laid between Portpatrick and Don

a gh a dee .

- Kansas Nebraska bill . Reciprocity treaty between the United

E d — E ur em States and nglan ngland, France , and T key - gage in war with Russia . Crystal Palace opened by the E queen . spartero organizes a military insurrection in — an d . Spain, becomes prime minister The queen retires — from Spain . Prussia remains neutral in the Crimean war . — — . 1 6 . Capture of Bomarsund, Aug Battle of the Alma,

20 . O . Sept . Siege of Sebastopol begun in ctober Battle — t . 25. f O c . 5 . O Balaklava, Battle of Inkermann , Nov l First section of the Bengal railway opened . Electric te e

graph from Paris to Bastia . Trouble between the free and Slave state settlers begins in the

United States . Death of Joseph Hume, the historian . Two attempts on the life of the emperor of France — Death

O f Don Carlos . Sardinia joins the alliance against Russia . — - The French capture the Malakoff Tower . The Russians

evacuate Sebastopol in September . Emperor Nicholas of — Russia dies , and is succeeded by Alexander II . Niagara - 14 . suspension bridge first crossed by a locomotive, May 2 8 ’ Panama railroad completed, Jan . . Jules Duboscq s ’ ’ electric lamp shown at the Paris exhibition . Ericsson s

caloric engi ne first used . m W . Crampton , the British inister at ashington, dismissed

England, France , and Turkey make peace with Russi r E n — b Wa between ngla d and China . War etween Eng — . R land and Persia Crimean war ends . evolution in — E N O O O F S . D . H 1857 1861 A . ] A DB K DAT 103

Spain ; Narvaez made prime minister . Bessemer process

of making steel made known .

Settlement of the Central American question . The Dred m — Scott decision . Trouble with the Mor ons . Great com — mer cial n . Sibour crisis and pa ic , archbishop of Paris , — assassinated by a priest . Quarrel - between Sardinia and

Austria . The German confederation revised . Derricks

invented by A . D . Bishop . — Minnesota admitted to the Union . First Atlantic cable com

Th e pleted in Augu st . government of the East In dia — A 1 . n f Company ended Sept . attempt on the li e of the

F an ce b O n . Emperor of r L \y rsi i and others Passage of the — Public Safety Bill . Steamship line from Galway to Amef - — M n etO h r . ica . ag electric lig t of P of Holmes successfully — tried at Dover. Decimal currency adopted in Canada . — ’ O regon admitted into the Union . John Brown s in s u r r ec — . 2 . E O ct . 1 6 tion, ; he was executed Dec ngland remains neutral in the war between Sardinia and France and Aus

. M a c au l . 2 8 . tria Death of Lord y, Dec France declares

. 20 Pa war against Austria Battles of Montebello , May ;

e 30 31 4 M ale n an o lestr , May and ; Magenta, June ; g , June 2 8 f 4 . ; Sol erino , June the allies victorious in each Peace

2 . . 1 . signed, Nov War between Spain and Morocco

Photoglyp hic engraving invented by F . Talbot . The great

s et . 6 . Westminster clock up Humboldt died, May h Abraham Lincoln elected president of t e United States . m South Carolina secedes fro the Union , being the first — . E state Commercial treaty between ngland and France .

Peace between England and China . Savoy and Nice an — t E n exed to France . Mee ing between the mperor Napoleon — and the German sovereigns at Baden . The Moors com pelled to make peace with Spain — Sicily and Naples an — — n exe d to Sardinia Treaty of Zurich . Meeting of the

Reichsrath in Austria . Beginning of the revolution in n Hu gary . Quarrel between Germany and Denmark about n the Danish Duchies . Spectrum a alysis invented by Bun

s en f. and Kirchof Petroleum discovered in Pennsylvania .

. 9 . The state of Mississippi secedes from the Union, Jan H OO O F ES . 18 2 D . 1 04 ANDB K DAT [ 6 A .

. 10 . 1 1 Florida secedes , Jan ; Alabama, Jan ; Georgia, Jan .

8 . 26 . 1 . 1 ; Louisiana, Jan ; Texas , Feb Montgomery con

ven tion ; Jefferson Davis made president of . the Confederate States — Abraham Lincoln inaugurated president of the

4 . d i United States , March Fort Sumter bombarde , Apr l — 12 . 19 . . Federal troops attacked in Baltimore , Md , April 6 Arkansas secedes from the Union , May ; North Carolina,

—f 20 8 . B May ; Tennessee , June Battle of Big ethel, June — — 10 . t wo 20 . Virginia divided into states , June Battle of ’

4 . 1 3 . Rich Mountain , July Battle of Carrick s Ford, July . - — 2 1 . Battle of Bull Run , July, Battle of Dug Spring, — — ’ A . . f Vil n . 2 . Of u 5 O V s o s Aug Battle Athens , g Battle — nd . 10 . a Creek , Aug Forts Hatteras Clark captured by

t in . 20 . the Union forces, Bat le of Lex gton , Sept

. 7 . d in Capture of Port Royal, Nov Kentucky admitte

D ec . 9 . to the Confederate States , Battle of Martinsburg , - — 1 8 . . 14 . Dec . Death of Prince Albert, Dec France pur — chases Monaco . Commercial treaty between France and

Belgium . France declares her neutrality in the American

rebellion . St . Domingo annexed to Spain . The first E e F b . 1 8 . Italian parliament ass mbles , e Victor mmanuel — f . 2 6 . O 6 made king of Italy, Feb Death Cavour , June ; — n . 10 1 81 0 he was bor Aug , Military government estab — . b n . lish ed in Hungary. William I ecomes ki g of Prussia

Insurrection in Poland begins . Rubidium discovered . — 1 . . 1 8 9 Battle of Mill Springs , Jan and Capture of Fort — 8 . 6 . . Henry, Feb . Roanoke Island captured, Feb Sur — O f . 1 6 . n render Fort Donelson , Feb Confederate co gress

— . 1 8 . of V a . meets at Richmond , , Feb Battle Pea Ridge,

-E JlI n it r M er r ima c 7 8 . O f o o March , ngagement the and ,

9 . 1 . March Battle of Winchester, March 3 Capture of

14 . Newbern , March Battle of Pittsburg Landing, April — . f N 1 8 . 6 7 O . 0 , Capture Island O , April Surrender of

2 5 . 11 . O a Fort Pulaski , April Capture of New rle ns , April i li VV l a ms bu r 5 . ur Battle of g, May S render of Natchez ,

1 3 . 29 . May Battle of Seven Pines , May Battle of Fair — 31 6 . O 1 . m akes , May June Capture of Me phis , June ’ — S 2 5 1 . even days battle before Richmond, June July

E H N O O O F S . 18 1 64 865 A . D . 10 6 A DB K DAT [ ,

— k De . 24 . c Wales . William M Thac eray died , he was born,

1 81 1 . o The French conquer Mexic , and occupy the capi — tal . War between Germany and Denmark . Quarrel between the government and the ch amber contin ues in

Prussia . Freedom of the serfs in Russia . Gold, copper,

iron, and platinum mines discovered in the United States . O pening of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad

1 8 . NO V . -in- Gen . U. S . Grant appointed commander chief of the army E 12 . . S . of the U , March xpedition to, Mansfield, which — — 8 . 5 7 . fails , April Battle of the Wilderness , May Bat — — Ma 15 . Of 2 8 . tle of Resaca, y Battle Dalton , May Battle

5 . r of Piedmont, June Assaults on Petersbu g, in which the Union forces lose about men in four days — The

K r A la ba ma . . ea s a r e 1 9 . sunk by the U S steamer g , June — c A u . 5. VVin Great naval vi tory at Mobile , g Battle of

- 1 . r . 9 e chester, Sept Lincoln elected president of the “ 8 . United States , Nov . Sherman commences his March " — 1 . . 1 . 6 O f 5 1 6 . to the Sea , Nov Battle Nashville , Dec , 1 . 2 v . Sa annah occupied by Gen Sherman , Dec , which com “ — pletes his March to the Sea . Nevada admitted to the - — e . b e Union . The Ionian Isl s ceded to Greece Treaty E tween France and Japan . stablishment of the Mexican

em 1r e u m . p , with Maximilian of A stria as e peror Quarrel — between Spain and Peru . Transfer of the Italian capital

from Turin to Floren ce . War between Denmark and

d O ct . 30 . Austria, and peace conclu ed, A new alloy dis

Mi l n . A covered by M . co o of Paris Diamonds found in u s

— - N e . tria . w gun metal invented

. 1 5 . E Capture of Fort Fisher, Jan vacuation of Charleston — . 17 . by the Confederates , Feb Capture of Wilmington, ’

4 . . 19 . n e Feb Lincoln s seco d t rm of office begins , March - 1 . Battle of Five Forks , April Richmond taken by the — 3 . . Union forces , April Lee surrenders to Gen Grant, — f 14 . 9 . O April Assassination President Lincoln , April

12 en Engagement at Boco Chico , May , which was the last ga gement of the War of the Rebellion in the United

b . States . Purchase of Alaska y the United States — H O O F E . D . O S 1866 1868 A . ] ANDB K DAT 1 07

e E Commercial treaty b tween ngland and Austria . Death

f 2 . O Richard Cobden, April Treaty between France and ’ s — Sweden . Students riots in Pari Peace concluded be

tween Spain and Peru . Spain relinquishes St . Domin go . War between Spain and Chili — Bank of Italy estab difii ult c u i . lish ed. Great financial y in the A strian emp re — " Convention of Gastein . The province of Turkestan ,

. in in Central Asia, created A machine for mining coal - vented . An emery bed found in Massachusetts of great

value . ’ ’ Passage Of the Freedman s Bureau Bill over the President s — — o of Jan . 1 5. Win field vet Death _ R\u\fus Choate, Scott f O . died, May Defeat the Reform Bill in England

Austria cedes Venetia to France, who transfers it to Italy . — . 1 1 . The French occupation of Rome terminated, Dec

Insurrection in Spain . Spain forms a treaty with Gau

temala, Honduras,Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua . - — The German Italian war begins . Battle of C u s toz a .

27 . 2 . Battle of Nachos , June Battle of Sadowa , July — . 20 . ich olsbur Naval battle at Lissa, July Peace of N g,

Aug . 30 . Austria retires from the German Confederation . — Of Formation the North German Confederation, with

Pru ssia at the head . Hanover annexed to Prussia . Dip — lomatic quarrel between Russia and Rome The s u spen

- . 1 . sion bridge at Cincinnati opened, Dec Cable laid w between Valencia, Ireland, and Trinity Bay, Ne found

land .

Nebraska admitted to the Union . Tr ouble between Presi

dent Joh nson and Congress . Southern States under mili

. 19 . tary rule Emperor Maximilian of Mexico shot, June - — War between England and Abyssinia . Fenian rebel

lion in Ireland . The London Conference settles the Lux

embourg question . Great exposition at Paris opened, — . H n April 1 . A new constitution adopted by Austria u

gar y becomes an independent kingdom . Formation of the new Zollverein in Germany — Railway over Mont C enis

O . 28 . pened, Nov

Impeachment, trial , and acquittal of President Johnson . E — H O F S . 18 1 1 ND O O 69 87 A . D 108 A B K DAT [ .

Treaty between the United States and China War be

tween England and Abyssinia ended . Riots in Bor deaux — in . i s u in March , and in Paris June Revolution in Spa n c — ces s fu l n . , and the quee takes refuge in France Provisional

O ct . 8 . government organized at Madrid, Civil marriages — a authoriz ed in Austria . Poland disappe rs from the map

f e — A O the Russian empir new comet discovered by Dr. ’ Win n eck e . Prof . Tyndall s discoveries in the action of

light .

Union Pacific railroad completed . Gen . U . S . Grant made — president of the United States The Irish Church dis

established. Great radical success in the French elections .

r . O utbreak of the Carlists a n d epubli/cans in Spain Serious disturbance in Dalmatia . Su ez C an al opened . ’ The French Atlantic cable laid . Remarkable display Of n the aurora borealis in the United States a d Canada .

The Washington treaty. Ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United St ates by

. 9 the several States Death of Charles Dickens , June ; he

1 812 — n an d be was born , War between Fra ce Prussia

1 9 . Of . 1 8 . of gins , July Battle Gravelotte, Aug Battle

. 1 . u O f Sedan, Sept Revol tion in Paris ; fall _ the French

e - u O f empir Rep blic France proclaimed , Sept . 7 Siege

of Paris began . The German empire formed . Rome — ur . 20 . capt ed by the Italian army, Sept Rome ann exed to — Italy, and made the capital . The duke of Aosta elected ‘ - . m king of Spain Marshall Pri assassinated , Dec . 29 . The king of Prussia elected emperor of Germany — The f electric light used during the siege O Paris . The electric — buoy invented . Diamonds discovered in Africa . Inven — . Mt . e u tion of the chronoscope C nis T nnel opened . Meeting of the Alabama Claims Commission at Geneva

m . . 2 8 Paris bombarded by the Ger ans An armistice, Feb ; meeting of the Assembly at Bordeaux — Peace between Germany and France — Revolt of the Commune — Sec

' ond siege and capture of Paris . 7 The Germans deprive

France of Alsace and Lorraine . Treaty of Peace between I Germany and France . mportant reforms in the Austrian

government .

— E . 1 H O F S 8 18 8 A . D 1 1 0 ANDBOOK DAT [ 76 7 .

United States Senate ratifies the treaty with Hawaii . Civil Rights Bill passed by United States Congress — A new treaty between Belgium and the United States con

. 1808 . cluded Death of Andrew Johnson ; he was born,

F u n r fi e . o de in Great r in Virginia City, Nevada g of steam

ship P a c ific . Great floods at Toulouse . Purchase by En g ’ land of Khedive s shares in the Suez Canal . f e Centennial O the United States celebrat d at Philadelphia . l Telephone first br ou ght into public use in the United - States by Prof . A . G . Bell . Colorado admitted to the

— a R . . an r i Union The Sioux w B . Hayes inaugurated p es — O f t 5 . . dent the United S ates , March Gen Custer and

command massacred by the Sioux in June . Secretary

th e u Belknap impeached by Ho se , but acquitted by the - Senate . Postal treaty between the United States and

Japan . Termination of the English extradition treaty — — . 1796 announced Death of James Lick ; born, Great

— B r n n cyclone in eastern Bengal . u 1 g of Brooklyn Theatre .

The Ashtabula disaster . - Labor riots at Pittsburgh , Pa . Meeting of the International

Fish Commission at Halifax . Federal troops recalled from

- — an . the South . Nez Perces w Election of Gen Diaz as — president of the Republic O f Mexico . Queen Victoria _ formally proclaimed empress of India — Death of Sir 1 808 William Fergusson born , president of Royal College — O f Surgeons . Russia declares war against Turkey . Col

e off S emin ole M on t omer lisi n , Cape May, of steamers and g y, 13 1 . l lives lost Great col iery explosion in France .

h ar bu h . S s 1 11 Death of Capt Frederick , supposed to be

O ld. d years The town of Iquique , in Peru, estroyed by an — e Re . . D . v D . . earthquak Death of Tyler Lewis, , LL D ;

1 802 . born,

The Silver Bill passed by United States Congress . Death of i 1 4 Will am Cullen Bryant ; he was born 79 . Award of the n — A Halifax fishery commissio total eclipse of the sun , 29 . 1 800 . July Death of Caleb Cushing ; he was born,

i the General introduction of the electric l ght, and of

elevated railroad . Yellow fever in the Southern States . — UB K HAN O O F TE . D . O 1879 1881 A . ] DA S 1 1 1

O pening of the Universal International Exposition at

1 . Paris , May Death of Christiana, dowager queen of E Spain . Great financial crisis in gypt, and complete

— - revolution . A famine in China . Negotiations between

Russia and Tur key for peace begun . Passage of the Army Appropriation Bill by Congress Of t h e

United States . Ute war in the United States begins

Insurrection in the city of Mexico suppressed . War de

clar ed by Chili against Peru . Extradition treaty between

‘

Great Britain an d Spain signed at Madrid . Pr in ce Louis h — Napoleon killed in t e Zulu war in South Africa . Res ig M Of nation of Mac ahon as president the French republic , — ele ti n . les ev . and c O of M Ju Gr y Death of Pope Pius IX .

r m O . in Death of P ince Willia of range Adrianople,

f . Turkey, evacuated by the Russian orces Attempt to assassinate the emperor of Russia — Great earthquake in

Persia which destroyed 21 villages . A revolution in

Hayti .

James A . Garfield elected president of the United States . Negotiation and signing of two treaties between the United

States government and China, one relating to Chinese

immigration , the other to commerce . Great strike of

- — miners at Leadville . Anti Chinese riot in Denver . Death E E 8 1 20 . of George liot, the nglish novelist ; born about i Trial of Mr . Parnell for seditious conspiracy. D sturbances — r in Ireland Passage of the Army Bill in Ge many .

- First congress of Italian ship owners . Murder of Dr. — n Parsons , American missionary to Turkey Inauguratio

of Gen . Don Julio A . Roca as president of the Argentine — i Republic O pen n g of Melbourne International Exhibition .

James A . Garfield , president of the United States, assassinated

by Guiteau . Land League agitation in the United - States . Anti Jewish movement in Germany . Land trouble riots and outrages in Ireland — Assassination of

Alexander II . , emperor of Russia . Death of Thomas Car

1795 . n lyle ; he was born in Death of Benjami Disraeli, E B - arl of eacon s field. Publication of the revised edition

of the New Testament . E . 1 82 1 3 H O OF S 8 88 A .D . 1 1 2 "ANDB OK DAT [ ,

— th e . Ri Hanging of Guiteau, assassin of President Garfield

cen tenm al celebration of the landing O f William Penn . Chinese agitation in the United States — Death of Henry E W . Longfellow . Death of Ralph Waldo merson . “ " Of Veto the River and Harbor Bill by the president,

- — . M acL ea n . A Aug . 1 Queen Victoria shot at by s s as s i

h o b . nation of Cavendis and Burke in Ph enix Park , Du lin

Death of Charles Darwin . Conclusion of a treaty of peace — n . between Bolivia and Chili . The Egyptian war e ded

Death of the Rev . Dr . Edward B . Pusey.

u The Newhall House, Milwa kee, destroyed by fire , and over - F eb. 13 . 1 00 . lives lost Death of Paul A . Chadbourn , - 4 . O Death of Peter Cooper, April pening of the New l 24 York and Brook yn bridge , May ; panic on the bridge , — May 30 . Attempt to blow up the gove rnment Offices in — E . 2 68 in Westminster, ngland persons burned and killed

a circus in Russian Poland . Alexander III . crowned czar f — O 27 M . all the Russians , May Death of Gambetta,

. 1 . m Jan The German Govern ent Church Bill passed . '

'

. O f C as amicciola The French occupy Tonquin The town , t on the island of Ischia, almos entirely destroyed by an

n . in n earthquake, over perso s killed Revolt Spai .

War in Tonquin .

A L PHABETI A L IND C EX.

A .

O f 969 . Abbas, race , extinguished by the Fatimites , - — Abd el 1847 . Kader, surrender of, to the French,

3875 B . C . Abel murdered by Cain, 2 d 1 1 142 . Abelard, Peter, die , April ,

199 6 B . C . di 75. Abraham, born, ; ed 1 m i s Ja b 1023 B . C . Absalo rebels, and killed by , i A cad u s l G on deban d 501 . , counsel or to ,

A cur iu s u c s 216 . , famo s lawyer, and author of the Glosses , lived, 1 c a u its 2 84 A h ean rep blic, foundation laid,

3 1 B . 0 . Actium, battle of, s e E 1 85 in Adam , John, rec ived as minister to ngland in 7 ; au gu 1797 rated second president of the United States ,

n O f th e Adams , John Qui cy, inaugurated president United States 1825 1 7 67 1848 . in ; born in died, 16 2 1 1 7 7 9 . Addison , Joseph , born, ; died , i Adm ralty court instituted in 1347 . Adrianople made the seat of the Turkish empire in 1366 ; peace

1829 . of, ’ r x 1 17 w Ad ian s e pedition to Britain, ; builds a wall bet een Carlisle , and Newcastle in 121 ; rebuilds Jerusalem and erects a temple 138 130 a . to Jupiter, ; dies at Bai e in

E ina t 489 B . C . g and A hens war together, ; becomes a tributary

and ally to Athens in 455 B . C .

E os otamos g p , battle of the Athenian fleet defeated by Lysander, 405

JEs ch lu s 486 B . C . 525 y first gains the prize for tragedy, ; born ,

456 B . C . and died, E t ur s sopus , a celebra ed fabulist, supposed to have flo i hed about 620

JEtiu s 437 . defeats the Goths ,

ZEtna Mt. 1754. , , a dreadful eruption of, in H E 1 1 6 AN DBO OK O F DAT S .

Afghan war begins in 1 828 ; again in 1 838 .

1730 . Afghans , usurpation of, in Persia ended in

Agathocles , defeated by the Carthaginians , carries war into Africa, 310 B 0

1807 1 873 . Agassiz , born, ; died,

O ct . 2 5 1415. Agincourt, battle of, ,

241 B . 0 . Agis, King of Sparta, put to death ,

486 . D C . Agrarian law first proposed at Rome by Cassius, ; revived,

232 B 0 in 100 B C . , and again

A r i en tu m 582 g g founded, 1 9 s h e Agrippa builds the aqueducts at Rome, ; goes to Syr1 a

a 1 6 B . C . and Jud ea,

Ai n a del 1 509 . g , battle of, — — 1 668 . Aix la Chapelle , the peace of, between France and Spain ,

- - Of E Aix la Chapelle, peace , between the French and nglish in 48 m 111 1 . A erica, 7 Alabama admitted to the Union a s a State in 1 819 ; secedes from

1 1 86 . . 1 1 the Union , Jan , 8 2 O f 1 7 . Alabama claims, settlement , in

417 . Alans extirpated by the Goths ,

G oth s over r u n s E 401 d Alarick, king of the y urope, ; he is efeated

403 . by Stilicho,

1 865 . Alaska purchased by the United States ,

St . 1455. Albans , battle of, ‘ - b A s c a n iu S 1 1 52 Alba Longa built y ,

. 14 1 861 . Albert, Prince, died Dec ,

1210 . Albigenses, persecution of,

a 607 . Alc eus , the poet, flourished, 450 404 Alcibiades , . born , died,

n r u B . 0 . 6 0 . Alcma of Sardis , the ly ic poet, flo rished, 7 u - Alc in , Anglo Saxon theologian, and most learned man of his age ,

725 804. born , ; died,

Of 1 81 5 Alexander proclaimed king Poland, 356 323 Alexander the Great, born , ; died , , at Babylon .

Alexander II . of Russia assassinated in 1 881 .

u dae B . 9 a C 7 . Alexandra governs J , i 332 Alexandria, city of, bu lt by Alexander, ; college and

2 83 B . 0 . a library of, founded, Taken by Julius C esar, and the

H O O O F “ E 1 18 ANDB K DAT S .

556 See Anaximenes , born about Anaximander .

A o M ar tin s ur 61 8 n us , the fo th Roman king, .

A n dr e r s O ct: 2 , captu e of, the British py ; executed, , 1780 .

dr 5 . An onicus of Rhodes, peripatetic philosopher, lived, 9

r u And onicus orders all the Latins in Constantinople to be m rdered,

1 184 .

n 1 833 . An a, Santa, elected president of Mexico, y 44 Anson, Commodore, completes his vo age around the world, 17 .

A Se . 17 1 862 . ntietam, battle of, p , 2 56 Antigonus restores liberty to Athens ,

E 1632 . Antigua settled by the nglish , 304 52 5 A . D . Antioch, founded by Seleucus , consumed by fire, ; 540 542 destroyed by the king of Persia, ; rebuilt ; destroyed

580 . by an earthquake , 1 n . 92 A tiochus I wages war with Rome, is defeated by 190 1 89 Scipio, made peace with Rome , defeated 1 87 and killed in Media, n 172 1 1 Antiochus IL , expeditio into Egypt, and 7 defeats ’ u Ptolemy s generals ; takes Jerusalem and pl nders the temple , 1 0 130 7 is defeated and killed,

. C aeliu s 12 1 Antipater, L , lived, 80 Antipater of Sidon, poet,lived,

u ct . 1 6 O 1 93 . Antoinette, Marie, exec tion of, , 7

0 1 3 . . 1 1 3 Antonius , Marcus , Roman ator, flourished, 0 ; seizes the

34 B . . . 0 31 B 0 . kingdom of Armenia, defeated, kills himself,

1 n E . 30 B . 0 . Called Mark Anthony nglish

n d 145 161 . A tonius efeats the Moors , Germans , and Dacians, ; dies, 8 7 1 79 . Antrim, battle of, June ,

171 5. Antwerp, treaty of,

1 870 . Aosta, Duke of, elected king of Spam , 334 Apelles of Cos , the painter,

A . D . 33 . Apion of Alexandria, grammarian , h 1 35 Apocryp a, its history ends, 4 5 9 433 . Apollo , temple of, burned, consecrated,

a 1 66 . Apollonius killed by Judas Maccab eus ,

147 . Apuleius lived ,

u - a 2 51 Arat s , with his fellow citizens , joins the Ach ean League,

2 13 . poisoned by Philip, F E HANDBO O K O DAT S . 1 19

331 . Arbela , battle of, Alexander defeats Darius,

A r e 30 1431 . , Joan of, burned as a sorceress at Rouen, May , 2 1 9 . Archagathus , the first physician at Rome,

413 . Archelaus lays the foundation for the culture of Macedon, 732 Archias , founder of Syracuse, 250 Archimedes , mathematician , born at Syracuse, flourished, 686 Archilochus , poet, invented the Iambic verse, A 754 684 rchons , decennial, begin at Athens , annual, — 4 1 6 . . 1 17 79 Arcola, battle of, Nov ,

A r deville 1 61 8 . , battle of, 377 Arete, female philosopher of Cyrene, flourished,

Ar etin 1 538 . , Peter, lived,

of COfi ith 393 Argives become masters ,

s Of 1 823 . Argos , national congres , held in, Argonauts’expedition to Colchis about 1 250 1 856 Argos , kingdom of, begins ,

506 . Arien reforms the Theodosian code of laws,

A r ik er a 14 179 1 . , battle of, May ,

Aristarchus of Alexandria, the grammarian, lived, 1 56 . 4 53 . Aristarchus , the tragic poet, lived, 468 Aristides , contemporary of Themistocles , died, w 104 Aristobulus, the first high priest who wore a cro n, lived, O f 68 Aristodemus Crete , the grammarian , lived, 384 ’ Aristotle, born , observed the moon s transit over Mars , 357 322 ; died, 444 380 Aristophanes , the comic poet , born, ; died , E 941 . Arithmetic brought into urope , Arkansas made a separate Territory in 1 81 9 ; admitted to the 1836 8 6 1 61 . Union in ; secedes from the Union, May ,

1 588 . Armada, Spanish , destroyed, 4 8 1 1 . Armagnac, massacre of that faction in Paris, t Armenia, divided be ween the Persians and Romans in 412 ; be

a 114 . comes Roman province , m r 10 A . D . Arminius , Ge an general, defeats the Romans , 1 8 0 . Arnold , Benedict, treason of, in America, 7 Bu s cia 1 1 55 . Arnold of burned at Rome , Ar n ol h 89 1 896 p of Germany defeats the Normans , ; takes Rome, ; n t 9 32 is defeated by Hugh, ki g of I aly, . 1 20 HANDBO O K O F DATES .

28 Of 8 . Arragon, kingdom , founded,

O f 1435. Arras , treaty ,

A r s acides 229 . ended in Persia, s on 374 Artaxerxes , of Xerxes , flourished,

542 . Arthur, prince, murdered,

1768 . Arts, Royal Academy of, established in London in

A r u n delian 1 582 marbles , chronology of, begins , 1 2 . 1 5 Ascanius II , king of the Latins,

A dr u bal 207 s , defeated and killed by Claudius Nero, Ashbur ton or first Washington treaty between the United States

E d 1 842 . and nglan ,

1 876. Ashtabula disaster,

A s mon eean 37 family ends ,

1 825. Assam , capture of,

Assassination plot discovered in 1696 .

. 23 1803 . Assaye , battle of, Sept ,

b . 29 1 91 . Assem ly, National , dissolves , Sept , 7

mOf 2 59 900 Assyria, kingdo , established, ends ,

b 2 1 1 810 . Astorga seized y the French , April , S Astronomy, cience of, brought into Europe by the Moors about

1220 .

718. Asturias in Spain , kingdom of, founded by Pelagio,

St . 33 1 . Athanasius , , lived,

1 68 . Athenagoras lived,

A u . 5 1861 . Athens , battle of, g , 1 556 80 Athens , kingdom of, founded, or 7 years before the O 1 088 first lympiad, and ends , sends a colony to Naxos, 453 448 ; at the height of its prosperity, ; lose a battle ’ o 447 with B eotians , make a thirty years truce with the a 446 Laced emonians, ; its walls rebuilt by Conon,

394 Poliocr etes 296 t ; taken by Demetrius , ; hey revolt,

287 G obr a tu s 268. taken by Antigonus ,

1858 . Atlantic cable, first completed in August,

173 . Attalus of Rhodes , astronomer and grammarian, lived,

1 1 96 . Attenkirchen, battle of, June , 7

200 u O es Attica laid waste for more than years by the del ge of gyg , 1764

Hu n s 413 u Attila, king of the z begins his reign, ; ravages E rope, 4 4 7 .

F E 1 2 2 HANDBO OK O DAT S .

4 E n 16 . 2 9 1 . Bank of ngland i corporated, ; stops payment, Feb 7 797 S 1791 Bank, United tates , established at Philadelphia, ; suspends

m 1 839 . pay ent,

on e i at 1171 . Banking house, first establ shed Venice , E i n n 24 1314. Bannockbur , battle of, Bruce defeats the gl sh, June ,

1534. Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis ,

E 1705 1842 . Barcelona reduced by the nglish, ; insurrection at,

976 . Barda s usurps the Eastern Empire,

1471 . Barnet, battle of,

1 61 9 . Barneveldt, John , executed,

1643 . Barometers invented by Torricelli,

m 15 2 . St. 7 Bartholomew, , assacre of, at Paris,

u 542 . Basili s , the last consul at Rome,

B a s s ien 1 802 , peace of,

B 14 1789 . astile, overthrow of, July ,

1805. Bavaria, kingdom of, established by Napoleon

1 691 . Baxter, Richard, died,

1735 1803. Beattie , James , born, ; died,

1420 . Beauge, battle of,

Bedmor e Ti oo 1783 . taken by pp , B l d 1 814 f elgium annexed to the Nether an s, ; most O it ceded to

1 81 5 1 830 . Austria, ; becomes an independent State, 1456 b 1 52 1 . Belgrade, Siege of, Turks repulsed, ; taken y the Turks , 528 S 535 Belisarius invades Persia, ; gains icily, ; takes Naples,

536 537 565 . and Rome, ; dies ,

Belknap, secretary, impeached by the House , but acquitted by the

1 876 . Senate ,

Bells introduced into churches in 605.

t . 19 1777 . Bemis Heights , bat le of, Sept ,

k 529 . Benedictine mon s , order of, instituted,

. 16 1 . Bennington , battle of, Aug , 777 -o - in 1 4 Bergen p Zoom , taken by the French 7 7 .

Berlin, taken and plundered by the Austrians and Russians i n 1 60 7 ; French enter the city in 1 806 .

132 . St . 1 Bernard, , lived, a 268 Berosus , the Chald ean historian , lived,

1405. Berwick, Siege of,

1452 . Bessarion , cardinal, lived, H O O F E ANDB OK DAT S . 1 23

Bessemer process of making steel made known in 1 856 .

Be r ou t 1 840 . y , battle of,

10 1 861 . Big Bethel , battle of, June , 8 1 36 . Bilbao , battle of, in 1 686 . Bishops , seven, trial of the,

Black Hawk war in the United States in 1 832 .

17 1 863 . Black River, battle of, May ,

1 654. Blake , admiral, lived,

. 1808 . Bligh, Gov , deposed from tyranny in Australia, effr e s n 320 168 Bloody Assizes , held by J y , who ha ged persons in 5.

Boadicea, British queen, defeats the Romans, but is conquered by

1 . A . D . 6 Suetonius ,

Boccacio ovann i 13 55. , J , lived , 12 1 865 th Boco Chico, engagement at, May , , last battle of e Rebel

lion in the United States .

Bohemia made a kingdom in 1 1 19 .

Bohemians defeated by the Imperialists at Prague in 1 620 .

1 9 1 536 . Boleyn , Anne, beheaded, May ,

Bombay yielded to the English . in 1 661 .

Boniface propagates Christianity in Germany in 719 . 1462 “ Book , the first one, printed in , being the Vulgate Bible .

1 812 . Borodino , battle of,

1770 1630 . Boston, massacre of, ; city of, founded in

B 1485. osworth Field, battle of, ’

Bothw ell s i 1 593 . consp racy, n 8 4 Bourbon dy asty restored in France in 1 1 .

. 27 1214. Bouvines , battle of, Aug

B . L . 1762 1850 . owles , W , born , ; died,

1 675. Boyle , Robert, lived,

1 823 . Bozzaris , Marco, died,

9 1 55. Braddock , defeated and killed, July , 7

. 1 1 17 7 . Brandywine, battle of, Sept , 7

1667 . Breda, peace of,

Br en nu s ul Of , with an army of Ga s, defeated near the temple 2 8 Delphi, 7 1 1794 . Brest , battle of, June ,

3 17 9 . Briar Creek, battle of, March , 7

1 883 . Bridge, East River, opening of, H O O OF E 1 24 ANDB K DAT S.

d 1643 183 Bristol surren ers to Prince Rupert in ; riots in , 1

85 A . D . Britain found to be an island, ; war finished there by Mar

cellu s in 1 83 .

n A . D . Britai ,South, reduced to a Roman province by Agricola, 82 . i 48 Brita ns, under Prince Arthur, defeat the Saxons, 7 defeat the - a 520 . Anglo Saxons at B th, 17 1776 British evacuate Boston, March ; occupy Philadelphia,

. 26 1777 1 8 1 8 Sept , evacuate Philadelphia, June , 77 ; evacuate

. 25 1783 . New York , Nov , 1 876 1 88 Brooklyn Theatre, burned, ; bridge completed, 3 .

1779 . Brougham, Henry, born,

B. 1771 1 81 0 . Brown, Charles , born , ; died,

Sir 1 682 . Browne, Thomas , died, ’ 1 8 9 n 5 O ct . 16 1859 . Brown s , John , insurrectio , ; execution of, ,

1329 . Bruce, Robert, died,

u 1706 . Bruges taken by the d ke of Marlborough,

Brussels taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1706 .

ov . 3 1794 1 878 . Bryant, William Cullen , born , N , ; died,

S . 29 1720 . Bubble, outh Sea, bursts , Sept ,

1812 . Bucharest, treaty of,

u 1 628 . Buckingham, d ke of, murdered in 1 84 . 23 7 Buena Vista, battle of, Feb ,

En . 1 3 1813 . Buffalo burned by the glish , Dec ,

1019 1281 . Bulgaria, reduced to a Roman province , ; a revolution in , 499 9 17 Bulgarians ravage Thrace, ; besiege Constantinople, ; are 1000 off driven out of Thessaly, ; throw the Roman yoke in

1 1 86 .

8 2 . 2 1 1861 . 30 1 6 Bull Run, battle of, July , ; second battle of, Aug , f 1 1 5 O u 7 7 . Bunker Hill , battle , J ne , 7 8 1 68 . Bunyan , John , died ,

u S O ct . 17 1777 . B rgoyne surrenders at aratoga, , c 413 Burgundians , kingdom of, begins at Alsa e, ; subdued by

Childeber t Clota ir e 532 . and ,

1730 1 9 . Burke , Edmund, born , ; died 7 7

1 824. Burmese war begins,

1759 1796 . Burns, Robert , born, ; died,

Bussy arrives in India with French troops in 1783 . ‘ h 14 1 5 Byng, Admiral, shot on Marc , 7 7

H 1 2 6 ANDBO O K O F DATES .

a 2 Cann e, battle of, in which the Romans are defeated, 16 . E n 1383 . Canno first used in the nglish service, 1 1 1 5 . Canon law composed by Gratian,

n t éuz en u s E E 1 C a a 7 1 341 . usurps the astern mpire for years ,

1 028 . Canute conquers Norway, 8 1 8 . Capitol at Rome destroyed by lightning,

A . D . 1 . Cappadocia reduced to a province, 7

C a1 acalla his m 212 i l kills brother Geta and any others , ; he s kil ed

u 2 17 . by Maxim s ,

1 . A . D . 5 Caractacus, the British king, carried in chains to Rome,

C ar au s iu s m Of 28 Alectu s proclai ed emperor Britain, 7 is killed by ,

293 . 2 Carlist war begins in 187 . 1839 n s on Carlos , Don, retreats to France, ; assig s his claims to his , 84 1 8 1 5 55 . ; died,

1 699 . Carlowitz , peace of,

. 912 . Carlovingian race of emperors ends in Louis III ,

1 819 . Carlsbad, congress of, held, 1 796 1 881 . Carlyle, Thomas , born, ; died,

1 1 60 . Carmelites , order of, instituted, 675 Carnia, festival of, instituted at Sparta,

l 1 551 . Caro , Annibal , ived ,

1 860 . Carolina, South, the first State to secede from the Union,

U 20 1 861 . Carolina, North , secedes from the nion, May , A 2 82 1 8 1 1 . u . 7 0 Caroline, queen, trial of, g , ; died, ’ 1 O f 13 1 86 . Carrick s Ford, battle , July , 1233 Carthage, city of, founded by the Trojans, rebuilt by 1 23 order of the Roman senate ,

un 1086 . Carthusians, order of, founded by Br o,

1 69 5 . Casal taken by the duke of Savoy,

n 1486 . Casan, kingdom of, subdued by the Russia s ,

C as a micciola 1 883 . destroyed by an earthquake, m l 1329 Cassel , ount, batt e of, .

514 . Cassiodorus , lived,

486 . Cassius proposed the agrarian law at Rome , 1035 Of w of Castile , kingdom of, begins , ; kingdoms , ith that Leon,

1230 i 1479 . united , ; united w th Arragon ,

C s u 1173 . atania, city of, de troyed by an earthq ake, H O F E ANDBO OK DAT S . 1 2 7

ata u ltae i 98 C p , nvented by Dionysius about 3 128 Catiline, contemporary of Cicero, ; conspiracy at Rome, 63

232 . Cato said to have been born ,

1 820 . Cato Street conspiracy discovered,

. V . 60 . Catullus , Q , lyric poet, lived, ’

158 . Cavendish s first voyage to circumnavigate the world, 6 10 1 810 6 1861 Cavour, born , Aug . , ; died, June , . 1 582 Cecrops, supposed to have come into Attica,

n . 9 1 862 . Cedar Mou tain, battle of, Aug ,

1268 . Celano , battle of, in Italy, 1244 Celestines, order of, instituted in .

fi . 43 e e 4 . Censors , first created at R n

at 70 . Censorship, revived Rome , 279 z 2 4 Census in Rome, citi ens ; and in 9 there was said to be men in Rome ; in 2 65 there were citiz ens ; in 252 in 247 there were in 220 one in 179 effec tive men ; one in 1 69 one in 1 64 one in 147

1 876 . Centennial celebration of the United States at Philadelphia, C er e n ole 1 503 g , battle of, which ends the French power in Naples, . Ceres came to Athen s about 1 383

Cer is oles 1 544 . , battle of, 1 8 1 847 Cerro Gordo, battle of, April , 2 il 3 1 61 6 . Cervantes died, Apr ,

a 338. Ch eronea, battle of, Athenians defeated by Philip, 4 51 . Chalcedon, fourth general council of,

17 1780 30 184 . Chalmers, Thomas , born , March , ; died, May , 7

1 801 . Chambers , Robert , born , 1 8 u . O ct . 0 1 62 . Chambersb rg, burned by Gen Stuart, , — 1 1 13 1 6 . O ct . 77 Champlain , battle of Lake, ,

E 606 . Chancery, court of, instituted in ngland ,

1 842 . r m E. 1780 Cha ing, William , born , ; died, - Ch a n on da s Th u r iu m 446 . , the law giver of , 1 8 . 1 62 . Chantilly, battle of, Sept ,

28 1776 . Charleston , attack on, June ,

1444. Charles II . established the first standing army in Europe in F E HANDBO O K O DAT S.

i . 1 556 . Charles V of Germany abdicates in favor of Ferd nand, E 1 2 . 6 9 Charles I dissolves the nglish Parliament, ; attempts to

e . 4 1 642 seize the five members of the Hous of Commons, Jan , ; E e 1 642 14 1 645 defeated at dg hill, defeated at Naseby, June , 2 . 7 . 30 1649 . sentenced to death, Jan , and beheaded , Jan ,

E 1 660 1686 . Charles II . of ngland, restored, ; died,

Fr eder i h all . 1 1 1 1 8 . cs 7 . Charles VII killed at , Dec ,

1 74 . Charles VI ,, emperor, dies, 0

1 808 . Charles IV . abdicates , 1824 Charles X . ascends the throne of France in ; abdicates in 1 830 . 772 Charlemagne makes war against the Saxons , ; terminates the v 4 r e kingdom of the Lombards by the capture of Pa ia, 77 ; 776 778 duces the Saxons , ; restores learning in France , ; he 79 1 794 he defeats the Abari, ; extirpates the Huns , ; was a crowned emperor of the West, with the title of C esar Augus

b . 800 742 814. tus , y Pope Leo III in ; he was born, , and died,

r . 1 1 865. Cha leston evacuated by the Confederates , Feb 7

479 . Charon, the historian , lived,

Ch ar midas 95 . , philosopher of the third academy,

1 778 . Chatham, Lord, died,

1769 i 1848 . Chateaubriand, born, ; d ed, — ov . 2 3 25 1 863 . Chattanooga, battles before, N ,

C hes a ea ke L eo a r d 1 807 p , American ship , fired upon by the p , taken

Sha n n on 1 1 813 . by the , June , 1 8 . 9 1 63 . Chickamauga, battle of, Sept ,

. 246 China, all the records, etc , destroyed, learning revived, 1 30 divided into two empires in 420 ; breaks her truce E 84 w 1 1 . ith ngland, 2207 Chinese monarchy, founded according to some historians , 722 the empire divided into principalities , they are i 4 said to have sailed to the north of Cal fornia, 58. 4 1 814 Chippewa, battle of, July , . 1 3 Chivalry flourished about 70 .

u . 1 5 1 866 Choate , R fus , died, Jan , .

h zim C oc Of 1769 . , battles , ’ Ch os r oes 5 6 i n 58 the Great, defeated by Justin s army, 7 ; 0 is again

defeated and dies of grief .

b . 8 Christiana, Queen, acts as regent for Isa ella II , 1 33 .

H O O F E 1 30 ANDB O K DAT S . .

2 1 . 4 5 1 6 . Clarendon, constitution of, Jan , 1 81 2 . 0 1 1 84 G 1 . Clark , Willis , born, ; died, June ,

O f . 2 8 1 861 . Clark, capture Fort, Aug ,

397 . Claudian lived, ’ i A . D . 43 54 A D . Claudius expedit on into Britain , ; died, .

1777 1 852 . Clay, Henry, born , died,

206 . Clemens Alexandrinus lived,

9 1 A . D . Clement I . lived, Cleomen es l e h S ki ls the p ori, and restores the agrarian laws of parta .

225.

Cleomen ic 227 . war begins , th e 1 1 6 h Cleopatra assumes government of Egyp t, ; det roned 1 06 31 Ptolemy, ; defeated with Antony, kills her lf 30 se , n 8 2 Clocks first brought from Venice to Co stantinople , 7 .

Clos ter s even 1757 . , convention of, in

Clot air e s 61 3 . reign over all France, 48 5 . Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons ,

n 89 5 . Cluny, monastery of, fou ded, ae Cnidus , naval battle of, between Persians and Laced monians,

394.

Coaches first used in England in 1 585 . Coal first used in England in 1307

2 1 865 . Cobden , Richard, died, April , th Coin first used in e United States in 1792 .

T. 1 772 1 834. Coleridge, Samuel , born, ; died,

1 876 . Colorado admitted to the Union, 2 1 17 0 56 . Collins, William , born, ; died , 7

C olloden 27 1746 . , battle of, April , Colossus Of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake in 224

Columbia College founded in 1754 .

m 32 A . D . Colu ella lived, fir t 562 Comedy s acted at Athens , 52 5 433 310 Comets , one in China, another, another, one in China and the East in 172 one in China in the n 127 in 130 inth month , one Asia, Commercial panic in England in 1 826 crisis in the United States in 1 832 ; a panic in En gland in 1846 ; great crisis in the

United States in 1 857 . HANDBO OK OF DATES. 13 1

e O f E 1325 Co mmerce , first tr aty , between ngland and Venice in ;

1 810 . depression of, in

° m 1 81 u t 192 . Commodu s akes peace with the Germans , p to death ,

1 evolt 1 871 . Commune, of, at Paris m ’ 1 1 1 5 Compass , mariner s, invented in China about improved

3 2 . by Flavio in 1 0 ; variation of, discovered by S Cabot in

1 540 .

C onfla r ation 14 A . D . 27 g , great, at Rome, ; another, ; another,

he . D A . D . 80 t 64 A . . ; one in , in which capitol , Pantheon , etc , 191 are destroyed ; a great part of Rome destroyed, at Rome, 433 446 307 ; a great one at Constantinople, ; again in , and

t o at 476 again in 451 ; a grea ne\ Constantinople in ; at Con tantin o le 509 s p , ; Constantinople almost destroyed by fire in

563 .

520 . Confucius lived, O 1765 Congress, First Colonial, _ meet in ctober, ; Continental or

i . 5 1774. Second Colon al, held at Philadelphia, Sept ,

. 1 8 8 2 . V a . 1 6 Congress , Confederate, meet at Richmond , , Feb , 246 Conon of Samos , the astronomer, lived, ’ 14 14 . Constance , council of, lasts four years , begins in

Constans killed in Spain in 350 . t i n Cons ant ne, surnamed the Great, divides Britai into four govern m 310 323 ents , ; gives full liberty to the Christians , ; born 2 4 7 33 . about , and died, 7

n r . 340 . Constanti e, J , killed at Aquileia in

C on s tantive . 685 . V dies , o n 330 f 381 C nstanti ople, dedicated , ; second general council O , 51 1 61 . . 0 great insurrection at, in ; taken by Heraclius ,

r 310 . Constantius car ies on war against the Britains and dies , T s on 361 . Constantius , of Constantine the Great, died at arsus,

u . 17 1 8 . Constit tion of the United States agreed upon , Sept , 7 7

itu ti n C ons t o G u er r ier e Au . , ship, takes the Ship , g l Continental Congress , or Second Colonia , held at Philadelphia

4 . . 5 177 Sept ,

. 1789 . 14 1851 Cooper, J Fenimore , born , ; died, Sept , .

O f 1727 2 1801 . Copenhagen, treaty , ; battle of, April ,

1473 1 543 . Copernicus , born, died, d e 134 Copper money first use m Scotland and Ir land in 0 . 132 HAN DBO OK O F DATES

S d 754. Cordova, kingdom of, in pain, foun ed,

O f O ct . 4 1 862 . Corinth , battle . , 1 384 b 243 Corinth, built, citadel taken y Aratus , ; de

i 4 . . M u mmu s 1 6 stroyed by L ,

394. Corinthian war begins ,

491 . Coriolanus banished from Rome ,

Cork exhibition open in 1 852 .

1 846 . Corn laws , repeal of, in England in

ll f . O O ct 19 1 81 . Cornwa is , surrender , at Yorktown, , 7 o b O m C or e us , victor at what is vulgarly called the first ly piad, but - n I h etu s 76 . the twenty eighth from their i stitution by p , 7

' Corporation Reform Bill passed in England, Sept . 231 Corsica subdued by the Romans, .

d 1 547 . Cortes , Fernando, die ,

. 1 6 1 809 . Corunna, battle of, Jan , 1 93 b Eli 7 . Cotton gin invented , , y Whitney

O f 403. Council ten succeed the Thirty Tyrants , c 8 2 Coun il of State re established in Prussia in 1 5 . 1 587 . Coutras , battle of,

w 1 1 . . 7 1 8 Co pens , battle of, Jan 7

l 1 851 . Cox , Wil iam , died, 698 v 134 Cracow, city of, built, ; uni ersity of, founded, 7

n e o in 1 856 . Crampto , the British minist r at Washingt n , dismissed 2 1 1 556 . Cranmer, burning of, March , o s 1 10 l Crassus , Lucius , Roman orator, fl uri hed , ; ki led, and his

53 . army defeated by the Parthians ,

269 . Crates, the philosopher, lived ,

C r atinu s c 437 . , the comi poet, flourished 1 346 Cressy, battle of, in . 36 z e S a Crete reduced to a Roman province, ; sei d by the ar 82 an d 3 . cens called Candia , 1 84 Crimea ceded to Russia in 7 . 8 8 Crimean war began in 1 54 ; ends in 1 56 . 326 Crispus , falsely accused, is put to death , .

o u 548 . Cr es s defeated by Cyrus , 1 86 C r ot 0 . y, George , died,

28 1 540 . Cromwell , Thomas , earl of Essex, beheaded, July , 1650 Cromwell defeats the Scots , ; dissolves the long parliament,

1 653 1653 . ; proclaimed protector,

H F E 1 34 ANDBO O K O DAT S .

E u 985 ngland and Scotland nder Sueno , ; are massacred in

100 E 1004 os England, 2 ; invade ngland under Sueno , ; get p

O f E 1 01 8 . session ngland,

559 . Daniel, the prophet, delivered his predictions , Danish duchies cause a quarrel between Germany and Denmark in

1 860 .

Dante died in 1321 .

5 1794 . Danton guillotined, April ,

D an tz ic u u 1734 . , city of, submits to Aug st s in

522 . Darius becomes king of Persia, 262 Darkness , three days of, ; seventeen days of unusual darkness,

797 .

in 1 567 Darnley, Lord, murdered ’

D A s s is i 122 6 . , Francis , died in

Dartmouth College was chartered in 1769 .

E 1 731 1 802 . Darwin, rasmus , born, ; died, 1 8 m 77 1 829 . Davy, Sir Hu phrey, born, ; died,

b un De orah, the prophetess , defeats the Canaanites der Sisera, 1285

i in 2 E 1 69 . Debt, nglish nat onal, commences

451 449 . Decemvirs , created at Rome , banished,

m 1 602 . Deci al arithmetic invented at Burges,

4 1 4 . O f . 7 7 Declaration Rights , Nov ,

1 1 1 803 . Delhi, battle of, Sept . ,

e 448 D lphi, temple of, first sacred war about it, 1 8 4 D el . 1 3 0 . g, battle of, Nov , 2348 Deluge, Demetrius Polior cetes changes the oligarchy of Athens into a

307 . democracy,

Ph ler eu s n a 31 . Demetrius gover s Athens , 7 381 322 Demosthenes , born , and died, t S . En Denis , , interview between the kings of gland and France, 1 1 69 1 5 67 . ; battle of,

12 54. Denmark and Sweden , war in,

. 1 5 1 785 De Quincey, Thomas , born Aug , , died,

Derricks invented by A . D . Bishop in 1 857 .

D er zh avin R . 1743 1 81 6 , Gabriel , born, ; died, .

1 6 1 43 . Dettingen, battle of, June , 7 F E HAN DBOO K O DAT S . 1 35

1 503 Deucalion , the deluge of, in Thessaly,

1 785 . Diamond necklace affair in France,

Diamonds discovered in Austria in 1864.

260 . Diana, temple of, burned ,

G e . e b in 1877 . Diaz, n , elected president of M xican repu lic

n 1 812 9 1 870 . Dickens , Charles , bor , ; died, June ,

49 8 . Dictator, the first, created at Rome,

i l i n 29 6 D oc es a besieged and took Alexandria , ; resigns the empire,

3 04.

a of 284. Diocleti n, era , begins, 41 3 323 Diogenes, born, ; died,

u t 354. Dion p to death,

Of A l 285. Dionysius , astronomer exandria, 64 Dionysius , gr ammarian of Thrace ,

Dionysius , the monk, introduces the computation of time by the

51 6 . Christian era,

r O ct . 28 179 5 Di ectory, establishment of the, in France, , ; dis

. 1 0 1799 solved, Nov ,

Of E 1874 1 881 . Disraeli appointed prime minister ngland , ; died,

231 . Divorce, first one , at Rome ,

1080 1086 . Domesday book began in , and finished in

1861 . St . e Domingo , , annex d to Spain in

d in ican s 12 15 . , order of, instituted in

96 . A . D . 51 A . D . Domitian, he was born , ; died,

lEliu s 353 . Donatus , , the grammarian , lived,

1 6 1 862 . r . Donelson , Fort, su rendered, Feb ,

1 843 . Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island,

r Do ia, Andrew, establishes a new form of government at Genoa in 8 1 52 .

flOode d s ea 1446 . Dort by the , and persons drowned in

1 504 . Douglass , Gawin, lived ,

r 624. Draco appointed to d aw up a written code of laws ,

Drake un dertakes a voyage around the world in 1 577 . — 1 857 Dred Scott decision,

- D r e a nu m s ea fi h t 249 . p g , Romans defeated by Carthaginians ,

Of 1745. Dresden, treaty ,

1 562 . Dreux, battle of , ’ r s 9 . Drusus expedition into Germany, whe e he die , OF ES 1 36 HANDBO O K DAT .

1 631 1700 . Dryden , John , born, ; died,

1319 . Dublin, university of, founded in J 1 . 2 1554. Dudley, Lord, executed with Lady ane Grey, Feb ,

. 2 1 861 . Dug Spring, battle of, Aug ,

1662 . Dunkirk r estored to the French , — 1 308 . Duns , Scotus , died in l sh Duquesne , Fort, captured by the Eng i in November,

E .

E 469 in H arthquake at Sparta, the ellespont and Chersonese , 284 in 175 41 ; one China, in China, in Judaea, i 31 A . D . 1 one in Asia, destroys twelve cit es , 7 ; on e in

. 3 1 5 A D . 6 0 Asia, one in Asia and Greece, ; at Antioch ,

1 1 5 A . D . icomedia . 120 ; N , etc , destroyed by one, ; Nicopolis n e 128 1 52 and Cesarea destroyed by O , ; one at Rhodes , ; one 205 E in Wales , ; one in Europe, Asia, Africa, and in the ast, ,

840 1 50 358 one n 41 9 ' in Asia, ruins cities , ; i Palestine , ; one h “ 458 at Antioc , ; one at Constantinople , a great part of the 480 521 city destroyed, one at Corinth , ; one in Palestine and S r 550 55 y ia, ; one at Rome and Constantinople, 7 ; destroys 749 many cities in Syria, ; a great one in France , Germany,

80 1 847 o and Italy, ; one in Italy, one over a great part f the

856 1431 . known world, ; the great one of Lisbon in n 1600 East I dia Company, established, ; government of , ends , Sept.

e 858 1 , 1 .

E D e oces 708 cbatana, city of, built by j about 721 585 Eclipse, the first on record, of the moon, one in 413 ' another in August , one , the night before the battle of

1 68 . Pidna, foretold by Gallus

s l 1259 . Eddin , Nas ar, Persian astronomer and geographer, ived, E in dmund Ironside fought six battles England with the Danes, E 1 the 01 6 . most of which he lost by treachery of dric ,

E 1 32 . dward II . murdered in Berkeley Castle in 7

h e 1483 . E V . t t dward , murder of, in the ower with duke of York in

E 5 1 568 . gmont, Count, execution of, at Brussels , June ,

‘ E be an un der M is r aim 21 88 m gypt, kingdom of, g , revolts fro 48 463 Persia, 7 ; again in reduced to a Roman prov

30 868 . ince , ; becomes independent,

H O F E 1 38 ANDBO OK DAT S .

E 680 sarhaddon, king of Assyria , takes possession of Babylon,

Escurial in Spain built in 1 563 .

1 847 n t 111 in Espartero, restored, ; organizes an i surrec ion Spain

1 854.

Er chen win 527 . Essex , fourth Saxon kingdom, founded by ,

Of 1459 . Etching, art , invented in E as O f thelbert, king of E t Anglia, murdered by f a, king of Mercia,

792 . 1 61 5 Ethiopians , coming from the Indus, settle near Egypt, 4 9 Etrurians war with the Romans , 7

the n 300 . Euclid of Alexandria, mathematicia ,

i 404 . Euclid of Megara, the philosopher, flour shed, Eudoxus brought the celestial sph ere from Egygt to Greece about 368

'

Eu olis 435. p , the comic poet, flourished, h 442 Euripides first gained the prize of tragedy at At ens , ; 480 406 born , and died,

u tr o iu s 356 . E p , the historian and sophist, lived,

O f s E n 1 381 . Exchange , bills , first u ed in ngla d,

593 . Ezekiel, the prophet ,

458. Ezra sent from Babylon to Jerusalem by Artaxerxes ,

F .

n n e V eientes Fabius, three hu dred Romans of this ame kill d by the , 477 308 Fabius defeats the Samnites, ; brings painting to Rome,

290 .

31 1862 25 1 862 . Fair O akes , battle of, May , ; second battle of, June ,

the 1770 . Falkland islands , right of, settled in E 1708 441 Famines , seven years in gypt, at Rome, at

41 27 6 A . D . Rome , in Palestine, in Rome , one in 333 446 449 Syria, at Constantinople, ; one in Italy in ; a

897 . great one in Germany,

u n 1441 . Fa stus , Joh , lived,

in 1 8 Fenian rebellion in Ireland 67 . 1 808 8 Ferdinand VII . abdicates in ; restored in 1 14. 8 . 1 33 . Ferdinand II died,

Ferdinand I . of Austria abdicates in favor of his s on Francis i 1 848 Joseph n . O F E HANDBO K O DAT S . 1 39

er u s s on 1 808 1 877 F g , William, born , ; died , Fiden ae 435 , taken by the Romans,

Fiden ates 665 war with the Romans ,

584 h 923 . Fiefs begun in France, ; are establis ed, ’ 183 Fies ehis infernal machine plot in France in 5.

n r 1 154. Fi land, Ch istianity introduced,

mi n l 1 877 . Fish Com ssion, meeti g of, at Ha ifax,

1 5 1 865 . Fisher, Fort, captured, Jan . ,

1 1 865 . Five Forks , battle of, April ,

Fla ccu s 29 . , Horatius , lived,

84 . F laccu s A . D . , Valerius , lived,

lodden 1 513 . F , battle of,

Of fou hdfil 1272 . Florence, Academy , in 1 500 1 81 8 Florida, discovered by John Cabot in ; war in , ; admitted

in - 1 84 8 5 . 10 1 61 . to the Union ; secedes from the Union , Jan , i 84 onten a 1 . F , battle of, 4 17 5 . Fontenoy, battle of, 4 ou r mi ni 1 50 . F g , battle of, in

m 1749 e 1 806 . Fox, Charles Ja es , born , ; di d ,

l n 406 France, the Vandals, Ala i, and Suevi settle there in ; civil 556 565 5 5 war in kingdom of, divided , ; civil war in 7 ; third ’ 9 87 e race of kings begins , ; mak s a three years truce with 1375 England, acknowledges the independence of the United 22 1 89 1 848 r e States, Dec . , 7 ; revolution in , begins , ; empire, 1 852 r 1 870 stored in ; fall of the empi e , ; republic proclaimed , 18 Of n . 7 70 Sept , deprived Alsace and Lorraine by Germa y

in 1 871 .

1 83 . . 5 Francis I died, m 241 277 Franks , first entioned in history, ; first settle in Gaul in ;

expelled from Britain in 293 . O f 1 1 67 Frederick I . of Germany takes possession Rome, ; died,

1 190 .

. 1786 Frederick II of Prussia died ,

1797 . Frederick III . Of Prussia ascends the throne of Germany, 2 13 1 86 . Fredericksburg, battle of, Dec . , i 420 men French , k ngdom of, begins on the lower Rhine , ; the 880 e archy, divided between Louis and Carloman in ; invad

13 . England, 77 F E 140 HANDBO O K O DAT S .

4 8 . . 2 1 13 Frenchtown , battle of, Jan ,

1376 . Froissart lived , 4 3 1 . Frumentius propagates the Gospel in Ethiopia,

O 1 81 1 . Fuentes de noro, battle of,

1728 . Furnaces , four iron, running in America in

G . ’ t 27 1862 . Gaines Mill, ba tle of, June

A . D . 69 . Galba put to death ,

1 63 . Galen , physician , lived,

a 268 . Gallienus killed at Mil n ,

168 . . m Gallus , C Sulpicius , tribune and first Ro an astronomer, 8 7 . Gallus , Photius , first Latin rhetorician ,

354 A . D . . Gallus put to death by Constantius ,

m 1 633 . Galileo condemned by the inquisition at Ro e ,

in 4 Galileo first applied the pendul um to clocks 1 6 9 . l 88 A . S 1 0 Garfield, James , e ected president of the United tates ;

assassinated by Guiteau in 1 881 .

1 349 . Garter, order of, instituted in England,

1 865. Gastein , convention of, in 1 5 . Gaul becomes a Roman province,

a 367 m u Gauls , defe ted by Camillus , a large ar y nder Bren

n u s 278 , defeated near the temple of Delphi, they revolt, 2 32 225 enter Italy and are defeated, ; the Trans

183 . Alpine Gauls march into Italy,

G az aeu s 495 . , Timotheus , lived ,

1 545 . Gesner, Conrad, lived,

a . 51 . Get e ravage Macedonia, Thessaly, etc , 6 — u 1 3 1 863 . Gettysburg, battle of, J ly , u 13 Gela, city of, in Sicily, fo nded about 7 O f 2369 Genesis , first book the Bible, covers a period of years . - Genghis kan begins to reign,

Genseric becomes master of Carthage, and commences the king 43 9 . dom of the Vandals in Africa,

St . E 1096 . George , , becomes patron saint of ngland,

I . En 1 14 George , elector of Hanover, ascends the throne of gland, 7 ; 1 2 died, 7 7 .

‘ H O OF E 142 ANDB OK DAT S .

e M aes ia 251 Goths def at the Romans at , , and make them tributary, 252 s 267 ; they are defeated by the Roman , ; defeated by 269 Claudius , ; expelled by the Huns , settle in Thrace, 376 ; ZEtiu s 437 539 defeated by in ; take the city of Milan , ; defeat 542 m the Romans on the Po , ; they seize Tuscany, Ca pania, 546 etc . , take Rome and pillage it, . ’

1 600 . Gowrie s conspiracy,

1402 . Gower, John , died, 133 Gracchus , Tiberius, put to death,

n 1765 1 81 1 . Grahame, James , bor , ; died,

2 81 . . 7 1 0 Granada seized by the French, Jan , -in- S . f . O Grant, U , appointed commander chief the army of the

12 1 864 n United States, March , ; elected president of the U ited 1 869 r e— 8 2 States in elected president of the United States in 1 7 .

383 . Gratian , the emperor, defeated and killed,

18 1 8 0 . . 7 Gravelotte, battle of, Aug ,

171 6 1771 . Gray, Thomas , born, ; died, 1050 Greek, church separates from the Latin , ; empire terminated 4 1 53 . ‘ re 196 Greece, decla d free , becomes a Roman province, 8 2 146 1 2 . ; independence of, in 4 1 0 0 . Greeks ravage Bohemia,

Green land said to have been discovered by a Venetian in 1378 .

241 . Gregory, Thaumaturgus , lived,

572 . Gregory of Tours lived,

730 . Gregory, pope , excommunicates the emperor, 10 1 553 Grey, Lady Jane , proclaimed queen of England , July , ;

19 . 12 1 554 . relinquished the title , July ; executed, Feb ,

n . 2 9 1 862 . Groveto , battle of, Aug ,

Guadaloupe surrendered tO the English in 1759 .

u Guelph and Ghibelline , these names first sed after the battle

O f 1 140 h 1 141 . Weinsberg, ; t eir factions prevail,

u 1 5 1781 . Guilford Co rt House , battle of, March , 1058 Guiscard drives the Saracens out of Sicily, .

1 588 . Guise , duke of, assassinated in France ,

1787 1 874 . Guizot born , ; died , m 1330 fi Gunpowder, invented by a onk of Cologne in ; rst used at 1342 the siege of Algiers in . H F E ANDBO O K O DAT S . 143

‘

ir . S ov 5 1 605 . Gunpowder plot of Guy Fawkes , N , 4 out 1 50 . Gutenburg, first man to use metal types in

H .

bak u k 733 H ab the prophet lived, 2 1 6 Habeas Corpus Act passed May 7 79 suspended in 1794 .

528 3 0 . H aggai the prophet lived,

H 169 1 1 1717 . ague, congress at The, m , t iple alliance of, in

H M t 1 676 . ale , Sir at hew, died, 8 R 1764 1 31 . Hall, obert, born, ; died, A e 8 H mi ur 1 04 . a lton , lexander, killed in a du l with Aaron B r in H 23 annibal, with his father Hamilcar, invades Spain , 7 ;

h e 2 1 8 13 . ? 0 203 . crosses the Alps , 7 is recalled, H 172 5 anover, treaty of, ; State of, separated from Great Britain in 8 1 837 annexed to Prussia in 1 66 .

a n d Harold, king of Denmark , becomes a Christian is dethroned,

826 . ’

H . 1 5 1 862 . arper s Ferry, surrender of, Sept ,

H H . ur arrison , William inaug ated president of the United States , 84 4 84 1 1 1 1 . ; died, April , 4 84 H . 1 1 1 . artford convention held, Dec , H 1 638 arvard College founded in .

14 . H t O ct . 1 066 as ings , battle of, ,

H a n O f 1772 stings , Warre , made governor Bengal in ; trial of, in 8 1 78 ; he is acquitted in 1795 . H E 1 800 atfield attempts to kill the king of ngland in . H 2 8 8 . 1 61 atteras , Fort, capture of, Aug , . E Havanna surrenders to the nglish in 1762 . H h 1747 . awke, Admiral, defeats the Frenc fleet in it 77

H . B . r 8 ayes , R , inaugu ated president of the United States in 1 76 . H i 839 azael, k ng of Assyria, desolates Judah , H 1 8 8 77 1 30 . azlitt, William, born , ; died, Hegira begin s by the flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina in

622 . H eidelberg taken by the emperor, and the library sent to Rome , 2 1 6 2 .

H e 12 3 el n of Troy dishonored by Theseus , 1 Helidor u s 39 8 lived, . H F 144 ANDBOO K O DATES .

in an d Helvetian Confederation dissolved Switzerland, a republic founded in 1 798

' Helvoets lu s O f . y , naval battle , Edward III defeats the French in

1340 .

H en in s f 1429 . g , battle o , f m 1 2 H O 00 . enry III emperor, takes the title king of the Ro ans,

IV . 10 7 his Henry of Germany submits to the pope, 7 ; retracts

1078 1 R m 1081 the submission, ; lays S ege to o e, ; takes city, 1083 ; has a conflict with Hildebrand about the right of in

ur 1085 1096 ur his s on and vestit e, ; takes Naples, ; capt ed by

1 106 . deposed,

. s 1 196 s e s Henry VI takes posses ion of Naples and Sicily, ; nd an

1 19 . army to Palestine, 7

He nry II . died from the efie cts O f a wound received a t a tourna

1 559 . ment,

m . 2 1 589 . Henry III . of France assas sinated by Jacques Cle ent, Aug ,

. n R a vaillac 1 610 . Henry IV of France assassi ated by ,

H . 6 1 862 . enry, Fort, capture of, Feb ,

H 300 475 . engest treacherously kills British nobles,

Heptarchy established in England in 449 .

H e a 221 . raclid e at Sparta extinct,

H u 506 . eraclit s the philosopher lived, 4 622 6 1 . Heraclius defeats the Persians , ; dies,

u A . D . 9 . Herculaneum burned by an er ption of Vesuvius, 7

H ei O 1222 cules celebrates the lympic games ,

a O f B . 0 . 415 . Herm e, mutilation , at Athens,

in e s 445 B . Herodotus reads his history the council at Ath n , 0 . he 4 48 B . 0 . was born ,

Hier on mn s Of s v 254 y Rhodes , the philo opher, li ed ,

514 . Hipparchus assassinated,

H h e O s ipparc us the astronom r begins his bservation at Rhode , 8 162 mn 1 5 . ; he observes the autu al equinox , 460 357 e a Hippocrates , born , died, stablished school

of medicine at Cos . 4 1 6 8 . Hobbs , Thomas , lived , h H oc stet 04 . , , , 17 . or Blenheim battle of 1 8 19 00 . Hochstadt, battle of, June ,

1746 . Hogarth , William, the artist, lived,

146 HAND BOO K OF DATES .

'

n n en ded Se t . India Company, East, gover me t of, , p 327 India, invaded by Alexander, Porus, king of, solicits an

20 . alliance with Augustus ,

Indiana admitted to the Union in 1 81 6 .

312 . Indictions begin ,

nk a n O f ov. 5 . 1 854. I erm n , battle , N 12 4 0 e in 482 . Inquisition, established in ; court of, erected at Sevill 1 n e em I scriptions and Belles L ttres, Royal Acad y of, established at

1 663 . Paris ,

' Interest on money in England fixed at five per cent in 1714.

Ionian Isles ceded to Greece in 1 864 . 1788 a Iowa, State of, settled, ; admitted to the Union as a St te in

1 846 .

301 . Ipsus , battle of, Antigonus defeated,

I s lan te 1 82 1 . p y , revolt of,

1 877 . Iquique , in Peru , destroyed by an earthquake , in k o e . Of 1172 Ireland, ta en p ssession of by H nry II England , ;

vaded by the Scots in 1 31 5.

a St . 1 82 . Iren eus , , lived,

ed 802 . Irene, empress, deposed and banish , I e 1406 t s in ron , first found in Cret on Mount Ida, firs ca t

England about 1 544 .

1783 1859 . Irving, Washington, born , ; died, 1 896 Isaac born ,

I s aeu s 380 . of Chalcis , an Athenian orator, 8 l O . 10 1 862 . Is and N captured April ,

. 1 843 aet . 13 Isabella II , declared to be of age by the Cortes, , ; mar

ried to Francisco in 1 846 .

. 333 Issus, second battle of, gained by Alexander, Nov

1 32 6 582 . Isthmian games , first introduced , restored , 1 8 1 861 Italian parliament, first assembly of the , held,Feb . , .

' O f 476 kin dom of 1814. Italy, kingdom , begins , ; g , dissolved,

d 1 822 . Iturbide eclared emperor of Mexico ,

8 2 . a k a . 19 1 6 , battle of, Sept ,

O f 1 590 . Ivry, battle ,

J .

Jackson , Andrew, inaugurated president of the United States in 1829 b 8 1 33 . ; second term as president egins, HAN DBO O K OF DATES . 14 7

1836 1 689 Jacob born , and died, ; he journeys to Haran ,

1759 .

amblich u s 342 . J lived,

E n 1688. James II . fled from ngla d,

44. a St . A . D . J mes , , put to death ,

Jan iz ar ies established among the Tur ks in 1362 . n th e i Ja us , temple of, shut first t me after Numa, and universal 235 29 peace, ; again in

a 370 . Jason of Pher e assassinated, ’ 1794 n 1 95. Jay s treaty with Great Britain , ratified by Co gress, 7

k 8: C O . 1 873 . Jay Coo , bank of, failed, f o Je ferson, Th mas , inaugurat\ed president of the United States in

1 801 .

effr e s z a n d 320 1 685. J y held the bloody Assi es , hanged persons in

fr 1773 1 850 . Jef ey, Francis , born in ; died,

m n t ; n eh oiachi o 597 . J , ki g of Judah , carried captive Babylo ,

e Of O ct . 14 1 806 . Jena, battl , ,

th e 627 . Jeremiah , prophet,

387 . St . Jerome , , lived, 1048 r e Jerusalem, taken from the Jebusites by David , ; wall i 445 A built by Nehem ah, ; taken by ntiochus and the

tem le 170 p plundered , ; castle of, taken by Simon, the i S r ia n s er vit ude high priest, who delivers Judea from y , 42 63 d A 1 ; taken by Pompey, occupie by ntigonus , as

e -b n 40 n 37 sist d y the Parthia s , ; take by Sozius , ;

1 . 9 A D . 70 temple of, rebuilt by Herod, taken by Titus , ;

. O f E temple of, plundered by the caliph gypt, who ravages 1023 1065 Palestine, ; taken by the Turks from the Saracens , 27 1099 df captured by the Christian army, June , , and Go rey

elected king .

J es de ir d 632 . g , era of, commences a 1535 Jesuits, society of, formed by Ignatius Loyol in ; expelled from France in 1594 ; expelled from Switzerland in 1 847 ; ex

pell ed from the German empire in 1 872 . 320 Jews , carried captive into Egypt, banished from

19 A . D . wa r s 1 31 135 m Rome , ; Jewish begin , ; ends , , and al ost

all the Jews banished . They revolt in Antioch and massacre 609 61 6 Christians, ; are banished from Spain and France, ; F 1 48 HANDBOO K O DATES .

66 A . D . m war begins , ; urdered by the Crusaders in a 109 6 r E 1290 Germ ny, ; banished f om ngland, ; banished from

1306 . France , M 1 a 30 431 . Joan of Arc burned at Rouen , y ,\

St . O f 1099 1 4 John, , Knights , instituted , ; order of, abolished, 5 0 .

737 . John of Damascus lived,

27 A . D . John Baptist begins his ministry, v 596 . John of Constantinople assumes title of uni ersal bishop, t 1868 Johnson, Andrew, impeachment, trial, and acquit al of, in ;

1 808 1875 . born, ; died,

1709 17 4. Johnson, Dr . Samuel, born, ; died, 8 1 99 1 689 n 7 3 . 1 2 8 . Joseph born , ; dies , ; sold i to Egypt, 0 7

. D . 3 1 A 7 . . A D 6 . Josephus , historian , bo n , ; taken by Vespasian , 7

h N . h Ph a1 eeh o B . a o 0 608 . Josiah , king of Juda , slain by ,

a 1 63 t Jud ea begins to be governed by the Maccabees , ; An i

48 B . 0 . n pater, procurator of, governed by Herod, u der the 40 v r an d 39 Romans , who reco er Sy ia Palestine , 8 Judicature Act passed in the United States in 1 73 .

u ur thin e 1 1 1 J g war begins continues five years . u s ix e 357 J lian defeated G rman kings at Strasburg, ; endeavors to, e m 363 rebuild the t mple of Jerusale , , and dies in an expedi

tion into Persia . n Julian calendar reformed by Pope Gregory i 1 582 . 1 6 529 Justinian code of, published , April , ; his digest published , 56 . 30 533 5 n m Dec , ; he dies , ; Pandect found i the ru s of

m lfi 1 13 . A a , 7

Chos r oes 576 5 8 Justin , the emperor, defeats , ; he dies , 7 .

uven al 9 5 A . D . J lived,

- Kan 1 854 . sas Nebraska bill,

f . O 1 6 1813 . Katzbach, battle , Aug , 1 92 Kentucky admitted to the Union as a State , 7 ; joins 1 8 . 9 61 federate States , Dec , . m d m b e s 455 . Kent, king o of, g ,

. 2 1 8 62 . Kettle Run, battle of, Aug 7,

Ma 23 179 8 . Kilcullen , battle of, y ,

’ ’ lu mbia c lle e Co o 1 54. King s (now ) g founded, 7

HANDBO OK O F DATES .

n 6 1646 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, bor , July , ; died, Nov .

O ct . 16 1813 . Leipsic , battle of, ,

Leon tiu s 697 . deposed ,

4 4. L ee . a n d . 7 I II die ,

1 571 . Lepanto, battle of, and 36 Lepidus degraded from the triumvirate banished , 1 66 1747 Le Sage, Alain , born, 8 ; died ,

172 9 1781 . Lessing, born, ; died, a Leuctra, battle of, Epaminondas defeats the Laced emonians ,

371 . 2 l 1 64 . Lewes , batt e of,

. 1 802 18 . Lewis , Rev Tyler, born , ; died , 77

19 1775. Lexington , battle of, April ,

S . 20 1 861 . Lexington, battle of, ept , r r c 167 Lib a y, first ere ted at Rome,

C ar th a en ian s 238 . Libyan war ended by the g ,

d 367 . Licinian law passe ,

aii d 324. Licinius defeated banished, 179 1876 Lick, James , born , 6 ; died,

e 1746 . Lima destroy d by an earthquake , 1691 h Ir Limerick, surrender of, , which finis es the war in eland. 1 860 Lincoln, Abraham, elected president of the United States , ; - 4 . 8 1 86 14 r e 1865. elected, Nov , ; assassinated by Booth , April ,

O f 1217 . Lincoln, battle , n f 1290 1431 Lisbon , u iversity o , founded, ; great earthquake at, ;

1755. destroyed by an earthquake ,

O f 20 1 866 . Lissa, naval battle , July ,

2 5 B . 0 . Livius , Titus, lived ,

. in f 1873 bo 1813 . Livingston, Dr , died Central A rica, ; rn,

to 1 561 . Livonia ceded Poland,

1795. Loano, battle of,

1704 1 632 . Locke , John, died, ; born ,

1 831 . Locomotive engine first made ,

1 614. Logarithms invented by Baron Napier of Scotland, 379 Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals, ; . 389 first kings of, elected in Pannonia, ; found a kingdom in I 568 595 e 602 taly, ; they ravage Italy, ; d feat the Romans , ; H F E ANDBO O K O DAT S . 1 5 1

644 c their laws systematized, ; redu ed by intestine wars , and

v e 704. the first pro ince given to the pop ,

5 A D . 0 r . 2 London , built by the Romans about g eat fire of, Sept ,

1 666 1 840 . ; treaty of, signed by Russia,

261 . Longinus , lived,

1 640 . Long Parliament,

n O f . 2 1776 . Lo g Island, battle , Aug 7, e r L euis . n I (Le D bonnaire) divided his empi e among his sons ; bor ,

8 840 . 77 ; died, 1223 Louis VIII. franchised all the slaves in France,

. 171 5. Loui s XIV died,

. th e . 4 1790 Louis XVI accepts revolution, Feb , ; assents to the

Con s tituti n Se t . 1 5 1791 . 21 1793 . National o L p , ; executed, Jan ,

xvn . i fies . Louis d es in prison ,

u i . 1 824. L O s XVIII died,

u r 1745 u 1758. Lo isburg, captu e of, ; capt red by the English,

I . O 1830 . Louis Philippe , duke of rleans, becomes king of France, a 1 803 Louisian , purchased from the French by the United States , ;

dm 1 812 . a itted to the Union, 24 Louis Philippe abdicates , Feb . ,

. 26 1861 . Louisiana, State of, secedes from the Union, Jan ,

L oth ar iu s to 855. retires a monastery and dies,

1 556 . Loyola died,

135. Lucian born, about

62 A . D . Lucan lived, fir R m n s o a 1 16 . Lucilius , t satirist , lived,

a 69 . Lucullus defeats Mithrid tes and Tigranes , u 456 L di seculares celebrated for the first time at Rome, ’ 18 ul 25 14 . Lundy s Lane, battle of, J y ,

1 801 . Luneville , treaty of, 1300 Lupercalia instituted, “ " 1485 1546 u ul Of Luther, Martin,born, ; died, ; b rned the b l pope 1 2 X . . 1 1 5 0 . Leo , Dec ,

N . 16 163 OV 2 . Lutzen , battle of, , ur - 926 Lyc gus, the Spartan law giver, born , f O 797 550 . Lydia, kingdom , begins, ended, 590 ix s . Lydian war begins, , and continues years

n 1245 . Lyons, general council of, for reviewi g the crusaders, 1 52 HANDBO O K OF DATES .

a at JE os otamos Lysander tot lly defeats the Athenian fleet g p , 405 404 ; takes Athens , 412 Lysias, the orator, lived ,

t 1 805 1 873 . Ly ton, Lord, born, ; died,

M . 1 8 . . 00 . 2 8 1859 . Macaulay, Lord T B , born, ; died, Dec ,

814 B . 0 . L s ima Macedon, kingdom of, begins , about taken by y

286 B . Andr is cu s i eten der chus, and Pyrrhus expelled , , the p r

B . 0 . 1 52 . assumes the tyranny of,

n b D emetr iu s 294. Macedo ia conquered y , r 200 171 Macedonian wa s, first, begins , second begins ,

17 1 812 . Mackinaw, surrender of, June ,

M acM ah on 1 873 . , Marshal , elected president of France,

403 . Macrobius lived, 4 134 . Madeira Islands discovered, 1809 Madison, James, inaugurated president of the United States, ;

e 1 813 . second term b gins, 1 52 6 a w Madrid, treaty of, ; tre ty of, bet een Great Britain and

1 670 1750 . Sp ain, ; commercial treaty of,

1748. Maestricht taken by the French , 4 1 8 59 . Magenta, battle of, June , 4 e 50 . Magi prevailed at Rom , C 15 12 5 Magna harta Signed by King John, June , 1 ; confirmed,

1251 .

i th e the 1166 . Ma monides of Corduba, most learned of Jews , lived,

i 1 820 . Maine adm tted to the Union as a State ,

n 436 . Malachi, the prophet, delivered his predictio s ,

f 1 855 . Malakof tower captured by the French, l 4 3 9 . Ma chus the sophist lived, 8 l 1 1 62 . Malvern Hi l, battle of, July ,

M 1 81 1 . amelukes , massacre of,

2 61 . Manetho, the Egyptian historian, lived,

a 443 . Manich ean books burned at Rome ,

1 762 . Manilla taken by the English , 677 Manasseh , king of Judah, taken prisoner to Babylon , 41 8 385 Mantinea, battle of, city of, destroyed , in l 363 Mant ea, battle of, Epaminondas ki led,

H O O F E ANDB O K DAT S .

e e 7 24 671 Mess nian, the first, war nded, second, third, 460 b 1 33 . Methuselah, orn about 7 and died set 969 i 432 Meton c cycle begins ,

M etr odor u s 1 1 , philosopher and painter, lived, 7 b 8 4 n r d 1 6 . Mexica empi e esta lishe , th 4 e 1 8 5 . Mexican war with United States ,

1 82 1 n o 1 82 . Mexic becomes independent; ; Federal constitutio , 3 li 754 Micah, the prophet, ved,

St . u 1469 . Michael, , order of, instit ted, 1 8 3 . Michigan admitted to the Union, 7

1 67 . Micrometer invented by Kirch, 7 1 8 n 00 . Middlebury College ope ed, n 539 d Mila taken by the Goths, ; estroyed by the Fred

1 1 62 . eric,

. 17 1 807 . Milan, decree, published, Dec , 494 Miletus captured,

a b 1 806 1 8 3 . Mill, John Stu rt, orn, ; died, 7 — f . 1 8 1 8 o 9 1 62 . Mill Springs, battle , Jan , J 1 607 1 674 Milton, ohn , born, died, .

d e n 17 8 . Min en reduc d by Prince Ferdi and, 5

M n 1 858 . i nesota admitted to the Union ,

M nic d 1 852 . rifle intro uced,

1 0 . . 7 8 Minorca taken by Gen Stanhope,

‘ Min e s 1406 gives laws to the Cretans ,

2 1791 . Mirabeau died, April , i “ 1 81 S r M ssissippi admitted to the Union, 7 ; tate of, secedes f om 8 . 9 1 61 . the Union , Jan , 8 Mis s olou hi 1 26 . g taken by the Turks , 1 820 mi Act Missouri Compromise Act, accepts Comp ro se and is 1 821 admitted to the Union , 3 i d 6 . M thri ates kills himself,

89 26 . Mithridatic war begins, and continues years ’ M Leod u 1 841 difficulty occ rred,

5 1 864 . Mobile , naval battle of, Aug . ,

in 18 3 . Modoc war the United States began, 7

e . 17 1 673 . Moli re died, Feb

21 1 809 . 8 Molinos De Rey, battle of, Dec . , ; second battle of, Sept ,

1847 . F E HANDBOO K O DAT S . 155

' itz 1741 M olw , battle of,

1 861 . Monaco pur chased by the French ,

E n 0 . Monasteries inthe ast dissolved by Constanti e, 77

M on contour b attle Of 1 569 . , _ ,

M n dovi 22 1796 . O , battle of, April , 580 Money, first coined at Rome, ; first coined by the Arabians,

695 .

- 9 1 862 . Monitor, ironclad, defeats the Merrimac, March ,

n 28 1778 . Monmouth, battle of, Ju e ,

n e l e u 15 Mo mouth, Duke of, reb l ion of the ; he was behead d, J ly ,

1 685 .

s Su ah 1764. Mo nroe defeat j Dowlah at Buxar, i nau ur ated r esident t s 1817 Monroe , James , g p of the United Sta e , ;

1 82 1 . second term begins ,

20 1859 . Montebello, battle of, May ,

9 1 800 . Montebello, battle of, June ,

1 2 1796 . Montenotte , battle of, April ,

. 24 1 846 . Monterey taken , Sept ,

n 1 861 . Montgomery Conventio held,

M ntin ic o 1 6 . o almost destroyed by an earthquake , 7 7

M a t 1760 . ontre l, ci y of, the English become master of,

n n 18 5. Moody and Sankey revivals in the U ited States begi , 7

e 1780 1 852 . Mo re , Thomas , born, ; died,

Th r as mon d iof 522 Moors , defeat and kill , king the Vandals , ; de in 540 n in feat the Romans Africa, ; persecute the Christia s Spam, 852 920 ar e ; defeat the Christians in Spain , ; defeated by the r 923 1333 x Ch istians , ; gain possession of Gibraltar, ; e pelled

149 2 1 568. fr om Grenada, ; revolt in Spain, bd e ur 1715 . Morea su u d by the T ks , m 185 . Mor ons , trouble with , begins , 7 E 12 Mortmain Act passed in ngland, 79 -1156 14 Moscow, city of, founded, ; burned by the Russians, Sept . ,

1 812 .

1 571 . Moses born, l . . 1322 . Mu dorf, battle of, Louis V takes Frederick III prisoner, s 2 1 8 8 00 0 . Murat enters Madrid and mas acres French, 1 8 . 1 63 . Murfreesboro, battle of, Jan ,

ur s Bothwellh au h 1 5 0 . M ray, regent, a sassinated by g , 7 F 1 56 HANDBOO K O DATES .

E o of i 2 17 2 . Muscovy, Czar of, assumes the title of mper r Russ a,

1753 . Museum , British , established ,

M y c ale t 479 . , ba tle of,

a Of n 1344 1 104 Mycen e, kingdom , begi s , about ends ,

an m 1 800 . Mysore ceded to Engl d by Niza ,

O f 428 Mytilene , revolution ,

N .

abon a s s ar 747 N , the era of, begins ,

O f 27 1 866 . Nachos , battle , June , 14 a 77 . N ncy, battle of, 13 1598 O ct . 22 1686 . Nantes , edict of, April , ; revoked, ,

n t 942 s f Naples , ki gdom of, taken by eas ern emperors , Univer ity O , 1230 1 0 founded, ; seized by the emperors , 7 7 ; annexed to Sar

1 860 . dinia,

I . 1796 1798 Napoleon , campaign of, in Italy, ; invades Egypt, ;

. 1 3 1799 i 1 802 elected first consul, Dec , ; made consul for l fe, ; m 1 8 1 8 4 e 0 . proclaim d e peror, May , ; crowned by the pope, Dec 2 26 1 805 a 1 814 t ; crowned king of Italy, May , ; abdic tes , ; sen

8 8 . . . 1 1 5 . 1 821 to St Helena, Aug , ; died in exile at St Helena, 6 1 840 Napoleon, Louis , attempts to take Boulogne , Aug . , ; fails , 4 1 8 6 . and is imprisoned ; escapes from Ham, 8 1 53 . Narvaez exiled from Spain , — 1 8 4 . 1 5 6 1 6 . Nashville , battle of, Dec ,

a s ica N , Scipio, invented the measure of time by water, at Rome,

1 59 .

13 1 862 . Natchez surrendered, May ,

O f 1 827 . Navarino , battle , 828 1513 Navarre, kingdom of, founded, ; battle of, ; united to

1 620 . France ,

axe s 376 . N , battle of, 1 866 Nebraska admitted to the Union , . 4 1 5 5 . Needles first made in England,

eer win den O f 1793 . N , battle ,

456 . Nehemiah the prophet,

emaean 568 . N games restored ,

a 344. Neoc esarea destroyed by an earthquake, 49 Nepos, Cornelius , lived,

F AT 158 HANDBO OK O D ES .

893 ; establish themse lves in France u n der Rollo,912 ; invade

E 9 90 a ' 01 8 r ngland , ; first enter Italym body, 1 conque 1 1 031 . o r 0 053 ; Apulia, ; take Leo IX pris ne in Naples ,

‘ n r w u th e North German Confederatio fo med, ith Pr ssia at e h ad,

1 866 .

r th u mber lan d d I da 547 . No , fifth Saxon kingdom, founde by , 8 Northwestern boundary fixed at 1 46 .

1036 . Norway, kingdom of, begins ,

ou r a din 1 154 d a s R . 11 63 . N takes Damascus , ; efe t aymond II ,

Novatian heresy propagated,

1749 . Nova Scotia peopled, “

P 1 1781 . Novo orto , battle of, July ,

O f 151 6 . Noyon, treaty , 4 u man tian s 1 1 . N war begins , and last eight years , 679 Numa Pompilius, the second Roman king,

u 735. Nuncio instit ted, about

O .

G r een wich built 1 76 . Observatory at , 6 ’

O ch u s E 350 . conquers gypt, ’ O C onn ell s n 1 m , Daniel, trial of, for edition, co victed, fined, and

d 1 844. prisone , O s o On the ctaviu , title of Augustus, c nferred him by a decree of r n n 10 a . se ate, imperator for ye rs Next the censo ship, the

u s t 27 trib ne hip, and las absolute exemption from law,

re A 1 ves i goes to Greece and Asia, calls grippa, g him Jul a in

his . the marriage, and the government in absence He reduces 300 18 600 senate to , ; and afterwards limits them to ,

1 3 th e f f x 8 ; assumes of ice of Ponti e Maximus , ; corrects " - J 2 A . D . 14. the calendar, banishes ulia, ; dies at Nola,

O 490 . doacer defeated by Theodoric , O es 1796 gyg begins to reign , O l 1788 hio, State of, sett ed in ; admitted to the Union in

Oldenbu r h 1 1 11 1448 . g , house of, begins to re gn Denmark in O ld T estament finished about 430 translated i nto Greek by 2 8 1 . Aquila,

O 1660 . liva, peace of, j O 1453 lympic , the first, games celebrated at Elis , “ . HAN DBOO K O F DATES . 1 59

379 R C . O lynthian war ends ,

n l 347 348 . Oly thus taken by Phi ip, or

m l 644 . O ar, caliph of the Saracens, ki led,

O e ds i 1038 . mmiades , dynasty of, n in Spa n, O pium trade prohibited by China in

O 2 13 . ppian lived,

O s 1 584 . range , William of, assa sinated in

O m and . d h range, Prince of, ade Stadtholder , J de Wit put to eat ,

O v 1747 . range , Pr ince of, made Stadtholder of the united pro inces,

O regon settled in 1 811 admitted to the Union in 1 859 . h 6 0 5 s . . O rgan first used in c urches , 6 First one sent to France, 7 7

- r iflamme a a t o 1 124 . O first used as n i nal banner, O 231 rigen lived,

O e n 1428 . rl a s, siege of, begun ,

O N ew 171 8 . rleans, , settled in

O t 554 . strogo h monarchy ended in Italy,

O 1756 . swego forts, loss of, City of, seized by the English, May

O A . D . 69 . tho kills himself,

O e o n l 9 60 O tho, makes an exp diti n agai st the Vanda s , ; and tho,

i h r n un . ce o u s J , defeats N p , and drives the Sarace s out of Italy,

969 m 9 979 . ; subdues the Bohe ians, 77 ; fights Lothaire,

O I . 1 833; tho , accession of,

O r 1298 . ttoman empi e founded , 8 O udh becomes independent in 1 19 .

O xford bounded by Alfred about 886 .

P.

u 1 8 5 . Pacific, fo ndering of steamship, 7 u 11 79 . Padua, niversity of, founded,

o 351 . Pagans , the word first applied t the heathen, m 1826. Pagha , New, battle of, which ends the Burmese war,

4 . XI . 3 Painting, Royal Academy of, founded by Louis V in 1 6 Paleologus takes Constantinople ; soon retaken by John

Manuel, 1386 . — 30 31 185 . Palestro, battle of, May , 9 a 2 3 . Palmyra taken by Aureli n, 7 H O O F E 1 60 ANDBO K DAT S.

8 1 846 . Palo Alto , battle of, May ,

Panama railroad completed in 1855.

n 504 . Pa dects published,

Pa n odor u s m of Alexandria, the onk and chronologer, lived 404.

n 427 . Pan onia recovered by the Romans, 2 7 . A D . 80 Pantheon at Rome, built, destroyed by fire, ; con

r r 607 A . D . ve ted into a chu ch,

‘ Paoli fled from Corsica in 1 769 .

r 1nven ted 170 b Pape in China, made of cotton, ecame common 1 1 10 for writing on, . ’ 1 837 . Papineaus rebellion in Canada, 51 Paris , becomes the capital of the French dominions, 0 ; con 588 e E r sumed by fire , ; treaty of, b tween ngland, F ance , and 1763 r Spain, acceded to by Portugal in ; su rendered to the — h 1814 1 831 . 14 1 5 ur r Allies , Marc ; riots in , Feb ; ins ection 23 1 848 2 5 1 848 at, on June , ; in a state of siege , June , ; revo

lu tion n E 1 870 i , and fall of the French mpire , ; siege of, began

' 1 870 cit of 1 871 in ; y , bombarded by the Germans in ; second

1 1 871 . S ege and capture of, in

t . Paris , trea y of, which declares the United States free, signed Sept 4 8 8 1 4. 3 17 3 . 7 , ; ratified by Congress , Jan ,

12 59 . Paris , Matthew, died in

n n r e r e Parliame t , summoned by Simon de Mo tfort, first regular p s en t ative 1 265 in parliament in ; a regular succession of,

129 3 12 94. England , ; established in Paris in

Parma ceded to the French in 1 800 . E 5 . B . C . 05 Parmenides of lea, the philosopher, lived,

Par r h a s iu s 41 5 , rival of Zeuxis , lived about

n . 1 880 . Parso s , Dr , murdered in Turkey in Parthenon completed under Pericles about 438 2 . . 50 . B C in A D . Parthians revolt from the Macedonians , ; again

1 . 77 u A . D . 62 ; war, which contin es three years ,

22 6. Parthia becomes tributary to Persia,

. 1 9 1 662 . Pascal died , Aug ,

t 1 552 . Passau , reaty of, ’

u St. u E 604. Pa l s , , ch rch in London , founded by thelbert,

1 8 1 . Paul I . of Russia assassinated in 0

St . t A . D . 36 ut A . D . 67 . Paul, , conver ed, ; p to death,

F E 1 62 HAND BO OK O DAT S .

u n 1703 . Petersburg fo ded,

. 8 1725 . Peter the Great died, Feb , 1 86 Petroleum discovered in Pennsylvania in 0.

. 4 A D . 0 . Petronius made governor of Syria,

a A . D . 4. Ph edrus lived ,

A r i n m e tu 568 . Phalaris , tyrant of g g , lived , Pharaoh publishes an edict for the drowning of the children of the 1 571 Israelites , n b 284 Pharos of Alexa dria uilt,

48 . B C . Pharsalia, battle of, 440 432 Phidias the sculptor flourished, ; dies , B . C . born, 490

Phidon n n 8 , ki g of Argos , inve ted scales and measures , 69

1683 . Philadelphia founded , i 58 Phili cu s 9 . pp defeats the Persians,

42 B . C . Philippi, battle of, ; Brutus and Cassius defeated .

t O him 1 11 2 Philip of Germany assassina ed, and tho succeeds 1 08 .

1301 . Philip IV . excommunicated in

. 2 359 B C . set . 3 Philip ascends the throne of Macedon , , , and died

D in r 336 B . . c t C o a es 183 . ; is defeated and killed by , e n 24 9. Philip killed one at V ro a and the other at Rome,

n 1 24 . . n s o 7 Philip V resigns his crow to his ,

100 . Philo the philosopher lived , Philopoemen obliges the Lacedaemonians to renounce the laws of 8 . 1 8 B C . . Lycurgus ,

Philostr atu s v 210 . li ed,

u 347 B . C . Phocion , the philosopher and cynic, flo rished about ; died 31 act . 85 , 7

Photoglyphic engraving in vented in 1 859 . 7 0 Phul invades the kingdom of Israel ; bribed to depart, 7 22 5 . Pictor, Fabius , the first Roman historian,

a 364 . Picts , Scots , and S xons , harass Britain , 698 b Picts in Briton enforce the Christian religion, ; extirpated y n 838 Kenneth , king of Scotla d , .

5 1 864. Piedmont, battle of, June ,

1785 1 866 . Pierpont , John, born , ; died, 522 445 Pindar, the poet , born , ; died , n 1543 Pi s first used in England about . HAND BO O K OF DATES . 1 63

r b o 67 B . 0 . Pi ates put down y P mpey,

1 339 c 1409 . Pisa, academy of, founded in ; coun il of,

n B . C . 560 . Pisistratus usurped the tyran y of Athens ,

4 . a B C . 5 9 Pisistratid e burned the temple of Apollo at Delphos , — n 6 7 1862 . Pittsburg Landi g, battle of, April ,

1759 1 806 . Pitt, William, born , ; died,

1 98 . . n 7 Pius VI , deposed by Napoleo in

r u 1 541 . Pizar o , assassinated by J an de Herrada,

t 922 . Placentia, bat le of, Rodolph defeats Berenger,

43 . . 0 B . s in 463 B . C C 2 Plague , one Rome , ; at Athens , ; again 4 6

1 81 B . . 343 B . C . C 2 B . C . 2 ; at Rome, ; at Rome , ; in Italy,

m 77 A . D . w 1 68 a great one at Ro e, ; one over the Roman orld ,

A . D . 52 ; at Rome, over the Roman empire , ; in ir 261 517 E h Roman emp e, ; one in Palestine , ; one in t iopia,

532 539 on e E ; one in Italy, ; which desolates Asia and urope, 543 e Af c 50 ; one ov r Europe, Asia, and rica, whi h continues

s 558 E 3 740 year , in ; one in urope and Asia for years , ; a

E n 1 500 u 1 664 . great one in ngland i ; the great plag e,

Plais s E 1757 . y, battle of, in the ast Indies , in Platsea 479 , where the Prussians are defeated, ; surrender of

427 B . C .

42 B . . 34 B . 9 C 7 C . Plato , born at Athens , ; and died, 240 Plays , first acted at Rome , Pleading in the English cour ts changed from French to English

in 1362 .

a 336 . Plebeian , admitted to the pr etorship at Rome , 23 n A . . 1 10 A . D . Pli y, the historian, born, D ; died, about ; proconsul 1 2 hi A . D . 0 s in Bithynia, ; sends Trajan famous letter about

102 A . D . the Christians,

254. Plotinus lived,

0 . D 5 A . Plutarch born about ; historian .

n 1 2 . s . 2 1 6 1 Plymouth colonists la d at Plymouth , Mas , Dec , Poictier s , battle of, Alaric defeated and killed by Clovis in 507 . Poictier s n , battle of, French defeated, and Ki g John taken prisoner

in 1356 .

550 1 Poland , State of, formed by Leck , ; first prince of, elected 698 1772 1 793 ; first partition of, in ; second partition of, in ; 1795 1 830 final partition of, in ; insurrections in, suppressed, ; F E 1 64 HANDBO O K O DAT S .

1 861 insurrection in, begins , ; disappears from the map of the

Russian Empire in 1868 .

Polemoscope invented by Hevelius in 1 637 .

u 1 64 . Polybi s, of Megalopolis , historian, 2 St . 13 . Polycarp, , lived, 232 Polycletus, sculptor, lived about b 1 51 5 . Polyglot Bi le , first one printed in

l r ch on P e . o B . 32 . yp proclaims liberty to all Greek cities , C 0

9 A . D . Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius , 7

6 B . C . . 7 63 B . Pompey puts down the pirates , ; takes Jerusalem, C ;

1 3 B . s ea 7 . gains the empi e of the , C

1 11 1 61 Pondicherry taken 7 surrenders to the English m 1778 .

Pon iatow sk 1 64 . y, Count Stanislaus , elected king of Poland in 7

503 declai ed Pope resists the legal magistrates , ; war against him 753 by the kings of the Lombards , ; temporal power of, begins , 5 o 1 377 75 ; seat of, transferred from Avignon to R me in ; the schism of double popes in 1 378

A n 1744 b 1 688 . Pope lexa der, died , ; orn , 8 Popish plot in 1 67 .

r 1 1 863 . Po t Gibson , capture of, May ,

ur 8 1 863 . Port Hudson , s render of, July ,

n 1 774 . Port Bill, Bosto ,

N ov. 7 1 861 . Port Royal , capture of, , ’ 1494 . Poyning s act passes in Ireland , 14 Pragmatic sanction settled in France in 39 .

u 1 348 Prague, university of, fo nded in , the first in Germany ; city 44 17 1757 . of, taken by the king of Prussia, ; battle of,

364 B . 2 C . 80 B . . Praxiteles , of Colophon , painter, born, ; died, C 8 2 1 05 . . 6 Presburg, treaty of, Dec ,

- 171 5. Preston pans , battle of,

Pretender lands near Aberdeen in 1715.

1757 . Princeton College founded,

. 3 1777 . Princeton, battle of, Jan ,

n n in 1440 . Printi g, art of, invented at Me tz ’

u 277 li ut h 282 . Probus expedition into Ga l , f e is p to deat , Proclus burned the fleet of V ita lian us with a brass mirror at Con

s tantin ople in 514 . 398 Prodigies , many at Rome ,

H F ANDBO O K O DATES .

1793 . Quesnoy, battle of,

u 387 . Quinq ennales celebrated by Arcadius ,

Quintilian lived, 89 A . D .

1 55. Quito , in Peru, destroyed by an earthquake in 7

5 179 6 . Radstadt, battle of, July ,

l W . 8 Rai roads , opening of the Atlantic and Great estern, Nov 1 1 863 .

1 61 8 . Raleigh , Sir Walter, beheaded,

1 1 1824 . Rangoon taken, May ,

1 520 . Raphael died, e of B Ratisbon diet of Frederic receives the titl of King ohemia,

1 1 58 .

1 512 . Ravenna, battle of, i Reformation begun in Germany by Luther n 1 517 . 31 1793 28 Reign of Terror in France began, May , ; ended, July ,

1794 . E 1778 . 26 848. Relief Bill passed in ngland in ; proclaimed , Feb , 1 21 . 1 92 . Republic , French, declared, Sept , 7

1 5 1 864. Resaca, battle of, May ,

E E h lfr i t e d 6 1 . Retford, battle of, dwin kills , 7

o Retreat of The Ten Thousand Greeks ; origin f the Anabasis, 401

1789 in 1 30 2 Revolution, French , begins ; second begins 8 , July 7

1793 . Rhenish provinces revolt,

u l 1806 . Rhine, confederation of, ratified at Paris , J y.

h t i 1 31 . b . w o n 0 Rhodes taken y the Knights of St John, settled here

O ct . 1779 . Rhode Island evacuated by the British in , th e Rich ard I . (C oeur de Lion) made prisoner by Duke of Austria 1 192 is 1 1 94 l in ; ransomed, ; and mortal y wounded at the siege

z 1 1 of Ch alu in 99 . 148 Richard III . killed at the battle of Bosworth Field in 5 .

n 3 1 865 . Richmond take by the Union forces , April , 4 8 1 1 6 . Rich Mountain , battle of, July ,

O ct . 1 6 1555 . Ridley put to death with Latimer, ,

1 823 . Riego executed,

1 689 . Rights , Bill of, passed in

River and Harbor Bill passed by U . S . Congress over the Presi ’ 2 dent s veto in 188 . B E HAN D O O K or DAT S . 1 6 7

. 8 1862 . Roanoke Island, capture of, Feb , 25 1 93 Robespierre becomes dictator of France, March , 7 ; becomes 1794 7 president of the French rep ublic , ; deposed , June , 1794 70 , and executed with others, which ends the reign of

terror .

E 1371 . Rochelle , battle of, French defeat the nglish fleet,

i 1127 . Roger, Duke of Sic ly, made king, and wars with the Pope,

. 8 1793 . Roland, Madame, execution of, Nov ,

752 753 B . C . n Rome, city of, built by Romulus and Remus , or ; take r 389 390 n by the Gauls and bu ned, to ; first plebeian amo g

R C . 367 ts the consuls, ; the city at the height of i glory about e n d 4 1 9 B . C . ; tak n a plundered by Alaric in 10 ; taken by

455 a n 546 Genseric , ; taken d pillaged by Totila, ; evacuated

. 1 1 1 866 by the French , Dec , ; captured by the Italian army, 2 1 8 . 0 0 7 8 0 . Sept , ; annexed to Italy and made the capital, 1 7

a 103 r e Roman people obtain the power of electing pr etors , ;

uil 69 . b d the capitol , 194 Romans subdue Sparta and Hither Spain , ; agree to pay

222 the annual tribute to the Goths , ; make peace with Per 245 i 426 sians , ; leave Brita n , . Roman Empire divided into the Eastern and Western Empire in

364. m Ro anus succeeds Constantine as emperor of the East in 1028 .

Roses , war of, between the houses of York and Lancaster, begins

in 1448 . 1 303 Roslin , battle of,

Rotterdam built about 56 A . D . Rouen and Falaise were the first towns erected into corporations

120 . in Normandy, 7

v . 4 1796. Ro eredo , battle of , Sept , i 1 861 . Rub dium, discovery of, occurred in h 1683 . Russel, Lord , be eaded, s 1741 n 1 62 Ru sia, a revolution in, ; a other in 7 ; trial by jury 1 862 granted in ; freedom of the serfs in 1 863 . 4 10 3 . Russians fr om Scythia land in Thrace,

1 683 . Rye House plot,

. 20 1 69 . Ryswick , treaty of, Sept , 7 H O O OF 1 68 ANDB K DATES .

n 50 Sabi e women dishonored by the Romans , 7 b 506 Sa ines and Romans war,

2 1866 . Sadowa, battle of, July ,

B . C . 2 1 9 . Saguntum destroyed by Hannibal, 1 177 1 1 9 Saladin defeated by Baldwin, ; defeats the Crusaders , 7 ; 1 1 82 1 1 87 takes Damascus, ; takes Jerusalem , ; imposes a tax ,

1 1 88. S 1200 22 1 812 alamanca, university of, founded, ; battle of, July , . S 1 176 alamis , in Cyprus , built by Teucer,

480 . Salamis , battle of, Persians defeated by the Greeks ,

42 1 . Salic law promulgated ,

Salique law in Spain abolished in 1 82 9 . i 709 Salii, an order of priests nstituted by Numa,

Sallu s tiu s . 57 , C Crispus , the historian ,

Salmanaser, king of Assyria, carries the children of Israel into h 721 B . C . e captivity, ; besieges Tyre for about five years , but

17 B . C . is unsuccessful , ’ 721 Samaria, after three years siege, reduced,

th e 343 . Samnites war with Romans , n 8 9 6 B . Samos , on the island of the same ame , built about C . ; after ’

n n 440 . a mo th s siege surre ders to Pericles , w 1 1 1 6 Samuel , the t elfth and last judge of Israel,

b i 600 B Sappho the lyric poetess orn at Myt lene about C .

189 A . D . r Saracens defeat the Romans , ; ravage Sy ia and Phoenicia 500 an d 509 612 in ; invade Arabia Palestine , ; ravage Syria, ; E 635 63 invade gypt and Palestine , ; take Jerusalem, 7 ; take l 640 Alexandria and burn the ibrary, ; become masters of 647 648 653 Africa, take Cyprus , ; take Rhodes , ravage 669 6 1 Sicily, ; invade Syria and besiege Constantinople, 7 673 are defeated by the Greeks , ; try to land in Spain but are

675 n l defeated by Wamba, ; make peace with Constanti op e , 6 8 698 7 ; take Carthage , and expel the Romans from Africa, ; 81 701 0 fight battles in they invade the Roman territories , 7 7 71 3 conquer Spain, ; unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople, 717 h 732 ; defeated by C arles Martel, ; empire of, divided i nto three parts ; the race of Abbas becomes their caliphs ,

H F 1 7O ANDBO OK O DATES .

Sir r 1771 1 832 . Scott, Walter, bo n, ; died,

. . 1 5 1847 a 29 Scott, Gen , enters the city of Mexico, Sept , ; died, M y ,

1 866 .

Scribes and Pharisees appear about 31 B . C .

n E 8 1405. Scrope , executio of, in ngland, June ,

. 624 B . C . 59 Scythians invade Media, Lydia, etc , ; are expelled, 6

B . C . 1n va de 2 52 ; they with Persians Asia, ; ravage the Roman

260 th e 267 . empire, ; defeated by Romans ,

S 328. eat of the empire transferred from Rome to Constantinople,

Seb as t ol O ct . 1854 a t 1 85 5 . gp , siege of, began in , ; evacu ted in Sep ,

Secession, or retirement of the Roman populace to Mons Sacer.

1 8 . n . 1 70 Seda , battle of, Sept ,

1 685 . Sedgemoor, battle of,

S 312 B . C . eleucus takes Babylon, ; founds Antioch , Edessa, and

3 4 B . . 4 2 1 . L 0 C 0 9 B C . aodicea, builds new cities in Asia,

S a 65 B . C . eleucid e, reign of, ends ,

1835. Seminole war in Florida,

5 2 A . D . 65 A . D . Seneca lived about put to death,

Senegal taken by the English in1758 . Septuagint translation of the O ld Testament said to have been

2 84 B . C . 217 A . D . made about ; found in a cask,

. S Sepulveda, Jo Genesius de, restorer of learning in pain, lived,

1 548 .

r o f Serapis , mysteries and wo ship , celebrated at Rome by the

146 . emperor,

1 808 . Serfdom abolished in Prussia,

O ct . 27 1 553 . Servetus burned to death at Geneva, ,

B . 1 35 3 B . S C . 7 . ervile war begins in Sicily, ; in Rome , C

B . 534 C . . Servius Tullius , the sixth Roman king, 1 4 0 . Servius , the commentator on Virgil , lived, Ses a ck , king of Egyp t, takes Jerusalem and plunders the temple

u 3 . abo t 97 B C .

38 4 B . 7 C . Seth born ,

a 29 1862 . Seven Pines , battle of, M y , 194 in Severus besieges Byzantium , ; defeats and kills Albinus ul 19 5 200 Ga at Lyons, ; defeats Parthians , ; persecutes Chris 202 his tians , ; goes to Britain , where of troops die ;

F 209 209 . builds a wall across Britain from Frith of orth , dies , H OO OF ES ANDB K DAT . 1 71

S l 401 . Severus , u picius , the ecclesiastical historian, lived,

A . D . 99 . Severus , Julius, gover ns Britain , 2 31 1 81 . 17 9 . 0 Seville , treaty of, ; seized by the French , Jan , i 23 1 564 23 1 61 6 . Shakespeare, William , born , Apr l , died, April , ’ 1786 . Shay s rebellion in Massachusetts and New Hampshire ,

E 82 . 1 7 B C . Shepherd kings , seventeenth dynasty of, begins in gypt, 8 B . 1751 1 16 . Sheridan , R . , born, ; died, “ 1 6 86 e . . 4 Sh rman, Gen , commences his march to the sea, Nov , 1 ;

2 1 1864 . ends, Dec . ,

Shillings first coined in England in 1 505.

1403 . Shrewsbury, battle of,

Sibou r h 1 857 . , archbis op of Paris , assassinated in

e Fr n m 1282 . Sicilian vesp rs , , e \ch assacred, i t C ar th a en an s 410 B . C . 40 B . C . Sicily at acked by g , and again in 7 ; Ar 1282 seized by Peter, king of agon , ; revolts from Spain, 8 1 674 ; annexed to Sardinia in 1 60 .

Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily about 1284 B . C .

cu lu s D iodor u s B . C . 44 . Si , , historian ,

b 208 B . 8 9 C . 108 B . C . Sicyon, kingdom of, esta lished , ; ends,

O ct . 17 1 586 . Sidney, Sir Philip, died , , 8 B . C . 19 . Sidon , city of, taken by Antiochus , l Sidonians , besieged by Persians , burn their city and put themse ves

1 . B . C . 35 to death ,

ilis tr ia 1 809 . S , battle of, 1 E 55 . Silk , manufacture of, introduced into urope from India,

26 . B . C . 9 Silver first coined at Rome ,

Silver Bill passed in the United States in 1 878 . 53 B . C . 7 . Simonides of Cea flourished,

1876 . Sioux war in the United States ,

E 27 1807 . Slave trade abolished in ngland , March , Slavery abolished in the East in 1 828 ; in the English colonies in

1 834 .

1844. Smith, Joseph , Mormon prophet, shot,

Smolen s k o 1 812 . , battle of,

1 21 1 1 . . 7 77 G . Smollett, T , born , ; died, 4 1 8 t 10 0 6 8 . Smyrna des royed by an earthquake, ; again in 2 2 . B . C . 0 Social war in Greece ,

. 468 399 B . C . Alo ece B . C Socrates , born at p , ; and died, H N O O O F TE 1 72 A DB K DA S .

1 897 B . C . Sodom, city of, destroyed, 485 Soissons , where the Romans are defeated by Clovis, ; congress 28 17 . of, in

m B . C . 399 . Soldiers first paid by the Ro ans, 4 8 l 2 1 59 . So ferino, battle of, June , 2 1 01 B . . Solomon begins to build the temple, C 38 b 6 B . . Solon orn about C ; and died about 559 B . C . ’

454. B . C . Solon s laws , a copy sent for to Athens by the Romans ,

49 5 . 4 . B C . 06 B . C Sophocles, born, ; died, ; declared victor over

46 . JEs ch lu s B . C . 9 y , 2 u . 14 1 86 . So th Mountain , battle of, Sept ,

. 29 1 2 0 . South Sea Bubble burst, Sept , 7 1794 1 866 Spain invaded by the French , ; insurrection in ; revo n 1 868 lu tio in . 1 829 Spaniards expelled from Mexico, and slavery abolished in .

38 B . C . Spanish era begun, ; monarchy transferred to the house of

Bourbon in 1700 .

u i 1701 1 3 . Spanish s ccess on,war of, begins , , and continues years

a 1490 B . C . Sparta, city of, built by Laced emon, 12 Spectacles invented by a monk of Pisa in 99 .

1 599 . Spenser died,

1 52 6 1 529 . Spires, first diet of, ; second diet of,

23 1780 . Springfield, battle of, June ,

1 513 . Spurs , battle of, 1 65 7 1766 . Stamp Act passed, ; repealed in - E 1487 . Star chamber, court of, instituted in ngland in

B . . 1 82 Stars said to have appeared in China in the daytime, C .

1 807 . Steamboat, first, in America,

Stes ich or u s B . C . 579 . the poet flourished ,

S tuart family begin to reign in Scotland in 1371 .

405 . Stilicho defeats Goths ,

Stillin fleet E 1 690 . g , dward , bishop of Worcester,

O ct . 17 1777 . Stillwater, battle of, ,

1 630 . Stockholm, treaty of,

6 1813 . Stony Creek , battle of, June ,

B . C . 30 . Strabo the geographer lived, f E 12 1 641 . Straf ord, arl of, beheaded, May , S 1836 trasburg, insurrection of, Louis Napoleon fails , .

H ND O O OF TE A B K DA S .

’ . C . Tacitus , C , the historian , born about the sixth year of Nero s

1 re gn .

T b th e 233 . admor, Persians here defeated v Romans , T alever a J 28 1 809 . , battle of, uly ,

1754 1 838 . Talleyrand , born, ; died,

n 1 Tamerlane begi s to reign in Pers a m 1358 .

Tarentum built about 707 B . C . i is 1 828 Tar ff, protective, adopted by the United States in . T r i i f R a u n u s o B . C . q Pris ns , the fi th oman king , flourished, 578 . r i i Ta u n u B . . s C 509 . q Superbus (the tyrant) , in B . . 3 Tartars defeat the Chinese a great battle , C 6 6 .

C B . C . 636 n Tartars expelled from hina, ; they i vade China in 170

1 . . . 58 B B C . ; again in C ; overrun the whole of the Sar acen

1227 s n empire in ; first irruption into Ru sia, Pola d , etc . , in 1236 ; invade Poland in 1259 ; invade Chin a in 1268 ; ravage I 1285 12 87 1344 Hungary in ; invade Poland, ; again in and are i 1643 1 6 8 defeated ; nvade China, ; attack the Russians in 7 .

u 2 5 159 5 . Tasso, Torq ato , died, April ,

1 84 . . 7 Taylor, Gen , defeats Santa Anna ,

1 1 3 . o . 6 77 Tea Party , B ston , Dec , m a B . . 368 . Tearless battle between Laced e onians and Arcadians , C T 22 eh eon 1 1 B . C . , or the third dynasty of China, begins , l 1 844 n Telegraph , first line estab ished in ; submari e , laid between

Port Patrick and Donaghadee in 1 853 . Telephone first brought into public use in the United States by

8 . Prof . A . G . Bell in 1 76

Telescopes invented by Jansen in 1 590 . l Temp ars, Knights, instituted by Baldwin king of Jerusalem, 1 19 1312 n 1 ; abolished in ; Molay, the gra d master, burned

e 1313 . aliv in Paris , 8 . 5 6 . B . C Temple of Jerusalem burned , Tennessee admitted to the Union as a State in 179 6 ; secedes from 8 8 1 61 . the Union , June ,

166 B . C . Terence of Carthage , comic poet , 6 nt s ixth Ter an der th e B . C . 67 twe p poet, the first victor, , or the y

O lympiad . F HANDBO OK O DATES . 1 75

e 88 1 1 . Testament, New, publication of revised dition in

108 . 1 B . . B . C 05 C Teutons and Cimbri defeat the Romans , and ;

1 2 . B . C . 0 they are defeated by Marius , 11 64 Teutonic order begins , ; knights of this order subdue Prussia

in 1230 .

1471 . Tewksbury, battle of, Texas annexed to the United States by act of Congress in 1845 ;

4 1 861 . secedes from the Union , Feb . , 4 863 81 1 d . 2 1 . M . 1 Thackeray, William , born, ; die , Dec ,

5 1 813 . O ct . Thames , battle of, , 4 B C . Thales born at Miletus about 6 0 .

1 876 . Theatre, Brooklyn, burned,

fl 2 1 . Theatre of Pompey bu r n edfir ) .

22 . 1 5 B . C Theban war of the Seven Heroes ,

cita dal 1493 B . C . o Thebes , of, built, city of, built by the B eotians,

3 9 B . . . 7 1 124 B C . C ; liberated, ; an alliance with Athens ; de

8 . 37 B . C clares war against Sparta, ; destroyed by Alexander,

335 B . . 315 . B . C . C ; restored by Cassander,

4 . . 5 . 4 9 B C set . 6 Themistocles died about ,

45 . e . 0 Th odosius II died, 388 Theodosius the Great defeated and killed Maximus, ; defeats

E Ar b a te 3 4 o s s 9 395 . ugenius and g , ; he dies , i n 4 . Theo s B . C . 5 9 g the poet flourished,

r . 385 . Theon, j , of Alexandria, the mathematician , lived, 1 Thermometers invented by Drebbel in 610 .

B . C . 535 . Thespis , the inventor of tragedy, lived ,

n 1 8 3 . Thiers , president of the French republic , resig s , 7

822 . Thomas (the slave) besieges Constantinople,

1700 1 48 . Thomson , James , born , ; died, 7

. 43 . B C . 3 Thrace made tributary by Philip, T 1 9 1000 hracians control the Mediterranean for years, beginning,

B . C .

Th r a m n m s e e 21 B . . y , the Ro ans defeated there , 7 C

4 B . . 446 B . C . 71 C Thucydides banished by ostracism , he was born, 3 9 1 . died,

A . D . 1 8 . Tiberias , city of, built by Herod, 2 h . B . 0 Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Part ians , C ;

B . C . 12 B . C . conquers the Pannonians, ; he retires to Rhodes, 6 A . D . 3 ; dies , 7 . F TE 1 76 HANDBO O K O DA S .

Tichborne trial occurred in 1874 . 1758 Ticonderoga, Fort, the English repulsed in ; surprised and n 10 1 5 captured by Etha Allen , May , 77 ; captured by the 5 1777 English, July ,

ils it 1 807 . T , treaty of, m 2 2 a B . C . 6 . Ti eus of Sicily, the historian ,

. 17 1 81 1 . Tippecanoe, battle of, Nov ,

1 51 . Tirins, Maximus, lived, 1241 Tin mines discovered in Germany in . Titia nu s Attiliu s 1 put to death for usurping the empire, 56 .

A . D . 1 . 70 A . D . 8 Titus takes and destroys Jerusalem , ; he dies ,

149 8 bu r n e Torquemada, grand inquisitor of Spain, died, , having i

more than persons . off 1744 Toulon , sea fight , in ; siege of, first victory of Napoleon

1793 . Bonaparte , n 4 4 i 1 . Toulouse , kingdom of, founded by the Visigoths

h 1212 . Toulouse , w ere the Christians defeat the Moors in

1228 . Toulouse, university of, founded in 4 1 1 6 . Towton , battle of,

2 1 1 805 . O ct . Trafalgar, battle of, , h n 535 B C . Tragedy first acted at Athe s by T espis about . 1 1 5 1 14 Trajan subdues Assyria, ; erects his column at Rome , ;

1 17 . dies ,

B . C . 357 . Transit of the moon over Mars observed by Aristotle,

Treaty between the United States and Japan in 1 853 .

1 545 1 563 . Trent , council of, begins , , and continues until

2 6 1 6 . . 77 Trenton , battle of, Dec ,

445 B . C . Tribunes , military, created at Rome , ; last one murdered 3 in 1 54 . Trinity College founded in 1 824 under th e name of Washington

College ; n ame changed in 1 845 .

1 1 1 0 . Tripoli , library of, volumes , burned by the Christians ,

Tr i r i . 21 . a a d s u s B . C 3 p , treaty of,

n 1 668 . Triple allia ce against France ,

a B . C . 60 Triumvirate , first, Pompey, C esar, and Crassus , ; second,

43 . B C .

1 823 . Trocadero , battle of,

1194 B . C . n 10 . Trojan war began , , and conti ues years

E 1 78 HANDBO O K OF DAT S .

V .

370 3 8 Valens marched against the Persians , ; defeated the Goths, 7 . V n 257 2 60 t alerian persecutes the Christia s , ; in is cap ured by

O f . Sapor, king Persia, and flayed alive

i ntes 4 . V e e 76 B C . Valerius triumphed over the and Sabines ,

23 . A . D . Valerius Maximus lived,

Van Buren , Martin , inaugurated president of the United States ,

1 837 . 412 Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain, ; become masters of 454 464 b Sicily, ; expelled from Sicily, ; defeated ythe Romans , 467 r 844 ; defeated by the king of Ge many, ; ravage Saxony,

1 035 .

Van Tromp defeats the English fleet in the Downs in 1652 .

h 3 ~ R m n . Ter en tiu s t o a s Varro , M , called the most learned of , lived,

70 B . C .

Vassalage abolished in Hungary in 1785 .

1448 . Vatican founded at Rome,

1 866 . Venetia ceded to France by Austria, who transfers it to Italy,

Of 452 983 . Venice, city , founded about ; violent commotions at ,

u r Of s un 1760 1874 . Ven s , t ansit , over the in ; another in

179 1 . Vermont admitted to the Union as a State ,

O f 179 1 . Vermont , university , established in

n 1 828 . Verne , Jules , bor in

1783 . Versailles , treaty of, ’

u A . D . 45 Vespasian s s ccessful war in Britain , ; defeats the Jews ,

. 9 A . . 67 A D . 7 D ; died , 4 8 1 63 . Vicksburg, surrender of, July ,

24 181 9 n Victoria born, May , ; ascended the throne of Engla d in 1 837 28 1 838 coronation of, June , ; married to Prince Albert

. 10 1 840 0 11 842 of Saxe Coburg, Feb , ; attempts her life in 1 ; proclaimed empress of India in 1877

n O f 1238 h e Vien a, university , founded in ; city of, besieged by t 1683 Of 1725 1 805 Turks in ; treaty , ; treaty of, ; treaty of,

1 81 5.

St . 1797 . Vincent, , battle of,

36 B . C . Virgil lived,

20 1 861 . Virginia divided into two States, June , F TE HAN DBO O K O DA S . 1 79

ir n m . 31 1862 . V gi ia, West, ad itted to the Union , Dec ,

ir in ia s O f 1 873 . V g , capture the, by the Cubans in 468 Visigoths drive the Romans out of Spain , ; kingdom

fo unded in Spain in 567 .

E u m 485 B . C . Vols ci and qui subd ed by the Ro ans ,

V or timer defeated by Hen gist in 457 .

W .

Walachians ravage Poland in 1498 . e E 12 11 Wales subdu d by the king of ngland , ; united to England

in 1283 .

“T 20 1751 . ales , Prince of, died, March ,

Wi 1305 . Wallace, Sir lliam , executed in London in

‘

as s as sin ation of 1 634. Wallenstein, , ’ E 1643 . Waller s plot in ngland detected,

592 . Wanborough, battle of, ’ IV . 1468 Warwick s conspiracy against Edward in ; killed, April 4 4 1 1 . 1 , 7 E Washington, treaty of, between the United States and ngland,

1870 .

. 22 1732 Washington , George, born , Feb , ; appointed commander in- 1 5 1775 chief of the American army, June , ; resigns his - - in . 23 1783 position as commander chief, Dec , ; inaugurated 30 1789 first president of the United States , April , ; second

in 1793 . 14 1799 . term as president beg s, ; died, Dec ,

W E . 1 1 6 776 . ashington , Fort, taken by the nglish, Nov , 8 8 Was F r olic O ct . 1 1 12 . p , frigate , captures the , , W aterloo, battle of, final defeat of Napoleon by Wellington and 1 8 1 815 . Blucher, June , E in 15 Watches brought from Germany to ngland 97 .

1331 . Weaving , art of, brought from Flanders to England in

1782 1852 . Webster, Daniel, born, ; died, i z We t en th eTur k s u Of 1 684 . , defeated there by the D ke Lorraine in

O ct . 1813 . 14 1852 . Wellington enters France, 7 , ; he died, Sept ,

Wer elow 1788 . , treaty of,

W er n enu s n B0 is the first to restore civil law, after Justinia , at

1 150 . logna, H F E 180 ANDBO O K O DAT S.

W th e essex, the third Saxon kingdom, began by defeat Of Prince

519 . Arthur at Charford, by Cerdic in

Western empire ended in 476 . 61 1 Westminster Abbey and church founded by Sibert, ; alliance

1 1 6 1859 . of, in 7 ; great clock of, set up in ’ the Westphalia, treaties of, signed, which ended Thirty Years war 1 48 172 8 m in 6 ; treaty of, ; kingdo of, established by Napoleon

in 1 805.

h t 162 1 . W igs and Tories , the two par ies established in

' Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794.

. 2 O ct 8 1776 . White Plains , engagement at, ,

O ak 30 1 862 . White Swamp, engagement at , June ,

Whiteboy outrages in Ireland in 1 822 . E 136 1384 Wickliff begins to teach in ngland in 9 died in . — W 5 7 1 864 . ilderness , battle of the , May ,

1 865 . W . 19 ilmington , capture of, Feb ,

5 1 862 . Williamsburg , battle of, May ,

William and Mary College chartered in 1693 . E 3 s 1 9 . William College , founded by phriam Williams in 7

W m I . E 1066 illia , the Conqueror, takes ngland , ; ravages France,

1087 .

1 . m . . 2 1 00 Willia II shot in the New Forest, Aug , ’ O f A u itain s William, duke q army, massacred at Constantinople,

1 103 .

m . 02 . . 1689 17 William III and Mary proclaimed, ; Willia III died, 17 57 William Henry, Fort, captured by the French ,

1 8 . . 37 William IV died, ; accession of Queen Victoria

Of 1861 . William I . becomes king Prussia in ’ 18 1 . . 10 6 Wilson s Creek , battle of, Aug ,

13 1 862 O f 19 1 864 . Winchester, battle of, March , ; battle , Sept ,

n 27 6 . Wines first made in Britai ,

W n 1 1 53 . i chester, treaty of, between Stephen and Henry,

1772 1 834 . Wirt, William , born, ; died,

Wisconsin admitted to the Union in 1848 .

W B . C . 330 . itchcraft, a trial for it at Rome ,

. 13 1759 . Wolfe , Gen . , death of, before Quebec on Sept ,

l 1 530 . Wo sey, Cardinal, died,

1 651 . O f m . Worcester, battle , in which Cro well defeats Charles II in

770 1 850 . Wordsworth , William , born , 1 ; died ,