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Alternative Tourisms in Romania: the Role of Culture and Ecology

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Alternative Tourisms in Romania: the Role of Culture and Ecology Alternative Tourisms in Romania: The Role of Culture and Ecology Alternative Tourisms in Romania: The Role of Culture and Ecology David Turnock1 Introduction er support for local initiatives could see the A cultural approach to tourism builds on revival of equestrian tourism at Sâmbăta the work of older tourist societies like Astra in the Făgăraş Depression, based on the Abstract (1872), Karpatenverein (1880) and the Tour- local Lipizanner thoroughreds kept in the Given the challenge of rebuilding a tour- ist Information Office (1937) but momen- meadows around the 18th century castle of ist industry depressed by the stagnation of tum was lost by the unrelenting ‘top-down’ Count Bruckenthal since 1874; in an area the economy during the 1980s, combined ethos of the communist period. Archaeo- that also embraces the Sâmbăta Monas- with the growing poverty problem espe- logical and historical monuments - like the tery, rebuilt during 1926-36 along with its cially in rural areas, the Romanian govern- Dacian fortresses, the Greek trading centre school for painting icons on glass. But vil- ment decided to encourage alternative of Histria, Stephen the Great’s monasteries lages have diverse cultural values. In 1999 tourisms through fiscal incentives and pro- and the great wealth in churches such as the press gave attention to a plan for a Me- jecrs of ecological reconstruction. Earli- those in the Brâncovan style in Wallachia dieval tourist complex in Rucăr by a Swiss er insustained initiatives were revived, with and the wooden churches of Maramureş - travel agency working with the famous lo- substantial foreign assistance, and a sub- have been well-preserved but have hardly cal wood carver Nicolae Cocârleţ. Located stantial rural network is now in place. The been fully integrated into the tourist cir- at Valea lui Ivan near Pecineagu Dam the paper explores this successful chapter in cuit. Likewise the landscape, wild life and complex was to include cottages within a the country’s economic restructuring with flora that provide much scope for an eco- massive perimeter of wooden fencing with particular reference to specific mountain logically-oriented tourism. Currently these completion anticipated in 2000. Villages regions with outstanding cultural and ec- resources are being promoted along with are now seen as major tourist resources in ological resources. It also shows how fur- the idea of Bucharest music festivals and the context of landscape (through climate, ther programme in ecological reconstruc- summer theatres for artists of National vegetation and topography), economy (or- tion could provide further opportunity in Opera and Operatta Theatre - as ‘flagships’ chards, vineyards, pastures, fisheries and mountains and also in the Danube Del- for tour operators. The European Cultural hunting grounds) and culture (ethnogra- ta where the emphasis now rests firmly on Centre in Bucharest has launched a series phy, folklore, arts, handicrafts and mon- conservation. of publications called ‘Romania: a Cultural uments). Developing alternative tourisms Guide’ whose first issue on ‘Heritage Tour- does not require heavy investment but it Key words: Culture, Ecology, Romania and ism and Monasteries’ was followed in 1999 can generate employment (especially in Tourism by ‘Heritage Tourism & Interethnic Tran- the context of pluriactivity) and contribute sylvania’ and ‘Heritage Tourism and Bu- to sustainability in fragile environments charest: a City of Contrasts’. Such promo- while overcoming some of inequalities in tion builds on a small number of museums the mainstream industry that has gener- like the Bucharest Village Museum of the ated 2.4 bednights/pc nationally but 4.8 in 1930s (restored in 2003 after a serious fire the South East and 3.4 in the Centre com- and now attracting a quarter of a million pared with 1.8 in the South, 1.6 in the South visitors annually), Sinaia Palace and Co- West, 1.5 in Bucharest and 1.3 in the North troceni National Museum. A further di- East (Table 1). The regions can be located mension resides in sporting programmes on Figure 1 which also shows the counties such as the golf school project at Breaza’s and highlights the Carpathian region that Lac Verde (complemented by new cours- offers the best ecological resources (re- es at Pianu de Jos (Alba) and ‘Golfresort’ ferred to below) and enjoys the support of a Recaş (Timiş): the latter laid out in 2006 government agency dedicated to assisting on 34ha of former cattle grazing by Roma- the more marginal areas with agricultur- nian expatriate Dan Liviu returning from al development and pluriactivity including 20 years in Germany. rural and ecological tourism. Such facilities are now required by wealthy Romanians who can afford the Some elements €3,000 for kitting-out at special shops now available in Bucharest. But there is of alternative tourism also scope for ‘extreme sports’ linked with MONUMENTS are now a priority for thrilling sensations and ‘motivational and conservation and cultural tourism is be- business tourism’ along with conferences ing boosted by the UNDP ‘Beautiful Ro- and receptions for companies wanting to mania’ programme, with the Ministry of 1 Geography Department, The University, invest in training, leisure and entertain- Culture & Religious Affairs financing con- Geographica Pannonica 10/2006 Pannonica Geographica Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. ment programmes for employees. Strong- servation in Alba Iulia, Brăila, Constanţa, 56 David Turnock Table 1 Tourism by regions in 2003 Region A B C D E F G H I J Bucharest 3295.8 1.48 1183.9 0.53 35.9 2.0 697.5 0.31 58.9 2.0 Centre 85l5.5 3.38 2424.3 0.96 28.5 2.9 453.0 0.18 18.7 2.2 North-East 4963.4 1.35 1450.4 0.39 29.2 2.6 178.5 0.05 12.3 1.9 North-West 6341.6 2.31 2251.0 0.82 35.5 3.5 279.3 0.10 12.4 2.2 South 5932.8 1.76 1704.0 0.50 28.7 2.0 253.5 0.07 14.9 3.4 South-East 13629.6 4.79 5153.5 1.81 37.8 5.1 593.4 0.21 11.5 5.3 South-West 3701.3 1.59 1643.2 0.70 44.4 5.1 45.7 0.02 2.8 2.2 West 5252.2 2.68 2034.8 1.04 38.7 3.9 264.5 0.13 13.0 2.1 Total 51632.3 2.38 17844.6 0.82 34.6 3.5 2765.5 0.13 18.3 2.5 A Capacity (th.bednights); B Ditto per capita; C Utilisation (th.bednights); D Ditto per capita; E Utilisation rate (usage as a percentage of capacity); F Average length of stay; G Overnights by foreigners (th); H Ditto per capita; I Foreigner overnights as a percentage of the total; J Average length of stay for foreigners Source: Statistical Yearbooks Focşani Iaşi, Mediaş, Sibiu, Sighişoara Sf.Gheorghe which attracted interest by elements’ introduced by new Roma inhab- and Târgovişte in 2003. Other projects the Transylvania Trust, the Historic Mon- itants. Considerable interest in the con- include the historic square in Baia Mare ument Restorers of Transylvania and the servation of the area was shown at the and a $1.1mln programme to restore the ‘Kopeckzi Sebestyen Jozsef’ Monument Berlin International Tourism Fair (2002) Arad fortress; along with a $5.0mln World Protection Association in 2000 with a and rural tourism is now established at Bank loan to restore Brancuşi sculptures view to interdisciplinary, inter-ethnic and Răşinari, Sălişte and elsewhere. Money in Târgu Jiu. Currently there is much in- inter-cultural dialogue. A remarkable res- has been going into the rehabilitation of terest in the Dacian citadels in the Orăştie- toration involves the Count Kalnoky man- tourism in Sibiu county since 1998. This Şureanu Mountains, prominent among sion at Micloşoara (Baraolt): a border for- has impacted on the Medieval architec- the Romanian historical monuments in- tress that became a 16th century hunting ture of Sibiu itself (reduced to a precar- cluded in UNESCO’s world patrimony lodge and is now restored for weekend din- ious state, requiring international help) list (along with Băniţa and Piatra Roşie). ner parties, along with 19th century guest- but also the rural citadel churches of the A €7.2mln Phare project will conserve the houses retaining antique furniture and tra- thirteenth-fifteenth centuries (Alma Vii, citadels and integrate them into the tour- ditional wood stoves (though bathrooms Biertan, Câlnic, Moşna and Pelişor. There ist circuit. In addition to multidisciplinary respect western standards of comfort!). has been help from the CoE, World Bank study involving ministries and the Roma- Saxon Monuments are another major and World Monuments Fund, while a Ro- nian Academy, the local authority (Hune- concern in the light of the rapidly dwin- manian Cultural Foundation programme doara County Council) has a role in con- dling German population and the inap- for Saxon Villages is being supported sup- trolling the use of metal detectors - widely propriate transformation of the German ported by Britain’s Prince Charles and the used in the search for gold. A natural park heritage in Mărginimea Sibiului. The his- Mihai Eminescu Trust (Plate 3). An inter- would now be an appropriate designation toric centre of Sălişte has been damaged est in communities as well as buildings for this area and help control the construc- through plaster and stucco being scraped has highlighted organic farming (with tion of holiday villas within 500m of pro- off the houses and replaced by ‘Oltenian the help over producer licences and mar- tective perimeters extending over 127ha at Blidaru, 116ha at Costeşti and 332ha at Sarmizegetusa Regia (332ha) - all includ- ed in the UNESCO list.
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