ACADEMY OF ROMANIAN SCIENTISTS
ANNALS
SERIES ON HISTORY AND ARCHAEOL OGY
VOLUME 5 2013 NUMBER 1
ISSN 2067-5682
TOPICS: POLITICS DIPLOMACY SOCIAL LIFE CIVILISATION HABITAT CULTURE ETHNOGRAPHY ART HISTORY
Editura ACADEMIEI OAMENILOR DE ŞTIINŢĂ DIN ROMÂNIA Bucureşti
ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF ROMANIAN SCIENTISTS Series on HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Founding Editor-in-Chief Gen. (r), Professor, M.D., Ph.D., Dr. H.C. Vasile CÂNDEA Founding Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists President of the Academy of Romanian Scientists
Series Editor-in-Chief Professor, Ph.D. Ioan SCURTU President of the Historical Sciences and Archaeology section of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Founding Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists
Coordinator Professor, Timotei URSU, honorary member of Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Ioan SCURTU
Series Editorial Board Professor, Ph.D. Eric ANCEAU, University IV, Sorbonne, Paris, France Professor, Ph.D. Vasile BORONEANŢ, Bucharest History&Art Museum, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Constantin BUŞE, University of Bucharest, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Gheorghe BUZATU, „Ovidius” University, Constanţa, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Dinu C. GIURESCU, Member of the Romanian Academy Professor, Ph.D. Keith HITCHINS, University of Illinois, USA Professor, Ph.D. Frederick KELLOGG, University of Arizona, USA Professor, Ph.D. Corneliu Mihail LUNGU, Hyperion University, Bucharest, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Anatol PETRENCU, State University of ChiĢinău Professor, Ph.D. George C. POTRA, European Foundation Titulescu, Corresponding -Director, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Ion I. SOLCANU, „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, IaĢi, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Acad. Răzvan THEODORESCU, Member of the Romanian Academy, Founding Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Emeritus Ph.D. Jacques THOBIE, University of Paris, France Professor, Ph.D. Radu Ştefan VERGATTI, „Valahia” University, TârgoviĢte, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Professor, Ph.D. Dan ZAMFIRESCU, „Valahia” University, TârgoviĢte, Full Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists
This series is published by the section Historical Sciences and Archaeology of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 3
C O N T E N T S
PART ONE
The Dacians in History
Timotei URSU Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion ...... 7 Adriana RUSU-PESCARU The Large Limestone Sanctuary (LLS) from Dealul Grădiştii ("Sarmizegetusa Regia")...... 25 Theodor DAMIAN The Language of the Christian Mission in the Carpato-Danubiano- Pontic Area (in the First Centuries A.D.)...... 33 Nicolae NICOLAE In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla ...... 39
PART TWO Nation, National Minority
ION SOLCANU The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities ...... 53 ABIDIN TEMIZER Montenegro in the First Balkan War ...... 65
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology 4 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 ISSN 2067-5682
PART THREE
Activitatea Secţiei de Ştiinţe Istorice şi Arheologie a Academiei Oamenilor de Ştiinţă din România în anul 2012
(Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012 ) ...... 83
Rapoarte Personale (Personal Reports) - Constantin BUŞE ...... 91 - Gheorghe BUZATU ...... 93 - Radu CIUCEANU ...... 95 - Sorin DAMEAN ...... 97 - Mihai DRECIN ...... 99 - Horia DUMITRESCU ...... 102 - Dinu C. GIURESCU ...... 103 - Corneliu-Mihail LUNGU ...... 104 - Ioan MITREA ...... 106 - George G. POTRA ...... 107 - Jipa ROTARU ...... 117 - Ioan SCURTU ...... 119 - Ion I. SOLCANU ...... 124 - Radu Ştefan VERGATTI ...... 126 - Timotei URSU ...... 129 PART FOUR - Recenzii, Note (Reviews)
- Constantin Olteanu, O VIAŢA DE OM. Dialog cu jurnalistul Dan Constantin, BucureĢti, Editura Niculescu, 2012, 612 p. 1 Ioan Scurtu 133
Constatntin Vlad, PUNCTE CARDINALE ÎNDEPĂRTATE Helsinki - Tokyo – Canberra. Note ale unui fost ambasador al României, BucureĢti, Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, 2011, 338 p. 1 Ioan Scurtu 134
Nicolae Densuşianu, Dacia Preistorică, IaĢi, Editura TipoMoldova, 2011, 1152 p. Mihai Popescu 135
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 5
PART ONE
The Dacians in History
Timotei URSU Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion ...... 7
Adriana RUSU-PESCARU The Large Limestone Sanctuary (LLS) from Dealul Grădiştii ("Sarmizegetusa Regia")...... 25
Theodor DAMIAN The Language of the Christian Mission in the Carpato-Danubiano- Pontic Area (in the First Centuries A.D.)...... 33
Nicolae NICOLAE In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla ...... 39
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 7
SUNRISES AND SUNSETS AT KOGAION
1 Timotei UrsuF
Abstract: Proposing a differentiation between the utensils (with the results) of the "classical" archaeology and the wide affer for a better research by a cooperation with the pluridisciplinary research, the author exemplifies with some outcomes from his own research (or in a team with different specialities), at the Dacian Sanctuaries from Dealul Gradiste ( "Sarmizegethusa Regia"). The results, says the author, could not be acquired by the archaeologists, not only because of their utensils, but essentially because the horizon of research is too large, asking for analysis by many sciences and branches of kowledge in which, usually, the archaeologist is not trainned. Former archaeological research concluded that at "Sarmizegethusa Regia" was a fortress and a "Dacian Capital", conclusions which are firmly refuted by the pluridisciplinary investigation. In change, is ignored many evidence which can confirm that at Dealul Gradiste-Muntele Godeanu was the legendary KOGAION mentioned by Strabo.
Keywords: Herodotus, thracians, geto-dacians, hyperboreeans, Strabo, Zamolxis, Dicineus, Sarmizegethusa Regia, Gradiste Hill, astronomy, Jordanes, "Sacred Zone", observatory
Many times in books, in university manuals or in media papers the 2 "Father of History" F F the old historian Herodotus is quoted with saying (in the Vth century BC), that the nation of Thracians is so numerous that it "take the second stand in the World after the Indians". Indeed, in full Halstatt Age, the Thracian many tribes, from the Myssians to Phrygians, from Kingdom of Odrisses to the Kingdom of Burebista, under a name or another, they have dominated the history of South-Eastern Europe. A distinct role in that picture have played - even less quoted - the Northern wing of the Thracians: the Geto- Dacians tribes, settled fundamentally North of the Balkan Mountains, along with Danube and Carpathian Mountains, from the current Slovakia to the upper shore of Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Sometimes they were nicknamed "Hyperboreeans"; but in the last centuries BC their current identity was known under ethnic name GETAE (in the South and East of Carpathian Mountains) and DACIANS inside the Carpathian Arch and in Pannonia. Today the scholars agree it was a single one st 3 basic nation, the Geto-Dacians, like the historian Strabo wrote in the I century BCF F. Even the references in manuscripts (those preserved through Middle Age copies) are pretty mean regarding to Geto-Dacians, some of the historians -
1Honorary member of Academy of Romanian Scientists 2 Wikipedia, Herodotus, p. 1 3 Strabo, Geography, 7,5,3
8 Timotei URSU
Herodotus, Flavius Josephus, Strabo, Pausanias, etc, all agree about the high spirituality of that people lead by almost legendary rulers like Zamolxis (Salmoxis) and Dicineus (Decaneus). Those rulers have learned their special skills in the ambiguous spiritual arch which starts with the enigmatically Schytian mysteries and ends with the Egyptian famous knowledge. We have to underline that by "spirituality" almost all the old springs mean the religion. Less remarked side of Geto-Dacian spirituality was another dimension: that of their scientific knowledge. But some references for it still exist! In a hand, we have enough material evidence (the Dacian sanctuaries which doesn't look as only sacramental devices); in the other hand, some of the old references invite to a special, a new kind of research. With all respect to the difficult work of the archaeologists, this side is almost impossible to remain for ever under the harshness of archaeological research; not because of scarcity of the material vestiges, but mostly because the archaeologists - educated to do just their specific job - are less trained to understand and to appreciate the astronomical, mathematical, geophysical, many other dimensions of the antique knowledge, often sent away as myths and legends!.. In addition, how about some cranks?! Significantly for it are the lines of Hadrian Daicoviciu, an well known archaeologist from the seventh decade of last century, considered then an absolute authority in knowledge on Geto-Dacian society. In one of his books, in the chapter "The Science of Dacians in the times of Burebista and Decebal" - he wrote: : " If I think about the pileats of Burebista - (the noble men from whom the legendary priest Decaneus selected his sacerdots) - I rather see them as some arrogant warriors, rough, and illiterate people, than 4 as great scholars!" F F However, speaking about Geto-Dacians - (and we take them together, as 5 the same people, speaking the same language like Strabo said F F and, very probably, by the same faith) - there are some important excerpts in the old manuscripts. Besides of their special religious spirituality and their bravery in wars, the authors also talk about Geto-Dacians connection to the best science of that time, and about their spiritual leaders which learned the knowledge in Greek traditions and in the temples of Egypt. There is a very interesting excerpt from “THE HISTORIES” of Herodotus, where the famous historian of Vth century BC refers to Salmoxis (Zalmoxe), considered as the first spiritual leader of “Getai” (the Greek name for Getae): This Salmoxis I hear from the Hellenes who dwell about the Hellespont and the Pontus, was a man, and he became a slave in Samos, and was in fact a slave of Pythagoras the son of Mnesarchos. Then having become free he gained great wealth, and afterwards
4 H. Daicoviciu, Dacii, Ed. Enciclopedică Română, 1972, p. 290 5 Ibidem
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 9 returned to his own land: and as the Thracians both live hardly and are rather simple- minded, this Salmoxis, being acquainted with the Ionian way of living and with manners more cultivated than the Thracians were used to see, since he had associated with Hellenes (and not only that but with Pythagoras, not the least able philosopher of the Hellenes)..., (...)....but I think that this Salmoxis lived many years before Pythagoras. However, whether there ever lived a man Salmoxis, or whether he is simply a native deity of the Getai, let us 6 bid farewell to him now.) F Alike in fame historian Strabo, after four centuries, wrote:
"...For it is said that one of the nation of the GetæH ,H named Zamolxis,- had served PythagorasH ,H and had acquired with this philosopher some astronomical knowledge, in addition to what he had learned from the EgyptiansH ,H amongst whom he had travelled. He returned to his own country, and was highly esteemed both by the chief rulers and the people, on account of his predictions of astronomical phenomena, and eventually persuaded the king to unite him in the government, as an organ of the will of the gods. (...) This custom even continues to our time; for there is always found someone of this character who assists the king in his counsels, and is styled a god by the HGetæ.H The mountain likewise [where Zamolxis retired] is held sacred, and is thus distinguished, being named Kogæonus, as well as the river which flows by it; and at the time when Byrebistus, against whom divus CæsarH H 7 prepared an expedition, reigned over the GetæH H, Decæneus held that honour...” F
A special attention we must accord to the next excerpt regarding outstanding astronomical activities of Geto-Dacian monks under the teaching of Decaneus, alias Dicineus; the quote is from “GETICA”, written in Latin by bishop Jordanes in 551 AD. In that book he put the equality sign between the Old Geto-Dacians and the Goths of his time (after he corroborated much information from the manuscripts than still preserved): "... He taught them logic and made them skilled in reasoning beyond all other races; he showed them practical knowledge and so persuated them to abound in good works. By explaining theoretical knowledge he urged them to contemplate the progress of the twelve constellations and the courses of the planets passing through them, and the whole of astronomy. He told them how the disc of the moon waxes and wanes, and showed them how much the fiery globe of the sun exceeds in size our earthly planet. He explained with which name or designations in the arching heavens the three hundred forty six stars hurtle from their rising to their setting. Think, I pray you, what pleasure it was for these brave men, when for a little space they had leisure from warfare, to be instructed in the teachings of philosophy! You might have seen one scanning the position of the heavens and another investigating the nature of plants and bushes. Here stood one who studied the waxing and waning of the moon, while still another investigated solar eclipses and observed how those bodies which rush to go toward the East are whirled around and borne back to the West by the rotation of the heavens. When they had learned the reason, they were at rest. These and various other matters DECANEUS taught (them) in his wisdom and gained marvelous 8 repute among them, so that he ruled not only the common men but their kings”. F F
6 Herodotus. Histories, IV,95; English transl. by A.D.Godley 7 Strabo, The Geography, 7.3.5., Ed. Lacus Curtius, English transl. by H.C.Hamilton 8 Jordanes, Getica, 69-71 - English transl.by Bedrich Yeat
10 Timotei URSU
The excerpts 69-71 in Heringium Edition of GETICA, printed in 1541 (Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid) This is for what we say: is the time when the investigation of the so called "spirituality of the Geto-Dacians" have to enter in a new era; a time when the investigative utensils are more complicated than those used by archaeology and the traditional historiography. The Dacians vestiges are not only some walls built in "murus dacicus"; not only some ceramics, or jewels, or comparable coins with the Greek, Thracian and Roman originals, which you can take from underground and expose in a museum! The most puzzling issues were, and for many scholars still are puzzling, the Dacian sanctuaries. A lot of time and much too simply they were considered, even by very skilled scientists - just some places where the old priests 9 made... sacrifices of animalsF F, not to mention the supposed sacrifices of human beings (that to be... in line with the references made in Yucatan, in Middle East or in Asia...!?) Of course, the very old religions used some cruel practices; but what about another dimensions, the mathematical and astronomical, and geodetic, which become visible only to a researcher who knows some Mathematics and Astronomy and other connected skills??! Hadrian Daicoviciu.- this time with common sense! - had to
9 I.H. CriĢan, Spiritualitatea Geto-Dacilor, Ed. Albatros, Bucharest, 1986, p. 430
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 11 admit: "The Archaeology, a trusty guide in decoding the material culture of a people, 10 cannot go over some limits when we want to understand their spiritual culture"F We invite you to make a few steps on meeting the Dacian sanctuaries by this new way, which is an attribute of pluridisciplinarian research, not destined to a single archaeologist (stating "his kingdom over a site”?!), but to analyses of a lot of specialists, by different branch of instruction, equally in right to search and to have their opinion about the vestiges traditionally appreciated only by the archeologists. In this paper, just enumerating a few issues by the kind, I will mention and underline the riches pluridisciplinary conclusions coming to supply a new, a much more complete picture of the Geto-Dacian spirituality. (The readers interested for more data can find many details and hypothesis in the book "KOGAION. Multidisciplinary 11 researches..."F F).
Aerial view of "SACRED ZONE" at Gradiste Hill (Dealul Gradiste). The eight Dacian sanctuaries from the Xth and XIth anthropic terraces. Photo by Eugen Pescaru (2001)
10 H. Daicoviciu, op.cit., p.266 11 Timotei Ursu, Kogaion. Cercetari multidisciplinare în munţii Orăştiei, 2010, Ed. DACIA XXI, Cluj- Napoca
12 Timotei URSU
Between 1960 – 2000 researchers visiting the Xth-XIth terraces of the archeologic site GRADISHTE HILL (DEALUL GRADISTE), from the Mountains of Orastie, South-West of Transylvania - Romania, (a place improperly named by archeologists: “Sarmizegetusa Regia”!), have concluded that the Dacian sanctuaries from there - like others Dacian sanctuaries explored in Romania, at Racos, Pustiosu, Meleia, Costesti, Fetzele Albe, Piatra Craivii, and so on - are all astronomically oriented. Gh.Chisu, the team Bobancu-Samoila-Poenaru, Ioan Rodean, Florin Stanescu, Timotei Ursu, Vasile Dragomir and others, using magnetic compasses and theodolits, concluded that the sanctuaries have a possible exact astronomic orientation and hold certain and complex scientific meanings. Almost all the researchers, archaeologists, architects, historians or engineers, (if they have credited or not the fancy hypothesis of a "Dacian Kingly Capital" hanging up on the... very top of a mountain ?!), almost all of them have agreed that there, at Dealul Gradiste, was an outstanding spiritual center, likely the legendary Kogaion(on) mentioned by Strabo!.. The most puzzling sanctuaries from Gradishte Hill, the round circles from the XIth terrace, were presumed by a few researchers to be calendars12; but those eight sanctuaries were often considered by archeologists and by a few architects to be just worship altars (see Hadrian Daicoviciu, op cit.); or, at the most, the… foundations of
some sacred buildingsF. In my project, “The Geto-Dacian Numerical System”, (Bucharest,1983-1984, Association of Romanian Scientists), I have proposed the hypothesis –with some proof - that the group of the three round sanctuaries: the “Great Round Sanctuary” (MSR), the “Small Round Sanctuary” (mSR) and the “Andesite Sun” (S.A.) - work together like a... real computer (maybe in a connection with the others sanctuaries from the "Sacred Zone"?!); that they are depositaries of numerical codified mathematic means (a numerical system on the basis of mixed “6”,“17” and "10"); that they are depositaries of the Dacian length modulus; depositaries of geodetic notions and of a wonderful calendar, etc). Because of an archaeological risky and rough reconstruction of some parts of sanctuaries, and particularly because of a certain (and visible) slide of the XI-th Terrace to the slope of East, only recently we got the outcome of a more accurate, a pluridisciplinary image about the original dimensions, diameters and position of sanctuaries; details which have no special meaning for an archaeologists, but are mandatory for a real scientific, multidisciplinary work.
12 G. Charriere, H. Daicoviciu, Bobancu-Samoilă, I. Rodeanu, C. Bejgu, etc
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 13
The longitudinal axis of MSR (The Great Round Sanctuary), wrong reconstructed in 1980 and the correct direction of it “decoded” in 2008. (Aerial picture by Timotei Ursu).
The fallowing astronomical exact orientation should have not be detected without a reconstruction, by a multidisciplinary effort, of the true (or, at least: a very close!) innate size of the Great Round Sanctuary. Into the computers were introduced statistical data collected in 1984-1985 and all checked up, again, in 2006 and 2008.
The innate form of Great Round Sanctuary (MSR), made by the computers, (T. Ursu and O.Oprescu, New York,USA; 2009), presented at First edition of Arheoinvest Congress, (University of Iassy, 2011)
14 Timotei URSU
In our research we’ve encoded “The Great Round Sanctuary” as “MSR” (from the initials of the Romanian name: Marele Sanctuar Rotund). It is a round- construction erected (probably) between II BC and I AD, likely in successive and different moments.The sanctuary shows today only the relics of the last feature, that of a period close to Roman-Dacian last wars (101-106 AD). The sanctuary has a few surprising likeness with some round sanctuaries from North-West Europe (Aveburry, Stonehenge, Newgrange, in England), with “Sun Temple” from Beijing, with Chankillo (Peru), Arkaim (Russia) and Rujm El Hiri (Israel); and could be, actually, a “late echo” of a Mandala circle archetype (?!). MSR had three concentric circles (A,B and C); in the middle is an Apse (a design similar with the sketch of Stonehenge). The circles A and B are built with andesite (basalt) stones; circle C and the Apse, with wooden pillars.
The concentric rings of Great Round Sanctuary (MSR)
The outer ring (A) was erected with 104 slabs of andesite, curvy carved in double arch of circle, weighing like 900 kg each. The archaeologists have recuperated 98 of them, enough complete; 6 were replaced with concrete "replicas"). In this A ring all the slabs were thoroughly carved in double circle-arcs; 34 slabs still are well preserved and offer a good opportunity to evaluate – statistically - the innate pattern of “the outer slabs”. And with those 34 slabs was possible, statistically, a reconstitution in 1984, of the innate dimension of the sanctuary.
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 15
The outer circles A and B. Perspective view and a vertical section. A sketch by architect Dinu Antonescu, (1984)
We've encoded the 104 slabs of the marginal circle (A) as “BLA” (from Romanian: “BLoc din cercul A”). For the outer dimension of the slabs, the statistical outcome came with an average of 0.8904 m. (+/- 0.0008 m). Because of the irregular ground motion in over 20 centuries and, consecutive: because the irregular distortion of the ring made by a little sliding of terrace to the cliff, some slabs from the NE and E side of MSR were crashed and pushed away 0.20-0.80 m, detaching the original circumference. The correct original circumference we appraised, by totalizing: 104 x 0.8904... m = (some) 92.60 m. to 92.64 m. with a diameter of 29.475 to 29.49 m. (the dimension is close enough to the first appreciation of Constantin Daicoviciu, at the full digging out in 1951: "29.40 m"). Afterwards, by my own calculus, at result, I have proposed an outer diameter of 29.478 m. (based on a numerical algorithm), and an outer circumference of 92.6080848 m. with a “pattern-BLA” of 0.89012 m. (What is very important to underline from the start, is that those 104 slabs, and the most components of MSR, were not simply “pieces for a construction”. Vitruvius, the famous Roman constructor says in his book, “Architecture”’ (III, 5-9), that the outer side of a sanctuary has sacred dimensions and placements. The idea is confirmed by our 104 BLAs: their length, their angle to the center, their width, their surface, all are factors with mathematical assignment in an outmost numerical system to which is dedicated the sanctuary!).
16 Timotei URSU
The numerical structure of each circle is: Circle A = an uninterrupted circle line of 104 andesite slabs (with no intended intervals between slabs). Circle B = has 180 small andesite pillars, separated with 30 larger andesite slabs, in 30 circular groups (of 6 pillars each). Circle C = has 84 pillars of wood, separated in four “quarters” by four slabs- 13 thresholds (the “quarters” comprise are: 19, 20, 22 and 23 pillars)F F. The Apse = is built with 34 pillars of wood, separated also - by thresholds – in two numeric groups: 13 and 21 pillars, not at all casual!). The total number of sanctuary pieces is 432. The most important conclusion (the first stage of pluridisciplinary study of the Dacian sanctuaries from Dealul Gradishte) is that those circles of MSR work together as a "slide rule", transforming numerical amounts from a system in another (sexagesimal in "Dacian" or in decimal, or into "trigonometric system", and probably with an applications, also, in the astronomical research). After a reevaluation of innate size and the oriented position (grid azimuth), the declination of MSR’s longitudinal axis (reported to NORTH direction and moving in opposite clockwise way) has an angle of -58.82352941 degrees... (-58˚, 50’ 46.1538”; respectively 301˚ 09’ 13,84” West). Please see I have wrote the decimal fractions with a lot of digits, purposely for making easier a proper verification by whoever want to do it. (Of course, we have to remember: the Dacians scholars did not operate with decimal fractions, but with mathematical ratio (ordinal fractions). We write as 58.823529410..., but they have used the proportion: “1000 : 17” ( or: "103 / 17") In our research we have placed in parallel a numerical amount, first wrote in our decimal system and then in the "Dacian" one (which resulted from decoding the sanctuaries); and the outcome was, often, amazing!.. It is also important to take notice that in calculus we have not used only the “direct numerical value” but also some hidden numbers; for example, in numerical reckoning we did not enter with the apparent number 104 (104 slabs), but with the real number: 104.04. Why this number? You'll see, next. For it, will help to display one of the simply equations which we have resolved by taking in consideration the multifunctional value of the MSR numbers. If multiplying the total positions from the Aps (34 pillars + 4 threshold-slabs = 38) with the cube of ten (ten "rays" of the next sanctuary, the Andesite Sun), we'll have: 3 38 x 10 = “38 000”. If dividing “38 000” with the apparent 104 number of the BLAs, we’ll obtain: 38 000 : 104 = 365.3846154..
13 Dinu Antonescu, Introducere in Arhitectura Dacilor, Bucharest, 1984 ; also, see: Adriana Rusu-Pescaru, Sanctuarele Daciei, Deva, 2005
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 17
It is a value which sugest the number of the days in one year! (The approximation index, for it, compared with the correct tropic year”, is... 99.96%). Someone should be very-very happy, confident he... discovered an impressive “Dacian Tropic Year”!?... Not yet! Because in almost all our calculus with the “Dacian numerical system” we got a much smaller difference and more exactly results, and because we reached the point to recognize in the “number of BLAs” an essential factor of operations, we have used the... “104.04”: 38 000 : 104.04 = 365.2441369.. For this value the index of approximation is only 99,99947 % reported to the current value of the Topic Year ( 365, 242199075 days)!! Of course, immediately you will ask: “From where came this... 104.04’?! From the same Circle A?!". Well, the difference of "0.04" is not the sum of supposed under-millimetre intervals between the slabs! The "0.04 addition" comes as a calculus between the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 29.478m, with 104 circular segments and the perimeter of the regular polygon with 104 sides, inscribed in the circle (having the same diameter).The sanctuary constructors used the "number 104" for the sides of the polygon and "104.04" for the circular segments because - trigonometricaly! - that is a very... productive proximity (between the "circumference" and the "perimeter"). In fact, the total difference in total length - in the case of the same diameter, 29,478 m - is a perimeter shorter with... under 5 cm; and only 8 mm the maximum "extention" of the circular segment toward a polygon side (those "marks of the polygon!).
To be easier understandable the difference between the circumference of a circle and the perimeter of a polygon with the same diameter, we can see the simply design of the polygon with 6 sides, in which all sides are equal to the radius. In this case (with a certain radius = 71 m), the total difference in favour of circumference is 20.1 m. The difference will be smaller and smaller by increasing the number of polygon sides!
18 Timotei URSU
MSR has an astonishing engineer-design; and in situ construction, obviously, not all the elements are perfect. But the constitutive elements are representing the "perfect design" proposed! With great results: for example: in their outer sides, the 104 Blas have not only an amazing curved base, but also the marks of that polygon sides; and those marks are a certain proof, not so much for the skill of the Dacian stone masons but, first of all, for the outstanding geometrical and trigonometric knowledge of those which have designed this jewel of ancient thought: the Great Round Sanctuary!
Can be seen the carved line which was considered (by the archaeologists) a simply ..."ornamental design". ...Here, in this paper I have no full play to demonstrate how we got many complex functions (encoded in MSR!) like the dimension of the very probably "length- modulus" used by Dacians (1.734 m), an amazing Pi constant (by 3.1416 !) and other functional mathematical constants, used for a lot and wonderful calculations in their numerical system; and, for sure, the short space here is not the good place to try to introduce the reader in the more complicated calculus of the Dacian calendar, or in the apparent inexplicable accuracy of their geodedic and astronomic measurement... But, to strengthen Jordanes' description of the outstanding men thought by Decaneus into high astronomy, let’s talk a little about the orientation of MSR. Why? Because the orientation of a sanctuary is the true sign of use of "schrine" for the astronomic research!
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 19
Today, at least in the pluridisciplinary research, is not a secret that at Dealul Gradiste was no “fortress” and no "capital of Dacian Kings"! The real military fortified points are those from Blidaru, from Costesti, from Piatra Rosie, Capalna, Cugir and Banitza, all armed with defending walls. Dealul Gradiste has many walls, but usually low and protecting only against the... slopes sliding! Yes, in the western side of the "Sacred Zone" there were the walls 7-8 m. high; but those walls protected the terraces against the cliff, not against an... enemy, (you can imagine an idiot enemy, ready to climb - why through... there ?!! - over 300 m up-the-cliff to... what? To a.. certain death?!...) And "the Dacian capital", the real one, was located (and we have a lot of proof for it) exactly where Ptolemaios designed it on his map, at South-West from current town of Hateg. There the Roman invaders (and winners of two big wars against King Decebal) have occupied the fortified kingly town. Yes, that one was really fortified; but, in the same time, "up-dated" as a modern capital, at the level of start in the second century AD). This up-dating in Mediterranian manner (!) was done, for sure, with... Roman hand!. For it, Cassius Dio is very explicitly: in Dacia, before the wars between Decebal and Trajan, there were thousands of Roman prisoniers, many deserters from the Roman Empire and... a lot of "skilled architect-masters with know-how of civil and military construction", year after year sent to Decebal by 14 Roman emperor Domitian, as a "gift to an ally"F F The Roman soldiers of Trajan got in and occupied that "up-dated capital" (101 AD). And after 106 AD they will settle comfortably in the.. throne and in the bed an in the bathrooms of Decebal King! Actually, the Romans have had not reason to raise new walls, the walls were there; just a Roman amphitheatre; and... (you can believe it?!) – they kept even the old name: "COLONIA DACICA SARMIZEGETHUSA", only later adding a memorial tail: "Augusta Ulpia Traiana". (Even the name can tell us how the procedure had work!), But in Orashtie Mountains, into secluded nest of Dealul Gradiste, there was the heart of Dacian creed, a hiden place for Dacian treasury, a “sacred ironsmith congregation” and a virtual Dacian Academia, improved probably in the time of Decaneus (Deceneu). We guess that the place must have been a very older spiritual center, maybe from the time of Zamolxis (?) and, yes, that monastic center was raised around of a first astronomical (old) observatory, located on the top of the hill. Surrounded in three sides by more high mountains, as an astronomical observation, Dealul Gradiste had a single one "window", a single opening to the mandatory, VISIBLE HORIZON (to West, 2700). Maybe it was enough for a beginning astronomic activity? With this direction, a firmly West point (marked precisely by the sunset at the Vernal Equinox and the Autumnal Equinox), and with a very clean atmosphere around, between the mountains and forests, the old priests and novice astronomers took a fix, a supporting, a "reference" astronomical – orientation point, the West, a point to which to report every night turning of the
14 Cassius Dio, Hystoria Romana, LXVII, 7
20 Timotei URSU firmament... (Maybe regarding those "Hiperboreeans" wrote Hecatheus, the very old Greek historian quoted by Diodor of Sicilly?!.. They say there was a large fraternity of old learned priests, a full town, which lead their life praising to Apollo as the deity, in a very special location "close to the Sky" and from where "... due to the clear atmosphere of place, you can see mountains in the Moon, like 15 on the Earth"?!...F
The sunset at Vernal Equinox (21 March), seen on the “visible horizon” from the top of Gradishte Hill. Our research have tried to prove (and still will do so!) the hypothesis that a new, an excellent new “astronomic observatory of Kogaion", an updated one (and initiated, we guess, by Decaineus in the second half of Ist century BC), an observatory with excellent performances, was raised on Mount Godeanu. A very suitable place (at least useful in time of spring-summer-and-fall), because the top - an "aerial" plateau at 1632 m altitude - is open almost 360 degrees around toward the visible horizon, on which you can hang guide marks! Dealul Gradiste itself is nothing else but a ridge descending from the Muncelu, a shoulder of Godeanu. The two location (“Sacred Zone” and the top of Godeanu), are connected by a visual line of 3 kilometers, On top of Godeanu, exploring directly,
15 Diodor Siculus, The Historical Library, II, XLVII, 1-7
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 21
16 visually, and – by satellite images - with the URTIM procedureF F, we found there some important traces of anthropic activity, 0.30m to 1m underground. Is there, even, the site of a very probable antique tower, crashed down on the slope (the presumed tower for astronomic research?! The place was not searched sound, yet, by the archaeologists, even repeatedly we have provided them significant spectrograms).
From the “SACRED ZONE” of Gradishte Hill to the top of Godeanu is a “perfect visual line”. (Today, because of the surrounding forest with high trees, the Peak of Godeanu is no more visible).
From the top of Godeanu there are 10 possible MARKED DIRECTION, like an "orientation map"...
16 Urtim Procedure is an original system of the author of the paper, develloped to obtain spectral images of the underground, in virtual archaeological sites, sometimes till 4-5 meters deep, and which procedure can identify "antropic burried traces".
22 Timotei URSU
A lot of time perzisted the locked up "enigma of downtown Kogaion": when was constructed the Great Round Sanctuary? The archaeologists know very well that it was built 17 on the top of another one, an older "structure"F F ; (but to get in touch with that structure, today, should mean to dig again the current MSR; and it was expensive and difficulty "reconstituted" in 1980, for show and for visits of tourists!). Anyway, due to the satellite images provided by Google Earth Pro, today we know that the South-East end of the longitudinal MSR axis points very exactly to the place of sunrise at Winter solstice (121.1764706 0). But, because the field of vision from Dealul Gradiste is totally obturated by the nearby mountain called Shesul, taller than Dealul Gradiste with some hundred meters, how the constructors of MSR should have know the perfect direction to the "winter solstice sunrise", depending on which was "oriented” MSR, but... unvisible from there?!
The Great Round Sanctuary cannot see the sunrise depending on which it was built!...
17 C. Daicoviciu and oth, Archaeologic Report, in SCIV, II, 1 1951, p. 117
Sunrises and Sunsets at Kogaion 23
Today, thanks to the satellite images (provided by Google Earth, Geo Eye, NASA and others) we have the answer: the correct direction and angular position for MSR construction, the orientation of its axis came – with remarkable accuracy - from the... top of Godeanu! So, taking in consideration that “the new observatory” was considered necessary probably in the time of Decaneaus (at the middle of the Ist century BC), the new construction of “the very skilled MSR” was build latest, in the first years of the First Century AD!..
The 121.1647. degrees inclination of MSR axis, precisely to the point of sunrise at the Winter solstice is seen only from the altitude of Godeanu and it was “communicated” at Dealul Gradiste, very probably, from this new and powerful Dacian astronomic observatory!...
A real research of the Geto-Dacian ancient level of knowledge and of a possible Central-European and North-European connections with that “KOGAION”, the area of GRADISTE-HILL and Mount GODEANU, (a “historical treasure” included mostly theoretically in the UNESCO’S “protection”!..) is absolute mandatory. From three decades the Romanian authorities and Romanian Ministry of Culture argues with local authorities, who and how to supervise the area. But nothing significant is done – at a central and at the local level - to explore and to save the huge scientific treasure encoded in this KOGAION ! And the World knowledge is mislead (see the VIKIPEDIA!) with outdated and deceitful data offered by past-historic lies (like the one, without any proof, that there was a... “kingly-capital” of a...tribe of Dacians, hidden into the... mountains; ( and not a real “Ancient Creed and Science Centre” (like the latest Lassa, Ushmal, etc.?!...)
24 Timotei URSU
A lot of others possible deductions from a new, a very accurate (and very necessary) survey, are in abeyance of a real and authorized multidisciplinary team of scientists, which have to work with a new generation of archaeologists, well organized and without preconceived ideas. The “miracles of Kogaion" are too astonishing, and too important in understating our past, to remain just a personal laboratory of some private, individual people; or, - more critical! – to the shovel mercy of a few old archaeologists passed beyond. which claim - inadmissibly- that sanctuaries of GRADISTE HILL are their “exclusive property” and they must have the last word on it. For the History of Science, for the Romanian History and for important economic interest of Romania, “KOGAION” signifies a lot more than...what the shovel, the brush and the wheel-barrow can say!...
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 25
THE LARGE LIMESTONE SANCTUARY (LLS) from DEALUL GRĂDIŞTII ("SARMIZEGETUSA REGIA")
1 Adriana RUSU-PESCARUF
Abstract: Taking in consideration all the up-dated archaeological informations about an old and very important Dacian sanctuary from Dealul Gradiştii (Sarmizegetusa Regia) and, especially, working together in a pluridiciplinary team (an archaeologist, a civil engineer and an architect), all these data gave to an appreciate archaeologist, Mrs. Adriana Pescaru, Phd, the opportuneness to depict a "new face" of one of the oldest relics from Dealul Gradistii (Sarmizegetusa Regia). Additionally to a punctilious analysis of what was preserved along of two mileniums, the author of the excellent monograph "SANCTUARELE DACIEI" is coming with a multidisciplinary reconstitution of the Large Limestone Sanctuary.
Keywords: limestone sanctuary; reconstitution of a relic; andesite-basalt; sanctuary; limestone slabs; manmade terrasse; plinth; wooden column; terra-cotyta medallion
2 The LARGE LIMESTONE SANCTUARYF (LLS; named S-68 in the multidisciplinary research) at DEALUL GRĂDIŞTII. In the picture is a current reconstitution of the sanctuary (till the level 2.85 m depth).
1 Profesor dr., arheologist, Deva, Romania 2 Adriana Rusu-Pescaru, Sanctuarele Daciei, 2005, Deva, p. 33-43.
26 Adriana RUSU-PESCARU
The Large Limestone Sanctuary from the XIth terrace was identified in the archaeological campaign of year 1951, on a platform, South-East from the spring (on the XIth terrace). The full exploration was done in the next years, including 1979-1981 (the beginning of preservation work at "Sarmizegetusa Regia"). The sanctuary platform is orientated North-East to South-West and, in the digging process, have exhibited four phases of construction. Going deeper from upper level there is, first, a Roman structure of wood, situated on a rock layer and the layer is placed on the leveled debris resulted from the pull down of the sanctuary. (...). That level is about 1 m. deep. The second level, which is a Dacian level, is only 0.35 m beneath the Roman one. There are the relics of a sanctuary build with andesit-basalt pillars, on top of a substructure formed by river-rocks comprised in clay.
In the middle of the surface (marked with andesit pillars) were 7 limestone plinths, each with an diameter of 1.30 m. and 0,20-025 bigness, supported by a foundation made by rocks mixed with soil. To this level, also, belongs the Northern platform which was the entrance into sanctuary. This platform is 2 m broad and is made by limestone slabs. In the Northern side, close to the end of entrance platform, archaeological digging identified also an eighth imprint, similar to the 7 plinths from the central line. (The conclusion: there were, originally, eight plinths!) The next level was 2.85 m depth, formed by four lines of limestone plinths (see the above image), each line having in situ 13 plinths, with the same dimensions like the plinths from antecedent level. On the surface of some of the 52 plinths, were identified rounded-hollows, with a diameter of 0.50 - 0.80 m., hollows which (probably?) belongs to the diameter of the wooden columns raised on these plinths. On the Western side, on a substructure similar to the second level of andesit pillars, became visible the marks of seven wooden pillars with a diameter between 0.50-0.80 m each. In the Eastern side were found two pillars, and also the marks of another four, with an average diameter of 0.40 m, The distance between the marks of the wooden pillars was 2 m.
The Large Limestone Sanctuary (LLS) From Dealul GrădiĢtii ("Sarmizegetusa Regia") 27
Those four marks (discovered in 1980) drive to the hypothesis that the wooden pillars were placed around all four sides of the sanctuary. At the same time the archaeologists have established that the limestone 3 plinths were seated on foundationsF F delved into a funnel hole into the padding soil of terrace. These holes have a highest diameter of 1.60-1.85 m. and a depth of 1.60 - 1.90 m. The foundations were made by river-rocks and clay and were placed to certain distances, depending on the space between the plinths. The foundations were the toughness support for the plinths, on which plinths should have been raised up the wooden columns. The research from 1980-1981 have revealed the mark of the "foundation number 14" in the Eastern plinths-line of sanctuary. The 15th "mark of foundation" was lost in the former diggings when the archaeologists have verified the elevation of the Northern wall (at the beginning of research, in 1950-1951). Based on the new facts we conclude that, at this level of building, there was a sanctuary with 4 lines of 15 columns each. It does mean we are in the presence of a sanctuary with 60 columns. The columns were placed at 3.20 m between the lines; the distance between each of the columns was 2.50 m (the inter-axes distance). On the Southern side the supporting wall of the terrace is doubled with another one; the thickness of the second one is 1.08 m. The two walls were bounding the entrance staircase to the sanctuary, made by limestone slabs. It is ending front of a platform, located 0.40 m. above to the wall of terrace (it was the level of the treading level in the time of construction). Now is evidently that the plinths nr. 14 and nr.15 were disassembled later and re-used in another time of construction, together with the 8 plinths from the middle of sanctuary (and bounded later with the marginal pillars of andesite). In the basement of sanctuary the deepest level was found at 4.40 m, formed by a line of groups (3-4 slabs of limestone) placed crosswise or triangularly. The slabs were found on the Eastern side of the terrace. In the same zone have appeared some lens, as half-round pits, connected each to other by rocks and the rocks joined by clay, which form the foundation, the supporting base for the columns. The terrace (41m x 13 m) of the sanctuary, like all the terraces here, is manmade by Dacians and is protected against the nearby cliff by massy, very heavy walls, build in murus dacicus technique. The supporting wall of the Large Limestone Sanctuary is made up with three sides (North, West and South), only 2.50-2.90 m thick. The side against the cliff is the protective wall (innate with 11-13 levels of heavy slabs; 6-8 m elevation).
3 H. Daicoviciu and his team, în Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, 1986, p. 105-10
28 Adriana RUSU-PESCARU
This protective wall against the cliff is today only a third of his heigh as in the Ist century A.D.
In the South-Eastern corner of sanctuary, on the South-East to North-Vest side, at 20.40 m, have been identified into the wall the margin of a tower with a rectangular design. The tower belongs to the first Dacian level of the platform.
An URTIM spectrogram pointing out the pile structure of the basement, under the current ground level.
The Large Limestone Sanctuary (LLS) From Dealul GrădiĢtii ("Sarmizegetusa Regia") 29
The location of the Great Limetone Sanctuar seen by a satellite image (Digital Globe)
At the beginning of the modern research (1948-1962) LLS was considered an "open sanctuary" (uncovered with a roof), with columns raised up on the limestone plinths, only about 1.50 m in elevation. Subsequently was proposed a new reconstitution, a building with two levels (basement and first floor with a porch, a cella and a roof), a model inspired by the Greek dipter temple, 4 combined with the pseudodipter tipeF F. Another opinion does not accept the hypothesis of a Greek influence, holding on just the idea of the roof and of a sanctuary surrounded with wooden pillars; also, eliminates the basement, cella, 5 the porchF F, In another hypothesis is proposed a reconstitution with wooden pillars, a roof 6 and wooden wallsF F..
The proposal of Dinu Antonescu ( "Introduction into dacian architecture")
4 I. H. CriĢan, Burebista şi epoca sa, ed. II, 1977, p. 391-395 5 D. Antonescu, Introducere în arhitectura dacilor, 1984, p. 51-66 6 M. Strambu, I. Glodariu, în Acta Musei Napocensis, XVIII, 1981, p. 377-386
30 Adriana RUSU-PESCARU
The reconstitution of M. Strîmbu and I. Glodariu
By the analysis of all data (2004), there is a sanctuary compounded from 4 lines, each with 15 bases for columns. Every plinth stand on a foundation, of which depth shout out the location of another construction (basement). That foundation take over the pressure of the column on the crumbly soil (even a friable rocky soil), and especially on the padding of terrace. At only 0.80 m from the marginal line of bases there are marks of wooden pillars. That does not give enough space for walking through, if there should be constructed some lateral walls. We consider the probability of a building raised up with wooden columns, supported by the plinths, columns supporting - at their turn - a shingle-roof, with two inclined slopes (the roof made from wood), and the pillars making only a surrounding and a passage, to walk around the sanctuary. A similar solution is used in other sanctuaries. The entrance was made with steps located in the Southern side of the sanctuary. By the existing evidence - (together with Ms. Lavinia Brătescu, an engineer, and with Mr. Richard Stiller, an architect with Designing Institute from Deva, Hunedoara) - we have tried to reconstitute the old appearance of this Large Limestone Sanctuary, in the second stage (that with four lines of fifteen plinths and a surrounding made by a wooden line of pillars). ------The Publisher's Note : The full process of a "pluridisciplinary reconstitution", from the reckonings of resistance and some very accurate and unusual measurements to calculate the burden and the distribution of the weight in dissimilar points of the sanctuary, for different meteorological events very specific for that area, even all of these data are very attractive, we’ll do not reproduce here; (whoever interested for details may consult the extensive list of calculus in the 36 - 43 pages of the monograph) . We will quote only two examples (from pg. 36 and 38), proves for the scientific work done by the tree collaborators, work which concluded a must correct pile (architectural vision) of the LARGE LIMESTONE SANCTUARY ------
The Large Limestone Sanctuary (LLS) From Dealul GrădiĢtii ("Sarmizegetusa Regia") 31
The research conclusion: the Sanctuary LLS was raised with wooden columns of 6 m. high, at the margin of the cliff, which have amplifyied a dominant, an "elegant" stature of the old Dacian shrine !
Reconstitutive proposal for LLS, by the team lead by Adriana Rusu-Pescaru (2004)
When was build the Large Limestone Sanctuary? In the heart of sanctuary, on the first disk from the line II, was discovered a terra-cotta medallion with a quasi-rounded size (axially 10.3 cm and 9.4 cm, thick by 1.5 cm). On the surface it has in relief a woman face. The reverse side is smooth, with no ornaments. The clay from which was made the medallion contain many small fragments of mica-schist, a sedimentary rock which proves that clay was took from somewhere close to Dealul Gradistii or nearby, where the mica- schist is the dominant rock. It is a big similitude of this medallion with a coin. (The most near analogy is a republican dinar from the time of Tiberius Claudius).
32 Adriana RUSU-PESCARU
If the analogy is justified, the feminine effigy could be a representation of Diana. On the coin Diana had a diadem. That diadem is only schematized on the medallion, as a helmet with a peep hole. The bow and the quiver are also schematized. (On the coin Diana carry them on the shoulder). Besides of these details, observe of the coin is pretty well imitated, less the inscription, which is missing on the medallion.
DIANE (Bendis?!) on the medallion
The coin is surrounded with a circle of pearled points, set off in relief; on the medallion this is represented by a circle of incised lines. The margins of the coin are toothed, an effect roughly imitated on the medallion. The medallion, found in the middle of the Large Limestone Sanctuary, has a main significance because it is a mark for dating. Even the dating cannot be made with total accuracy, is possible to conclude that the sanctuary last from the first half of Ist century AD, therefore giving the necessary time for the dinar, issued in the year 80 BC, to come up in Dacia and to be imitated in terra-cotta. What is for sure, the medallion does not imitate directly the Roman dinar, but rather a... Dacian copy. (Dacian copies of the Roman dinars coming from Ist century B.C. are not a scarcity). In the support of the estimated chronology comes, also, the discovery of a bronze coin from the time of Emperor Claudius (a coin issued in the year 41 AD), which proves the existence and the function of the Large Limestone Sanctuary in the middle of Ist century A1D. It is also possible that the coin was lost in the time of the final lay out, because it was found in the "closing zone" of the sanctuary, in the Southern side.
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 33
THE LANGUAGE OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION IN THE CARPATO-DANUBIANO-PONTIC AREA (IN THE FIRST CENTURIES A.D.)
1 Theodor DAMIANF
Abstract: There are many controversies regarding the ethnic status, the place of dwelling and the language of the native population in the territory of Thraco-Geto-Dacian people, after the vanish of Roman Empire legions from there (end of the IIIrd century AD). At the same time, day-by-day new data and arguments come attesting that Thracian and Geto- Dacian territory was one of the first zone where the European Christianity got significant roots. Researcher, professor in History of Religions, priest and writer, Mr.Theodor Damian add to the issue some very interesting and useful arguments, supporting the idea that the explaination of the Romanians continuity and the preservation of their language can be demonstrated by a careful analyse of history of early Christian missionary activity in the first centuries of the New Era.
Key Words: Geto-Dacians; Thracians; Roman Empire; Gospel; missionary activity; Christian religion, translations, language of sermon.
There are so many mysteries with regard to our ancestors, the Geto-Dacian people, that the so calledcomplete disappearance of their language in a very strange and unjustified manner almost doesn’t surprise us. The explanations given for this phenomenon are mostly insufficient, scientifically unfounded and without logic. They are simple assertions, more or less artificial. Today is the time to look at this period of our history with interdisciplinary skills – which are becoming, day by day, more and more efficient. This is a necessary turning point for a more adequate and better understanding of the subject. The purpose of this paper is not to exhaustively analyze the topic, but to reiterate, for those who are not yet convinced, a few historical and logical arguments and to encourage a critical examination of it in the light of the new research and publications. The Church can contribute significantly to the clarification of the problem of our ancestors’ language, because the Church – as an active player in history – carried out an intense pastoral, liturgical, theological and missionary activity among the Geto-Dacians. And if the theological activity (writings that had in view the interpretation of the fundamental teaching of faith with the purpose of crystallization of the Christian doctrine), the Divine liturgy and, especially, the pastoral and the Christian mission represent essential dimensions of the Church, and if the purpose of Christian mission is to convert and catechize large groups of
1 Professor of Philosophy and Ethics, Metropolitan College of New York, USA.
34 Theodor DAMIAN people, these actions had to be carried out in the language of these people and not in a language they did not understand. It is true that many of the Church Fathers were educated people who were fluent in several languages, especially in Greek and Latin. They wrote books in those languages, even if they did not represent the language of the local people. However, in such situations it is obvious that the Liturgy, the sermon and the mission could not been done but in the local idiom, spoken and understood by the respective local community, because we talk here about “mission” as a perseverant and systematic effort to efficiently spread the Christian ideas in the midst of a community. Let’s look at the example of Saint Basil the Great, Saint Cyril of Alexandria, or Cyril of Jerusalem. They wrote, in Greek, books of complicated and profound theology that are difficult to understand even for the educated and sophisticated mind of the modern reader. But when they were talking to the people in the parishes where they were preaching, doing their catechetical instruction and missionary work, they must have done it in the local language of the respective countries, such as Egypt or Palestine, or other countries in Asia Minor. Were there Greek speakers in Jerusalem in the time of Saint Cyril’s mission? Of course. Nevertheless, what is absolutely sure, his listeners were speaking not Greek, but the local idiom. Were there people in Egypt fluent in Greek at the time when Saint Cyril was preaching in Alexandria? Of course, but the broad masses of people were speaking and understanding only the local language. (The Coptic language still in use in Egypt today in the Orthodox religious service and in the daily life of the Coptic Christians is a proof in this sense). Besides the logical arguments there is also historical evidence regarding the preaching the Christian Gospel in the languages of the local communities. In one of his studies about the Thracian version of the Gospel, Bruce Metzger underlines that Saint Irenaeus of Lugdunum spoke and preached in the local Celtic language, 2 just like Blessed Augustine in Hyppo preached in Punic, the local idiom.F In 359 A.D. Saint John Chrysostom uttered a sermon to the Goths settled in Constantinople with the help of a translator. In that sermon he made a special mention regarding the use of local languages for the purpose of spreading the Christian faith: “Where are, now, Plato, Pythagoras and all the other philosophers of Athens?! Just look! Where are the fishermen’s teachings and the teachings of the tent- makers?! They are not only in Judea, they are shining firmly, stronger than the sun, in barbarian languages also, as you did hear today! Scythians and Thracians, Sarmatians, Moors and Indians and even those living at the end of the world,
2Bruce M. Metzger, New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional and Patristic, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1980, p. 165.
The Language of the Christian Mission in the Carpato-Danubiano-Pontic Area (in the First Centuries A.D.) 35 philosophise about the things mentioned here having them translated each in their 3 mother tongue.”F E.Lozovan, in Dacia Sacra, attests to the fact that the Bessi, a prominent 4 Thracian tribe, uttered Christian prayers in their own language.F If the Gospel was translated and preached in their language to some smaller ethnic groups than the Tracian and Geto-Dacian peoples (such as the Nubians, 5 Sogdians, Georgians,F Fetc.), we may assume that a nation like the Thracians, "the biggest in the world after that of the Indians" (according to Herodotus), strong and 6 civilized (Thracia was "the mother country of poetry, music and religion" F F), became a priority target of the Christian missionaries. At the start of IVthcentury AD the native population of Thracia was not 7 RomanizedF F - says Bruce Metzger -, and Christianity advanced there in a remarkable manner, a fact specified by Heliodorus in a letter to Blessed Jerome 8 who was at the time in Palestine.F Although Morton Smith, a historian from Columbia University, advocates that in the VIth century AD the Gospels were already translated into the Thracian 9 language,F F we consider that if for other, less known nations they were translated earlier, in the Thracian language, most probably, they were translated at least three centuries earlier, at the time when the first bishop of Tomis, Evangelicus, is 10 mentioned (i.e. at the end of third century ADF F), if not even earlier! On the other hand, if we trust the information that in the VIst century AD the four Gospels were already translated in Thracian, but that - unlike in other idioms where the Gospels 11 were the first written literatureF F - in the Thracian language, like in Latin, there were written manuscripts before this time, we don't see any reason why the Gospel translation had to wait until the VIth century. If the Thracian language is positioned beside Latin by Morton Smith, we consider in the same context that it may stay besides the Greek language as well. And if the Gospels were translated at the dawn of Christianity into these two, there is no reason for them not to be translated at the same time into Thracian. Also, if the translation of the Gospels generated a literary prospering of a
3Ibidem, pp. 159-160 (see Migne PG, 63, 499-501). 4E. Lozovan, “Dacia Sacra”, in History of Religions, vol. 7, Nr. 3, February 1968, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., p. 237. 5Bruce Metzger, op. cit., p. 150 (note 4). 6Ibidem, p. 153. 7Ibidem, p. 156. 8Ibidem, p. 158. 9Morton Smith, The Columbia History of the World, Ed. by John A. Garraty and Peter Gay, New York, 1972, p. 247 (see Bruce Metzger, op. cit., p. 150). 10Bruce Metzger, op. cit., p. 156. 11Morton Smith, op. cit., p. 156.
36 Theodor DAMIAN
12 Christian nature, as Morton Smith writes,F F and if we take for granted the hypothesis that the Gospels were translated into Thracian in the VIthcentury, how could the Tracian language disappear in the same century, as W.Tomaschek, 13 P.P.Hasdeu and, later, I.I. RussuF F asserted, just at the same time when a full Christian literature was flourishing?! Although too shy, Lozovan's conclusion that on the shores of Danube the Christian Church was neither of Latin style, nor Greek, and that the Christian 14 doctrine was spread and practiced in local languages F F, comes strongly to support the idea that the translation of the Gospels and of other Christian texts were done in Thracian even from the dawn of Christianity. It also supports the idea that the Thracian language did not disappear in the VIth century AD, but - on the contrary - due to the impulse given by the new Christian writings, lasted for a long time after it. With this idea in mind, one must not forget the intrinsic psychological character of the Christian mission. The mission addresses the mind and the heart. The mind, for an understanding at an intellectual level -as much as this is possible - of the content of the evangelical preaching; the heart for the engagement of feeling in view of the application of the Christian teaching to the daily life. The emotional dimension is absolutely essential in this kind of context, as every religion targets the living, the creation of a modus vivendi; if not, it is reduced to a mere philosophy or to an ordinary system of thinking. This is valid especially for the Christian religion, because it is centered on and springs from the two kinds of love: for God and for the neighbour. Holding in mind these considerations it is understandable why the evangelical mission must be done in the local tongue of people, even if - at another level - it was done also in a superposed language, a borrowed one, like the language imposed through cultural or military colonization. It is said that it does not matter what country you are in, no matter how many languages you speak, even when special circumstances determine you to speak currently in your daily life in a different language than your own (as in the case of immigration), when you pray, you pray in your mother tongue. Exceptions from the rule can be found, of course. The important fact is that religion targets the mind and the heart of the human being, and that the full and profound access to them is possible not through a foreign language, an imposed one, sometime even hated by natives, but through the mother tongue. It is known that the free Dacians (outside the borders of the Roman Empire) unceasingly attacked the Romans and that the Dacians from the
12Ibidem. 13E. Lozovan, op. cit., p. 237. 14Ibidem, pp. 242-243.
The Language of the Christian Mission in the Carpato-Danubiano-Pontic Area (in the First Centuries A.D.) 37
15 occupied territories rebelled continuously against their oppressors.F F Consequently, the conclusion is that the Dacians hated the Romans and, implicitly, their language, except if both Dacians and Romans spoke approximately the same language. It is useful to consider that, if the Gospel was translated into the native tongues of the peoples in the Roman Empire, all the more the Liturgy and the sermon were performed in the same local idioms. It is illogical to think that, if the Gospel was translated into a local language, the priest would preach and speak to the same people in another language. In addition, Lozovan affirms clearly that 16 Thracian was a liturgical language.F Another way to look at the same matter is the following: if some people, especially those who defend the Latinist theory, claim that through preaching in Greek or in Latin in Dacia the local language was replaced, because this preaching was done to other nations as well, including to some in the Roman Empire, all of these nations would be speaking today one of those two languages: Greek or Latin. This is, evidently, infirmed by reality. If in a nation there is a practice of using another language at the same time with the mother tongue, it does not necessarily lead to the replacement of the mother tongue. This phenomenon is so true that it is applied today in other missions, such as those by Protestant churches in Africa or in Asia. The American Bible Society (with headquarters in New York), even today translates the Holy Scripture into tribal languages and dialects, even for countries where English or French are spoken extensively at the administrative, academic, and commercial levels. It has to be mentioned here that even in the case when the Christian mission targets the elite of a nation and the call is made in another language than the local onewhen this local language is not known by the missionary, the goal is to obtain finally, through the Christianization of the elite, a future Christianization of the masses: this has happened for example with the Slavs. Or, consider, as Prof. Ion Rotaru indicates, the case of Niceta of Remesiana who preached south and north of the Danube and went until the heart of the Western Carpathian Mountains. He 17 wrote easily in Latin, but spoke and preached in Old Romanian.F 18 The erudite theology professor Ioan ComanF F and, more recently, Mihai 19 DiaconescuF F conclude that, keeping in mind the structure, profoundness and
15Mihail Diaconescu, Historia Literaturii Dacoromâne, Ed. Alcor Edimpex, BucureĢti, 1999, pp. 23-38. 16Ibidem, p. 211. 17Ioan Rotaru, “Latinitate Ģi Europenism”, în Cugetarea Europeană, An I, Nr. 1, dec. 2001, BucureĢti, p. 7. 18Ioan G. Coman, Scriitori Bisericeşti din Epoca Străromână, Ed. Institutului Biblic, BucureĢti, 1979, pp. 7-29; 44-54. 19Mihail Diaconescu, op. cit., pp. 64, 76, 789.
38 Theodor DAMIAN powerful personality of the Dacian people and remembering their advanced culture attested by contemporary historians, the Dacian language was not assimilated by other idioms it came in contact with. On the contrary, it assimilated them, like later, the Romanian language coming in contact with the Greek language and Slavonic idioms did not stop to exist but, while assimilating influences from both languages, continued to exist until today. The argument of the language is fundamentally connected with the argument of continuity, and vice-versa. There are cases when some minorities were denationalized by the interdiction to use their mother tongue and by the imposition of the language of the colonists, like in some areas of current Hungary or Poland, where the local Vlach - or Wallach - population became Hungarian or Polish. Consequently, if the Romanian ancestors in and around the Carpathian Mountains had lost their language, we would not be Romanians or Daco-Romanians today. And vice-versa: where a language is being preserved, the nation and the nationality is preserved, as in some small enclaves where minority populations preserved their mother tongue and through that, their ethnic identity. Using the argument in reverse, if we, Romanians, continued to be a Romanian nation and are not Romans, even though partially colonized be them, this is due to the preservation of the mother tongue of the Geto-Dacians until today. By the same token, there are distinct nations like the Greeks or the Jews that were under Roman colonization for a longer time than the Dacians (Daco-Romanians) and yet they did not lose their mother tongue. The continuity of the language led to the ethnic continuity and survival. The natural conclusion of these considerations is that if the Geto-Dacians were Christianized at a level so high that in the IVthcentury they produced hundreds of martyrs in the persecutions against Christians and gave to the Church famous theologians like Saint Cassian, Gherman and Dionysius Exiguus and were already well organized in dioceses with bishops well known in the ecumenical word of the time (Theotim ofTomis, for example), if all of these facts prove a solid rooting of the Christian religion in the conscience, mind and heart of our ancestors, it means, beyond the theological writings produced in Greek or Latin, that the basic Christian mission was not done in a language strange and odd to the heart of the people, but in their mother tongue. And once the religion penetrated through the language into the heart and conscience of the people, as long as the faith and the worship continue to exist, as they are its supreme values, the language continues to exist as well. And if the Romanian language lasted from then until today, that means it is the language that the Daco-Romanians spoke before Christianization and, implicitly, before the partial colonization of Dacia by the Romans, even if the language, as it is natural, went through different influences and slight changes. Has the Geto-Dacian language vanished? No. It existed, it lasted and it is!
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 39
IN THE NORTHERN DOBROUDJA A HYHPOTETICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE FORTRESS GENUCLA
1 Nicolae NICOLAEF
Abstract: One of the "enigmatic" fortified Getic towns of the Northern side in Dobroudja (Eastern Romania) was GENUCLA and it is mentioned, few times, for being involved in some big military and commercial issues, on the lower Danube. It was not possible to locate yet the location of GENUCLA, because on the shores of Danube, on the last two hundred kilometers of its flow, the archaeological research found a few vestiges of former fortresses, but all destroyed, as a mark of the large scale military confrontations there in the ancient times. Mr. Nicolae, a local historian and leader of the "GETIA MINOR FOUNDATION" from Tulcea, summarize a short picture of historical and archaeological research in the area, including references to the stormy military history of the last centuries BC, and concludes with a hypothetical identification of the ancient Genucla (by himself, with the support of the members of his foundation). Actually, even their research is not interfering with the specific archaeological activity, the conclusions and the facts expounded by Mr. Nicolae Nicolae can be helpfull to a productive archaeological research.
Keywords: paleolithic; mesolithic; neolithic; ister-danube; hamangia-culture; gumelnitza- culture; bronze age; iron age; hiperboreea; thracians; geto-dacians; Herodotus; Sarmizegethousa; Genucla; the lead plates from Sinaia ; Ederile hill; satellite image In 1853 one of the founders of so-called Prehistory, Jacques Baucher de Perthes, in a trip trough Delta of Danube have ask if in the big river alluvial deposits were found also deposits of Antediluvian; a question without an answer at that time. Later, like in 1910, after some dredging into the heart of Delta (on the top of a bank ridge, in Caraorman), were collected mammoth bones, a few bones of rhinoceros, wild horses, etc., all of them Paleolithic fossils (more exactly: from Pleistocene). In 1927 starts the sound digging at Topalu (Pestera); there is a fossil fauna assigned to the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Ion Băncilă made diggings at Cap Midia and Mamaia-Sat, where he found relics of flint, assigned to Musteriane. Other Romanian archaeologists have organized a systematic research at PeĢtera Liliecilor, PeĢtera Bursucilor, Gura Dobrogei, Adam Clisi, etc. Alexandru Păunescu have got remarkable results at Poarta Albă, Saligny, Făclia, Mircea Vodă, TichileĢti, Garvân, Enisala, some zones with many Paleolithic settlements and some Mesolithic dwellings. (Soon the archaeologist branch will see those "special type" of building all around Dobroudja!). We point out here only a small part of those detections which show in all bearings the way of Dobroudja, from a deep past to the new historic times.
1 Historian, Publisher-secretary of DACIA MAGAZINE, Tulcea, Romania
40 Nicolae NICOLAE
The next human culture, the Neolithic, have entered soundly in the care of researchers: in Dobroudja came up the outstanding culture Hamangia, (in fact the 2 single one neolithic culture which came by colonizationF F into "Romanian Neolithic", assimilated, localized and spectacular developed here) and the native Gumelnitza culture, both of them defined by an application of ornamented ceramic and by terra-cotta statuettes, true effigies of the old relics in our museums.
1. Chirnogi; 2 "The Thinker From Cernavoda 3. Goloviţa; A vessel (Gumelniţa). And His Pair"(Hamangia). A feminine figurine (Hamangia).
Excerpt from the old map " Tabula Peutingeriana", ( III-IV AD ?) – where Genucla can not be found!
2 Ion Miclea, Radu Florescu, Preistoria Daciei, 1980, p. 71
In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla 41
Soon, in spite of a true evolution of the local population to the Thracian-Gete ethnic level (which will be culminating in the Ist century BC with Burebista's Kingdom), the care of historians and archaeologists preponderantly went - we assume - to the social and cultural expression of... the Greek fortified towns, colonies founded between IX-III centuries BC as commercial terminals on the shore of Pontus Euxinos (Black Sea); and, after it, to the Greek-Roman symbiosis in "Schytia Minor" country, which became a stable part of Roman Empire. (We are not neglectful of the fact that the written reports and comparative analyses associated with the well confirmed patterns from Aegean Sea area and from all around Mediterranean world, were more attractive, more... "over frontiers" and then, certainly more productive in acquiring an academic or an university notoriety!...) But the recovery of the gaps from that time becomes a moral duty of Romanian historiography, especially because the so called "country between Istros and Pontus" hold in his store great and very important surprises. ... After the (presumed) migration from the North (?) of Indo-Europeans, we can see a better archaeologically documented migration, in a new way: from Europe to Asia. This is the time of the early outset of the Bronze Age, a historical period in which the Carpatho-Danubiano-Pontic dwellers will get their "special spirituality" (so named by the written sources of Antiquity). Let’s remember: for that time is more and more visible the build-up of villages and seatings which will grow as towns, more coherently outlined. Regarding the settlers from the Carpatho-Danubiano-Pontic Arch, those people are called sometimes in the history books Hyperboreeans Pelasgy. That's also the time when begin new swarming moves, from Hyperboreea - located "over the Okeanos Potamos" (namely over Danube) - to the warmer Mediterranean regions, a few waves which will repeat like every 200 years, and will disturb deeply some cultures of South (the Knossos and Mycenaean civilization). Anyway, something must be underlined: the dating in all archaeological investigations on the Carpatho-Pontic area, was done only with relative-method; today these data no more tally with the require of a real modern knowledge. Ordinarily, the end of Eneolithic Age should transmute itself in a transitional area, to the Early Bronze Age; but - unfortunately - for the region in our sight, Dobroudja, we have not evidence of the Early and the Middle Bronze Age. Is identified archaeologicaly here only the Late Bronze Age. ( ...Like arriving from the blue sky?!)...Nevertheless, in Dobroudja were a big number of tumulus, some scholars assume the conclusion that those tumulus are from Early and Middle Bronze Age. Regrettably, from the massive number, thousands of tumulus, a big part were turn down by agricultural arrangement of the territory, and the archaeological inventory from them was scattered, lost, or stolen and sold dirt-cheap. But, from the hundreds of tumulus still existing, we underline: were hallowed and investigated only... 1% !.. (That is for why more and more researchers refrain to agree that the “...Early and Middle Bronze Age is... absent in Dobroudja"... !).
42 Nicolae NICOLAE
The terminal phase of Bronze Age here, in Dobroudja, is marked by a mini- culture called Pre-Babadag, which is a continuation of Monteoru culture, and which directly induced here the start of Iron Age. From then, the archaeological data became to multiply, pointing out that fortresses are build strategically on the right shore of the Danube, with a military mean, but also - and especially! – for a commercial destination. The phase passing from Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age also correspond to some big struggle in Europe; and from here will let out, to South, waves of warlike people; (see the "Great Invasion of The Sea People Into Middle East", recorded like that by Egyptians: it was a big "Europeean coalition"; and, for sure, into heart of that was a Thracian constitutive: at that time the Thracians were the dominating people by number, in the South-East of Europe. Then comes a new time, when a part of those tribes or subdivisions which have emigrated in the past from Hyperboreea, will return, not with the best intentions, but for plunder and robbery, becoming a true danger for the native settlers. A plunder was considered then a normal merit, a justified and a very honorable military action ("The Great Robbery of the Golden Wool" from... Hyperboreea, by a Greek team of adventurers, commemorative recorded by the Greek mythology, is a perfect example for it!). Of course, the communities have fortified themselves to defend their goods, sometimes in larger coalition. The historic sources mention well-known troubles, like the big military Persian war of “Darius (Dareios in Greek) against the Scythians". As Herodotus recorded it in his "HISTORIES", the Balkan Thracian tribes and their fortresses capitulated without fighting to Persian army, but not the "GETAI" (GETE), "the Thracian tribe settled on Danube"; quote: 93. "But before he (Dareios) came to the Ister, he conquered first the Getai, who believe in immortality: for the Thracians who occupy Salmydessos and are settled above the cities of Apollonian and Mesambria, called the Kyrmianai and the Nipsaioi, delivered themselves over to Dareios without fighting; but the Getai, who are the bravest and the most upright in their dealings from all the Thracians, having 32 betaken themselves to obstinacy, were forthwith subdued."F F One of the most famous GETAI's stronghold, then (and it survived a few decades after the rapid tear-out of the powerful kingdom of Burebista), was the fortress called GENUCLA. The fortified town resisted to the Roman assaults till 28- 27 BC, when it was dismantled by legions of Roman Macedonian governor Crassus. Genucla was a lot of time an important port on Danube and, at least for Northern present-day Dobroudja, a true Eastern capital, (maybe equally in fame with Sarmizegethousa of Dacians, in the West, over the Carpathian Mountains?!). Unfortunately, we have not a written proof locating GENUCLA. Some investigative research from the beginning of previous century, tried to locate the fortress – hypothetically - were two Moldavian rivers, SIRET and PRUT, meet the Danube. (Of course, it was a potential good commercial area, which support the
3 Herodot, Istorii, 92
In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla 43 hypothesis of a justified location; but no archaeological proof confirmed it. Nicolae DensuĢianu and Nicolae Săulescu have indicated the possible location of the fortress somewhere close to current town Galaţi. Undoubtedly, then were more other fortresses along with Danube shore, but no written map from the time to know: which, where?! Even summary, the geographical description corroborated with the known direction of the Roman legions in their advance to occupy the Danube end (where the river mouths draw into Black Sea), indicate the North of Dobroudja as a zone of maximum interest. For it, the archaeologist branch of historians started to look for location of Genucla more and more to East, mandatory on the Danube banks. In what concerns us - especially after we found the name "GENUCLA" in a lot of those 4 revealing LEAD-PLATES-FROM SINAIAF F - we choose to search the perimeter enclosed by villages ParcheĢ, Mănăstirea Celic and Niculiţel, in our Northern Dobroudja. The perimeter is located some 30 kilometers South-West from town of TULCEA, the current capital of the region. (And when I say "we", I'm talking about the most enthuziast and diligent members of our foundation from Tulcea, the people of "GETIA MINOR")
;
A LEAD PLATE FROM SINAIA (nr. 1, Romalo, pg.16), one of the plates of this series where appears the name of GENUCLA, written here "DJ-EN(I)OKLO"( full and detail; the name is severed by the bottom of the central image).
4 Dan Romalo, Cronica apocrifă pe plăci de plumb?, BucureĢti, 2003
44 Nicolae NICOLAE
“Getia Minor Foundation" is a public endowed establishment for historical knowledge and research, counting on over 450 members. At least 50 of them - with different professions – are all very active and interested in practical research. From ten years ago we make periodically visits to that site, which is located in our proximity. In our trips there we are doing visual periegeses, photographic research, altimetry examination; and recently we started to search the area with the help of satellite image (on-line), which is a turning-point in our scientific reasoning.
The place of supposed location of GENUCLA: a forest, close to OLD DANUBE and to the village Niculiţel In the farmer house-holdings, in the near fields, in the forest, day by day come out all kinds of relics which send us thousand and thousand years in the past. The archaeological investigation along the time have revealed some pile of strong dwellings, still from the Early Neolithic. In that area were the archaeologists have partialy explored, are six sites which demonstrate a remarkable density of houses, domestic pits, a few necropolis. The most important relics: three very large jars (with utmost large dimensions!), a boat-launcher platform (close to the former shore of Old Danube, were – in Antiquity - the Big River was four-five times larger than the current river Danube, for that being then named "Okeanos Potamos" (“The Big River like a Sea"). The archaeologists found also some smelting furnaces for metal minerals, some kind of old coins, amphoras, ear rings, bracelets, glass beads, etc.
In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla 45
Four kilometers from the monastery of village Celic, there is a necropolis in the woods, with many tombs. At least two of them look impressive, there are some "stone rings" and other inventory was collected as a result of a save-digging. Estimating by the many military relics (swords, knives, daggers, shields), we may conclude that roughly three thousand years ago, here was settled a numerous community of GETE, in the peak of their social developing. That community was hypothetically dated from the end of Bronze Age and the beginning of Iron Age. We underline that all the relics were estimated with relative methodology. No C- 14 or other modern device for a more accurate estimation was used. But the great number of relics supported us into idea that - somewhere in the surrounding area - must be a fortress, a fortified town, from where the region was politically, commercial-transaction and, of course, military - protected and managed!... Many years ago, the former General manager of ICEM Tulcea and of Country Museum, the archaeologist Simion Gavrilă, with the help of two local forest guards, have discovered in the woods a fortress, a strange fortress at the first sight, on the top of the first hill to West, looking from the front of monastery Celic: the EDERILE HILL . Soon after it, the regretted archaeologist have passed away, without starting his intended sounding digging.
The presumtive location of the fortress is pretty close to the shore of OLD DANUBE
46 Nicolae NICOLAE
The location of the fortress is on the "plane top" of EDERILE HILL
Starting year 2010, the site was took over by the archaeologist V. Sârbu, from Brăila. He made some pits inside of that "strange" perimeter, surrounded by steep crags, over a half-round cliff. Probably a wall was build up between the large and marginal belt of rocks and natural slabs. The sounding digging was made by cutting a few cassettes (2 x 1 m.) and the work was done with students from Poland. (?!) Three weeks they worked with absolute discretion, in silence; and after the inventory found in those cassettes was collected, recorded and took by Mr. Sârbu, the cassettes were carefully stopped up, but marked each with a wooden plug as a witness. (Well done job; just we don't understand why the archaeologist did not invite Rumanian students; maybe the fact that the foreign students don't understand the Romanian language was considered a.. better protection of the site secrets? For what is useful this "secreto-mania" in guarding out of the public sight the outcome of a possible important discovery?! Maybe is the fear that some malefactors will squeeze at the site to rummage in for a... treasure, or for some dirt-cheap marketable relics?! Well, the archaeological research, here, could have had the surprise not of despoilers, but opposite: a public foundation with members dedicated to learn about the past of their country; a hand of History lovers which know the site from at least ten years ago, ready to protect it and being well informed about the merit of the archaeological work; some of those members of GETIA MINOR Foundation could have been volunteers ready to help the research for free...
In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla 47
Even the analysis and opinions of the regular members of foundation have no academic or university endorsement, some of their suggestion could have been (and still may be!) useful marks for a professional leader; especially because those "amateurs" come in with various professional and technical skills... "GETIA MINOR Foundation", with respect for all legal provisions, already had start to "explore" the site by some pluridisciplinary methodology, out of the regular archaeological work; not touching the soil, like the law requires; not interfering the specialist; but ready to help him with useful information. We currently use the visual research, the photography, the video and satellite images, the spectrography etc. Our outcomes, regularly published in DACIA MAGAZINE, are publicly displayed, and not for a personal profit but for the benefit of a true History of Romania.
In a search with the sattelite images (GOOGLE EARTH), we find out the limits of fortress, by amazing orthoscopic line of 304 m altitude, the same and uniform altitude of whole 2 ha terrace.
The hypothetic Genucla ( or one component of her complex, the Fortress) is surrounded by a semi-circular cliff, deep and difficult to assault.
48 Nicolae NICOLAE
The fortress is an irregular pentagon and cover an unusual large area for a simple fortress (0.25 ha!); the longest side is 68 m. There is an almost plan- surface (a plateau, except for a group of large stones in the middle of Southern half, a zone we call-and.. maybe it is !?-"The Agora"). The plane-terrace looks like manmade (or, that’s a... glorious cooperation with an exceptional offer of Nature?). Only a large, professional digging, could give a correct answer. The site is located on the top of Ederile Hill and the satellite verification of the slope angles confirm the essential attribute of the fortified place: the defensive capacity.
The fortress is surrounded by a natural defensive: a semicircle of cliffs
From the top of the hill you can see, throw-down to vale, till to the hill base, thousand of slabs and rocks, some visibly carved; but all of them, we suppose, detached from the old wall of the fortress. For a while, we have identified three entrances (South-Eastern, Northern and Western); and because it is a defensive fortress, well - no reason to look for a... fourth entrance!? In the North-East side, the stones - but also a very little remnant of the former wall, are deeply burned. By the poor inventory of the relics spread around and recorded by Simion Gavrilă, the fortress was dated - for a while - as halstattian. Looks like, but we are waiting for Mr. Sârbu’s conclusion. Another (but vague) information could come from the... name of the hill. It is called locally: "EDERILE". At the first sight it sounds like a Turkish name?! (In Dobroudja, which was not only into Roman Empire, but also a few hundred years into the Turkish one) there are a lot of Turkish denomination. However, someone who claim he knows something about the Thracian language says: "EDERILE" (with the accent on the first syllable, not like in Turkish, on the last
In the Northern Dobroudja a Hyhpotetical Identification of the Fortress Genucla 49 one!), is a compound name: from the root "EDE" ("priest"), the attached "RI" ("a sacred place") and " - LE", an usual ending attached to some names, signifying: "bright, brilliant"... But, in the Arumanian idiom(which is a Romanian Language sub-dialect, in the same time historically close to Thracian language), "(Y)ED" means, like in Romanian, "the cub of a goat", with the same form extended to some other wild animals. "DERI" is a North- Albanian word and means "wild boar". For the first part of the name, see - also in Albanian - "GJEDHER", which means "bovine" (and where "GJ" is prononced "Y"!). Also, very likely, the oronym can be reported to a word from the Old Romanian and possible to the Paleoromanian: " (I)EDERĂ{", = "ivy", (and it is cognate with Latin "hedera"). Your choice!... At the Northern side of the fortress, the 45 m long wall (the 304 m altitude) draw the line EAST-WEST with an impressive accuracy. It may suggest a cult of Sun divination, and more: a certain astronomical activity, because "the straight wall" has at the two extremities ...exactly oriented to equinoctial sunrise and sunset! 30 m from that Northern side, inside, you can see a carved rock, like a table, which could have been a shrine, an altar, a "table of sacrifices" (?). And, like one kilometer downhill, to South-East-South, half-opens a grotto, 1.5 m high, 3.5 m wide and 5 m deep. Knocking the wall with a hammer, you get a “hollow-sound", like in the opposite side, indeed, should be a...."room"(?!). (Maybe there are some "escape-stairs" from the fortress?). As we know, so far the grotto wasn't yet investigated by a professional speleologist.
The grotto from EDERILE Hill is located at an altitude 35-40 m lower as the Fortress terrace.
50 Nicolae NICOLAE
Concluding on the "hypothetical GENUCLA", we underline that: The fortress (a part of a fortified town?) is located in the Northern Dobroudja and lasted from the Halstatt Age, (maybe... older, as a good, a naturaly protected site?), - It is located aprox. 2.3 - 2.5 Km (air line) from the right shore of the former course of Danube, on a hill which perfectly oversees 30 km. of its flow. A geological analysis shows that Old Danube (Okeanos Potamos), then four-five times bigger than today, had the flow tangential to the shore of current village Somova (maybe a... former port of Genucla?!) - The entire region is pithy of worship locations, with a clear tradition of this profile. Maybe, that is another mark of the old habitat in the region by many dwellers, under the control of a stronghold, a fortified town. With those three feature ( all mentioned in the old historical references), the fortress from Ederile Hill could be hypothetically identified with the old fortified town GENUCLA.
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 51
PART TWO
NATION, MINORITY NATIONAL
CONTENTS
ION SOLCANU The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities ...... 53
ABIDIN TEMIZER Montenegro in the First Balkan War ...... 65
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 53
THE FOUNDING OF JEWISH PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MOLDOVA AFTER THE UNION OF THE PRINCIPALITIES
1 Ion SOLCANUF
Abstract. At the middle of the 19th century, there were significant Jewish communities in all the boroughs and towns of Moldova. The largest one, counting around 31,000 Jews, was found in Iaşi. In 1860, the elites of the Jewish community from Iaşi, benefitting from the support of the local and national authorities, founded a Jewish – Romanian school. Having gained the parents’ trust, a new central Jewish school was founded in Iaşi in the following two years, along with a dogmatic school in Târgul Cucului suburb, and two more public schools in Podul Lung and Păcurari suburbs. The money for the maintenance of schools and the teachers’ salaries came from a tax introduced on kosher meat, gabelă or tacsie, of 4 parale per oca. As a result of the misunderstandings between the Jewish School Committee and the Jewish Hospital Aministrative Council and the introduction, on the 3rd of July, 1862, of the veto in the decision-making process within the Jewish communities, the tax on kosher meat was eliminated. Therefore, the source of income for the hospital and the Jewish schools as well as for other charity acts disappeared, and soon, all the Jewish schools from Iaşi stopped functioning. Following the numerous memoirs sent to the Government of the United Principalities by the Jewish community, the Romanian School Committee of Iaşi managed to mediate the conflict between the two Jewish institutions. As a consequence, the gabela was reintroduced, thus ensuring the material support for the Jewish Schools of Iaşi which reopened on the 1st of December, 1864. The existance of the Jewish schools in the capital of Moldova stimulated the founding of other similar institutions in Galaţi ( May 1860 ), Botoşani ( after 1860 ), in Bacău ( in November 1864 ), in Mihăileni, Dorohoi County ( 1865 ) and Cahul. The founding of the Jewish Schools in the aforementioned towns was faced with difficulties generated by the mentalities of the time, the material shortages, the bureaucracy and the cumbersome legislation. Despite these difficulties, the Jewish public schools continued to function in the following years. Along these schools, there were also numerous confessional schools in almost all the towns inhabited by Jews. The Jewish public schools of Iaşi and the other Moldavian towns and boroughs were part of the sustained policy of modernization of the Romanian society. These were the circumstances which provided the Jewish minority the proper conditions for the gradual development of an intellectual elite which brought a significant contribution to the Romanian science and culture. Keywords: Jewish community, Jewish School Committee, the Jewish Hospital Administrative Council from IaĢi, Târgul Cucului, Păcurari, Bacău, Galaţi, BotoĢani, Dorohoi, Târgul Mihăileni, the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction.
The historical conditions of the 18th century made it possible for the Jewish refugees from Russia and Poland to settle down in Moldova. Their entry path and settlement areas are bordered by the big cemeteries of Cernăuţi, Siret, Mihăileni, Dorohoi, BotoĢani, Fălticeni, IaĢi, Bacău, BuhuĢi, Bârlad, Tecuci, Galaţi. Favourable
1 Full member of Academy of Romanian Scientists.
54 Ion Solcanu circumstances, such as the abolishment of the Ottoman monopoly over the Moldavian trade, which began in 1774 and was formally finalized through the Peace of Adrianopol (1829), caused, among other things, an increase in the Jewish population in the old towns near IaĢi (Hârlău, Tg. Frumos), or the appearance of new settlements – Podu Iloaiei (1818), Bivolari (1834), Sculeni – inhabited by a mainly Jewish 2 population.F F The census of 1831, 1838 and 1859 indicated the presence of a large Jewish population in IaĢi, counting 17,570, 29,052 and 31,015 people of Mosaic religion respectively. Hard-working, diligent and inquisitive, the Jewish refugees from Russia and Poland integrated in the new society, facing the often harsh realities caused by the mentalities of the Christian population, which lacked for its most part the enlightenment brought about by education. Despite all that, the historian of the Jewish community of IaĢi, I. Kara, objectively noted that “the analysis of the historical data from that period of time – 1831 – 1869 – leads us to the conclusion that the situation 3 of the Jews in IaĢi is more favourable than the situation of the Jews in Galicia”F F. In order to integrate more easily, some of them converted to Christianism. The register for the baptized converted from other religions from 1819 -1832 records a number of 433 conversions, not all of them among the Jews, which represented an insignificant number for the Jewish population of IaĢi at that time. The overwhelming majority of the Jews preserved their faith which enabled them to survive along the centuries and against all the odds, wherever they were. At the middle of the 19th century, there was a significant Jewish community in IaĢi. There were some compact areas in Târgul Cucului, with a Synagogue and Confessional School, and also in Podul RoĢ, Păcurari and Podul Lung. From a report sent by some English missionaries from the capital of Moldova, we find out that “here live more Jews than in Pesta and Constantinople…The streets are full of Jews. All the businesses of the city are in their hands. They control almost the entire trade 4 of the town and the country”F F. 1. The founding of Jewish public schools in IaĢi In order to deal with the daily hardships, the Jews of IaĢi grouped together, electing some people in charge of their community as early as 1849. The historian I. Kara notes that “Beginning with March 1855, it was decided that the elections for the community committee should include 23 leaders of the economic guilds, joined by 22 prominent members of the community, appointed by the local authorities, once every 5 two years, and the administrators were appointed by royal decision”F F. As we are going to see in what follows, the life of the Jewish community of IaĢi had its share of
2 I. Kara, Contribuţii la istoria obştii evreilor din Iaşi, Ed. Hasefer, BucureĢti, 1997, p.29. 3 Ibidem, p. 31 4 Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, Convertire şi integrare religioasă în Moldova la începutul epocii modern, IaĢi, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University Press, 2004, p. 353, 346, 348. 5 I. Kara, op. cit., p.32
The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities 55 internal convulsions. Its leaders, aware of the importance of education, did their best to found public schools that would accept students from the lower strata of the community, who could not afford to educate their children in private, confessional schools. Their effort was not an easy one. The difficulties they encountered generated from: 1. The mentalities of the time, also present within the community which was not open to education; 2. The material hardships, the administrative bureaucracy, the intricate legislation. Mihail Kogălniceanu, one of the promoters of the “gradual” emancipation of Jews, considered the school and the army as the main institutions for the integration 6 of Jews into the Romanian societyF F, and constantly supported the founding of some Jewish public schools in IaĢi. On May 6th, 1860, Archimandrite Melchisedec ġtefănescu became the interim minister of Cults and Public Instruction after the resignation of the former minister, and persuaded the Jewish community of IaĢi “to 7 found special Jewish schools with the help of some members of its intelligentia”F F. These first Jewish public schools were inaugurated in the summer of 1860 in Tg. Cucului suburb in the presence of Minister M. Kogălniceanu, who was cheered by the 8 audienceF F. Supporting the idea of the integration of Jews in the society in which they lived, M. Kogălniceanu rejects the request of “the Jewish community of IaĢi to accept German as the official language in the Jewish public schools, considering that the 9 education process should be done in Romanian”F F. The founding of the Jewish public schools in IaĢi at the aforementioned date is also confirmed by a memoir of the Jewish-Romanian School Commmittee from IaĢi addressed to the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction (MCPI) on the 8th of July 1863 which stated that “In July 1860 we opened our school in the presence of Government representatives. Under the guidance and with the help of these officials we founded the first school whose duty will be to introduce, besides Hebrew, the language of the Country among the members of our confession... in order to remove the Jews from the separate position they have been in so far and to make them 10 become sons of Romania, useful citizens of their country”F F. For the same purpose, another memoir of the same Jewish-Romanian School Committee, dated July, 3rd, 1863, evoked the efforts made by the Jewish Community “who brought a Religion and Hebrew teacher from Prussia” and “also accepted experienced Romanian
6 D. Vitcu, Statistica şcolilor Israelite din Iaşi la 1867, în “Studia et Acta Historiae Iudaeorum Romaniae (SAHIR), III, Ed. Hasefer, p. 177 7 The Central Historical National Archives, The Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction (CHNA, MCPI), File 207/1863, p. 42 v-43. 8 The Central Committe of the Jews Union, Cuza Vodă şi Mihail Kogălniceanu în chestia evreiască, BucureĢti, 1911, p. 44 apud, D. Vitcu, op. cit., p. 178 9 D. Vitcu, op. cit., p. 177; Idem, Emanciparea evreilor români în gândirea şi practica politică kogălniceniană, in SAHIR, II, Ed. Hasefer, BucureĢti, 1997, p. 130-131. 10 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 38 f.
56 Ion Solcanu teachers aknowledged by the Government, and entrusted these learned and dignified 11 men with the training and the education of our children”F F. Alexandru Odobescu, minister of Cults and Public Instruction, following a visit to Moldova in July, 1863, in an address to the Minister of Internal Affairs, synthesized the conjoint efforts of the Moldavian Government and the Jewish Community of IaĢi, noting that “across the Milcov river there is a significant Jewish population, who settled here some time ago or in recent years, and who is entirely uneducated and ignorant. Faced with this situation, the Government of IaĢi made it their duty, especially beginning with 1859, to force the Jewish population to overcome this situation, by imposing gentle yet compulsory regulations. Thus, in 1860 they set up Jewish schools and ensured the Jewish population that every Romanian government, regardless of its political orientation, will defend and support 12 these schools>”F F. The Jewish public school, inaugurated in July 1860, managed to gain the parents’ trust and soon, “young people from all over the city flocked to be accepted here”. Consequently, within the next two years, more Jewish-Romanian public schools were founded. In 1862, there was in IaĢi a Central School; a dogmatic school in Târgul Cucului suburb and two more public schools in Podu Lung and Păcurari 13 suburbsF F. The founding of Jewish-Romanian schools in the Moldavian capital in the summer of 1860 provided a good example for the Jewish community from Moldova. Over the next years, public schools are set up in Dorohoi, BotoĢani, Piatra Neamţ, Tg. Neamţ, Bacău, Galaţi, Bolgrad, Cahul, Ismail, Mihăileni, etc. The legislation in the field – both from 1861 and the modern one from 1864 – allowed the founding of public, state, communal but also confessional schools, all of them under the control of the state, which meant that the state authorized both the school and the teaching staff. There were quite a few cases of entrepeneurial Jews who opened so-called schools without the required legal authorization and who fled the city as soon as they 14 collected the fees from the studentsF F. 2.1 Galaţi. There are documents which confirm the existence of a Jewish school in July 1860, with classes of Jewish and Romanian. For the Romanian class, The semestrial register of the 1st grade primary pupils from the Jewish school of
11 Memoir presented by the Jewish-Romanian School Committee of Iaşi, Addressed to The Minister of Cults and Public Instruction, CHNA, MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 38 v. 12 The Central Historical National Archives, The Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction (CHNA. MCPI), File 207/1863, p. 42 v – 43. 13 CHNA. MCPI), File 207/1863, p. 38 - 39. 14 The case of Chaim Nusbaum and his concubine, Sara Craiterblit, who opened between 1860 and 1862 a succession of private boarding schools for girls in IaĢi on “Podul Vechi Street”, then in “Podu RoĢ”. After they collected the fees, they moved these schools to other towns in Moldova, BotoĢani and Fălticeni, where they were found in November, 21st, 1863, according to an address of the Police of IaĢi, CHNA. MCPI), File 207/1863, p. 91-92 and 100.
The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities 57
Galaţi with the semestrial and exam grades, between May 1st and July 12th, 1860 15 has three sections, with 31, 16 and 14 students respectivelyF F (Appendix no. 1). For the Jewish class, The register consists of three “classes”: the 1st, with 23 pupils, having H. Piezenik and M. Odessev as teachers; the 2nd, with 20 students and S. Grüner and M. Odessev as teachers, and the 3rd, with 21 pupils, having D. 16 Piorcowscki and M. Odessev as teachers.F F As the pupils from all these classes began school on May, 1st, 1860, we can assume that the so-called “classes” are actually sections, similar to the ones mentioned in the The register of the Ist class of Romanian (Appendix no. 2). For the Israeli class, there are records of the Subjects Curriculum, different for the languages in which they were taught: Romanian, Israeli 17 and GermanF F (Appendix no. 3). The public instruction law of 1864 stipulated, among others, the compulsory and free primary education, along with pre-school preparatory classes for the students aged 18 between five and sevenF F. The Jewish community of Galaţi, where Jewish-Romanian schools functioned, as we have just seen, requested the MCPI on 15th November, 1865, to urge “inspector Anton Velini to provide care and support for the Jewish 19 schools in this town in order to ensure their progress”F F. At the same time, the Jewish community of Galaţi requested the MCPI “to allow the preparatory school to teach religion for the boys aged up to seven, who will thus be prepared for the primary 20 school”F F. The minister, caught by surprise, sent the request made by the Jewish Community of Galaţi to the Permanent Board of Public Instruction, asking them “in the light of such a request and considering the necessity of such schools, to come up with a plan and a project for the setting up of boarding schools, most needed by the 21 Jewish community”F F. The Permanent Board of Public Instruction was made up of prominent figures in the field of education, like Aaron Florian, Papiu Laurian, V. Alexandrescu – Urechia and Titu Maiorescu. They answered the minister’s request by granting the Jews of Galaţi permission to set up prep schools, in fact kindergardens, according to article 409 of the law of instruction, while also asking the Jewish community of Galaţi and IaĢi “to put forward a project for the founding of the schools in question, after which the Council should discuss and present a final solution to this 22 th problem”F F. Although the minister informed the Jewish community of Galaţi on 19 , November, that “until there is a definite project for setting up such schools, the community is free to set up Jewish schools for the children up to the age of eight on
15 CHNA. MCPI, File 125/1860, p. 55 – 58. 16 CHNA. MCPI, File 125/1860, p. 51 – 54. 17 CHNA. MCPI, File 125/1860, p. 59. 18 Ilie Popescu – TeiuĢan, Contribuţii la studiul legislaţiei şcolare româneşti. Legea instrucţiunii publice din 1864, BucureĢti, 1963. 19 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 310 20 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 299 f-v. 21 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 307 22 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 309
58 Ion Solcanu
23 condition that they respect article 409 of the law of instruction”F F, it seems that the local authorities hindered the Jews of Galaţi from putting their legitimate request into practice. This is proven by another request sent by the Jewish community on 8th December, 1865 asking the Ministry “to urge the school inspector of Galaţi to allow and even to support the setting up of the boarding schools you kindly granted us 24 permission for”F F. 2.2 In Bacău, as the county school inspector for the MCPI C. Platon announced, “a Jewish-Romanian public schools opened using personal funds” at the beginning of November 1864. Religion was taught after the Bible printed in Austria, with explanations in German, which “made the most progressive Jews to want the Bible printed in Romania and translated into Romanian...some want this translation in 25 Hebrew characters, and the radical ones want it in Romanian characters”F F. The minister of instruction at that time, Nicolae Creţulescu (from 19th July, 1864 till 26th 26 January, 1865F F) announced that “the proposal to translate the Bible using Romanian characters will be put forward to the Jewish Administrative Council of IaĢi in order to 27 th be taken into consideration”F F, which happened on 5 December, 1865. The Administrative Council agreed with this idea, but duly noticed that “we respectfully want to draw attention to the difficulties of such an endeavour, as the first prerequisite of a translator is the perfect knowledge of both languages, and, for the translation of such a work like the Bible, it is also imperative for the translator to be a good and serious man, similar to those who did the translation into French, German, Spanish, 28 Italian, otherwise the work will be imperfect, which no one desires”F F. 2.3 The town of Botoşani had a numerous Jewish community, strong and wealthy. The information appeared in a report written by the prefect of BotoĢani when ruler Alecsandru Ioan Cuza visited this county on 22nd, 23rd and 24th April, 1863. At the border of the town of BotoĢani, adorned with a beautiful arch of triumph, the ruler was greeted by an impressive number of citizens, led by the bishop, administrators and the priests dressed in their liturgical cloaks “and a bit further away, according to the document, was the Jewish nation in a new rich silk tent with the law 29 tablets”F F. On this occasion, the Jewish community of BotoĢani handed the ruler a memoir signed by over 250 people stating that: “With the occasion of Your Highness visit to this town, the subscribed Jewish citizens, full of respect and devotion to the Country, come before You to humbly bring You their homage and to express our
23 Ibidem 24 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 315 25 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p.203 26 Stelian Neagoe, Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi, 1859 până în zilele noastre, BucureĢti, Editura Machiaveli, p. 37. 27 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 203 28 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 250 f-v. 29 Ion I. Solcanu, Deplasările domnitorului Alecsandru Ioan I-iu în Principatele Unite, în “Anuarul Institutului de Istorie A. D. Xenopol”, IaĢi, (AII – IaĢi), XL VI, 2009, p.104.
The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities 59
30 deep gratitude for the administration of prefect Theodor Buzdugan”F F. When reporting to his minister of internal affairs about the ruler’s visit to BotoĢani county, prefect Buzdugan informed him that “on the second day, April 23rd, His Majesty received all the social classes...the Armenian and the Jewish nations as well, 31 addressing words of fatherly comfort to all of them”F F. “The big and wealthy Jewish community of this town” (BotoĢani) was also evoked by the school inspector of BotoĢani and Dorohoi counties, I. V. Adrian, in one 32 of his reports to the minister of Cults and Public InstructionF F. In the years following 1865, there were many schools for the Jewish pupils, which did not respect though the “conditions stipulated by the Jewish school 33 regulations approved by the Government”F F. For this reason, the school inspector for BotoĢani and Dorohoi counties, I. V. Adrian, was forced to order their closure, which took place after a significant delay, as the same school inspector complained to his minister. “It’s been years since I’ve been giving persistent orders ... for the closure of Jewish schools”, reported inspector I. V. Adrian on 20th January, 1865, and continued suggesting the complicity of the local authorities: “I do not know, nor do I want to get to the real reason why those orders were not followed, but now, with the help of the local administration, the Jewish schools from BotoĢani are closed”, ending with the request for another order to be issued “asking the Prefect not to allow their re-opening 34 under any circumstances”F F. As this decision was not respected by the Jewish school committee, with the silent agreement of the local authorities, the inspector complained again to the minister, on 19th May, 1865, that “for reasons unknown to me, the administration closed, then re-opened these schools at their will, so the Jews are not concerned about setting up regulated schools for teaching and learning 35 Romanian”F F. The inspector ended his report stating that this pressure has to be maintained on the Jewish communities “of all the towns in these two counties (Dorohoi and BotoĢani, n.ns.), forcing them to set up compulsory schools beginning with the next school year”. However, on 27th October, 1865, the mayor of BotoĢani, Cănănău, informed the minister of Cults that “so far we have not been able to organize the Romanian-Jewish school as requested” and sent to the minister the request of the Jewish community of BotoĢani to open the schools, of course, without respecting the legal norms, “until we manage to finish the final preparations for the 36 school we started building in August and is now erected”F F. 2.4 From Mihăileni, Dorohoi County, the head of the Jewish community, BeriĢ Zaharia, sent a telegramme to ruler Alecsandru Ioan Cuza on 31st August, 1865,
30 Ibidem 31 CHNA, The Ministry of Internal Affairs, Administrative, File 170/1863, p. 25 f-v and 51 f-v. 32 Report no. 44/20. I. 1865, CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 258. 33 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 259. 34 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 258. 35 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 257. 36 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 313.
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37 asking him “to allow the children older than four to study religion”F F until the Jewish schools are finally opened. The minister advised the Jewish community to send their children to public schools and “to include in the classes of Orthodox religion lessons 38 of Mosaic religion taught by people who possess such knowledge”F F. 2.5 The Jewish community of Cahul requested a postponement in the setting up of schools according to the new laws of public instruction. The minister replied that “if the material resources are not enough to set up schools, then the children should pursue their education in public schools, and for religion they would have a class 39 taught by the rabbi or his delegateF F. This specific affirmation, along with the existence of numerous confessional schools prove clearly the religious tolerance that the Governments of that time provided for the Jews, according to the principle stated by the Paris Convention (1858). It is interesting that the Christian - Orthodox population did not share the same concern for prep schools (in fact catechism schools) that the Jewish communities from Moldova had. On the contrary, the urban and rural Christians were equally reluctant to sending their children to schools. This is due to several factors. Firstly, the children were used in various practical activities: the Christian children in domestic - agricultural activities, while the Jewish children in courier – trading activities (“Every morning, wrote one English missionary present in IaĢi, groups of boys, carrying heavy parcels, filled with various merchandise, are sent on errands all across the 40 town”F F); secondly, parents feared that once the children were literate in writing and reading, as well as numeracy, they would be called up to serve in the army, sometimes while they were still in school (facts recorded in documents for the Christian students); and thirdly, the church servants were against schooling, as they feared it would provide to the educated children access to reading and interpreting the Bible, which would decrease the authority of the servants of the Christian or Mosaic altars. The same English missionary from IaĢi even noted that “the rabbi threatened to 41 make the interdiction regarding schools public”F F.
3. The closure and reopening of the Jewish public schools of Iaşi Returning to the Jewish-Romanian public schools of IaĢi, documents record a year and a half interruption in their functioning. How did it come to that? The approval to be set up was granted by a school committee which was no longer recognized by the community, but which still controlled the incomes that ensured their and the Jewish hospital functioning. Varius sources from that period reveal what the sources of these incomes were and how substantial they were. For the Jewish
37 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 308. 38 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 261. 39 CHNA. MCPI, File 207/1863, p. 264 f-v. 40 Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, op. cit., p. 349. 41 Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, op. cit., p. 348.
The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities 61 community of IaĢi and the other boroughs and towns from Moldova, the state 42 approved the introduction of a tax, called gabelă or tacsieF F, on kosher meat and chicken, of 4 parale per oca (parale = traditional currency equal to the hundredth part of an old leu; oca, from Turkish, okka = traditional measure equal to about one kilo, 43 tr. note)F F. Within the community of IaĢi, this tax added up, according to the documents of the Jewish Administrative Council, to around 12,000 gold coins per year, 3600 of which was given to schools. The exchange rate for a gold coin was 32- 31 lei in IaĢi, so we can assume that schools received an income of around 384,000 lei 44 per yearF F. The teaching staff salaries were different according to the grades they taught: it ranged from 1000 lei for the 2nd and 3rd grade teachers to 4500 lei/year for the 4th grade teachers. The Jewish and Mosaic religion inspectors got 7500 lei/year, decreasing to 6000 lei/year from the autumn of 1864. The three Jewish schools from IaĢi had 10-12 teachers of Hebrew and other ten teachers of Romanian, working and 45 being paid for half the teaching normF F. The collection of “gabela – tacsia” on kosher meat was concessioned, and the incomes were under the control of the 1860 School Committee, which had been recommended by the Jewish Hospital Administrative Council, but not chosen! Between these two institutions of the Jewish communities there were frequent disagreements, also fuelled by the feeling of marginalisation that a great part of the community experienced when it came to decision-making, even if this process was a democratic one. A decision of the United Principalities government, published on 3rd July, 1862, introduced the veto in the decision-making process within the Jewish communities. The poor members of the Jewish community used this right to object to the collection of “gabela” on kosher meat. As a result, the source of income for the hospital and the Jewish schools as well as for other charity acts disappeared as the saved funds gradually diminished. The Jewish-Romanian school committee was no longer able to support the schools due to lack of money. The local and central authorities of the state - The School Inspection Committee of IaĢi, The Ministry of Instruction, The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the President of the Council of
42 The organic regulations stipulated the removal of “gabela” on kosher meat, but the state treasury, which lacked an adequate tax system, did not manage to supervise the Jews, and decided to use the “tacsie” as a method to tax the Jews’ incomes. Thus, the community and the treasury agreed on a global sum that was added to the budget of the community. The historian I. Kara reports that in Podul Iloaiei, the “gabela” was administered by a different person every year. In 1859, it was administered by Copil Dulberger, and reached 27,500 lei, see I. Kara, Obştea evreiască din Podu Iloaiei. File din istoria unui “ştetl” moldovenesc, BucureĢti, Ed. Hasefer, 1990, p. 17. 43 In 1851, in Podu Iloaiei, the “tacsia” for each oca of beef was 20 parale, I. Kara, Obştea evreiască din Podu Iloaiei. File din istoria unui “ştetl” moldovenesc, BucureĢti, Ed. Hasefer, 1990, p. 17. 44 This data is presented by the administrators of the community of IaĢi, M. L. Wecsler, J. Goldenthal, in The statutes of the religious Jewish community of Iaşi, sent to the School Inspection Committee on 9th of December, 1863, CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 112 and the next. 45 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 189-189 bis; 304 f-v.
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46 Ministers, i.e. M. Kogălniceanu and even the ruler Alecsandru Ioan CuzaF F - are flooded with memoirs sent by the conflicting sides, containing real or invented arguments.The Government asked The School Inspection Committee of IaĢi to find a solution that would put an end to the conflict between the two committees that represented the Jewish citizens of IaĢi. Consequently, on 3rd October, 1863, the minister of Instruction was informed by Titu Maiorescu, V. Alecsandru – Urechia and others that “the existence of Jewish schools is not possible without the modification of the right for veto granted to each member of the Jewish community by the Government, because this regulation published on 3rd July, 1862, which declared the minority vote equally potent as the majority vote, made it impossible for the schools to gather sufficient funds, as most Jews are against these schools in which Romanian 47 is taught, disregarding the traditional methods”F F. All these memoirs, together with the two sent on 6th May, 1863 addressed to ruler Alecsandru Ioan Cuza, determined the Government to have a debate on 25th October, 1863 and to issue a Journal (Decision), which stipulated that “the minister of Cults and Public Instruction, in agreement with the Minister of Internal Affairs will take all the necessary steps to ensure the re-opening of the Jewish-Romanian schools, 48 as they were in 1860”F F. As a result, MCPI appoints the School Committee of IaĢi, made up of V. Alexandrescu-Urechia, George Mârzescu, Ion Pangratti, to look into the disagreements between the two sections of the Jewish community of IaĢi and to report on them, while also suggesting “a way in which an agreement could be reached 49 between them”F F. The investigation of the conflict and the mediation process take place in December 1863 and the beginning of the following year and on 17th January 1864, the School Committee of IaĢi sent the MCPI a Report containing suggestions for solving the dissensions between the Jewish School Committee and the Jewish Hospital Administrative Council. Spreading on several pages, the Report showed that the real origin of the conflict resided in “the disagreements between the poor Jews and the leading members of the community, the bankers”, and concluded that “The Administrative Council refused to support the schools or any other institutions under the control of the community leaders, especially under the control of the current members of the Jewish School Committee, claiming that they would harm the
46 On May, 6th, 1863, ruler Alcesandru Ioan Cuza received two memoirs, one from the Jewish community, signed by over 100 people, and another sent by J. Rothenberg, prominent member of the Jewish community of IaĢi. The first memoir states: “In 1860 the Govenrment managed to set up some schools, which were supported by the income collected from the “tacsia” on meat. Due to the intrigues of some ..enemies of progress and culture, the “tacsia” was abolished and this caused the downfall of schools”. The ruler sends both memoirs “to be debated”, obviously, by the ministers! CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 59 f-v. 47 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 83 f-v. 48 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 85-86. 49 MCIP address of 24th November, 1863, CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 90.
The Founding of Jewish Public Schools in Moldova after the Union of the Principalities 63 budgets of the schools, and, above all, would support a process of Germanisation of 50 the young Jews, thus distancing the schools from their initial purpose”F F. The School Inspection Committee concluded that until the Community adopted other statutes, the conflict could be stopped only by adopting the following measures: 1. The dissolution of the Jewish school committee and the supervision of the Jewish- Romanian schools by the Romanian School Inspection Committee of IaĢi; 2. For the sujects involving religion, a special inspector will be selected from the Jewish community; 3. A budget will be established for the Jewish schools “in accordance with the budgets allocated for the Romanian schools, and the Community will have to establish some taxes that would cover the expenses required by schools and, 4. The 51 funds will be administered by the Administrative Council of the communityF F. All these conditions were importnat, but the third one represented the key to the opening of schools, as it stipulated the reintroduction of the “gabala (tacsia)” on kosher meat which would have to be paid by the entire community. On 6th June, 1864, the Prime-Minister, and the minister of Internal Affais, M. Kogălniceanu, informed the minister of Cults and Public Instruction, Dimitrie Bolintineanu, that “I subscribe to all the measures suggested by the Scool Committee of IaĢi on 17th of January and the orders you will give so that they come into effect, and I have urged the prefect of IaĢi to put into practice the request of the Administrative Council to reintroduce the “gabela” in order to cover the expenses in accordance with the budget that is to be established by the Romanian School 52 Inspection Committee of IaĢi”F F. Following the agreement between the two ministries, The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Cults, on 26th of August, 1864, the Romanian School Inspection Committee of IaĢi was summoned by MCPI, in order to avoid future disagreements between the representative Jewish institutions – The school Committee and the Administrative Council of the Community – to “take the necessary measures in order for the Jewish-Romanian st 53 nd schools of IaĢi to be reopened on 1 September”F F. On 2 of November, 1864, The Administrative Council of the Jewish Community of IaĢi requested that they should have the right to establish the budget and name an inspector of Hebrew and Mosaic Religion, request granted by the MCPI on condition that the person they recommend 54 “should be chosen from among Western European rabbis, not Polish ones”F F. As no such rabbi could be found, on 12th of December, 1864, MCPI suggested “Doctor 55 Landsberg, recommended by the Jewish Administrative Council”F F. Another impediment in the reopening of the Jewish-Romanian schools of IaĢi was caused by the delay in establishing the budget for the school year 1864/1865,
50 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 106 f-v and 107 f. 51 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 106 f-v, and 107 f. 52 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 109 f-v. 53 CHNA. MCIP, File 207/1863, p. 165. 54 Ibidem, p. 170 f. 55 Ibidem, p. 173, 179 and 183.
64 Ion Solcanu which was due to the fact that the archive and the school furniture were in the possession of the Jewish school committee which had resigned. All these problems were finally solved by the end of November 1864 and on 1st of December, 1864, administrators Daniel, Goldenthal, Tzulhman and Inspector Landsbergb sent a telegramme to the minister of Cults and Public Instruction, informing him that “The Jewish - Romanian schools, thanks to your kind support, have reopened today. We want and hope that these schools, reorganized according to the national principle and benefitting from the support of the government, will prosper to everyone’s 56 contentment.”F The difficult, yet promising start of the Jewish public schools of IaĢi, and not only, was to be continued in the following years. As proof we have the statistics of the Jewish public and confessional schools of IaĢi, compiled by inspector Mihai Vintilescu, on 19th of April, 1868, at the request of Mayor Teodor Tăutu. He recorded 57 the existence of two Jewish public schools, branchesF F, one on Păcurari Street, with 50 students, another on Podul Lung Street, with 150 students. These schools functioned according to the schedule of the public schools, and lessons were taught in 58 the students’ mother tongue and RomanianF F. Besides these Jewish public schools, inspector Vintilescu recorded other 147 Jewish confessional “schools”, with approximately 2700 students, out of whom only 289 studied according to a curriculum similar to the one in public schools. Besides this shortcoming, most Jewish confessional schools lacked well trained teachers, for which reason Vintilescu considered that “in order for these schools to be accepted, even if only on religious grounds, they must be reorganized and the teachers must possess at least some of the 59 knowledge taught in prep schools... in the spirit of the law of public instruction”F F. It is obvious that the local authority wanted to ensure a good quality of education in these confesssional schools. Beyond these shotcomings related to confessional schools, the Jewish public schools of IaĢi and other boroughs from Moldova marked the debut of some public institutions of education which were part of the sustained policy of modernization of the Romanian society, a process which, as we have seen so far, involved the Jewish minority helped substantially by the local and central authorities of the united Romanian principalities. These were the circumstances which provided the Jewish minority the proper conditions for the gradual development of an intellectual elite, with outstanding personalities, who brought a significant contribution to the Romanian science and culture. For this reason, we will always be grateful to them.
56 Ibidem, p. 201. 57 This remark in inspector’s Vasilescu report suggests the existence of a Central Jewish public school, mentioned in the documents we quoted in this paper. 58 D. Vitcu, Statistica şcolilor israelite…, p. 182-183 59 Ibidem, p. 181.
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 65
MONTENEGRO IN THE FIRST BALKAN WAR
1 Abidin TEMIZERF
Abstract. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 when Montenegro declared war on Ottoman Empire. This was followed by Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece declaring war on Ottoman Empire. Montenegro’s aim was to set out to sea with Serbia and to extend its borders to Ottoman Empire’s land. As a result of the London Conference at the end of this war, Montenegrins reached their aim. Montenegro added 5.590 km2 land to its borders and 161.000 people to its population, thus reaching 15.017 km2 in square meter and 435.000 people in population. This study examines Montenegro’s role in the First Balkan War, its fight with the Ottoman Empire, its army during the war years, war economy and political relations with other countries.
Keywords: First Balkan War, Montenegro, Ottoman Empire, Balkans
Introduction Ottoman Empire established dominance in Balkans at the end of the 15th century. Actually, it wouldn’t be wrong to say “Balkan conquest had been completed” during the time of Fatih Sultan Mehmet. Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Bulgaria lived under the rule of Ottoman Empire for about 400 years from the end of 15th century until the end of 19th century. Thus, there was only one country in Balkans and its name was Ottoman Empire. However, this geography had to be divided into small parts so that it could be exploited by Western countries. In other words, the implementation of the expression “ Balkanization” used in 20th century was inevitable. Although the expression “Balkanization” was begun to be used in 20th century, actually it was defining a reality that existed for centuries. Maria Todorova defined “Balkanization” as “not only an expression of disintegration of big and viable political units, but also a return to tribalism, backwardness, 2 primitivism and barbarism” F The term was firstly used to define the countries which disunited from the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century (Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia) with the effect of French Revolution. The term Balkanization did not have a degrading meaning then because Western countries considered these countries’ fight with the Ottoman Empire as right. Just like L. C. Vialla de Sommières who served in Napoleon’s army considered Montenegro’s fight as their legitimate self-
1 Balıkesir University/Turkey [email protected] H 2 Maria Todorova, Balkanlar’ı Tahayyül Etmek, IletiĢim Yayınları, Istanbul, 2003, p.17.
66 Abidin Temizer
3 defenceF F. Or, like the report of an international commission investigating the reasons of the First World War evaluated Balkan War as “an honourable rebellion 4 and the uprising of the weak against the powerful”F F. According to Norman J. G. Pound, “the expression Balkanization is used to express the disintegration of a geographical area among small units which are 5 most of the time enemies”F F. In 1922, Arnold Toynbee stated that “Balkanization” was coined “by German socialists to explain what happened to the West part of 6 Russia because of Brest-Litovsk PeaceF F. Paul Scott Mowrer defined Balkanization as “the creation of a great number of more or less undeveloped, economically weak, greedy, designing, coward, small countries living in an area of varied races, exposed to manoeuvre 7 of big countries and inhabited by people who get caught with their ambitions” F F. This definition by Mowrer fits the policy followed by Russia in two wars vitally important for Montenegro. Since Montenegro wanted independence between the years 1852–1853, Ottoman Empire made a military expedition to Montenegro. Russia encouraged Montenegro to rebel and stated that they would support the 8 Montenegrin government in case of warF F. However, after Ottoman Empire’s military expedition, Russia decided not to support Montenegro and left 9 Montenegro alone with the Ottoman Empire F F. Russia made a similar manoeuvre during the siege of ĠĢkodra. Russia supported the international pressure for Montenegro to stop the siege and took part in the navy that besieged Montenegro 10 from the seaF F. It is very meaningful that the word “Balkanization” which is very frequently used for the process of old geographical and political units turning into new and weak countries as a result of being disintegrated by nationalist movements was not coined/used during the 100 years Balkan nations disunited from the Ottoman Empire. When the term was used for the first time at the end of the First World War, there was only one new country on the Balkan map: 11 Albania. The others had been founded in the 19th centuryF F.
3 L. C. Vialla de Sommières, Travels in Montenegro, Printed for Sir Richard Phillips and CO., London, 1820. 4 Sacit Kutlu, Milliyetçilik ve Emperyaliz Yüzyılında Balkanlar ve Osmanlı Devleti, Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2007, p.403. 5 Maria Todorova, ibid., p.77. 6 Maria Todorova, ibid., p.79. 7 Maria Todorova, ibid., p.79-80. 8 BaĢbakanlık Osmanlı ArĢivi (Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives) (BOA), Ġ. HR. 89/4368, Hicrî 11/L/1268. 9 Zafer Gölen, “1852–53 Karadağ Askerî Harekâtı ve Sonuçları”, History Studies, Volume 1/1, 2009, p.249-250. 10 Sacit Kutlu, ibid., p.378. 11 Maria Todorova, ibid., p.75-76.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 67
The borders of the countries founded in 19th century were exposed to change all the time as a result of Balkanization. For example, the borders of Montenegro changed 4 times from 1878 when they gained independence until 1913. Firstly, 2 2 12 the square meter of its borders increased to 9.000 km from 5.000 km F F. As can be seen, the change in Montenegro’s borders was expansion. In fact, this looks inconsistent with Balkanization at first. However, in 1878, Montenegro was the smallest country of Balkans with a square meter of 9.000 km2. Thus, for the bigger countries to become smaller, Montenegro had to expand. With this reason, the land that Montenegro acquired with the treaty of Berlin was not enough both for Montenegrins and for Great Powers which exploited “Balkanization”. Thus, Montenegro set eyes on the wide and fertile land around and started the Balkan Wars on 8 October 1912.
1-Montenegro’s War Preparations
The first preparation of a war is to lobby internationally. Thus, Balkan countries got the opinion of states such as Germany and Austria before declaring war to Ottoman Empire. Within this context, Montenegro King Nikola visited 13 Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph on July, 6F F. King Nikola claimed to Cetinje embassadors of Russia and Italy that the Ottoman Empire mobilized their armies 14 on the border and stated that he was also going to mobilize the army F F. Actually, this was done perfunctorily since King Nikola had began to mobilize the armies on the border long before he spoke to Russian and Italian embassadors. 15 Montenegro started mobilizing its armies in 1911 F F and speeded up the mobilization as of July 1912. Then, England sent a diplomatic note to Montenegro King asking him to give up on the idea of attacking the Ottoman Empire. However, Montenegrins did not mind this warning, hundreds of people died as a result of the events caused by the policies implemented in Kocana and 16 Berane and this increased the tensionF F. One of the important preparations for war made by Montenegro was the effort to get the support of Malësians. Montenegro government secretly gave out 17 money, weapons and armoury to MalësiansF F. Montenegro signed a military and
12 H. Yıldırım Ağanoğlu, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Balkanlar’ın Makûs Talihi, Göç. Kum Saati Yayınları, Ġstanbul 2001, p.58; Michael Palairet, Balkan Ekonomileri, 1800–1914, Kalkınmasız Evrim, Çev. AyĢe Edirne, Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları, Istanbul 2000, p.25. 13Aram Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı, Aras Yayınları, Istanbul 2002, p.188. 14 BOA, HR. SYS, 147/62, Date: 11/B/1329 (08 July 1911). 15 BOA, HR. SYS, 142/17, Date: 04/R/1329 (04 April 1911). 16 BOA, BEO, 4075/305559, Date: 08/N/1330 (21August 1912); BOA, BEO, 4076/305655, Date: 12/N/1330 (25 August 1912); Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı, p.189. 17 BOA, DH. SYS, 78/1–04, Date: 29/S/1330 (18 February 1912); BOA, A.MKT. MHM, 735/11, Date: 09/R/1329 (13 June 1905); BOA, HR. SYS, 150/46, Date: 22/S/1330 (11 February 1912).
68 Abidin Temizer political cooperation aggreement with Serbia on 27 September 1912 to “free the Serbians under the yoke of Turks”. In the meantime, Russia agreed to pay for the 18 war expenses of MontenegroF F.
2- The State of Montenegro Army
The population and number of soldiers for Montenegro and the other 19 countries that fought in Balkan Wars are as followsF F:
Table III: Number of Soldiers of countries in Balkan Wars Number of Soldiers National Country Surface Population Income area (km2) In peace In war Ottoman 170.000 24.000.000 600.000 1.400.000 697.197.200 Empire 6.000.000 in Balkans Bulgaria 96.655 4.500.000 235.00 378.000 168.445.000 Serbia 48.803 2.750.000 200.000 324.000 103.644.200 Greece 65.662 2.750.000 50.000 192.000 234.331.600 20 Montenegro 9.030 250.000 25.000 35.600F 4.182.500
A law passed by Montenegro government in 1910 said that all Montenegrins 21 between the ages of 18-62 were regarded as soldiersF F. 18-53 year olds were regarded as on active duty, 53-62 year olds were considered as reserve. According to this, while the number of Montenegrin soldiers was 25.000 during 22 peace times, this number rose up to 35.600 in time of war F F. Montenegro also had 23 a small horsed troop consisting of one officer and thirty soldiers F F.
18 Kutlu, Milliyetçilik ve..., p.322. 19 Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.214; Karargâh-ı Umumi Ġstihbarat ġubesi, Karadağ Ordusu Hakkında Muhtasar Risale, 1331, p.5; İşkodra Savunması ve Hasan Rıza Paşa, Hazırlayan: Genel Kurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd BaĢkanlığı, Ankara 1987, p.42; Selanikli ġemseddin, Kamûsu’l Â’lam, V.I, p.79–80. 20 This number is 37.200 in some resources. 21Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi Balkan Harbi Garp Ordusu Karadağ Cephesi IIIncü Cilt, 3ncü Kısım, Genel Kurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt BaĢkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1984, p.41; Karargâh-ı Umumi Ġstihbarat ġubesi, Karadağ Ordusu..., p.5; İşkodra Savunması ve Hasan Rıza Paşa, p.42; Selanikli ġemseddin, Makedonya..., p.79–80. 22 Ţivko M. AndrijaševiĤ-Šerbo Rastoder, The History of Montenegro, CICG, Podgorica 2006, p.139; Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.282. 23 Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.282.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 69
During the Balkan wars, Montenegro had 4 infantry legions. Each legion had 3 brigades and in total there were 12 infantry brigades. One infantry brigade consisted of 4-6 battalions, 1 cavalcade, 1 machine gun squadron, 1 mountain troop, 1 fortification platoon and 1 telegram battalion. 1 squadron, 1 legion mountain troop, 1 legion field troop, 1 fortification platoon, 1 regimen battalion and 1 range squadron were directly subsidiary to the legion commandership. Total army force consisted of 59 battalions, 12 machine 24 gun squadrons, 12 mountain troops and 6 field troopsF F. Montenegro army was divided into four divisions. Each division had six rifleman legion, communication and military engineering legions, mountain gun, howitzer, machine gun troops, a few cavalrymen, quartermaster and food groups. Field and mountain gun batteries were in general old knupps and there were 126 25 field gun batteriesF F and 100 guns. The army had 40.000 rifles and 44 machine guns. Each soldier carried 120 cartridges per gun. Each brigade had about 20-30 26 thousand spare cartridgesF F. Montenegro army did not have military motorized transportation except plain wagons and there were no field hospitals, medical corps or medical troops. 27 Ammunition was carried by Montenegrin women as was the customF F. Montenegro King Nikola’s aim was to conquer land in Yenipazar Sanjak, Scutari Sanjak and Adriatic Coast. Thus, King Nikola divided his military forces 28 into three armies after the declaration of war F F. The First Army was the South Army (First Division) and it was commanded by General Martinovic. He started his operations from the southwest of Scutari Lake. The Second Army was commanded by General Veliko Lazarovic. It consisted of a part of the second and fourth divisions. This army moved from the southeast of Scutari Lake with the start of the war. The Third Army was the North Army commanded by General 29 Yanko Vukotic. This army consisted of a part of the third and fourth divisionsF F. According to the plan, after the second and third armies completed their operations, they were to join the first army waiting in front of Scutari and they 30 were to help with the Scutari siege F F. This meant that Montenegro King wanted to gather his army around Scutari because his greatest goal was Scutari.
24Karargâh-ı Umumi Ġstihbarat ġubesi, Karadağ Ordusu..., 1331, p.12–13. 25Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.282. 26İşkodra Savunması..., p.43. 27Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.282. 28Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi…, p.67–68. 29Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.259–260. 30Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.260.
70 Abidin Temizer
3- The Declaration of War and the Start of Balkan Wars
Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 8 October, 1912. Montenegro’s Ġstanbul embassador Plamenatz went to Bâbıâlî, visited Foreign Affairs Minister and gave him the following diplomatic note stating 31 Montenegro’s declaration of warF F:
“Your excellency, I feel sorry to inform that Montenegro Kingdom government has used up all the friendly efforts to solve the continuous disagreements with the Ottoman government.
With the permission of my King his majesty Nikola the First, I am honored to inform your excellency that as for today, Montenegro government breaks off all the relations with the Ottoman government and both Montenegrins and their brothers under the reign of Ottoman empire intrust Montenegrin weapons in making the Ottomans legitimatize their rights that have been ignored for centuries.
8 October/25 September 1912 Plamenatz”
Upon Plamenatz’s statement of war declaration, Ġstanbul government called 32 back their embassador in CetinjeF F on the same day and began to take necessary military precautions since there was a possibility for the other Balkan countries to 33 declare war, tooF F.
While these advances took place in Ġstanbul, King Nikola invited the Ottoman embassador to his palace in Montenegro’s capital city Cetinje. After having a chat for 45 minutes, he told the Cetinje embassador Ġbrahim Halil Bey that Montenegro declared war on Ottoman Empire, gave him his passport and 34 told him that his adjutants would accompany him to the borderF F. After Montenegro King told the Ottoman embassador about the declaration of war, he spoke to the Montenegrins waiting in front of the palace and explained
31Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.209. 32BOA, MV, 227/239, Date: 26/L/1330 (08 Ocotber 1912); “PadiĢah V.nci Mehmet ReĢat’ın Karadağ hükümetinin Osmanlı Ġmparatorluğu’na Harp Ġlan Etmesi Nedeniyle Cetine Maslahat Güzarının Derhal Ġstanbul’a Dönmesini ve DüĢmana ġiddetle KarĢılık Vermesini Ġsteyen Emri. (The order of Sultan Mehmet ReĢat the fifth telling the Cetinje ambassador deputy to return to Ġstanbul immediately and strike back the enemy since Montenegrin government declared war on the Ottoman Empire), (Document Number: 2684)”, Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, 44/99, p.10. 33BOA, BEO, 4094/306895, Date: 26/L/1330 (08 Ocotber 1912); BOA, BEO, 4095/307064, Date: 26/L/1330 (08 October 1912); BOA, BEO, 4095/307093, Date: 27/L/1330 (09 Ocotber 1912). 34Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.255.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 71
why they had to fight. According to the King, Montenegro was fighting for the rights and survival of Malësians and to help these people who were fighting with the Ottomans for two years in order to unite with Montenegro. King Nikola had already tried to explain the Great Powers that he supported the 1911 Malësian 35 uprise as a humanitarian assistanceF F. After the declaration of war, King Nikola went to the general headquarters with Prince Danilo and Prince Petar. The Minister of Foreign Affairs General Martinovic went to the city of Bar to command the army that was going to attack Scutari.
4- Operation of the Headquarter Army
Montenegro attack started on October 9 at 08:00 with Prince Petar firing the first gun. The first target was Planica. The battles that started in the morning lasted until the noon and at noon Montenegro army conquered Planica hill and village. The next day, General Lazarovic attacked Detcic by taking advantage of Planica hill and conquered Detcic on October 10. Thus, Montenegrins conqured the first important place on the way to Scutari . Two other important points that Montenegrins attacked to cut the way to Scutari were ĠĢkipcanik and Tuzi. These two attacks were successful, too. Montenegrins took 82 Ottoman officers and about 3-4 thousand soldiers as prisoners. They also took hold of a great number 36 of military articlesF F. With these victories of Montenegrins and the fact that they were marching to Vraka Plain, the Ottoman army gathered in this plain to stop the Montenegrins. 37 However, Montenegrins fought off the Ottoman forces here and got to Scutari F F. These first successes of Montenegrins surprised Ġstanbul. In order to prevent opposition to take action and to cheer the people up, press and the government acted together and the press started to write positive news about the battle against Montenegro. The news said that Montenegrins retreated after suffering heavy losses in Gusinje, Tuzi and Vranja. The Minister of Foreign Affairs had two 38 announcements published on thisF F.
35Hasan Bello, Osmanlı ve Arnavut Kaynaklarına Göre Arnavutluk’ta 1911 Malisörler İsyanı (Unpublished master thesis) Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih ABD, Ġstanbul 2009, p.31; Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.256. 36BOA, BEO, 4089/306621, Date: 17/L/1330 (29 September 1912); Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.262. 37Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.263. 38Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.264–265.
72 Abidin Temizer
The Operation of the North Army
The North Army commanded by General Yanko Vukotic had three missions. The first one was to attack Pec through Berane and Plav; the second one was to clear the Ottoman garrisons in Yenipazar and to unite with the Serb who were to pass the border; the third one was to march to Akova (Bijelo Polje) and Prizren 39 after Pec was conqueredF F. This army gathered in Kolasin on the day the war was declared and the next day the army divided into two divisions and moved to Akova, Plav and Berane. On October 11, Montenegrins conquered Akova which was defended by a force 40 of 2.450 menF F. On October 16, Montenegrins conquered Berane which was 41 defended by a force of 2.900 menF F after long battles and taking 500 Ottoman 42 soldiers as prisonersF F. Some of the soldiers from the garrison defending Berane 43 were able to escape by breaking the siegeF F. Since the fall of Berane meant that Ottomans lost contact with Pec, the Ottoman commander in Pec sent the Albanian clan leader Asım Bey with a force of 2.000 to take back Berane. Asım Bey set out without any reconnaissance because he trusted the size of this force. When they reached a rocky location nearby Rugovo, 15 kms away from Pec, he tried to move along from a pass that was on the way. The pass was among rocks and too narrow to make it possible to climb. Here, the Montenegrin soldiers had laid an ambush waiting for the Ottoman soldiers to pass. While Asım Bey’s army was moving on this pass, Montenegrin soldiers attacked them. Meanwhile, Montenegrin soldiers ceased fire with the order of their commander. They were ordered to save on bullets. After this order, Montenegrin soldiers started to roll down huge rocks. When the Montenegrin soldiers stopped, 1.720 of the 2.000 Ottoman soldiers who did not beg for forgiveness had died, 280 of them had survived. Asım Bey and his 280 soldiers were taken as prisoners and they were 44 taken to PodgoricaF F. At the time of the conquest of Berane, General Vukotic’s army was marching to Plav and Gusine. Montenegrins conquered Plav which was defended 45 46 by a unit of 2.400 menF F on October 19F F after six attacks. Plav had been ruined as a result of the attacks and Ottomans had lost about 500-600 soldiers there.
39Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.267. 40İşkodra Savunması..., p.51; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi…, p.69. 41İşkodra Savunması..., p. 51. 42AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p.140; Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.268. 43Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.268. 44Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.268–269. 45İşkodra Savunması..., p.51. 46AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p.140; Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.269.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 73
On October 20, General Vukotic’s army conquered Gusine defended by a 47 garrison of 2.400 menF F and the army marched to Rojaye from there and 48 conquered this city on October 26F F. Then, they began to march to Pec. When the defence lines of Pec, Poklin and Ziliyet were easily conquered, Montenegrin army reached Pec on October 30 without any resistance. Since Pec was an important religious center for the Slavic people, the conquest of this place by the 49 Montenegrins was their msot important spiritual victory in historyF F. The troops that conquered Akova advanced to Siyeneca and met the Serbs there. The Serbs conquered the city in the evening hours after heavy gun fire. The 50 next day, Montenegrins entered the cityF F. Meanwhile, Austria began to be annoyed since there became a possibility for the Montenegrin army to advance to Pljevlja (TaĢlıca). Pljevlja was on the border of Austria. Thus, Austrian government ordered its armies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia mobilization 51 as a precaution and signed a treaty of friendship with the Ottoman government F F. After Siyeneca, the North Army of Montenegrins advanced to Pljevlja on the 52 Austrian borderF F. The army commanded by General Bujovic entered the city 53 after breaking down the Ottoman defence lines of 5.000 menF F. However, they met the resistance of Ottoman soldiers who were defending every street of the city. The Serbian army marching to Pljevlja got there just then. Three armies started to fight heavily and suffered heavy losses. Major Ali Mümtaz Bey, the commander of the Ottoman garrison defending the city, passed the border with his 1.380 privates and 77 officers who had survived and entered Bosnia- Herzegovina and preferred to surrender to Austria here. With the fall of Pljevlja 54 on October 28, Montenegrins conquered the whole Yenipazar SanjakF F. After this, Montenegrin army commanded by General Vukotic attacked Akova with the Serbian army. After a few hours’ battle, Akova fell on November 55 4 and Montenegrin soldiers entered the city with Serbian soldiersF F. After General Vukotic conquered Akova, he advanced to Scutari to help the troops there as planned before. In the meantime, a division of the Serbian army advanced to Durazzo Harbor while another division went there to help the Montenegrins for the Scutari siege.
47İşkodra Savunması..., p. 51. 48AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p.140; Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.270. 49Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.270. 50Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p. 270–271. 51BOA, A. MKT. MHM, 741/19, Date: 08/Za/1330 (20 Ocotber 1912). 52Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.273. 53İşkodra Savunması..., p.51. 54Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.273. 55Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.274; AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p.140.
74 Abidin Temizer
Scutari Siege
Scutari , which had been the capital city of Montenegro, was a salvation for the Montenegrins with its fertile land. Besides, it was to become the capital city again since it was the capital city in the past. Turkish garrison defending Scutari had about 15.000 soldiers on the day the war was declared. The number reached 20.000 with the volunteer Albanians who 56 joined the armyF F. The garrison was commanded by Colonel Hasan Rıza Bey. Hasan Rıza Bey assigned Drac deputy Esat PaĢa (Toptani) as Scutari fortress commander both to win back Malësians and to win the support of Muslim 57 Albanians. Esad Pasha had a strong Redif division of 8.000 Albanians F F. TraboĢ, Kraya, ġiroka, Murikan, Oblika, Gorica, Brdica, Bardanyoli, Golemi and Boksi 58 are fortresses that make Scutari safeguardedF F. While Montenegro’s headquarter army besieged Scutari from northeast front line, the South Army commanded by General Martinovic moved from Bar and Elgün and passed the border from two points on October 10. 9 troops of Montenegro army commanded by Martinovic attacked and burned down the 59 Muslim villages and killed the women and children on their way to Scutari F F. Martinovic was commanding the army during the Scutari siege. The first attack on TraboĢ, one of the fortresses of Scutari , took place with a division of 1.000 men. However, 300 of the 1.000 men died, 600 were wounded and only 100 went back in one piece. This is at the same time the first attack of Montenegro army to Scutari and it was an unsuccessful attack. On October 20 Scutari castle was attacked with gun fire. Especially the parts where Muslims lived extensively were hit with gun fires. In the meantime, King Nikola moved his military 60 quarters from Podgorica to Planica to follow the siege betterF F. On the evening of October 15, King Nikola sent a committee to the Scutari castle commander Rıza Pasha and wanted him to quit the city. However, Rıza Pasha did not accept this. There is an important point here. Before the Balkan Wars started, King Nikola gave medal to Hasan Rıza Pasha and his officers and 61 tried to impress him. This act shows the importance the King places on Scutari F F. After Rıza Pasha’s negative answer, the left wing of the Montenegro headquarter 62 army attacked the Ottoman batteries on the east of Scutari on October 17F F.
56Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.277. 57“Ġslam Dünyası'nın Tefrikası/Osmanlı Karadağ Muharebesi Sene 1328 ĠĢkodra Mıntıkası”, İslam Dünyası, 2 Eylül 1329, p.222; Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.285. 58Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.278. 59BOA, BEO, 4101/307538, Date: 09/Za/1330 (20 October 1912). 60Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.280. 61BOA, İ. TAL, 477/1330/RA–24, Date: 26/Ra/1330 (16 May 1912). 62Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.285.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 75
On October 22, Montenegrins continued their attack to both TraboĢ and Scutari but the Ottoman forces did not suffer too many losses. On the contrary, Montenegrin army suffered heavy losses because of the gun fires of Ottoman army. The Montenegrin soldiers who were wounded here were taken to Rijeka or Cetinje for treatment and since many of them had to go on foot, they lost their 63 lives before they reached the cityF F. On October 24, the left wing of the army conquered ġiroka and Kraya, the right wing conquered Murikan and General Martinovic’s left wing conquered Gorica. King Nikola again called for TraboĢ and Scutari to surrender but the answer was again negative. On October 25, Oblika fell. On October 27, Boksi was conquered with the help of Malësians. The battles continued until October 28. In the mean time, General Martinovic was attacking Brdica, the place he considered to be the key to Scutari. Montenegrins conquered Buzati, the right wing of the South army on 64 October 29; however, the next day they lost 1.000 men in the battle F F. On November 12, Austria, Hungary and Italy wanted Serbia to withdraw their 65 soldiers in Albania and Montenegro to end the Scutari siege F F. But the Scutari siege still continued on the 19th of November. In the meantime, winter had gotten worse. King Nikola became the operational commander of the army and assigned Prince Danilo as the commander of headquarters and North Army and General Vukotic as the chief of defence. General Martinovic continued his duty as the commander of the South Army. In the meantime, Serbian army and Montenegrin North army commanded by General Vukovic had joined the siege 66 of ScutariF F. The attacks that started on November 21 stopped until November 29 because Boyana and Drina rivers had flooded. The attacks started on November 29, but TraboĢ and Scutari had still not fallen. Moreover, Montenegrins had lost 300 men and there were a great number of casualties. On December 3 when Bulgary and Ottoman Empire negotiated for peace, Bulgarian government suggested King Nikola to stop the military operations. This caused some comfort to King Nikola but he did not neglect to announce that he would take up arms again to conquer 67 the “future capital city”F F. Although an armistice was signed, the battles between the Ottoman forces and the Montenegrins continued on and off until January 28. In the meantime, King Nikola passed on a big part of his responsibilities as the genral commander of allied armies to General Bajovic, the commander of Serbian army. When the
63Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.275–276, 81. 64İşkodra Savunması..., p.58. 65Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain..., p.288. 66Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.286–287. 67Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.288.
76 Abidin Temizer
international committee gathered for peace in London without reaching a conclusion on January 29, the battles started again on February 2. Montenegrin forces continued to attack Scutari and TraboĢ with all their power. Scutari castle’s commander Hasan Rıza Bey who had been defending the castle successfully against Montenegrins since October was shot and killed by three people on 30 January 1913 at 18:45 while returning from the house of the 68 archbishop of Scutari MalësiansF F. Although it is not known for sure who had Hasan Rıza Bey killed, it is commonly accepted that it was Esad Pasha who gave 69 the orderF F. Hasan Rıza Pasha had promised to support Esat Pasha in being elected to the Assembly of Notables. However, Esat Pasha got the news about the government change and thought that Hasan Rıza Pasha could not have any effect on the supporters of Confederation. Thus, he wanted to be powerful in Scutari to get a chance for negotiation. After Hasan Rıza Pasha’s death, Esat Pasha 70 overtook the command of the garrison in Scutari and continued the defense F F. The attack on TraboĢ that took place on February 8 lasted for three days. In the battles, Serbians supported Montenegrins. While Montenegrins had 3.500 losses and casualties, this number was 4.000 for Ottomans and 6.000 for Serbians. Montenegrin King was disappointed when the Ottoman soldiers taken as prisoners said that there was enough arms and food in Scutari castle. Montenegrins had failed in conquering Scutari and lost a great number of men. The capital city had become a hospital. Cetinje, in which 5.000 people lived in 71 times of war, had 2.000 casualties at the timeF F. Montenegrin attacks that started on February 14 continued until February 27. Montenegrin armies attacked the city on March 16 with the Serbian forces that came for help in March, but they could not succeed again. In the meantime, Austria had started diplomatic contacts for the city to be left to Albanians. At the London Conference, Austria’s offer was supported by England and Russia. They also offered for Montenegro to get land and money donations. However, King Nikola was decisive to conquer Scutari no matter what. Naturally, he refused these offers. In the meantime, Austria wanted the Muslims and Christians in the city to be evacuated. At first, King Nikola did not take this offer into consideration. Because the supplies that were running low in the city were to determine the city’s fate. However, because of the pressures of other countries, Nikola accepted to evacuate the people. Only this time Esat Pasha did not allow the evacuation. He did not care for the pressures from both Ġstanbul and other 72 countriesF F.
68Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi…, p.149. 69Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi…, p.149-150; Kutlu, Milliyetcilik..., p.377. 70Kutlu, Milliyetcilik..., p.377. 71Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.295–296. 72Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.298–299.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 77
After seeing that the siege of Scutari got weaker, Austria began to pressurize King Nikola for ending the siege. When Nikola persisted in not doing this, they threatened to blockade Montenegro coast. In order to prevent Austria from acting alone and to pressurize Nikola for ending the siege, the Great Powers decided to 73 make a sea protest on Montenegro coast on March 31F F. Despite all, of that, Nikola did not stop the siege. While the Great Powers were debating on the sea protest, Montenegrin and Serbian forces attacked TraboĢ and conquered the place. The fall of TraboĢ was the biggest victory for Montenegrin army since the day the siege of Scutari started. Because of these developments, the Austrian navy advanced to Bar without waiting for the other countries. Thus, the other countries (Italy, England, France and Germany) sent their war ships there. Russia did not send an armada but supported the decision of Great Powers. The Great Powers sent a notice to King Nikola and told him to end the siege. Nikola did not accept this by saying that he would not give up on 74 the siegeF F. Nikola did not listen to the Great Powers, but the Serbian government tried to look nice to the Great Powers so that they could keep the places they conquered and withdrew their support in the siege. Russia warned King Nikola many times to stop the siege. The international navy blockaded Montenegra coast on April 10. They cut the country’s communication and transportation such as telegram, post and road. Montenegro was disconnected with the world. However, Nikola did not give up on his decision. While the blockade was continuing, the news of the fall of Scutari arrived on April 22. But, King Nikola had not conquered the castle through fighting. He had induced Esat Pasha with the promise of making him the king of Albania. With the dream of being supported by Nikola, Esat Pasha agreed to turn in the city that he had been defending for months with an agreement on April 23. Montenegro army marched in Scutari on April 24. On April 25, Nikola came to the castle and took the key of the city from 75 Esad PashaF F. Esad Pasha left the city with 12.000 people and as much food, arms and 76 weapons as they could get with themF F. With the fall of Scutari, the martial part of the war ended. However, Montenegrins could not stay long in Scutari. As a result of the pressure from the Great Powers, Montenegro government had to leave Scutari to the newly founded Albanian government on 14 May 1913. The First Balkan War ended with the treaty of London signed in London on 30 May 1913.
73Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.300. 74Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.302–303. 75Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi…, p.212; İşkodra Savunması..., p.88–89; Andonyan, Balkan Savaşı..., p.309. 76Kutlu, Milliyetcilik..., p.379.
78 Abidin Temizer
Conclusion At the end of the First Balkan War, Montenegro government expanded its borders with Pljevlja, Berane, Majkovac, Rojaye, Plav, Gusinje, Tuzi, Pec and Akova. During the war, Montenegrins lost 3.000 men and they had 6.500 77 casualtiesF F. The country that was the most advantageous in the war was Bulgaria. Greece and Serbia were very annoyed with Bulgaria’s keeping a big part of Macedonia. Especially the diasgreement about Selanik and Manastır caused Serbia and 78 Greece to unite against BulgariaF F. Montenegro accused Bulgaria of extending 79 the war unnecessarily because of their ambition to conquer Edirne F F. The two countries signed an alliance aggreement on 1 June 1913. The Second Balkan War started on June 29-30 following the Bulgarian armies attack on Greek armies. Romania, wanting to get land from Bulgaria, declared war on Bulgaria on July 10 and went to war. Ottoman Empire took advantage of the fight of Balkan countries with one another and took back Edirne on July 20. Ultimately, the war ended with defeat for Bulgaria. Balkan countries signed the treaty of Bucharest on 12 80 August 1913. Montenegro had 150 losses and 700 casualtiesF F. With the First Balkan War, Montenegro added 5.590 km2 land to its borders and 161.000 people to its population, thus reaching 15.017 km2 in square meter and 435.000 people in 81 populationF F.
Bilbiography
Archives Documents BaĢbakanlık Osmanlı ArĢivi (Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives) Ġ. HR. HR. SYS. BEO. DH. SYS. A.MKT. MHM. MV.
77AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p. 141. 78Halil Akman, Paylaşılamayan Balkanlar, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, Istanbul 2006, p. 89–91. 79Kutlu, Milliyetcilik..., p.351. 80AndrijaševiĤ-Rastoder, The History of Montenegro..., p. 141. 81 Ağanoğlu, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e..., p. 25.
Montenegro in the First Balkan War 79
Books and Articles
AĞANOĞLU, H. Yıldırım, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Balkanlar’ın Makûs Talihi, Göç. Kum Saati Yayınları, Ġstanbul 2001.
AKMAN, Halil, Paylaşılamayan Balkanlar, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 2006.
ANDONYAN, Aram, Balkan Savaşı, Aras Yayınları, Istanbul, 2002.
ANDRĠJAŠEVĠģ, Ţivko M. -Šerbo Rastoder, The History of Montenegro, CICG, Podgorica, 2006.
BELLO, Hasan, Osmanlı ve Arnavut Kaynaklarına Göre Arnavutluk’ta 1911 Malisörler İsyanı (Unpublished master thesis) Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih ABD, Istanbul, 2009.
GÖLEN, Zafer, “1852–53 Karadağ Askerî Harekâtı ve Sonuçları”, History Studies, Volume 1/1, 2009, p.212-296.
“Ġslam Dünyası'nın Tefrikası/Osmanlı Karadağ Muharebesi Sene 1328 ĠĢkodra Mıntıkası”, İslam Dünyası, 2 Eylül 1329, p.222;
İşkodra Savunması ve Hasan Rıza Paşa, Hazırlayan: Genel Kurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd BaĢkanlığı, Ankara, 1987.
Karargâh-ı Umumi Ġstihbarat ġubesi, Karadağ Ordusu Hakkında Muhtasar Risale, 1331.
KUTLU, Sacit, Milliyetçilik ve Emperyaliz Yüzyılında Balkanlar ve Osmanlı Devleti, Ġstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2007.
“PadiĢah V.nci Mehmet ReĢat’ın Karadağ hükümetinin Osmanlı Ġmparatorluğu’na Harp Ġlan Etmesi Nedeniyle Cetine Maslahat Güzarının Derhal Ġstanbul’a Dönmesini ve DüĢmana ġiddetle KarĢılık Vermesini Ġsteyen Emri. (The order of Sultan Mehmet ReĢat the fifth telling the Cetinje ambassador deputy to return to Ġstanbul immediately and strike back the enemy since Montenegrin government declared war on the Ottoman Empire), (Document Number: 2684)”, Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, 44/99, p.10.
PALAIRET, Michael, Balkan Ekonomileri, 1800–1914, Kalkınmasız Evrim, Çev. AyĢe Edirne, Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2000.
ROBERTS, Elizabeth, Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro, Cornell University Press, 2007.
SELANIKLI ġEMSEDDIN, Kamûsu’l Â’lam, V.I. Ġstanbul, 1306
80 Abidin Temizer
SOMMIÈRES, L. C. Vialla de, Travels in Montenegro, Printed for Sir Richard Phillips and CO., London, 1820.
TODOROVA, Maria, Balkanlar’ı Tahayyül Etmek, ĠletiĢim Yayınları, Istanbul, 2003.
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi Balkan Harbi Garp Ordusu Karadağ Cephesi IIIncü Cilt, 3ncü Kısım, Genel Kurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt BaĢkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1984.
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 81
PART THREE
ACTIVITATEA SECŢIEI DE ŞTIINŢE ISTORICE ŞI ARHEOLOGIE A ACADEMIEI OAMENILOR DE ŞTIINŢĂ DIN ROMÂNIA ÎN ANUL 2012
ACTIVITY SECTION OF SCIENCE HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGYOF THE ACADEMY OF ROMANIAN SCIENTISTS IN 2012 & PERSONAL REPORTS
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology 82 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 ISSN 2066-8597
Rapoarte Personale (Personal Reports)
- Constantin BUŞE ...... 91 - Gheorghe BUZATU ...... 93 - Radu CIUCEANU ...... 95 - Sorin DAMEAN ...... 97 - Mihai DRECIN ...... 99 - Horia DUMITRESCU ...... 102 - Dinu GIURESCU ...... 103 - Corneliu-Mihail LUNGU ...... 104 - Ioan MITREA ...... 106 - George G. POTRA ...... 107 - Jipa ROTARU ...... 117 - Ioan SCURTU ...... 119 - Ion I. SOLCANU ...... 124 - Radu Ştefan VERGATTI ...... 126 - Timotei URSU ...... 129
>
Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012 83
RAPORT privind activitatea Secţiei de Stiinţe Istorice şi Arheologie în anul 2012
Gheorghe Buzatu oferă una din cărţile sale preşedintelui AOŞR, dr. Vasile Cândea.
În ziua de 18 ianuarie 2012 a avut loc Ģedinţa Secţiei de ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie, la care a fost aprobat Programul de activitate pe anul respectiv. În stabilirea acestuia s-a avut în vedere implicarea Ģtiinţificǎ a Secţiei noastre Ģi implicit a AOSR în marcarea unor evenimente importante precum: 200 ani de la ocuparea Basarabiei de cǎtre Rusia ţaristǎ, 130 ani de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu, 105 ani de la rǎscoala din 1907, 95 ani de la marile bǎtǎlii din vara anului 1917 de la MǎrǎĢti, MǎrǎĢeĢti Ģi Oituz. Adunarea generalǎ a AOSR, care a avut loc în ziua de 22 martie 2012, i-a reconfirmat pe domnul doctor Vasile Cândea în funcţia de preĢedinte Ģi pe domnul Doru Delion în cea de secretar general. Domnul Ion Basgan a fost reales vicepreĢedinte, iar domnul Adrian Badea a fost ales vicepreĢedinte. Adunarea generalǎ a ales în calitate de membri de onoare la Secţia Stiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie, pe domnii Radu Ciuceanu Ģi Timotei Ursu. În ziua de 30 mai, domnul Timotei Ursu a rostit cuvântul de recepţie, iar domnul Radu Ciuceanu va fi planificat la începutul acestui an, 2013. Adunarea generalǎ a confirmat alegerea domnilor Mihai Drecin, Jipa Rotaru Ģi Sorin Damean în calitate de membri corespondenţi ai AOSR. De asemenea, Adunarea generalǎ a decis acordarea premiilor propuse de Secţia noastrǎ, Ģi anume: Premiul “Dimitrie Cantemir” lucrǎrilor: - Pagini din istoria diplomaţiei, 3 volume, editate de Asociaţia Ambasadorilor Ģi Diplomaţilor din România. Coordonator Ion Anghel, 2009-2011;
Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology 84 of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012
- Acţiunea “recuperarea”. Securitatea şi emigrarea germanilor din România. (1962-1989). Autori: Florica Dobre, Florian Banu, Laura Stancu, Luminiţa Banu, 2011. Premiul “Aurelian Sacerdoţeanu” (insitiuit în 2012) - Corneliu Mihail Lungu, Constituirea şi gestionarea documentelor de arhivǎ, 2010.
La 18 aprilie s-a desfǎĢurat adunarea de dare de seamǎ Ģi alegeri la nivelul Secţiei. Au fost aleĢi: Ioan Scurtu – preĢedinte, Constantin BuĢe – vicepreĢedinte, Sorin Damean – secretar.
Manifestǎrile Ģtiinţifice înscrise în programul de activitate pe anul 2012 au fost realizate integral, fapt ce demonstreazǎ consistenţa muncii noastre.
Totodatǎ, o parte din membrii Secţiei de ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie au participat la activitǎţile organizate la nivelul conducerii AOSR, Ģi anume: - Sesiunea omagialǎ Dinu Sǎraru. 80 de ani de viaţǎ, desfǎĢuratǎ la sediul AOSR în ziua de 25 ianuarie. Au\ avut intervenţii Rǎzvan Theodorescu Ģi Ioan Scurtu. - Sesiunea Un univers al ştiinţei. Trecut, prezent viitor, desfǎĢuratǎ la Universitatea Politehnicǎ Ģi la sediul AOSR, în zilele de 24-25 mai, dedicatǎ preĢedintelui AOSR, dr. Vasile Cândea, la împlinirea vârstei de 8o ani. Domnul Dan Zamfirescu a rostit un consistent cuvânt de apreciere, iar Ioan Scurtu a prezentat rezultatele obţinute în activitatea sa de Secţia de Stiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie.
Conform programului adoptat, Secţia noastrǎ a organizat sau a fost parte la desfǎĢurarea urmǎtoarelor manifestǎri Ģtiinţifice:
7 martie 2012, în colaborare cu Fundaţia Europeanǎ Titulescu - evocarea In memoriam. N. Titulescu. 20 de ani de la readucerea acasǎ – moderator Ģi intervenţie de bazǎ George G. Potra.
Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012 85
În imagine George G. Potra, Adrian Năstase, Gheorghe Tinca.
Evocare 7 martie 2012 – În memoriam. N. Titulescu. 20 de ani de la readucerea acasǎ. * * * 21 martie, la sediul AOSR, în colaborare cu Fundaţia Europeanǎ Titulescu - conferinţa 130 de ani de la moartea lui N. Titulescu, susţinutǎ de George G. Potra.
În prim plan, dr. Vasile Cândea Ģi Corneliu Mihail Lungu.
18 aprilie, la sediul AOSR - dezbaterea Câţi ţǎrani au fost ucişi în 1907? Intervenţii Ioan Scurtu, Corneliu Lungu, Radu ġtefan Vergatti. * * * 4 mai, la Biblioteca Judeţeanǎ “Alexandru Ģi Aristia Aman”, Craiova, în colaborare cu Universitatea din Craiova Ģi alte instituţii de culturǎ din acest municipiu - simpozionul Ģtiinţific Nicolae Titulescu – diplomat român de
Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology 86 of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012 anvergurǎ europeanǎ. Organizator Sorin Damean, intervenţii Sorin Damean, Constantin BuĢe, Corneliu Lungu, Ioan Scurtu. * * * 20 iunie, la sediul AOSR - dezbaterea Impotriva falsificǎrii istoriei, intervenţii Radu Stefan Vergatti, Dan Zamfirescu. * * * 7 iulie, la FocĢani, în colaborare cu Muzeul Vrancei - sesiunea Ģtiinţificǎ Formarea statului român modern. Focşanii – oraşul Unirii. Organizator Horia Dumitrescu. Comunicǎri Ģi intervenţii: Horia Dumitrescu, Corneliu Lungu, Constantin BuĢe, Jipa Rotaru, Ionel Cândea, Ioan Scurtu.
La FocĢani, sesiunea Ģtiinţifică Ģi lansări de carte. În imagini: Gh. Buzatu, Ioan Scurtu, Vasile Cândea, Constantin BuĢe, Horia Dumitrescu.
* * *
Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012 87
4 august, la FocĢani, în colaborare cu Muzeul Vrancei - simpozionul 95 de ani de la epopeea româneascǎ de la Mǎrǎşti, Mǎrǎşeşti şi Oituz, organizatǎ de Horia Dumitrescu. Comunicǎri Ģi intervenţii Horia Dumitrescu, Constantin BuĢe, Gheorghe Buzatu, Ionel Cândea, Ioan Scurtu * * *
21 august, la Vǎlenii de Munte, în colaborare cu Universitatea Popularǎ “N. Iorga” Ģi Clubul Istoricilor “N. Iorga” - masa rotundǎ 200 de ani de la rǎpirea Basarabiei. Intervenţii Constantin BuĢe, Ioan Scurtu
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8 - 9 septembrie, la Maia (judeţul Ialomiţa), în colaborare cu Filiala Maia Catargi a Asociaţiei Naţionale a Cavalerilor de Clio, a VIII-a sesiune Ģtiinţificǎ Retrǎiri istorice în veacul XXI. Organizator Jipa Rotaru. Comunicǎri Jipa Rotaru, Gh. Buzatu, C. BuĢe.
11 octombrie, la Craiova, în colaborare cu Universitatea din Craiova Ģi alte instituţii culturale din municipiu - seminarul Stat şi societate în Europa. Nicolae Titulescu – românul european. Organizator Sorin Damean. Comunicǎri Ģi intervenţii Sorin Damean, Corneliu Lungu, Ioan Scurtu.
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Activity Section of Science History and Archaeology 88 of the Academy of Romanian Scientists in 2012
17 octombrie, la Brǎila, în colaborare cu Muzeul Brǎilei - simpozionul Brǎila în istoria modernǎ a României. Organizator Ionel Cândea. Comunicǎri Ionel Cândea, Ioan Scurtu, Constantin BuĢe.
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De regulǎ, în cadrul manifestǎrilor Ģtiinţifice respective au avut loc lansǎri de carte, ale membrilor Secţiei sau ale altor participanţi, prilej cu care au luat cuvântul George G. Potra, Constantin BuĢe, Rǎzvan Theodorescu, Gheorghe Buzatu, Radu ġtefan Vergatti, Horia Dumitrescu, Ionel Cândea, Corneliu Lungu, Ioan Scurtu Ģ.a.
Aceste activitǎţi s-au bucurat de o largǎ participare, meritul principal revenind domnilor Sorin Damean, Horia Dumitrescu Ģi Ionel Cândea. Menţionǎm cǎ la acţiunea de la Vǎlenii de Munte au participat peste 300 de persoane din ţarǎ, precum Ģi din Republica Moldova, Ucraina (Bucovina) Ģi Serbia.
Credem cǎ este o bunǎ practicǎ aceea de a organiza activitǎţi nu numai la sediul AOġR, ci Ģi în ţarǎ, deoarece astfel este cunoscutǎ activitatea AOġR, se asigurǎ implicarea Ģtiinţificǎ a mai multor persoane, precum Ģi rezolvarea unor problene organizatorice (financiare).
O componentǎ esenţialǎ a activitǎţii noastre a fost realizarea revistei “Annals. Series on History and Archaeology”, ajunsǎ în ce de-al patrulea an de existenţǎ. A fost pǎstratǎ structura convenitǎ, iar toate studiile au fost publicate în limbi de circulaţie internaţionalǎ.
De numǎul 1/ 2012 s-a ocupat domnul Ion I. Solcanu, care a asigurat Ģi tipǎrirea, pe cont propriu, a revistei la IaĢi, precum Ģi realizarea de extrase pentru autori. In acest numǎr, cu o tematicǎ diversǎ, au semnat studii domnii Ion I. Solcanu, Radu ġtefan Vergatti, Rǎzvan Theodorescu, Nelu Zugravu.
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Numǎrul 2/2012 a fost coordonat de domnul Radu ġtefan Vergatti. Tema de bazǎ Basarabia 1812-2012, a beneficiat de studiile realizate de Radu ġtefan Vergatti, Corneliu Mihail Lungu, Ionuţ Cojocaru, Marian Stroia, Ion Constantin.
Fusese stabilit ca de numǎrul 3/2012 sǎ se ocupe domnul Sorin Damean, dar pânǎ la urmǎ am beneficiat de implicarea domnului George G. Potra, tema de bazǎ fiind Nicolae Titulescu – 130 . Au contribuit cu studii George G. Potra Ģi Mihai Ghiţulescu. In partea a doua au fost incluse studii semnate de Paraschiva Bǎdescu Ģi Mircea Tănase.
Numǎrul 4/2012 a fost consacrat Primului Rǎzboi Mondial (1914-1918), coordonator fiind domnul Corneliu Mihail Lungu. Au semnat studii George G. Potra, Horia Dumitrescu, Silviu Bertoni, Alexandru OĢca. Partea a doua, cuprinde contribuţiile lui Jaques Thobie, Ioan Scurtu, Ionuţ Cojocaru Ģi Viorel Cruceanu.
În fiecare numǎr al revistei “Annals” au fost publicate note privind cǎrţi recent apǎrute, informǎri despre diferite activitǎţi Ģtiinţifice desfǎĢurate în ţarǎ, aceastǎ rubricǎ vizând promovarea spiritului critic în plan istoriografic.
A fost continuatǎ iniţiativa ca în numǎrul 1 al revistei sǎ fie publicate raportul de activitate a Secţiei de ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie pe anul precedent, precum Ģi rapoartele personale ale membrilor.
Suntem convinĢi cǎ studiile sunt valoroase, iar publicarea lor în limbi de circulaţie internaţionalǎ contribuie la cunoaĢterea punctelor de vedere ale istoricilor români peste hotare, precum Ģi la realizarea unor relaţii profesionale cu colegii noĢtri din alte state.
Pentru a ne atinge pe deplin obiectivul urmǎrit, se impune întocmirea dosarului necesar, pentru ca revista sǎ obţinǎ recunoaĢterea de cǎtre CNCS (Consiliul Naţional al Cercetǎrii ġtiinţifice) Ģi o ierarhizare corespunzǎtoare.
În 2012 domnul Sorin Damean a elaboratat sitte-ul Secţiei de ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie. Este necesar ca acesta sǎ fie adus la zi Ģi sǎ cuprindǎ toate activitǎţile noastre, pentru a fi astfel mai bine cunoscute. Domnul Mihail CǎruţaĢu, directorul Editurii AOSR, a postat pe internet toate numerele din revista “Annals”, de la apariţie pânǎ în prezent. Acţiunea va continua prin asigurarea posibilitǎţii de consultare a fiecǎrui studiu în parte (acum trebuie “desfǎcutǎ” întreaga revistǎ) . De asemenea, este necesar sǎ înscriem revista în bazele de date internaţionale, pentru ca activitatea noastrǎ Ģtiinţificǎ sǎ fie cât mai larg cunoscutǎ.
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Membrii Secţiei de ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie au desfǎĢurat multiple activitǎţi Ģtiinţifice pe cont personal, precum Ģi în alte colective decât cel al AOSR (conducere de doctorat, în consilii Ģtiinţifice Ģi colegii de redacţie, au publicat cǎrţi Ģi studii originale, au coordonat volume de documente etc). Putem afirma, fǎrǎ teama de a exagera cǎ, deĢi constituie un colectiv extrem de restrâns, aceĢtia au adus contribuţii remarcabile la dezvoltatea istoriografiei româneĢti Ģi chiar universale, impunându-se prin valoarea lucrǎrilor publicate. Activitatea Secţiei, ca Ģi a AOġR, a fost afectatǎ de lipsa alocaţiilor bugetare de la bugetul statului. Acest fapt s-a reflectat mai ales în privinţa realizǎrii revistei “Annals”, care nu a beneficiat de un redactor, ci a trebuit sǎ apelǎm la sprijinul doamnei Gabriela Petrescu, cǎruia îi mulţumim public pentru implicarea Ģi profesionalismul sǎu. Din aceleaĢi motive bugetare lucrarea Istoria Academiei de Ştiinţe din România. (1935-1948), realizatǎ de Ioan Scurtu Ģi Corneliu Mihail Lungu, predatǎ din luna iulie 2012, nu a fost încǎ tipǎritǎ. Ca Ģi în anii precedenţi, secţia noastrǎ a beneficiat de sprijinul Ģi îndrumarea domnului preĢedinte Vasile Cândea, care a Ģi participat la unele activitǎţi Ģtiinţifice organizate de noi, a domnului Doru Delion Ģi a domnului vicepreĢedinte Ion Basgan, cǎrora le suntem recunoscǎtori. Programul pe 2013 se înscrie pe linia deja convenitǎ, cu activitǎţi la sediu Ģi în ţarǎ, cu realizarea a patru numere din revista “Annals”, cu implicarea în acţiunile organizate la nivelul conducerii AOġR.
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RAPOARTE PERSONALE
Constantin BUŞE
Carti, volume colective Studii de istorie,vol.I.,Editura Istros, Brăila, 2012, 707 p. (Editori Constantin BuĢe, Ionel Cândea) Studii şi articole publicate Câteva consideraţii privind relaţiile romano- iugoslave la începutul războiului rece, în Studii de istorie, vol.I, pp. 475-5189 (în colaborare cu Constantin Hlihor) Intelectuali şi oameni politici în şi despre România în Primul Război Mondial, în Document, Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române, anul XV, nr.2(56)/2012, pp.15- 25 Vocaţia umanistă şi modelul cultural, în Document, Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Romane, anul XV, nr.4(58)/2012, pp.18-20 Comunicări ştiinţifice Rolul oraşului Focşani în înfăptuirea Unirii de la 1859, Simpozion: Focşani- capitala Unirii, Muzeul Vrancei, FocĢani, 7 iulie 2012 Personalităţi politice şi militare străine despre eroismul armatei române în luptele din vara anului 1917, Sesiunea Ģtiinţifică: 95 de ani de la epopeea românească Mărăşti, Mărăşeşti, Oituz, Muzeul Vrancei, FocĢani, 4 august 2012 Basarabia în scrierile lui Nicolae Iorga, Dezbatere: 200 de ani de la răpirea Basarabiei, Vălenii de Munte, 21 august 2012 Nicolae Titulescu şi America Latină, Sesiune Ģtiinţifică: Stat şi Societate, Nicolae Titulescu-romanul european, Craiova, 11 octombrie 2012 Importanţa economică şi comercială a Brăilei sub statutul de porto-franco, Simpozion naţional: Brăila în istoria modernă a României, Muzeul Brăilei, 17 octombrie 2012 Participări cu intervenţii la alte sesiuni Ģtiinţifice desfăĢurate în BucureĢti, Craiova, FocĢani, Vălenii de Munte Lansare de carte, prezentare: Ioan Scurtu, Politica şi viaţa cotidiană în România în sec. al XIX-lea şi la începutul celui de al XX-lea, Mica Valahie, Bookfest, 2 iunie 2012 Mihail Dobre, România la sfârşitul războiului Rece, Ed. Enciclopedică, Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, 22 noiembrie 2012
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Conducere doctorat Susţinere teze de doctorat sub îndrumarea subsemnatului Ģi referate la Ģase teze de doctorat în calitate de membru în comisii. Membru în Consilii ştiinţifice şi Comitete de redacţie la Ģapte reviste Ģtiinţifice de istorie Ģi cultură din ţară. Director al Centrului de Studii Euro-Atlentice al Universitatii din Bucuresti “Membru în Comitetul ġtiinţific al revistei Parlement’s, Revue d’Histoire politique”, Franţa Premiul de Excelenţă pentru cercetare Ģi formare în afaceri europene , acordat de Institutul European din România Centrului de Studii Euro-Atlantice al Universităţii din BucureĢti, 13 decembrie 2012
Personal Reports 93 Gheorghe BUZATU
Cărţi de autor Gh. Buzatu, Mareşalul Ion Antonescu – Forţa destinului. O biografie, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 832 p. (Seria „Opera Omnia”). Ediţii N. Iorga, Basarabia – legitimitatea dreptului istoric, selecţie Ģi studiu introductiv Gh. Buzatu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 406 p. Ion Antonescu, Pace şi război (1940-1944). Jurnalul Mareşalului …, vol. IV, 1940-1944, studiu introductiv Gh. Buzatu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 540 p. Victor Roncea, Gh. Buzatu, eds., Documente din Arhiva Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, studii introductive, 27 volume, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012. D. Ciurea, Românii în istoria universală, II, Moldova sub domnia lui M. Sturza, 1834-1849, ediţie anastatică, îngrijitori Stela Cheptea Ģi Gh. Buzatu, Argument Al. Zub, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 270 p. Faust Brădescu, Studii de istorie legionară Tragedia de la 23 august 1944, ediţie anastatică, studiu introductiv Gh. Buzatu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 661 p. Colecţia „Românii în istoria universală” În cursul anului 2012 s-a continuat editarea Colecţiei Românii în istoria universală (coord. Gh. Buzatu), fondată în anul 1986, reunind în prezent 415 volume (sinteze, monografii, studii Ģi colecţii de documente privind istoria naţională sau universală, lucrări originale sau ediţii anastatice. Reţinem dintre titlurile apărute în 2012: - Maria, Regina României, Povestea vieţii mele, 3 vols., ed. orig. 1934, ediţie îngrijită de Gh. Buzatu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012. - Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Scrieri. Documente. Însemnări, ediţie îngrijită de Corneliu Ciucanu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012, 746 p. - Traian Brăileanu, Scrieri, I-V, ediţie Ģi studiu introductiv de Corneliu Ciucanu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012. - Ioan Bianu, Nerva HodoĢ, Dan Simonescu, Bibliografia românească veche. 1508-1830, I-IV, ediţia a II-a, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012 (ed. orig. - BucureĢti, I. V. Socec, 1908-1944). - Sextil PuĢcariu, Opere, 6 vols., ediţie anastatică, studiu introductiv Gh. Buzatu, IaĢi, Tipo Moldova, 2012. Precizăm, de asemenea, că unele dintre cărţile apărute sub egida Editurii Tipo Moldova în cadrul Colecţiei Românii în istoria universală aparţin unora dintre membrii sau colaboratorii AOŞR – Profesorii Constantin BuĢe, Sorin Liviu Damean, Corneliu M. Lungu, Stoica Lascu, Horia Dumitrescu, Petre Ţurlea, Valentin Ciorbea, Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Scurtu.
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Studii şi articole Gh. Buzatu, Basarabia şi iar Basarabia (1812-2012), în „Revista Româno- Americană”, seria a II-a, nos. XXII-XXIII, Ianuarie 2012, pp. 22-38. Gh. Buzatu, Marusia Cîrstea, Rusia şi America (1917-1939), în idem, pp. 41-96. Gh. Buzatu, 22 iunie 1941 în constelaţia zilelor astrale ale istoriei naţionale, în vol. Retrăiri istorice în veacul XXI, coordonator Jipa Rotaru, Slobozia, Editura Anca, 2012, pp. 13-21. Comunicări ştiinţifice - Gh. Buzatu, La Bicentenarul raptului Basarabiei: Nicolae Iorga – Un studiu de caz, Simpozionul internaţional organizat de Academia de ġtiinţe a Moldovei Ģi Academia Română, la ChiĢinău Ģi IaĢi (14 Ģi, respectiv, 16 mai 2012) pe tema 1812-2012 – Raptul Basarabiei. Materialul a fost predat pentru tipar, fiind în curs de editare. - Gh. Buzatu, Mişcarea Legionară – Origini, atitudini, semnificaţii, IaĢi, Centrul de Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeană, 24 iunie 2012. - Gh. Buzatu, România şi Serviciile Secrete ale Marilor Puteri la confluenţa secolelor XX-XXI. Aspecte istoriografice, Filiala IaĢi a Academiei Române, 19 octombrie 2012. Colegii de redacţie „Annals” of the Academy of Romanian Scientists, BucureĢti „Europa XXI” sub egida Centrului de Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeană a Filialei IaĢi a Academiei Române „Vitralii – Lumini Ģi umbre” sub egida ACMRR, BucureĢti „Pro-Saeculum. Revistă de cultură, literatură Ģi artă”, FocĢani „Document. Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române”, BucureĢti „Orizont XXI, Revista Asociaţiei Culturale V. F. Dobrinescu”, PiteĢti „Dacoromania” sub egida Fundaţiei „Alba Iulia 1918 – Pentru Unitatea Ģi Integritatea României” „Revista Română de Studii Euroasiatice” sub egida Universităţii „Ovidius” din Constanţa „Orizonturi Istoriografice” sub egida Universităţii „Ovidius” din Constanţa. Consilii ştiinţifice - Centrul de Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeană din cadrul Filialei IaĢi a Academiei Române. Conducere doctorat În cadrul ġcolii Doctorale a Facultăţii de Istorie Ģi ġtiinţe Politice (Universitatea „Ovidiu” din Constanţa) s-au susţinut în 2012 două lucrări privind Relaţiile româno-germane, 1940-1944 Ģi Planul Marshall. Emisiuni radio, TV, articole de presă - 32 de studii Ģi articole privind îndeosebi România în 1939-1945 Ģi personalitatea MareĢalului Ion Antonescu apărute în publicaţii online, mai ales în „ZiariĢti Online” (BucureĢti) Ģi „Art-Emis” (Râmnicu Vâlcea)
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Radu CIUCEANU
Carţi publicate: Radu Ciuceanu, Memorii IV, Prea mult întuneric, Doamne!, INST, BucureĢti, 2012, pp.229, Coordonator al programului de cercetare Fenomenul Reeducării în sistemul concentraţionar din România, 1949- 1952, 1960-1964, INST. Studii şi articole publicate în periodice şi volume colective: Istoria ca un balast, XXXVII, în Arhivele totalitarismului, nr.1-2/2012, pp.5-7. Istoria latentă, în Arhivele totalitarismului, nr.3-4/2012, pp.5-30. Comunicari ştiinţifice prezentate: Poeţi şi scriitori interzişi până în 1989 şi marginalizaţi ulterior, la conferinta “Elite Ģi marginalizaţi în România (1945-1989)”, INST, BucureĢti, 24-25 mai 2012. AFDPR: Adevăr şi minciună în naşterea unei asociaţii, la conferinţa "Politică Ģi antipolitică sub comunism", INST, BucureĢti, INST, 22-23 noiembrie 2012. Faţa ascunsă a distrugerii unui monument-lăcaş princeps al BOR, la sesiunea Ģtiintifică „Un sfert de veac de la distrugerea Mănăstirii VacăreĢti", INST Ģi Secţia de Arte, Arhitectură Ģi Audiovizual a Academiei Române, 1 noiembrie 2012. Prezentarea volumului “România 1945 -1989. Enciclopedia regimului comunist din România. Represiunea. Vol I, A-E”, Universitatea Valahia din TârgoviĢte Ģi Fundaţia Ecumenică “ Pro Axe Mundi”, 8 mai 2012, TârgoviĢte. Prezentarea volumului “România 1945 -1989. Enciclopedia regimului comunist din România. Represiunea. Vol I, A-E”, Centrul de Cercetări ġtiinţifice Interdisciplinare "Dumitru Staniloae" al Universităţii "Valahia" din TârgoviĢte Ģi al Fundaţiei Ecumenice "Pro Axe Mundi", 15 mai 2012, Constanţa. Colegii de redacţie: Editor Ģi membru fondator al revistei “Arhivele Totalitarismului”. Membru în Colegiul de redacţie al rev. HISTORIA Consilii ştiinţifice: PreĢedinte al Consiliului ġtiinţific al Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului. Membru în Consiliul ġtiinţific al Institutului Revoluţiei Române din Decembrie 1989. VicepreĢedinte executiv în Consiliul de Administraţie al Fundaţiei „ Panteonul României”.
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Societăţi ştiinţifice, asociaţii, fundaţii: Director al Institutului Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română VicepreĢedinte executiv al Fundaţiei “Panteonul României”, Academia Română. Membru fondator al Asociaţiei FoĢtilor Deţinuţi Politici din România (A.F.D.P.R.), în ianuarie 1990 Membru în Societatea de Heraldică Decoraţii, premii, diplome: Titlu Membru de onoare al Fundaţiei Sfinţii Închisorilor, 2012 Emisiuni radio, Tv, articole în presǎ : Ziarul România Liberă, 2.07.2012, “Experimentul PiteĢti - lecţie de istorie pe viu pentru studenţi” Interviu la TVR 1 cu ocazia Zilei Naţionale a României - “ Crăciun în închisorile comuniste” Alte activităţi: Menţionez în mod deosebit parteneriatul cu Muzeul Naţional al Ţăranului Român, concretizat în expoziţia Războiul împotriva ţărănimii. Anii colectivizării (1949- 1962), inaugurată la 21 decembrie 2012, Ģi colaborarea cu Institutul pentru Investigarea Crimelor Comunismului în România Ģi Memoria Exilului Românesc, concretizat în expoziţia Radio Europa Liberă: o istorie în date, fotografii şi Arhivele Securităţii, inaugurată la 15 noiembrie 2012.
De asemenea, m-am implicat în promovarea unui proiect de interes naţional Ģi care are o temă comună cu obiectivele generale ale I.N.S.T. privind reabilitarea memoriei celor care au constituit ani de zile fenomenul rezistenţei anticomuniste în România.
Proiectul denumit „Institutul Panteonul României”, Ģi care să funcţioneze în subordinea Academiei Române, se doreĢte a fi reprezentativ la nivel naţional Ģi internaţional.
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Sorin Liviu DAMEAN
Studii şi articole: Diplomaţia românească în timpul lui Carol I – o diplomaţie de cabinet?, în „Analele Universităţii din Craiova, Seria Istorie”, Anul XVII, Nr. 1(21)/2012, pp. 73-82 Negocieri româno-ruse în cursul anului 1914 reflectate în amintirile diplomatului Constantin Diamandy, în volumul Stat şi societate în Europa, vol. IV, coordonatori: Mihai Ghiţulescu, Lucian Dindirică, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, TârgoviĢte, 2012, pp. 161-170 8 noiembrie 1945: rezistenţă şi represiune în România, în volumul Destin de istoric In Honorem Dinu C. Giurescu, coordonatori: Cezar Avram, Dinică Ciobotea, Vladimir Osiac, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, TârgoviĢte, 2012, pp. 585- 590 Românii şi “chestiunea orientală” (1856-1859), în “Studii Ģi Articole de Istorie”, LXXIX, 2012, pp. 98-103 Lingvistul Lazăr Şăineanu, în volumul Profesori şi studenţi evrei, coordonatori: Carol Iancu, Alexandru Florin Platon, Editura Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza”, IaĢi, 2012. The Romanian Diplomacy during the reign of Carol I – A cabinet diplomacy?, în volumul Romanian and European Diplomacy. From Cabinet Diplomacy to the 21st century challenges, coordonatori: Gheorghe Cliveti, Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu, Adrian Viţalaru, Ionuţ Nistor, Beit Casa Editrice, Trieste, Editura Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza”, IaĢi, 2012, pp. 184-192
Comunicări în cadrul simpozioanelor: Nicolae Titulescu – diplomat de elită, în cadrul Simpozionului Nicolae Titulescu – diplomat român de anvergură europeană, Craiova, 4-5 mai 2012 Rusia şi Principatele Române la sfârşitul sec. XVIII şi începutul sec. XIX, în cadrul Simpozionului Basarabia 1812 – problemă naţională, implicaţii internaţionalei, ChiĢinău-IaĢi, 13-16 mai 2012 Ceremonialul Curţii regale a României, în cadrul Simpozionului Stat şi societate în Europa, Craiova, 10-12 octombrie 2012 Diplomatul englez Conyngham Greene şi situaţia României în anul 1907, în cadrul Simpozionului Internaţional Oltenia – interferenţe culturale, Craiova, 18- 19 octombrie 2012
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Membru în comisii de doctorat: Referent de specialitate la 11 comisii de doctorat.
Membru în consilii ştiinţifice, colegii de redacţie: Redactor ġef al revistei „Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Istorie”, din anul 2008, revistă inclusă în Bazele de Date Internaţionale Index Copernicus Ģi ERIH Membru în Colegiul de Redacţie al prestigioasei reviste americane Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, revistă inclusă în numeroase baze de date internaţionaţionale Membru în Colegiul de Redacţie sau Consiliul ġtiinţific al revistelor: Studii şi Articole de Istorie, BucureĢti, din anul 2008; Annales d’Université Valahia. Archeologie et histoire, TârgoviĢte, din anul 2008; Analele Universităţii Creştine Dimitrie Cantemir. Seria Istorie”, BucureĢti, din anul 2010
Organizator de manifestări ştiinţifice: „Politică Ģi diplomaţie în timpul lui Carol I”, Craiova, 29 martie 2012 „Semnificaţiile zilei de 10 mai”, Craiova, 10 mai 2012 „In Honorem Dinu C. Giurescu”, Craiova, 28 iunie 2012 „Stat Ģi societate în Europa”, Craiova, 10-12 octombrie 2012 „Condiţia intelectualului/scriitorului disident în România comunistă”, Craiova, 26-27 octombrie 2012 „Semnificaţia zilei de 1 Decembrie”, Craiova, 1 decembrie 2012
Proiecte de Cercetare: POSDRU/56/1.2/S/36310 – Formarea Ģi dezvoltarea aptitudinilor Ģi interesului pentru cercetarea Ģtiinţifică teoretică Ģi aplicată a studenţilor din ciclul de licenţă Ģi masterat în domeniul Ģtiinţelor sociale Ģi politice, în parteneriat cu SNSPA, BucureĢti POSDRU/109/2.1/G/81762 – Competenţe socio-umane pentru piaţa muncii din regiunea Sud-Vest Oltenia POSDRU/86/1.2/S/64238 – Universitatea – pol pentru inovare Ģi dezvoltare, în parteneriat cu Universitatea Oulu din Finlanda.
Premii: Laureat al Premiului pentru cercetări istorice al Academiei Internaţionale „Mihai Eminescu” pe anul 2012.
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Mihai DRECIN
Studii şi articole: Un român „uitat”: Partenie Cosma în ultimii săi ani de viaţă (1916-1923), în vol. „Specific românesc Ģi confluenţe central-europene. Profesorului Teodor Pavel la împlinirea vârstei de 70 de ani”, coordonatori: Iosif Marin Balog, Ana Victoria Sima, Ion Cârja, Ed. Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, 2012, p.157-164. Universitarul şi omul politic Victor Jinga împotriva Dictatului de la Viena, în vol. „1940 – Dictatul de la Viena în istoria Ģi mentalul românilor” Ed. Tipo MC, Oradea, 2012, p.41 –45. Reflections on Writing the Monographs of the Credit Institutions with Romanian Capital in the Late 19th Early 20th Century Transylvania, în vol.”The Monograph Research in Central Europe (1990-2010)”, coordinator and editor:Antonio Faur, Ed. Romanian Academy, Center for Transyvanian Studies, Cluj- Napoca, 2012, p.61-71. Comunicări ştiinţifice prezentate: Banca „Albina” din Sibiu într-o perioadă dramatică de tranziţie.Directoratul lui Iosif Lissai (16 august 1915-27 ianuarie 1920), la Sesiunea anuală de comunicări Ģtiinţifice a Departamentului de Istorie, Universitatea Oradea, 25 mai 2012. Clădirile orădene între istoria momentului (iunie 1920) şi politica zilelor noastre (iunie 2012), Sesiunea Ģtiinţifică „Tratatul de pace de la Trianon în context european (1920-4 iunie 2012)”, organizată de Universitatea din Oradea, Asociaţia Naţională a cadrelor militare în rezervă Ģi retragere „Gen. Traian MoĢoiu” Filiala Oradea, Cercul Militar Oradea, 5 iunie 2012. Directori executivi (generali ) ai Băncii „Albina” din Sibiu – personalităţi ale românilor transilvăneni şi profesionişti ai lumii bancare (1872-1948), Sesiunea Ģtiinţifică „140 de ani de la înfiinţarea Băncii
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Biblioteca Băncii „Albina” din Sibiu şi cărţile sale (1872-1948). Între studii de specialitate şi istoria naţională, Simpozionul Internaţional de Istorie financiar- bancară „Muncă, bani, bănci, cultură Ģi politică (sec.XVIII-sec.XXI)”, Universitatea Oradea, 26-28 octombrie 2012.
Colegii de redacţie Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Istorie – Arheologie, Universitatea Oradea. Romanian Review of Financial and Banking History, Editată de „Romanian History Banking Association of Oradea” Ģi University of Oradea, Founding member and Editor in Chief.
Societăţi ştiinţifice, asociaţii, fundaţii Societatea de ġtiinţe Istorice din România (din 1968) Societatea de Istorie Ģi Retrologie Agrară din România (din 1980) Centrul de Studii Transilvane din Cluj-Napoca (din 1994) Comisia de Istorie economică Ģi Istoria gândirii economice din cadrul Academiei Române (din 2004) Comisia de Istorie a OraĢelor din România din cadrul Academiei Române (din 2006) Asociaţia Română de Istoria presei (din 2011) Romanian History Banking Association of Oradea (din 2011) Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, Secţia ġtiinţe Istorice Ģi Arheologie, membru asociat (din 2012)
Conducere doctorat, membru comisie Referate doctoranzi, în calitate de conducător Ģtiinţific: Ghitea Ioan Mircea, Episcopul martir dr. Nicolae Popoviciu al Oradiei (1903 – 1960). Monografie istorică, Universitatea Oradea, 2 iunie 2012 Cîrmaciu Diana, Universitarul Gheorghe N. Leon – teoretician al Dreptului financiar. Monografie istorică, Universitatea din Oradea, 29 septembrie 2012 Stoica Cristian, Mişcarea politică naţională din Transilvania înainte şi după primul război mondial (1900 – 1919). Studiu de caz: Aradul, Universitatea din Oradea, 24 noiembrie 2012
Decoraţii, premii, diplome Asociaţia Pro România Europeană, Oradea, mai 2012, Diplomă de excelenţă, pentru performanţele în cercetarea istoriei naţionale, pentru fidelitatea faţă de valorile supreme ale patriei, pentru promovarea culturii Ģi spiritualităţii româneĢti.
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România, Ministerul Apărării Naţionale, Centrul 54 Comunicaţii R.M.N.C., 1 octombrie 2012, Diplomă de excelenţă – 60 de ani de istorie, în semn de apreciere a excelentei colaborări între instituţiile noastre. Muzeul Naţional Militar – Filiala Oradea, 11 octombrie 2012, Diplomă de excelenţă, pentru neobosita strădanie Ģi generosul aport în scopul păstrării Ģi promovării istoriei militare a Neamului Românesc Ģi a memoriei ostaĢilor Diviziei XI care s-au jertfit pe câmpurile de luptă. Asociaţia Culturală România în Lume, BucureĢti, decembrie 2012, Diplomă de excelenţă pentru implicarea Ģi sprijinirea tinerilor cercetători ai Istoriei Ģi Vieţii culturale Ģi sociale, în realizarea unor monografii dedicate unor personalităţi ale vieţii culturale Ģi religioase bihorene.
Emisiuni radio, TV, articole în presă (pe teme de istorie) Despre „Simpozionul Internaţional de Istorie financiar-bancară” (ediţia XI) şi „Revista Română de Istorie financiar-bancară (nr.1/iulie – decembrie 2011)” DIGI 24 – Oradea, 23 octombrie 2012, orele 19,00 – 20,00 (interlocutori: Mihai D. Drecin Ģi Ion Zainea).
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Horia DUMITRESCU
Cărţi 150 de ani de la unificarea administrativă a oraşului Focşani ( 1862 – 2012 ), Editura Terra, FocĢani, 2012, 72 p. - album ( în colaborare cu Costică Neagu Ģi Tiberiu Dima ) Volume coordonate Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIII, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, 380 p. Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIV, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, 374 p. Studii şi articole publicate Nicolae Iorga şi Congresul Ligii pentru Unitatea Culturală a Tuturor Românilor de la Focşani (13 – 14 septembrie 1931), în Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIII, coordonator: Horia Dumitrescu, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, p. 223 – 287. Stema oraşului Focşani, în Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIII, coordonator: Horia Dumitrescu, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, p. 363 – 380. Generalul Alexandru Mărgineanu (1871 – 1939), în Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIV, coordonator: Horia Dumitrescu, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, p. 158 – 196. Legendarul Ioan Roată – personalitate emblematică a Vrancei, în Cronica Vrancei, vol. XIV, coordonator: Horia Dumitrescu, Editura Pallas, FocĢani, 2012, p. 329 – 374. Am participat la următoarele manifestări ştiinţifice organizate la FocĢani, în colaborare cu Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, Centrul de Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeană IaĢi – Filială a Academiei Române Ģi Clubul Istoricilor ,,Nicolae Iorga” din Vălenii de Munte: - Simpozionul Naţional ,,Constituirea statului naţional român modern. Focşanii – capitală a Unirii”, 5 - 6 iulie 2012 - Sesiunea Naţională ,,95 de ani de la epopeea naţională (Mărăşti – Mărăşeşti – Oituz)”, 3 - 4 august 2012 Sunt membru în consiliul ştiinţific al revistei ,,Orizont XXI” a Asociaţiei Culturale ,,Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu” PiteĢti Ģi membru în colegiile de redacţie al revistei ,,Pro Saeculum” Ģi al publicaţiei ,,Pe aici nu se trece” editată de Fundaţia de Cultură Patriotică MărăĢeĢti – MărăĢti – Oituz. Premii, medalii, diplome: ,,Diploma de Onoare” pentru susţinerea Ģi promovarea activităţii Cercului Militar FocĢani ,,Diploma Omagială” decernată de Primăria Municipiului FocĢani cu prilejul împlinirii a 150 de ani de la unificarea administrativă din 6 – 10 iulie 1862 „Diploma de Onoare” oferită cu prilejul împlinirii a 100 de ani de la inaugurarea Bibiotecii Publice din oraĢul FocĢani.
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Dinu C. GIURESCU
1. Volume a) Am încheiat de redactat partea mea din volumul România 1948-1989, o sinteză a regimului democrat- popular Ģi socialist: 614 pagini printate. b) Am coordonat întreaga activitate, inclusiv discutarea cu 12 coautori Ģi citirea contribuţiilor respective la acelaĢi volum. 2. În 2012 am avut repetate contribuţii (cca. 20) la emisiuni TV în legătură cu învăţământul preuniversitar Ģi universitar, disciplina istoriei, manualele de istorie, legea educaţiei, regionalizarea, etc. 3. Am îndrumat în continuare doctoranzi: 3 Ģi-au susţinut tezele, alţi 6 lucrează în continuare. 4. Am participat la lucrările secţiei de istorie Ģi arheologie Ģi la adunările generale ale a Academiei Române, precum Ģi la acelea ale Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă.
La împlinirea vârstei de 85 ani, colegii istorici l-au omagiat pe academicianul Ģi profesorul Dinu C. Giurescu. Din iniţiativa Universităţii din Craiova, Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane „C. S. Nicolăescu-PlopĢor” Ģi a Bibliotecii „Alexandru Ģi Aristia Aman” a fost realizat volumul Destin de Istoric. În Honorem Dinu C. Giurescu (TârgoviĢte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2012, 719 p.), cuprinzând mesaje aniversare, amintiri, destăinuiri, aprecieri, precum Ģi studii de istorie dedicate aniversatului. Între semnatari se află Ģi membri ai AOġR: Corneliu Mihail Lungu, Ioan Scurtu Ģi Sorin Damean.
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Corneliu-Mihail LUNGU
Studii şi articole Afirmarea problemei naţionale a românilor pe plan european în secolul al XIX-lea, în ,,Studii de istorie", Muzeul Brăilei, Edit. Istros, Brăila, 2012, p. 121-128, Unitatea românilor şi a teritoriului lor din trecut în actualitate, în ,,Destin de istoric", In Honorem, Dinu C. Giurescu, Edit. ,,Cetatea de Scaun", TârgoviĢte, 2012, p. 429-438, The Tragedy of the Romanians in 1812, a Premeditated Act, in ,,Annals", Series on History and Archaeology, Academy of Romanian Scientists, volume 4, number 2, BucureĢti, 2012, p. 9-16, Unitatea românilor şi a teritoriului lor - necesitate obiectivă în era Uniunii Europene, în ,,ProfesioniĢtii noĢtri", vol 5, Ioan LăcătuĢu, Arhivist, istoric, sociolog la 65 de ani, Edit. Eurocarpatica, Sfântu Gheorghe, 2012, p. 489-498, Adrian Pricop - Omul, arhivistul, în ,,Anuarul" Arhivelor Naţionale Bacău ,,Acta bacoviensia", nr VII, 2012.
Comunicări la sesiuni şi simpozioane ştiinţifice Priorităţi privind păstrarea, conservarea, preluarea şi gestionarea documentelor de arhivă, la Sesiunea Naţională: ,,Românii din sud-estul Transilvaniei. Istorie, cultură, civilizaţie", ed. XVIII-a, 21-22 septembrie 2012, Sfântu Gheorghe, Surse documentare externe privind aspiraţiile naţionale ale românilor (1914- 1916), la Simpozionul Ģtiinţific naţional ,,Stat Ģi societate în Europa", ed. V-a, octombrie, 2012, Craiova, Ideea de unitate reflectată în documente de arhivă, la Simpozionul cu tema: ,,FocĢani-oraĢul Unirii", mai 2012, FocĢani, Cercetarea ştiinţifică - temei al reflectării adevărului istoric obiectiv, la Simpozionul anual organizat de Facultatea de Istorie din cadrul Universităţii Hyperion.
Membru al unor consilii, colegii de redacţie Consiliul ġtiinţific al Institutului Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului; Consiliul Fundaţiei Europene ,,Nicolae Titulescu"; Colegiul de redacţie al revistei ,,Anale" secţia de istorie, a Universităţii Craiova; Colegiul de redacţie al revistei ,,Anale"- Istorie al Facultăţii de Istorie din cadrul Universităţii Hyperion.
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Teze de doctorat A. În calitate de conducător Ģtiinţific Evoluţia administrativă a Dobrogei (1878-1914), ġcoala Doctorală a Facultăţii de Istorie, Universitatea Craiova, doctorand Valentin-Dumitru PĂTRAġCU, Relaţiile româno-austro-ungare (1900-1914), idem, doctorand Silviu-Bertoni DRAGOMIR, Personalitatea omului politic Dimitrie A. Sturdza, idem, doctorand Mihaela- Violeta (Damean) NIŢU, Relatiile româno-chineze în perioada 1958-1968, idem, doctorand Alin-Sorin MITRICĂ, Relaţiile diplomatice româno-elene între 1900-1914, idem, doctorand Mihaela- Diana VANCEA.
Membru specialist în alte Comisii Istoria oraşului Slatina. Monografie, ġcoala Doctorală a Facultăţii de ġtiinţe Umaniste, Universitatea Valahia, TârgoviĢte, doctorand Laurenţiu GUŢICĂ FLORESCU; conducător Ģtiinţific prof. univ. dr. Ion CALAFETEANU, Apostolatul social al bisericii oltene în prima jumătate a secolului XX, idem, doctorand NicuĢor-Viorel POPESCU, conducător Ģtiinţific prof. univ. dr. Gheorghe SBÂRNĂ, Judeţul Muscel în anii Primului Război Mondial, idem, doctorand Mădălina (Iosifescu) STELEA, conducător Ģtiinţific prof. univ. dr. Ion CALAFETEANU, Colectivizarea şi mutaţiile de ordin social, cultural şi demografic asupra unor aşezări din sud-estul judeţului Dâmboviţa, idem, doctorand Mariana-Adriana (Cuciureanu) ION, conducător Ģtiinţific prof. univ. dr. Ioan OPRIġ.
Emisiuni TV Gestionarea Ģi conservarea bunurilor de patrimoniu cultural-naţional (arhive Ģi muzee), Managementul valorilor muzeistice Ģi arhivistice. Emisiuni susţinute împreună cu prof. univ. dr. Ioan OPRIġ în cadrul postului TV ,,România de Mâine".
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Ioan MITREA
Cãrţi În descendenţa lui Pârvan, editura Babel, Bacãu, 2012, 340 p; Din arheologia şi istoria Moldovei în primul mileniu creştin, editura Babel, Bacãu, 2012, 276 p;
Studii şi articole V. Pârvan – 130 de ani de la naştere. Perenitatea modelului pârvanian, în Carpica, XLI, 2012, pag. 9-15; Iulian Antonescu (1932-1991) un spirit ales al culturii româneşti, în Carpica, XLI, 2012, pag. 16-22. Conexiuni între decãderea şi sfârşitul unui târg medieval (Trotuş) şi apariţia unui nou centru urban (Tg. Ocna), în Conferinţa Naţionalã de Antropologie Urbanã, ed. a III-a, Roman, 2012, pag. 77-82 (format electronic). În revistele de culturã Ateneu, Vitraliu Ģi Plumb, care apar în Bacãu a publicat 7 articole pe teme de istorie.
Comunicãri ştiinţifice În 2012 a susţinut la Simpozioanele Ģi Sesiunile Ģtiinţifice de la Bacãu, BucureĢti (Academia Românã – CRIFST), Roman Ģi Vaslui 10 comunicãri Ģtiinţifice pe teme de arheologie Ģi istorie veche.
Scrieri despre prof. dr. Ioan Mitrea la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani Dimitrie-Ovidiu Boldur, In Honorem unui slujitor al muzei Clio. Prof. dr. Ioan Mitrea la 75 de ani, în Zargidava, XI, 2012, pag. 7-38; Dan Gh. Teodor - Dr. Ioan Mitrea la 75 de ani, în Arheologia Moldovei, XXXV, 2012, pag. 384-385; Livia Liliana Sibişteanu, Prof. dr. Ioan Mitrea la 75 de ani. Portret aniversar, în Carpica, XLI, 2012, pag. 31-54.
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George G. POTRA
Lucrări: Premiul internaţional „Nicolae Titulescu“ 2006/2007/2008/2009/2010, îngrijitor de ediţie George G. Potra, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, BucureĢti, 2012, 128 p. Pro şi contra Titulescu, ediţia a II-a revăzută Ģi adăugită, volumele I–III, ediţie îngrijită, selecţie, cuvânt înainte Ģi postfaţă, note biografice, adnotări Ģi explicaţii, indice de George G. Potra, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, BucureĢti, 2012, 624 p.+560 p.+672 p. Brâncuşi-Titulescu. Suflete pereche, ediţie trilingvă (română, franceză, engleză), îngrijitor de ediţie Ģi cuvânt introductiv de George G. Potra, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, cu sprijinul Consiliului Judeţean Gorj, Tg. Jiu, 2012, 176 p. Studii şi articole: N. Titulescu în SUA şi Canada, în „Revista româno-americană“, editată de Asociaţia „Amicii Statelor Unite“, seria a doua, ianuarie 2012, nr. XXII–XXIII, pp. 149–244. Titulescu. Neuitarea geniului, discurs de acceptare rostit la acordarea Premiului internaţional „Nicolae Titulescu“ pe anul 2010, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 4 noiembrie 2011, publicat în revista „Acasă“, an V, nr. 1 Ģi 2, ianuarie–iunie 2012, pp. 66–69. Nicolae Titulescu (1882–2012). „A vrut să ridice un dig contra inundaţiei care se anunţa“, interviul acordat de Nicolae Titulescu lui Raymond Cartier, directorul ziarului „L’Epoque“, în iunie 1939+microcomentariu George G. Potra, în „Oltul cultural“, an XIV, nr. 1 (47), 2012, pp. 1–11. 130 de ani de la naşterea lui Nicolae Titulescu. 55 de ani de la aşezarea în eternitate a lui Constantin Brâncuşi. O întâlnire privilegiată, în revista „Cultura“ (Fundaţia Culturală Română, redactor Ģef Augustin Buzura), serie nouă, an VII, nr. 22 (377), joi 7 iunie 2012, p. 10. Suflete pereche, în „Acasă“, periodic cultural trimestrial, an V, nr. 3–4 (19–20), iulie–decembrie 2012, pp.102–103. The Speech Held by Mr. George Potra, Director of the Titulescu European Foundation, at the Ceremony of Unveiling Nicolae Titulescu’s Bust, Athens, Rizari Park, October 17, 2012, în „Annals“, nr. 3/2012. Un bust Titulescu la Atena, notă, în „Annals“, nr. 3/2012. Nicolae Titulescu (1882–2012) « Elever une digue contre l’inondation qui s’annonçait. » Quatre réponses de M. Titulesco, în „Annals“, nr. 3/2012.
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Nicolae Titulescu (1882–2012) Nicolae Titulescu Makes His Case for Romania Joining the Allies Nicolae Titulescu, The Heart of Romania, în „Annals“, nr. 4/2012. Conferinţe, comunicări, alocuţiuni, comentarii, note de lectură, intervenţii: Intervenţie la conferinţa cu tema „Schimbări la vârful piramidei puterilor lumii“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 12 ianuarie 2012. Comentariu la lansarea lucrării Vespasian V. Pella – În slujba ştiinţei dreptului şi a cauzei păcii, ediţie îngrijită Ģi studiu introductiv de Gheorghe Sbârnă, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 19 ianuarie 2012. Alocuţiune rostită la lansarea lucrării Dosarul Transnistria – istoria unui „conflict îngheţat“ de Corneliu Filip, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 29 februarie 2012. Tristele lui Titulescu, alocuţiune rostită la adunarea comemorativă In memoriam Nicolae Titulescu. 20 de ani de la readucerea sa Acasă, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 7 martie 2012. Comentariu ca îngrijitor de ediţie rostit la lansarea volumelor 8, 9, 10 ale lucrării România după Malta. 875 de zile la Externe (1 ianuarie–19 noiembrie 1992), autor Adrian Năstase, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 8 martie 2012. Cuvântare rostită la ceremonia comemorativă organizată cu ocazia împlinirii a 130 de ani de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu Ģi 20 de ani de la aducerea osemintelor marelui diplomat Ģi om politic român, Biserica „Sf. Nicolae“, ġcheii BraĢovului, BraĢov, 16 martie 2012. 20 de ani de la readucerea lui Titulescu acasă, evocare la Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, Secţia de istorie Ģi arheologie, BucureĢti, 21 martie 2012. Consideraţii critice la masa rotundă cu tema „Evoluţii globale în viziunea unor politologi americani (George Friedman)“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 23 martie 2012. Intervenţie la dezbaterea ocazionată de lansarea cărţii Algoritm, normă şi destin coordonată de conf. dr. ing. G.G. Constandache, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 28 aprilie 2012. Intervenţie rostită la deschiderea oficială a Festivalului Internaţional „Lucian Blaga“, ediţia a XXXII-a, desfăĢurat la SebeĢ, Lancrăm Ģi Alba Iulia, judeţul Alba, Casa memorială „Lucian Blaga“, 6 mai 2012. Prezentarea lucrării Nicolae Iorga–Nicolae Titulescu. Interferenţe, de George G. Potra, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, BucureĢti, 2011, în cadrul Festivalului Internaţional „Lucian Blaga“, ediţia a XXXII-a, desfăĢurat la SebeĢ, Lancrăm Ģi Alba Iulia, judeţul Alba, Casa memorială „Lucian Blaga“, 6 mai 2012. Evocare cu ocazia împlinirii a 20 de ani de la aducerea în ţară a osemintelor lui Nicolae Titulescu; au fost proiectate documentare privind viaţa Ģi activitatea lui Nicolae Titulescu, precum Ģi deshumarea la Cannes Ģi readucerea la BucureĢti, la 7 martie 1992, a osemintelor ilustrului nostru compatriot, la Festivalul
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Internaţional „Lucian Blaga“, ediţia a XXXII-a, desfăĢurat la SebeĢ, Lancrăm Ģi Alba Iulia, judeţul Alba, Casa memorială „Lucian Blaga“, 6 mai 2012. Intervenţie la dezbaterea ocazionată de lansarea lucrării Argumentul nuclear în politica externă a statelor de Rodica Dinulescu, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 11 mai 2012. Obligaţiile unui executor testamentar, confesiune făcută la lansarea lucrării Premiul internaţional „Nicolae Titulescu“ 2006/2007/2008/2009/2010, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 17 mai 2012. Marginalii la lansarea ediţiei în limba română a volumului Despre China de Henry Kissinger, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 24 mai 2012. Prezentare publică a lucrării Politică externă şi diplomaţi la începuturile României moderne de acad. Dan Berindei, BucureĢti, Romexpo – Bookfest, 1 iunie 2012. Evocare a preocupărilor prof. dr. docent George Potra pentru lumea armenilor din România Ģi a relaţiilor sale cu orientalistul H. Dj. Siruni prezentată la masa rotundă cu tema „Istorie Ģi biografie. Cazul orientalistului armean de origine română Siruni“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 14 iunie 2012. Întâlnire cu Lucian Blaga la Madrid, cuvântare pronunţată la inaugurarea Bibliotecii româneĢti „Lucian Blaga“ din Madrid, 23 iunie 2012. Rigorile unei evaluări, cuvânt rostit la lansarea lucrării Pro şi contra Titulescu, ediţia a II-a revăzută Ģi adăugită, vol. I–III, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 28 iunie 2012. Alocuţiune rostită la lansarea lucrării Pro şi contra Titulescu, ediţia a II-a revăzută Ģi adăugită, volumele I–III, Simpozionul Naţional „Constituirea statului naţional modern român. FocĢani – Capitala Unirii“, organizat de Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România Ģi Muzeul Vrancei, Ateneul Popular „Maior Gheorghe Pastia“, FocĢani, 7 iulie 2012. Cuvânt introductiv rostit cu prilejul conferinţei „Dimensiunea social-politică Ģi diplomatică a activităţii marelui inventator Traian Vuia. 140 de ani de la naĢtere“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 20 septembrie 2012. Cuvântare rostită la Simpozionul „130 de ani de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu“, cu accent pe două apariţii editoriale: Nicolae Iorga–Nicolae Titulescu. Interferenţe Ģi Pro şi contra Titulescu, Biblioteca Judeţeană „I.A. Bassarabescu“, Giurgiu, 21 septembrie 2012. Închinare lui Nicolae Titulescu la 130 de ani de la naĢtere Ģi lui Constantin BrâncuĢi la 55 de ani de la moarte, ocazionată de lansarea lucrării Brâncuşi– Titulescu. Suflete pereche, Sala Maură a Palatului Administrativ al judeţului Gorj, Tg. Jiu, 24 septembrie 2012. Omagiu adus lui Nicolae Titulescu Ģi lui Constantin BrâncuĢi – genii româneĢti care au marcat secolul XX, mărturisiri de editor pe marginea lucrărilor: Nicolae Iorga–Nicolae Titulescu. Interferenţe; Pro şi contra Titulescu; Brâncuşi–
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Titulescu. Suflete pereche, Biblioteca Judeţeană „Christian Tell“, Tg. Jiu, 25 septembrie 2012. Cuvântare privind nevoia Ģi relevanţa unor contribuţii documentare privind viaţa Ģi opera lui Nicoale Titulescu, ocazionată de prezentarea cărţilor Nicolae Iorga– Nicolae Titulescu. Interferenţe Ģi Pro şi contra Titulescu, Muzeul de Artă „Casa Simian“, Râmnicu Vâlcea, 28 septembrie 2012. O privire critic-constructivă privind volumele I–IV din Pagini din diplomaţia României, cu ocazia lansării volumului IV al lucrării Pagini din diplomaţia României („semper fidelis patriae“), coordonatori: ambasador Ion M. Anghel, ambasador Lucian Petrescu, ambasador Valeriu Tudor, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 4 octombrie 2012. 130 de ani de la naşterea marelui om politic şi diplomat Nicolae Titulescu. Omagiu, conferinţă, Parohia Târca-Vitan, BucureĢti, 14 octombrie 2012. Discurs pronunţat la dezvelirea bustului lui Nicolae Titulescu, Parcul Rizari, Atena, 17 octombrie 2012. Sublinieri personale privind judecarea mesajului titulescian la tribunalul istoriei, pe baza mărturiilor antologate Ģi comentate în Pro şi contra Titulescu, Banca Naţională a României, BucureĢti, 23 octombrie 2012. Note de lectură pe marginea lucrării Românii, Basarabia şi Transnistria de Ioan Popa Ģi Luiza Popa, ediţia a II-a revăzută Ģi adăugită, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 25 octombrie 2012. Prezentare a preocupărilor Ģtiinţifice Ģi a realizărilor editoriale din ultima perioadă ale Fundaţiei Europene Titulescu, în faţa studenţilor Facultăţii de Istorie Ģi ai Facultăţii de Drept de la Universitatea „Ovidius“ din Constanţa, 27 octombrie 2012. Un punct de vedere critic focalizând asupra unor percepţii nihiliste privind diplomaţia românească din a doua jumătate a secolului XX, formulate la lansarea lucrării Pagini din diplomaţia României, vol. IV, publicată de Asociaţia Ambasadorilor Ģi Diplomaţilor de Carieră din România, Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, Sala Gafencu, BucureĢti, 29 octombrie 2012. Intervenţie la lansarea lucrării Cultura şi drepturile omului. Identitate, diversitate, multiculturalism de Ion Diaconu, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 30 octombrie 2012. Consideraţii privind începutul Ģi durata Războiului Rece, opinii nonconformiste formulate la lansarea lucrării România la sfârşitul Războiului Rece de Mihail Dobre, Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, Sala Gafencu, BucureĢti, 20 noiembrie 2012. Întâmpinarea volumelor Lucian Blaga – diplomat la Varşovia Ģi Eugen Ionescu – diplomat român în Franţa de Nicolae MareĢ, Târgul de carte „Gaudeamus“, BucureĢti, 24 noiembrie 2012.
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Intervenţie la lansarea publică a cărţii Pagini din diplomaţia României („semper fidelis patriae“), vol. IV, Târgul de carte „Gaudeamus“, BucureĢti, 24 noiembrie 2012. Expunere privind opera politico-diplomatică a lui Nicolae Titulescu, insistând asupra marilor sale idei privind structurile de securitate Ģi cooperare regională, asupra prezenţelor sale la conferinţele economico-financiare privind reglementarea datoriilor Ģi despăgubirilor de război, relaţiile lui Nicolae Titulescu de colaborare cu personalităţi de formaţie economico-financiară, activând în plan intern: Virgil Madgearu; Victor Slăvescu; Victor Bădulescu Ģ.a., Academia de Studii Economice, Facultatea de Relaţii Economice Internaţionale, 4 decembrie 2012. Alocuţiune rostită la ceremonia de dezvelire a bustului lui Nicolae Titulescu, Slatina, 6 decembrie 2012. Pledoarie pentru regândirea Ģi stimularea politicii agrare în România Ģi satisfacerea nevoilor sociale, intervenţie ocazionată de lansarea ediţiei în limba română a lucrării Planeta plină, farfuriile goale. Noua geopolitică a deficitului de hrană de Lester R. Brown. Organizator/coorganizator: Conferinţa cu tema „Schimbări la vârful piramidei puterilor lumii“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 12 ianuarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Dezbaterea cu tema „Savantul Ģi diplomatul. Perenitatea operei lui Vespasian V. Pella“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 19 ianuarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, împreună cu Direcţia Arhive Diplomatice a Ministerului Afacerilor Externe). Conferinţa cu tema „Tehnologia informaţiei în spaţiul românesc – o provocare“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 26 ianuarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice, împreună cu Council of European Professional Informatics Societies–CEPIS). Seminarul cu tema „Islamismul în Europa. Modificări etno-culturale în demografia continentului. Prezent Ģi perspective“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 2 februarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Masa rotundă „New Media – Social Media. Comunicare fără limite în era digitală“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 16 februarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Colocviul „Emil Turdeanu Ģi diplomaţia culturală românească în Balcani“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 23 februarie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, împreună cu Muzeul Judeţean „Teohari Antonescu“ – Giurgiu). Adunarea comemorativă In memoriam Nicolae Titulescu. 20 de ani de la readucerea sa Acasă, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 7 martie 2012 (proiect Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu).
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Dezbaterea cu tema „Radiografia alegerilor prezidenţiale din Rusia. Un punct de vedere echilibrat. De la promisiuni la perspective – vocile Puterii, vocile Opoziţiei. Diversitatea reacţiilor externe. Rezultatul alegerilor Ģi consecinţe pe plan regional Ģi internaţional“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 12 martie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Ceremonia comemorativă organizată cu ocazia împlinirii a 130 de ani de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu Ģi 20 de ani de la aducerea osemintelor marelui diplomat Ģi om politic român, Biserica „Sf. Nicolae“, ġcheii BraĢovului, BraĢov, 16 martie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, în colaborare cu Muzeul de Istorie Olt, Asociaţia Ambasadorilor Ģi Diplomaţilor de Carieră din România, Liga Culturală pentru Unitatea Românilor de Pretutindeni, Asociaţia „Nicolae Titulescu“ BraĢov, Parohia Bisericii Sf. Nicolae din ġcheii BraĢovului). Masa rotundă cu tema „Evoluţii globale în viziunea unor politologi americani (George Friedman)“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 23 martie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Masa rotundă cu tema „Globalizare Ģi cultură“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 28 martie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Masa rotundă ocazionată de vizita în România a delegaţiei Comisiei pentru politică externă din Parlamentul Republicii Irak, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 10 aprilie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, în colaborare cu Comisia de politică externă a Senatului României). Dezbaterea cu tema „Până unde poate merge integrarea europeană“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 26 aprilie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Expunerea cu tema „Disoluţia iugoslavă. Destrămarea Iugoslaviei Ģi impactul sfârĢitului comunismului. Etapa tranziţiei. Necesitatea unei strategii noi pentru Balcani“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 4 mai 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale, Secţia Istoria Relaţiilor Diplomatice RomâneĢti). Microsimpozionul Elena Văcărescu şi diplomaţia culturală românească, în cadrul Festivalului Internaţional „Lucian Blaga“, ediţia a XXXII-a, desfăĢurat la SebeĢ, Lancrăm Ģi Alba Iulia, judeţul Alba, Casa memorială „Lucian Blaga“, 6 mai 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, împreună cu Centrul Cultural „Lucian Blaga“– SebeĢ, Fundaţia Culturală „Lucian Blaga“–SebeĢ). Masa rotundă cu tema „Alegerile prezidenţiale din Franţa. După 17 ani din nou un preĢedinte socialist“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 10 mai 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Colocviul „Perenitatea spiritului titulescian“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 17 mai 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Expoziţia filatelică „Basarabia 1812–2012“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 24 mai 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, în colaborare cu Liga Culturală pentru Unitatea Românilor de Pretutindeni, Asociaţia FilateliĢtilor din BucureĢti).
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Adunarea solemnă „1812–2012. Bicentenarul cedării Basarabiei“, prilejuită de împlinirea a 200 de ani de la semnarea Tratatului de Pace ruso-turc (BucureĢti, 29 mai 1812), Hanul lui Manuc, BucureĢti, 27 mai 2012 (Liga Culturală pentru Unitatea Românilor de Pretutindeni, Primăria Sectorului 6 BucureĢti, Fundaţia Naţională a Oamenilor de ġtiinţă Ģi Artă, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu) Dezbatere cu tema „Summit-ul NATO de la Chicago. Obiective Ģi posibilităţi“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 7 iunie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Colocviul cu tema „Istorie Ģi biografie. Cazul orientalistului armean de origine română Siruni“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 14 iunie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Inaugurarea Bibliotecii româneĢti „Lucian Blaga“ din Madrid, proiect iniţiat de Asociaţia „Juan Ramon Jimenez Ģi Lucian Blaga“, împreună cu FEDROM Ģi Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Madrid, 23 iunie 2012. Conferinţa „Dimensiunea social-politică Ģi diplomatică a activităţii marelui inventator Traian Vuia. 140 de ani de la naĢtere“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 20 septembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale). Simpozionul „130 de ani de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu“, Giurgiu, 21 septembrie 2012 (Muzeul judeţean „Teohari Antonescu“ – Giurgiu, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Biblioteca Judeţeană „I.A. Bassarabescu“ – Giurgiu). Ceremonie consacrată comemorării a 55 de ani de la trecerea în eternitate a lui Constantin BrâncuĢi, Palatul Administrativ, Tg. Jiu, 24 septembrie 2012 (Consiliul Judeţean Gorj, Primăria Municipiului, Prefectura judeţului Gorj, Tg. Jiu Ģi Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Reuniune Ģtiinţifică consacrată aniversării a 130 de la naĢterea lui Nicolae Titulescu Ģi comemorării a 55 de ani de la moartea lui Constantin BrâncuĢi, Biblioteca Judeţeană „Christian Tell“, Tg. Jiu, 25 septembrie 2012 (Consiliul Judeţean Gorj, Biblioteca Judeţeană „Christian Tell“–Tg. Jiu Ģi Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu). Masa rotundă cu tema „Relevanţa viziunii istorice Ģi politice a lui Mihail Kogălniceanu privind dezvoltarea pe termen lung a României“, dedicată împlinirii a 195 de ani de la naĢterea ilustrului bărbat de stat Ģi diplomat român (6 septembrie 1817–2 iulie 1891), Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 27 septembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale). Omagierea lui Nicolae Titulescu la 130 de ani de la naĢtere, Muzeul de Artă „Casa Simian“, Râmnicu Vâlcea, 28 septembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Muzeul Judeţean Vâlcea, Asociaţia Culturală „Curierul de Vâlcea“).
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Dezbaterea cu tema „Cursa pentru Casa Albă. Asaltul final“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 11 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Ceremonia „Nicolae Titulescu. 130 de ani de la naĢtere. Omagiu“, Parohia Târca- Vitan, BucureĢti, 14 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, împreună cu Parohia Târca-Vitan din BucureĢti). Dezbaterea cu tema „Extremul Orient încotro?“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 16 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia Română de Politică Externă). Finalizarea proiectului „Bustul lui Nicolae Titulescu“ Ģi ceremonia dezvelirii lui în capitala Greciei, Parcul Rizari, Atena, 17 octombrie 2012 (proiect iniţiat de Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi finalizat împreună cu Ambasada României la Atena). Dezbaterea „Nicolae Titulescu – 130 de ani de la naĢtere“, Sala Mitiţă Constantinescu, Banca Naţională a României, BucureĢti, 23 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Banca Naţională a României). Masa rotundă cu tema „50 de ani de la criza rachetelor din Marea Caraibilor. Puncte de vedere româneĢti“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 24 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Fundaţia Universitară a Mării Negre, Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale). Colocviul cu tema „Cultura Ģi drepturile omului. Identitate, diversitate, multiculturalism“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 30 octombrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Conferinţa cu tema „Africa sub-sahariană. Zonă cu potenţial în creĢtere ca factor dinamic în relaţiile internaţionale“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 1 noiembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale). Dezbaterea cu tema „Dimensiunea rusă în evoluţiile internaţionale actuale“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 7 noiembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia Română de Politică Externă). Colocviul cu tema „De ce? Cum? Când? Aderarea României la FMI“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 15 noiembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu) Simpozionul cu tema „40 de ani de la debutul Conferinţei pentru Securitate Ģi Cooperare în Europa. DIPOLI (noiembrie 1972–iunie 1973)“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 22 noiembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice). Dezbaterea cu tema „Bugetul Uniunii Europene în exerciţiul 2014–2020. Controverse, negocieri Ģi rezultatele unui compromis“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 29 noiembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Centrul de Studii Strategice).
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Ceremonia dezvelirii bustului lui Nicolae Titulescu, Slatina, 6 decembrie 2012 (Consiliul Local al Municipiului Slatina, Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu, Muzeul de Istorie Olt, Asociaţia Ambasadorilor Ģi Diplomaţilor de Carieră). Conferinţa cu tema „O figură de Panteon Naţional: savantul Simion Mehedinţi (16 octombrie 1868–14 decembrie 1962)“, dedicată împlinirii a 50 de ani de la trecerea în eternitate a fondatorului învăţământului geografic modern din România, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 7 decembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Asociaţia de Drept Internaţional Ģi Relaţii Internaţionale). Masa rotundă–dezbatere privind „Puncte de vedere privind Caucazul de Sud“, Casa Titulescu, BucureĢti, 14 decembrie 2012 (Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu Ģi Forul internaţional de cooperare Ģi parteneriat al Mării Negre Ģi Mării Caspice). Interviuri: Interviu acordat Televiziunii Române – canalului TVR Cultural (doamnei Daniela Mitache), difuzat în emisiunea „Festivalul Internaţional Lucian Blaga, 2012“, TVR Cultural (partea I–2 iunie 2012, ora 15,45, partea a II-a–9 iunie 2012, ora 15,45). Permanenţa unor preocupări în politica externă a României şi perenitatea ideilor titulesciene – interviu acordat lui Neagu Udroiu pentru TVRM, Universitatea „Spiru Haret“, iunie 2012. Interviu acordat jurnaliĢtilor Ana Maria Damian (corespondent Radio România) Ģi Felix Damian (pentru ziarul „Românul din Spania“), cu prilejul inaugurării Bibliotecii româneĢti „Lucian Blaga“ din Madrid, 23 iunie 2012. Titulescu, un om al timpului său, interviu acordat lui Neagu Udroiu, difuzat în emisiunea „Lumea văzută de aproape“, TV România de Mâine, 12 iulie 2012. „Nicolae Titulescu – împliniri şi decepţii“, Radio România Actualităţi, emisiunea „Istorica“, luni, 23 iulie 2012, orele 21,10–22,00. Invitaţi: George G. Potra, istoric, director al Fundaţiei Europene Titulescu, Ģi George Apostoiu, diplomat. Producător Ģi realizator George Popescu. Perenitatea operei titulesciene şi vocaţia sa europeană, emisiune TV (reportaj- interviu de la lansarea cărţii Pro şi contra Titulescu la Banca Naţională a României din data de 23 octombrie 2012 realizat de Ion Vorovenci Ģi interviu acordat lui Rafael UdriĢte în studiourile TVR), Televiziunea Română, emisiunea „Omul Ģi timpul“, 24 noiembrie 2012. – Interviuri acordate TVR.1 (Nicoleta Epure); Radio România Actualităţi; Studioului de Radio Craiova al Radiodifuziunii Române (Mircea Pospai), cu ocazia ceremoniei de dezvelire a bustului lui Nicolae Titulescu, Slatina, 6 decembrie 2012. Premii, diplome: Diplomă conferită cu prilejul Sesiunii de Comunicări „200 de ani de la primul rapt al Basarabiei – 1812“ de Liga Culturală pentru Unitatea Românilor de Pretutindeni (fondată 1880), Consiliul Local al Municipiului Râmnicu Sărat,
116 Personal Reports pentru strădania Ģi dorinţa nestrămutată de a împlini unitatea spirituală a românilor de pretutindeni, Municipiul Râmnicu Sărat, 13 ianuarie 2012. Diplomă oferită de Asociaţia pentru un BucureĢti mai bun – ABB, care îmbrăţiĢează pe unul din cei mai distinĢi cetăţeni ai Capitalei României, profesorul, istoricul, autorul, editorul, oratorul, fermecătorul promotor al faptelor de cultură cu ocazia aniversării zilei de naĢtere în deplină capacitate intelectuală Ģi morală, BucureĢti, 9 februarie 2012. Premiul „Nicolae Iorga“ conferit de Fundaţia Culturală „Magazin Istoric“, oferit de societatea de avocaţi „Grigorescu ġtefănică“ pentru volumul Lucian Blaga în diplomaţia românească, Banca Naţională a României, BucureĢti, 25 aprilie 2012. Diplomă conferită de Municipiul FocĢani, OraĢul Unirii, cu ocazia aniversării a 150 de ani de la Unificarea Administrativă a OraĢului FocĢani, FocĢani, 6–10 iulie 2012. Premiul Vocaţia Relaţiilor Culturale Internaţionale, acordat de revista „Balcanii Ģi Europa“, pentru valoroasa contribuţie la patrimoniul studiilor istorice Ģi culturale, ediţia a XIII-a, Hotel Intercontinental, BucureĢti, 30 noiembrie 2012. Consilii ştiinţifice: Membru al Consiliului Ģtiinţific al Institutului Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, 10 februarie 2012. Alte activităţi ştiinţifice: Redactor responsabil pentru nr. 3/2012 al revistei „Annals“ a Secţiei Istorie Ģi Arheologie a Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România. * * *
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Jipa ROTARU
Cărţi publicate: coordonator Ģi autor -Retrăiri istorice în veacul XXI, vol.V, Urziceni, Ed. Anca, 2012, 580 p. Studii, articole, comunicări ştiinţifice: - 5 materiale publicate în revista online Curtea Veche, printre care un amplu interviu în mai multe părţi în vara anului 2012, referitor la participarea armatei române la cel de-al doilea război mondial Ģi evenimentele din decembrie 1989. - 1812-2012; Sfatul Ţării- primul parlament al Basarabiei Ģi unirea cu ţara, Cărţi prefaţate: - Epopeea libertăţii. Războiul de la Nistru (1990-1992), Autor col.dr. Anatol Munteanu, BucureĢti, 2012, 10 p. - Relaţiile româno-germane în perioada celui de-al doilea război mondial, autor Zoe Bratu, 5 p., Editura Paideea, BucureĢti, 2012. - Viaţă şi moarte. Epopeea unor buzoieni în timpul războiului de reîntregire naţională, Autori Emil Surlaru Ģi Marius Nicoară, Editura Teocora, Buzău, 2012, 6 p. - Buzăul şi aeronautica română, Autori Valeriu Avram Ģi Marius Nicoară, editura Editgraph Buzău, 2012, 6 p. Colegii de redacţie şi consilii ştiinţifice: - Analele Universităţii Hyperion - Revista ORIZONT 21 Membru fondator, societăţi, asociaţii, fundaţii: - Comisia română de istorie militară - Asociaţia Pro Patria - Societatea scriitorilor militari - Clubul istoricilor ” Nicolae Iorga” - Fundaţia ” MărăĢti, MărăĢeĢti, Oituz” - Asociaţia culturală ” Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu” PiteĢti. - Asociaţia Naţională a Cavalerilor de Clio; preĢedinte filiala Maia-Catargi. Conducere doctorat- membru în comisii - conducător Ģtiinţific a 8 doctoranzi în UNAp.” Carol I” - preĢedinte al comisiilor de examen: 24 Ģedinţe - preĢedinte al comisiilor de susţinere a referatelor: 24 Ģedinţe. - membru ( conducător Ģtiinţific) în comisiile de susţinere a tezelor de doctorat( 8 Ģedinţe)
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- referent Ģtiinţific: în 2 comisii la UNAp.”Carol I” Ģi 3 comisii la Universitatea ”Ovidius ”Constanţa, Universitatea din Craiova Ģi Universitatea ” Valahia ”din TârgoviĢte. Decoraţii, diplome: - Placheta Honoris Causa Art-Emis Academy, 11 mai 2012. - Diploma 25 octombrie 2012, acordată de S.M.G. - Diploma omagială ” FocĢani, oraĢul Unirii 1862-2012, acordată de Consiliul Judeţean FocĢani, 10 iulie 2012. - Diplomă de excelenţă în cultură, acordată de Societatea Culturală ”Apollon”, la 7 septembrie 2012. - Diplomă aniversară 1982-2012 a Secţiei de marină din Academia Militară Generală, octombrie 2012. Menţionez că în ultimii 8 ani am fost organizator Ģi gazdă al sesiunilor de comunicări Ģtiinţifice pe teme de istorie ” Maia- Catargiu”, ajunsă în 2012 la cea de-a 8-a ediţie. DesfăĢurată sub auspiciile AOSR, în 2012 tema sesiunii a fost” 1812-2012; 200 de ani de la răpirea Basarabiei de către Imperiul ţarist. La această acţiune desfăĢurată în zilele de 7-8 septembrie au participat 75 de conferenţiari: academicieni, profesori universitari, cercetători, doctori în Ģtiinţă, masteranzi Ģi studenţi. Am fost onoraţi cu prezenţa preĢedintelui AOSR, dl general prof.univ.dr. Vasile Cândea, precum Ģi a prefectului Ģi preĢedintelui Consiliului Judeţean Ialomiţa. Din cadrul AOSR au participat domnii profesori universitari doctori Gheorghe Buzatu, Constantin BuĢe Ģi Corneliu Mihail Lungu.
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Ioan SCURTU
Cărţi: - 200 ani din istoria românilor dintre Prut şi Nistru. 1812-2012. Coordonatori Ioan Aurel Pop Ģi Ioan Scurtu, BucureĢti, Editura Litera, 2012, 215 p. Ion Moraru-Bǎdia. In memoriam. Coordonatori Teodora Moraru Ģi Constantin Moraru, Craiova, Editura Duţescu, 2012, 104 p. (colaborare) Studii, articole Învǎţǎmântul, ştiinţa şi cultura Basarabiei integrate în cadrul statului naţional unitar român , în “Limba Românǎ”, ChiĢinǎu, nr. 5-6, pp. 96-105 Basarabia în relaţiile româno-sovietice (1918-1947), în Basarabia.1812-2012. Documente şi cercetǎri. Ediţie Victor Crǎciun, BucureĢti, Editura Semne, 2012, pp. 201-223 Evoluţia Basarabiei în cadrul statului naţional unitar român (1918-1940), în Destin de istoric. In Honorem Dinu C. Giurescu, TârgoviĢte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2012, pp. 439-46 Nicolae Titulescu – militant pentru un pact de asistenţǎ mutualǎ cu Germania, în In Honorem Alexandru Moşanu. Coordonator Nicolae Enciu, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Academiei Române Ģi Presa Universitarǎ Clujeanǎ, 2012, pp. 483-488 Contextul internaţional în care a fost impus “arbitrajul” de la Viena (30 august 1940), în 1940 – dictatul de la Viena în istoria şi mentalitatea românilor. Coordonator Constantin MoĢincat, Oradea, Editura Tipo Mic, 2012, pp. 13-30 Campaniile electorale din România interbelicǎ, în “Magazin istoric”, noiembrie 2012, pp. 5-10 Împotriva falsificǎrii istoriei. “Minirevoluţia culturalǎ” iniţiatǎ de Nicolae Ceauşescu, în “ Zargidava”, Bacǎu, XI, 2012, pp. 256-273 Max Auschtt - de la pocherul regal la închisoarea Vǎcǎreşti, în “Historia”, ianuarie 2012, pp. 16-19 1931. Un efect al crizei economice: falimentul Bǎncii Marmorosch, Blank et co, în “ Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie”, februarie 2012, pp. 30-34 Regele Ferdinand despre fiul sǎu Carol: “Este o creangǎ puteredǎ în dinastie”, în “Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie”, aprilie 2012, pp. 9-12 Student la Istorie. Povestiri (adevǎrate), în “Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie”, iunie 2012, pp. 44-47 Participant la demascǎrile politice din 1959, Ibidem, iulie 2012, pp. 50-55 Amintirile unui istoric. “Parada modei”, Ibidem, august 2012, pp. 62-64
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1866. Prinţul Carol – o cǎlǎtorie cu emoţii şi o primire festivǎ, în “Clipa”, martie 2012 “Republica” de la Ploieşti, în “Clipa” iunie 2012 ( Ģi “ART-EMIS ACADEMY” , 24 iulie 2012) Câţi ţǎrani au fost ucişi în 1907, în “BucureĢtii Vechi Ģi Noi”, 6 aprilie 2012 Armata românǎ în perioada interbelicǎ, în “ART-EMIS ACADEMY” , 5 noiembrie 2012 4 aprilie 1944. Nu trebuie uitat! în “ART-EMIS ACADEMY” , 31 martie 2012 1962. Vizita lui N. S. Hruşciov în România, în “ART-EMIS ACADEMY”, 8 octombrie 2012 Reorganizarea administrativ-teritorialǎ – expresie a crizei economice şi politice din România (II Ģi III) , în “Clipa” , ianuarie 2012, Ģi martie 2012 ( partea a II-a Ģi în “ART-EMIS ACADEMY” , 10 februarie 2012) Intelectualitatea nu este respectatǎ şi apreciatǎ în România de astǎzi, în “Ateneum”, Bacǎu, februarie 2012 Florin Constantiniu a fost cel mai complet şi temeinic istoric român din ultima jumǎtate de veac, în “FRIDAY” , 20 aprilie 2012 Consideraţii privind situaţia actualǎ a României, în “Adevǎrul” , 29 ianuarie 2012 Politica lui Bǎsescu faţǎ de Rusia a blocat discuţiile despre tezaur, în “Ghimpele” 15 februarie 2012 România şi imaginea ei externǎ, în “Clipa” , septembrie 2012 ( Ģi în “ART-EMIS ACADEMY”, 17 septembrie 2012; “Ghimpele”, 1o septembrie 2012) Cei învinşi nu au niciodatǎ dreptate, în “ART- EMIS ACADEMY” , 8 iulie 2012 U.E. trateazǎ România ca pe un stat periferic, ca pe o anexǎ care trebuie sǎ execute orice i se cere, în “Ghimpele” , 9 august 2012 Simpozioane, conferinte, colocvii, dezbateri stiintifice Conferinţele balcanice din perioada interbelicǎ (1930-1933) , “Primul Congres Internaţional Balcanic”, Istanbul, Universitatea Suleyman Sah, 24-25 septembrie 2012 Tezaurul româniei depus la Moscova în 1916-1917, Comisia comunǎ româno- rusǎ pentru studierea problemelor izvorâte din istoria realaţiilor bilaterale, inclusiv problema tezaurului României, Academia de Stiinţe, Moscova 24 octombrie Gestionarea crizelor internaţionale din 1919 pânǎ astǎzi, Comisia Internaţionalǎ de Istoria Relaţiilor Internaţionale, Comisia Românǎ de Istoria Relaţiilor Internaţionale, BucureĢti 20 septembrie 2012 Dinu Sararu în epoca sa, AOSR, 25 ianuarie 2012 Comunitatea româneascǎ din Estul Serbiei, Universitatea BucureĢti, 7 martie 2012 Civilizaţia româneascǎ în perioada interbelicǎ, Clubul Diplomatic Român, BucureĢti, 19 martie 2012
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Nicolae Titulescu şi pactul de asistenţǎ mutualǎ cu Germania, Craiova, Universitatea din Craiova, Secţia de Stiinţe Istorice a AOSR Ģ.a., 4 mai 2012 200 de ani de la primul rapt al Basarabieide cǎtre Rusia. Impactul asuora istoriei românilor, Parlamentul României, Fundaţia Naţionalǎ a Românilor de Pretutindeni, Consiliul Naţional al Reîntregirii Ģ.a. , BucureĢti 16 mai 2012 Basarabia - prezent, trecut şi viitor, Universitatea “Valahia”, TârgoviĢte, 22 mai Elite şi marginalizaţi în România (1945-1989), BucureĢti, Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, 24 mai 2012 Basarabia. 28 mai 1812 - 18 mai 2012, BucureĢti, Hanul lui Manuc, Asociaţia Românǎ de Politicǎ Externǎ, Asociaţia Diplomaţilor de Carierǎ, 28 mai 2012 200 de ani de la rǎpirea Basarabiei, Universitatea Popularǎ “Nicolae Iorga”, Secţia de Stiinţe Istorice a AOSR, Clubul Istoricilor “N, Iorga”, Vǎlenii de Munte 21 august Probleme actuale ale istorie românilor, Tg. Neamţ, Inspectoratul ġcolar al Judeţului Neamţ, Fundaţia Culturalǎ “Ion Creangǎ”, 8 septembrie România şi politicienii ei. Pâra la Inalta Poartǎ. “ Stat Ģi societate”, Universitatea din Craiova, Secţia de Stiinţe Istorice AOSR Ģ.a, Craiova 11 octombrie 2012 Brǎila vǎzutǎ de unii intelectuali români. “Brǎila în istoria modernǎ a României”, Muzeul Brǎilei, Secţia de Stiinţe Istorice AOSR, Brăila 17 octombrie 2012 Armata Românǎ şi politica de apǎrare naţionalǎ. “Ministerul Apǎrǎrii Naţionale – instituţie fundamentalǎ a organizǎrii puterii armate a statului român”, Cercul Militar Naţional, Ministerul Apǎrǎrii Naţionale, BucureĢti 22 octombrie 2012 Politicǎ şi antipoliticǎ sub communism, Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, BucureĢti 22 noiembrie 2012 Documente privind înfiinţarea Facultǎţii de Arhivisticǎ, Academia de Poliţie “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, BucureĢti 27 noiembrie 2012 Vintilǎ Brǎtianu - ministru de Finanţe. “Familia Brǎtianu Ģi instituţiile României moderne”, Banca Naţionalǎ a României, BucureĢti 12 decembrie 2012 Revoluţia din Decembrie 1989 – între programul din 22 decembrie şi realitatea anului 2012. “Revoluţie Ģi istorie”, Institutul Revoluţiei Române din Decembrie 1989, Ministerul Culturii Ģi Patrimoniului Naţional, BucureĢti 20 decembrie 2012 Lansări de carte Am participat la 12 lansǎri de carte la Târgul de Carte Gaudeamus, Fundaţia Europeanǎ Titulescu, Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Banca Naţionalǎ a României, Muzeul Vrancei, Universitatea din Craiova, Vǎlenii de Munte, Piatra Neamţ, Tg. Neamţ Ģ.a Colegii de redactie Annals - Academy of Romanian Scientists. Series on History and Archaelogy. Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Arhivele Totalitarismului- INST
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Vitralii.- Asociaţia Cadrelor Militare în Rezervǎ Ģi în Retragere Clipa - Fundaţia “NiĢte Tǎrani” Studii Ģi Articole de Istorie - Societatea de Stiinţe Istorice din România Analele Universitǎţii din Oradea. Seria Istorie Anuarul Muzeului de Istorie Naţionalǎ al României Europa, XXI, Centrul de Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeanǎ, IaĢi Document - Arhivele Militare Române Orizont XXI - Asociaţia Culturalǎ Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu, PiteĢti Consilii ştiinţifice Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţǎ Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului Societăţi ştiinţifice Istorie Ģi Civilizaţie Europeanǎ – preĢedinte Societatea de ġtiinţe Istorice din România – preĢedinte de onoare Clubul Istoricilor “N. Iorga”- membru Ģ.a. Emisiuni Radio, TV pe teme de istorie Radio Romania Actualitati : Euroatlantica (13 ianuarie) Istorica (20 februarie, 2 aprilie, 2 iulie, 20 august, 1 octombrie, 29 octombrie, 31 octombrie, 30 noiembrie 2012) Idei care au schimbat lumea (8 mai, 29 octombrie 2012) Radio Romania Cultural : Planeta Radio (24 februarie, 30 martie, 19 octombrie 2012) Radio Romania International ( 17 martie, 13 noiembrie 2012) Radio France International: - Art-Cultura (17 februarie 2012) TVR, Programul I : - Omul Ģi Timpul (26 martie, 21 aprilie, 27 aprilie, 23 mai 2012) TVRM : - Universitaria (4 aprilie 2012); - Istoria cu Invǎţǎturǎ ( 3 iulie, 30 august, 4 septembrie, 6 septembrie 2012) Antena 3: - Secvenţial (24 iunie, 2 septembrie,16 decembrie 2012). Comisii doctorat Universitatea BucureĢti (19 ianuarie, 8 februarie, 23 februarie, 6 iunie, 2 iulie, 12 septembrie, 28 septembrie 2012) Institutul de Istorie “N.Iorga” ( 29 februarie 2012) Universitatea “Ovidius” Constanţa (2 mai 2012) Universitatea din Craiova ( 6 noiembrie 2012) Diplome - Diploma cu prilejul sǎrbǎtoririi a “145 ani de la înfiinţarera Serviciului Istoric al Armatei”
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- Diploma omagialǎ “150 de ani de la unificarea administrativǎ a oraĢului FocĢani” - Diploma “375 ani de la întemeierea mǎnǎstirii Mǎxineni-Brǎila” - Diploma Universitǎţii Suleyman Sah, Istanbul: “Primul Congres Internaţional Balcanic”
Lansare de carte la Fundaţia Europeană Titulescu: Viorica Moisuc, George G. Potra, Ioan Scurtu.
Ecuson participare
Simpozioane Ģi conferinţe naţionale Ģi internaţionale cu participarea membrilor AOġR.
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Ion I. SOLCANU
I. Participarea la sesiuni ştiinţifice I.1 Internaţionale I.1.1.Participarea la Conferinţa Ģtiinţifică internaţională: Basarabia 1812. Problemă Naţională, Implicaţii Internaţionale, ChiĢinău, 14 -15 Mai 2012; IaĢi, 16 mai 2012 cu comunicarea: Înfiinţarea de Ģcoli în sudul Basarabiei reîntrupat la Ţara mamă ( 1856 – 1858) I.2 Naţionale I.2.1 Simpozionul: Personalităţi din Bucovina, IaĢi, ianuarie 2012 cu comunicarea : Ilie Grămadă, Istoric Ģi Om al Cetăţii I.2.2 Simpozionul ,,Bucovina-File de istorie” ediţia a XIV-a, Suceava, 23-25 noiembrie 2012, Prezentarea volumului Lia Bătrâna, Adrian Bătrâna, Biserica ,,Sf. Neculae” din Rădăuţi. Cercetări arheologice Ģi interpretări istorice asupra începuturilor Ţării Moldovei, Biblioteca Memoriae Antiquitatis, XXIX, Piatra Neamţ, 2012, 550 p.
II. Apariţii ştiinţifice II.1 Annals. Series on History and Archaeology, volume 4, 2012, number 1, Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă, BucureĢti, 2012, 166 p. ( coordonator de volum) II.2 ,,Folk Books” and the iconography of the paintings in the wooden churches from MaramureĢ (18-th century - early 19-th century) ,,Cărţile populare” Ģi icono- grafia bisericilor de lemn din maramureĢ (secolul XVIII – început de secol XIX ), studiu bilingv în: Annals. Series on History and Archaeology, volume 4, 2012, number 1, Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă, BucureĢti, 2012, p. 36 – 86 II.3 Academician Florin Constantiniu, Omagiu în: Ibidem, p. 165 – 166 II.4 Profesorul Ilie Grămadă, Crochiu de portret la 100 de ani de la naĢterea sa, în: Revista română, nr. 1 ( 67 )/2012, IaĢi, p. 3-5 II.5 Înfiinţarea de Ģcoli în sudul Basarabiei reîntrupat la ţara mamă (1856 – 1858 ) în volumul: 200 de ani de la anexarea samavolnică a Basarabiei de către imperiul rus, ChiĢinău, 2012 ( sub tipar ) II.6 Cuvânt înainte la: C. Bobulescu, Dealul lui Păun, IaĢi, Ed. Demiurg, 2012, p. 5 – 9 II.7 Cu ocazia lansării cărţii: George Popa, Homo Universalis, de V. Diacon în: Oglinda literară. Revistă de cultură, civilizaţie Ģi atitudine, anul XI, nr. 130, octombrie 2012
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II.9 O filă din istoria învăţământului teologic românesc. Seminarul ortodox din Ismail (1857 – 1877) în :,,Teologie Ģi viaţă”, revista de gândire Ģi spiritualitate creĢtină a Mitropoliei Moldovei Ģi Bucovinei, serie nouă, anul XXI ( LXXXVII ), nr. 11-12, * * *
126 Personal Reports
Radu Ştefan VERGATTI
Cărţi publicate Singur autor: Probleme ale omului şi societăţii în literatura orăşenească franceză din a doua jumătate a secolului al XIII-lea, Ed. Trend, PiteĢti, 2012. În colaborare cu acad. Cornelia Bodea: Nicolae Iorga în arhivele vieneze şi ale Siguranţei Regale (1903-1914), Editura Mica Valahie, BucureĢti, 2012. Articole: The Metropolitan St. Varlaam of Moldavia's „Romanian Book of Teaching”: History of a Book, în Actes du symposium international Le Livre. La Roumanie. L'Europe, 4ème édition, 20-23 Septembre 2011, Tome I, Ed. Biblioteca BucureĢtilor, BucureĢti, 2012, p. 306-311. Primii domni ai Ţării Româneşti – creştin-ortodocşi şi români, în Teologie, istorie şi misiune creştină 2012, Arhiepiscopia TârgoviĢtei, TârgoviĢte, 2012, p. 126-131. Apropieri şi deosebiri între doi cărturari umanişti: Neagoe Basarab şi Niccolò Machiavelli, în Sfântul voievod Neagoe Basarab (1512-1521). 500 de ani de la urcarea pe tronul Ţării Româneşti, Editura Arhiepiscopiei TârgoviĢte, 2012, p. 100-104. Neagoe Basarab – om al Bisericii, cărturar şi domn, în Sfântul Neagoe Basarab – ctitor de biserici şi cultură românească, Editura Cuvântul Vieţii a Mitropoliei Munteniei Ģi Dobrogei, BucureĢti, 2012, p. 9-24. Îndreptarea legii – primul cod general din Ţara Românească, în vol. Marea pravilă a unităţii de credinţă şi de neam – Îndreptarea legii. 360 de ani de la tipărirea ei la Târgovişte (studii şi articole), TârgoviĢte, 2012, p. 11-22. Matei Basarab şi Europa orientală, în vol. Matei Basarab (1632-1654) – 380 de ani de la urcarea pe tronul Ţării Româneşti, Editura Arhiepiscopiei TârgoviĢte, 2012, p. 33-43. La famille et la formation de Dimitrie Cantemir, în „Annals, Series on history and archaeology”, volume 4, no. 1, 2012, p. 21-34 (text însoţit de publicarea primului portret al lui Dimitrie Cantemir, păstrat în Muzeul Young din San Francisco). The Soviet-Japanese Treaty and the Issue of Bessarabia, în „Annals, Series on history and archaeology”, volume 4, no. 2, 2012, p. 59-80. Charles Drouhet. 22 ianuarie 1879-8 ianuarie 1940, în “Revista Bibliotecii Naţionale a României”, anul XVI, nr. (31) 1/2010 (apărut 2012), p. 28-35.
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Comemorarea a 200 de ani de la ruperea Basarabiei din trupul Moldovei. Basarabia în inima şi în mintea lui Apostol D. Culea, în „BucureĢti. Materiale de istorie Ģi muzeografie”, XXVI, Muzeul Municipiului BucureĢti, 2012, p. 66-82. Mesajul picturii murale eclesiastice din Ţara Românească, în Almanahul Arhiepiscopiei TârgoviĢte, 2012. Comunicări: (în colaborare cu Agnes Erich) The Senechal Constantin Cantacuzino, the Religious Book and its Preservation – 5 mai 2012, May 3-5, 2012, IaĢi.The IVth European Symposium on Religious Art, Restoration and Conservation, Apostol D. Culea şi problema Basarabiei – IaĢi, 10-12 mai 2012, Congresul Internaţional de Genealogie, Heraldică Ģi Sigilografie al Institutului Sever Zotta al Academiei Române. Mit şi realitate istorică. Originea familiei lui Dimitrie Cantemir – TârgoviĢte, 1-2 iunie 2012, Sesiunea internaţională de Comunicări a Departamentului de Limbi Străine al Facultăţii de ġtiinţe Umaniste a Universităţii Valahia TârgoviĢte Formaţia şi familia lui Dimitrie Cantemir – 15 iunie 2012, Constanţa, Univ. Ovidius, Centrul de Cercetare ġtiinţifică D. Stăniloae al Universităţii Valahia TârgoviĢte. Stolnicul Constantin Cantacuzino şi cartea religioasă – TârgoviĢte, 1-2 iunie 2012, Simpozionul Carte veche românească al Arhiepiscopiei TârgoviĢte. Pravila cea Mare sau Îndreptarea legii – 24-27 septembrie 2012 Mamaia, Simpozionul Internaţional Cartea, România, Europa. Populaţia Bucovinei între anii 1775-1790 – 21-23 septembrie 2012, Cernăuţi, Ucraina, Simpozionul Internaţional HurmuzăcheĢtii. Vicina şi Mitropolia Ţării Româneşti, 10-11 octombrie 2012, Constanţa, Sesiunea Internaţională Pontica. Conferinţe: Basarabia şi rusificarea populaţiei (– Constanţa, 29 martie 2012, Universitatea Ovidius). Oraşul Târgovişte şi monumentele istorice (– TârgoviĢte, 4 aprilie 2012, Universitatea Valahia). Din nou despre populaţia Bucovinei în momentul anexării de către Sf. Imperiu Roman de Naţiune Germană (– 28 noiembrie 2012, Asociaţia Basarabia-Bucovina Ģi Facultatea de Litere a Universităţii BucureĢti). 1 Decembrie 1918 (- conferinţă rostită la 29 noiembrie 2012, Facultatea de Teologie, Universitatea Valahia TârgoviĢte). Prima bibliotecă umanistă din Ţara Românească (– 6 decembrie 2012, Biblioteca Judeţeană Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Centrul Europe Direct, TârgoviĢte)
128 Personal Reports
T.V. 24 ianuarie 2012, TVR 3 (în colab. cu Sabina Ispas) – Ziua Unirii Principatelor 1-3 iunie 2012, Trinitas TV – Începuturile tiparului Ģi cartea veche românească 14-19 septembrie 2012, Trinitas TV – Radu cel Mare 26-27 septembrie 2012 Trinitas TV – Neagoe Basarab
Radio: 24 ianuarie 2012, Antena Satelor – Unirea de la 24 ianuarie 1859 9 februarie 2012, Antena Satelor – Petru Maior 14 septembrie 2012, Antena Satelor – Regele Carol I 22 octombrie 2012, Antena Satelor – Regele Ferdinand I
Distincţii primite 2 iunie 2012 Crucea Valahiei, acordată de Arhiepiscopia TârgoviĢtei. 25 septembrie 2012 Ordinul Neagoe Basarab, acordat de Patriarhia Română.
Membru în consilii de redacţie/ştiinţifice consiliul de redacţie al Revistei Argesis a Muzeului Judeţean ArgeĢ consiliul de redacţie al Revistei A.O.ġ.R. „Annals, Series on history and archaeology” consiliul de redacţie al Revistei Anale a Facultăţii de Teologie a Universităţii Valahia TârgoviĢte consiliul de redacţie al Revistei Almanah al Arhiepiscopiei TârgoviĢtei. consiliul Ģtiinţific al Bibliotecii Metropolitane BucureĢti. consiliul de redacţie al Revistei Patmos a CCSIDUVT – Centrul de Cercetări ġtiinţifice Interdisciplinare “Dumitru Stăniloae” al Universităţii Valahia din TârgoviĢte * * *
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Timotei URSU
Studii publicate: “Limba Danubiana” - 8 pagini, Revista Dacia Magazin, nr 4-5, 2012, Tulcea. ( analiză lingvistică comparativă).
Comunicari: “Cercetarea Pluridisciplinară în Arheologie”, 17 februarie 2012, Sala Festivă a ICR- New York, SUA ( 112 participanţi) Discurs de recepţie, Academia Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, 26 mai 2012, cu tema “Investigarea pluridisciplinară în siturile dacice” “Aplicaţii Spectrografice în CunoaĢterea Trecutului” , 27 sept. 2012, ( împreună cu Daniel Roxin); sala ARCUB, BucureĢti, ( 350 spectatori)
Televiziune: Emisiunea TV NaĢul: “Sarmizegetusa Regia Ģi cercetarea pluridisciplinară”, 14 septembrie 2012, orele 21-22. Emisiunea TV NaĢul: “Trecutul Îndepărtat în Istoria României”, 24 septembrie 2012, orele 21-22 ( împreună cu prof. dr. V. Boroneanţ)
Creaţie: 1 octombrie - 12 noiembrie 2012, realizarea Ģi contractarea cu Casa de producţie “Silver Bulet Film” a scenariului unui serial de 20 episoade “StrămoĢii Românilor”.
130 Personal Reports
Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 5, Number 1/2013 131
PART FOUR Recenzii, Note (Reviews)
Constantin Olteanu, O VIAŢA DE OM. Dialog cu jurnalistul Dan Constantin, BucureĢti, Editura Niculescu, 2012, 612 p 1 Ioan Scurtu 133
Constatntin Vlad, PUNCTE CARDINALE ÎNDEPĂRTATE Helsinki - Tokyo – Canberra. Note ale unui fost ambasador al României, BucureĢti, Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţă din România, 2011, 338 p. 1 Ioan Scurtu 134
Nicolae Densuşianu, Dacia Preistorică, IaĢi, Editura TipoMoldova, 2011, 1152 p. 1 Mihai Popescu 135
132 Reviews
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Reviews 133
Constantin Olteanu, O VIAŢA DE OM. Dialog cu jurnalistul Dan Constantin, BucureĢti, Editura Niculescu, 2012, 612 p.
AĢa cum se menţioneazǎ în pagina de titlu, Constantin Olteanu a fost general-colonel doctor în Ģtiinţe istorice, Ģef al Secţiei pentru Probleme Militare Ģi Justiţie a CC al PCR, Ģef al Statului Major Cental al Gǎrzilor Patriotice, ministru al Apǎrǎrii Naţionale, membru al Marii Adunǎri Naţionale Ģi al Consiliului de Stat, primar general al Capitalei, secretar al CC al PCR. Nǎscut în 1928 în comuna Vulcana Pandele, judeţul Dâmboviţa, Constantin Olteanu a urmat cariera militarǎ, ajungând în funcţii extern de importante pe linie de partid Ģi de stat. Ca urmare, memoriile sale au o importanţǎ deosebitǎ pentru reconstituirea unei întregi perioade istorice, foarte controversatǎ, asupra cǎreia, din motive politice, cu greu se pot face aprecieri de valoare. Spre deosebire de alţi foĢti lideri politici, care Ģi-au publicat memoriile, încercând sǎ prezinte o altǎ realitate decât cea în care au fost implicaţi, Constantin Olteanu a înţeles acestǎ carte ca o “spovedanie”, ca o “mǎrturie sincerǎ” pe care o lasǎ posteritǎţii. Provocat adesea de Dan Constantin pentru a face declaraţii “incendiare” despre familia CeauĢescu, pe placul cititorilor, Constantin Olteanu nu a abdicat de la conduita sa sincerǎ Ģi vericalǎ, Ģtiind cǎ “va da seama” nu doar contemporanilor, ci Ģi generaţiilor viitoare. Cititorii aflǎ din aceastǎ lucrare foarte multe elemente concrete, cele mai multe necunoscute marelui puiblic, iar unele neconsemnate în documente, privind politica economicǎ, de apǎrare naţionalǎ, relaţiile internaţionale ale PCR Ģi României în cea de-a doua jumǎtate a secolului al XX-lea. In fond, Constantin Olteanu a fost produsul unei epoci istorice, reuĢind ca prin muncǎ cinstitǎ Ģi perseverentǎ sǎ ocupe importante demnitǎţi, pe care le-a onorat cu convingerea cǎ slujeĢte interesele eterne ale poporului român. Cartea este o mǎrturie de conĢtiinţǎ, o contribuţie esenţialǎ la cunoaĢterea istoriei românilor din cea de-a doua jumǎtate a secolului al XX-lea.
Ioan Scurtu
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134 Reviews
Constantin Vlad, Puncte cardinale îndepǎrtate, BucureĢti, Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţǎ din România, 2011, 424 p.
Fiu de ţǎrani de la Dunǎre, din Calafat, Constantin Vlad a ajuns, printr-o muncǎ stǎruitoare Ģi o realǎ capacitate intelectualǎ, ambasador, profesor universitar, membru al Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţǎ din România. La împlinirea vârstei de 80 de ani a lansat o importantǎ carte de memorii, privind activitatea sa în capitalele unor state cu care România avea, în secolul al XX-lea, bune relaţii, de o realǎ utilitate politicǎ, economicǎ Ģi culturalǎ: Finlanda, Japonia Ģi Australia. Având în vedere distanţa georgaficǎ – din Nordul Europei în Extremul Orient - autorul le-a numit “puncte cardinale îndepǎrtate”. Cu rigurozitatea caracteristicǎ omului de Ģtiinţǎ, profesorul Constantin Vlad evocǎ, pe bazǎ de documente Ģi amintiri personale, momente cu o puternicǎ încǎrcǎturǎ politicǎ, în care a fost implicat, din rândul cǎrora se distinge Conferinţa pentru Securitate Ģi Cooperare în Europa, al cǎrei Act final a fost semnat la Helsinki în anul 1975. Un loc important îl ocupǎ în aceastǎ carte întâlnirile Ģi discuţiile autorului cu personalitǎţi istorice, mai ales cu preĢedintele finlandez Urho Kekkonen Ģi împǎratul Hirohito al Japoniei. Cititorul aflǎ o multitudine de informaţii despre climǎ, vegetaţie, portul popular, modǎ, gastronomie, mese festive, monumente istorice Ģi de artǎ, istoria Ģi cultura statelor în care a fost acreditat. Cu un talent de adevǎrat scriitor, ambasadorul Constantin Vlad a creionat portrete de oameni politici Ģi de afaceri, de scriitori, artiĢti etc etc. Puncte cardinale îndepǎrtate este o carte frumoasǎ, în cel mai deplin înţeles al cuvântului, încheiatǎ cu o multitudine de fotografii, din care nu lipsesc cele ale decoraţiilor Ģi altor distincţii pe care diplomatul le-a primit din partea conducǎtorilor statelor în care a lucrat în calitate de ambasador al României. Am avut surpriza sǎ mǎ regǎsesc Ģi eu într-una din fotografiile prilejuite de o lansare de carte la Fundaţia Europeanǎ Titulescu. O secţiune a lucrǎrii cuprinde cuvintele de apreciere rostite la adresa venerabilului diplomat Ģi om de Ģtiinţă, de doctorul Vasile Cândea, scriitorul Ģi diplomatul Ion Brad, dramaturgul Ģi romancierul Paul Everac, dar Ģi cuvintele rostite sau scrise de autor la adesa unor confraţi ai sǎi. Editura Academiei Oamenilor de ġtiinţǎ a realizat o advǎratǎ performanţǎ publicând o asemenea carte, scrisǎ de o personalitate marcantǎ a României contemorane.
Ioan Scurtu
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Reviews 135
Nicolae Densuşianu, Dacia Preistorică, IaĢi, Editura TipoMoldova, 2011, 1152 p.
Majoritatea covârĢitoare a membrilor lumii universitare Ģi academice din România nu este pregătită să accepte o dezbatere deschisă privind valoarea Ģi eventualele puncte slabe ale Daciei Preistorice, cartea avocatului ardelean Nicolae DensuĢianu (1846-1911), apărută postum, acum un veac. Puţini Ģtiu însă că impunătoarea Ģi controversata lucrare a fost edificată pornindu-se de la un proiect iniţiat chiar de Academia Română. Într- adevăr, în sesiunea anului 1871, Alexandru Odobescu, titularul catedrei de arheologie de la Facultatea de Litere a Universităţii din BucureĢti, propunea stimulente spirituale Ģi sprijin financiar pentru aprofundarea următoarei teme: Cercetări asupra popoarelor care au locuit ţările române de-a stânga Dunării, mai înainte de conquista acestor ţări de către imperatoriul Traian. Premiul oferit de academicianul Odobescu avea să fie primit de Grigore Tocilescu, cel care a susţinut un doctorat la Universitatea din Praga, în 1876, cu titlul Dacia înainte de Romani. Era un fel de repertoriu al descoperirilor arheologice preromane din Dacia. Citind lucrarea, cunoscându-i atât pe Alexandru Odobescu, iniţiatorul concursului, cât Ģi pe Grigore Tocilescu, cel care a obţinut premiul, Nicolae DensuĢianu a hotărât să realizeze el o lucrare monumentală, care să corespundă mai degrabă spiritului ideii lansate de Odobescu. De altfel, DensuĢianu pare să fie cuprins în formularea memorabilă a lui Hasdeu: „Ne-am înţeles misiunea pe o scară colosală”. După moartea lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, în 1912 la Universitatea din IaĢi, Ioan AdrieĢescu (1888-1944) avea să susţină o teză de doctorat cu titlul Contribuţii la Dacia înainte de Traian. În necrologul scris la moartea lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, publicat în Oameni cari au fost, Nicolae Iorga îĢi strecura deja îndoielile, chiar înainte de a avea acces la conţinutul Daciei Preistorice: „Poate se va vedea ce ipoteze, desigur mai mult decât odată curioase, se cuprind în cartea de muncă îndelungată în care pretindea să explice altfel decât toţi ceilalţi vremile străvechi ale acestor ţări locuite Ģi astăzi de români”. Într-o amplă introducere la monumentala lucrare, dr. C. I. Istrati, preĢedintele Academiei Române, afirma că Nicolae DensuĢianu a trudit peste patruzeci de ani la scrierea Daciei Preistorice. Din corespondenţa cu fraţii săi Ģi cu prietenii săi, reiese că, după numirea ca bibliotecar Ģi translator al Marelui Stat Major, prin Înalt decret regal, în 1884, DensuĢianu a conceput planul unei ample „Istorii a poporului român”, începând de la „originile sale”.Răspunzând invitaţiei transmise în numele Regelui Carol I de a accepta funcţia de bibliotecar al Fundaţiunii Universitare Regele Carol, în
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136 Reviews anul 1894, DensuĢianu mulţumea pentru ofertă, dar motiva imposibilitatea de o onora prin faptul că nu ocupa o catedră universitară Ģi prin dorinţa de a duce la bun sfârĢit „o vastă lucrare istorică” privind originile neamului românesc. În Enciclopedia Română, publicată la Sibiu, sub redacţia dr. Corneliu Diaconovich, articolul închinat lui Nicolae DensuĢianu se încheie cu afirmaţia: „Astăzi lucrează la opera sa principală, „Istoria poporului român de la originile sale până la întemeierea nouelor principate româneĢti”. Pentru a-Ģi concentra energia Ģi erudiţia doar asupra realizării acestui proiect grandios, DensuĢianu a renunţat treptat la alte lucrări solicitate de Academia Română. În 1897, el încheia publicarea primelor peste 4.500 de pagini (prima serie) din colecţia de Documente Hurmuzaki Ģi înceta să mai trimită Societăţii istorice germane rapoartele anuale privind istoriografia românească. În 1900, editorul Carol Göbl (la sugestia Ģi cu garanţia morală a Regelui Carol I), a deschis un cont în valoare de 20.000 de lei pentru tipărirea Ģi publicarea Daciei Preistorice. La moartea lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, în martie 1911, textul deja tipărit ajunsese la 1120 de pagini. Ultimele două coli de tipar, însumând încă 32 de pagini, erau scrise, dar autorul nu le-a mai văzut tipărite Ģi nu a mai putut să dea „bun de tipar”. PreĢedintele de atunci al Academiei Române, dr. C. I. Istrati, fiind deosebit de pasionat de istorie Ģi arheologie, Ģi-a asumat dificila sarcină de a prezenta lumii Ģtiinţifice româneĢti Ģi străine monumentala lucrare. Cartea a apărut abia după doi ani, în 1913. ġtim astăzi că primul exemplar al Daciei Preistorice a fost înmânat, de editorul Carol Göbl Ģi de ginerele său Ion Rasidescu, însuĢi Regelui Carol I. Istoricul Alexandru Lăpedatu editase, între timp, tot postum, în 1912, Domnii glorioşi şi căpitanii celebri ai Ţărilor Române. Breviar istoric pentru războaiele mari şi învingerile strălucite ale oştilor române, prezentând în detaliu meritele de cercetător istoric Ģi de editor de documente istorice ale lui Nicolae DensuĢianu. Dr. C. I. Istrati afirmă, în prefaţă, că îl cunoĢtea de mult timp pe omul Nicolae DensuĢianu, dar abia acum îl descoperea, cu uimire, pe cercetătorul „modest, inteligent, foarte cult, înzestrat cu o voinţă de fier Ģi cu o răbdare Ģi o perseverenţă extraordinară”, socotind că „din munca Ģi suferinţa lui, se înalţă mândria de neam, care cucereĢte inimile Ģi întăreĢte cugetele”, iar „viitorul va înscrie pe DensuĢianu printre acei români care au contribuit cu ceva la dezlegarea chestiunilor ce interesează omenirea”. La câteva luni de la apariţia Daciei Preistorice, într-o scrisoare trimisă din München, în 21 iulie 1913, ziaristul Ģi criticul de artă francez Marcel Montandon, îi mărturisea lui Ovid DensuĢianu: „Citesc cu imens interes Dacia Preistorică a unchiului dumneavoastră (nu-i aĢa ?); este o lucrare remarcabilă prin bogăţia de puncte de vedere noi: Aţi avea bunăvoinţa de a-mi spune până în ce punct trebuie urmate datele sale în detaliu filologic ?”. Este doar unul dintre ecourile internaţionale ale apariţiei acestei cărţi. În schimb, din motive mai degrabă personale decât profesionale, profesorul Dimitrie Onciul, titularul catedrei de istorie veche a României de la Universitatea din BucureĢti, a instituit un adevărat embargo al tăcerii asupra scrierilor lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, nici una dintre acestea nefiind cuprinsă în
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Reviews 137 bibliografia recomandată studenţilor de la Facultatea de Istorie. Unul dintre discipolii lui Onciul, Vasile Pârvan, într-o comunicare prezentată la Academia Română în 1925, voind să demonstreze că cercetările istorice Ģi arheologice de până la el au fost neînsemnate Ģi nu merită luate în seamă, afirma că Dacia Preistorică este „un roman fantastic, plin de mitologie Ģi de filologie absurdă”, care a stârnit entuziasm numai „printre diletanţi”. Afirmaţia a fost apoi reluată în prefaţa la Getica, o preistorie a Daciei Ģi, în rezumatul în limba franceză, apare uĢor modificată: „un fel de roman mitologic Ģi filologic complet absurd”. Ca replică la afirmaţiile lui Pârvan, un diletant de geniu, Mircea Eliade, va publica în ziarul Cuvântul, din 11 septembrie 1927, un articol intitulat Către un nou diletantism, susţinând că intuiţia nespecialistului poate fi o virtute, că „diletanţii au simpatizat întotdeauna istoria Ģi au înţeles-o, deoarece sensurile profunde Ģi marea sinteză le sunt mai accesibile decât profesionistului.” Aceste idei au fost dezvoltate apoi de Mircea Eliade în introducerea la ediţia de Scrieri literare, morale şi politice de Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, din 1937, Ģi într-un breviar istoric despre români publicat la Madrid, în 1943. Ideile lui Nicolae DensuĢianu au fost continuate Ģi dezvoltate de numeroĢi cercetători ai istoriei noastre străvechi. La loc de cinste, merită să-i amintim pe generalul de cavalerie Nicolae Portocală (1860-1938), cu lucrarea Din preistoria Daciei şi a vechilor civilizaţiuni Ģi mai ales pe scriitorul Ģi academicianul Ioan Al. Brătescu-VoineĢti, cu lucrarea Originea neamului românesc şi a limbii noastre Imediat după începerea ocupaţiei sovietice Ģi instaurarea regimului comunist în România, operele tuturor DensuĢienilor au fost interzise, prin „listele” publicate de Ministerul Propagandei, iar majoritatea exemplarelor aflate în bibliotecile publice au fost „declasate Ģi casate” prin ardere. A fost nevoie să treacă aproape trei decenii pentru ca ideile lui Nicolae DensuĢianu să poată fi din nou discutate într-o scurtă perioadă de dezgheţ politic Ģi cultural. În anii 1970, au fost publicate două volume de etnografie Ģi folclor care valorificau răspunsurile la chestionarele lui Nicolae DensuĢianu: Este vorba de Vechi cîntece şi tradiţii populare româneşti, de Ionel OpriĢan Ģi Datini şi eresuri populare de la sfîrşitul secolului al XIX-lea, de Adrian Fochi. Tot atunci au apărut, în ţară Ģi în străinătate, lucrările lui Iosif Constantin Drăgan, ba chiar, răspunzând unei nevoi de legitimare a regimului politic „naţional- comunist”, s-a reuĢit republicarea, după 73 de ani, a Daciei Preistorice, prefaţatorul încercând să-i minimalizeze însă importanţa. Tot Iosif Constantin Drăgan promitea, pe la mijlocul anilor 1980, o traducere în limba engleză a Daciei Preistorice, ideal realizat abia în anul 2005, de doamna Alexandra Ioana Furdui, o româncă stabilită în Australia (textul poate fi citit on-line). PrăbuĢirea regimului comunist, în 1989, a creat premisele unei dezbateri a ideilor lui Nicolae DensuĢianu dincolo de interesele sau de constrângerile politice ale momentului. Activitatea Ģi personalitatea lui Nicolae DensuĢianu sunt prezentate în dicţionare ale literaturii române, în dicţionare ale folcloriĢtilor Ģi etnologilor români (de exemplu, cel elaborat de Iordan Datcu), în dicţionarul membrilor Academiei Române, alcătuit de Dorina Rusu, Ģi ocupă un loc de cinste în dicţionarul
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138 Reviews bibliografilor români, apărut în anul 2011. Ediţia din 1986 a fost reluată de Editura Mentor în anul 2000, cu aceeaĢi prefaţă. În anul 2002, editura Arhetip a publicat o ediţie facsimilată a primei ediţii, din 1913, a Daciei Preistorice, lucrare absolut impresionantă, de peste o mie de pagini, o sinteză care, încă de la apariţia ei, a stârnit Ģi continuă să stârnească enorme pasiuni, pozitive Ģi negative. Dacă nici una din ediţiile tipărite ale Daciei Preistorice nu vă este la îndemână, acum puteţi citi textul online sau îl puteţi descărca direct de pe Internet, de oriunde din lume. În afara ediţiei originale scanate, este acum disponibilă Ģi versiunea în limba engleză, aĢa cum am arătat deja. Cele peste 7200 de rezultate ale unei căutări simple pe Internet cuprind comentarii Ģi analize serioase ale lucrărilor lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, dar Ģi articole în care atât DensuĢianu, cât Ģi continuatorii cercetărilor începute de el, sunt atacaţi personal, evitându-se de obicei dezbaterea de idei. Astfel, într-un articol postat pe Internet în 2002, un ziarist numit Eugen Ciurtin nega în bloc întreaga operă a lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, iar despre Dacia preistorică spunea: „Săgetând cu opul său împunător negura cea mai echivocă, a rezultat un Schliemann al visului, fără bani Ģi fără noroc, care îĢi caută Troia în acelaĢi timp în care îi compune o epopee”.Dintre articolele publicate pe Internet, recomand analiza foarte serioasă a Daciei Preistorice făcută de istoricul Alexandru Nemoianu, căruia trebuie să-i mulţumim pentru sugestiile metodologice. Oricum am considera-o, un lucru rămâne sigur, această istorie nu poate fi ignorată. Editura a reuĢit să spargă o anume conspiraţie a tăcerii instituită în jurul lucrării Ģi să pună capăt încercărilor nefaste de batjocorire a ei. O conspiraţie care avea un scop limpede Ģi evident nu spre binele neamului românesc. Încă mai trist, de cele mai multe ori, această acţiune s-a purtat prin indivizi care fie că doar răsfoiseră lucrarea, fie nu o citiseră deloc. Cel mai adesea este vorba de scepticismul ironic al celor care se grăbesc să vorbească despre lucrurile pe care nu le Ģtiu Ģi nu le înţeleg. Nicolae DensuĢianu, a fost unul dintre cei mai harnici Ģi mai meticuloĢi truditori pentru dezvăluirea trecutului românesc. El a adunat Ģi a publicat numeroase documente privind istoria medievală românească (îndeosebi din Transilvania), fără de care nu ar fi fost cu putinţă să fie „descoperită“ miraculoasa supravieţuire a românilor transilvăneni Ģi mai cu seamă supravieţuirea instituţiilor lor specifice. Importanţa operei istorice a lui Nicolae DensuĢianu nu constă în primul rând în mulţimea datelor prezentate, ci în modul lui de gândire, în filosofia lui istorică. Nicolae DensuĢianu sfărâmă consecvent Ģi deliberat acele noţiuni Ģi „modele“ care se impun prin repetare, care întunecă spiritul critic până la orbire Ģi încurajează lenea de a gândi. Dacia Preistorică este, în esenţă, reconstrucţia realităţilor istorice de la Dunăre Ģi Carpaţi în vremea „ante-istorică“, poate imediat post-edenică. DesluĢind caracteristicile începuturilor istoriei româneĢti Ģi ale neamului românesc, DensuĢianu a reuĢit să stabilească Ģi să definească, cel dintâi, trăsăturile definitorii ale modelului existenţial românesc, prezentând înţelegerea rostului vieţii de către români Ģi deosebirea pe care o fac ei între bine Ģi rău.
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Trebuie să arătăm că Nicolae DensuĢianu a fost cel dintâi dintre români care a utilizat, în cercetarea istorică, metoda „reconstrucţiilor regresive“, numită astfel de istoricul Alexandru Nemoianu. Metoda pleacă de la idea că izvoarele istorice, scrise ori arheologice, sunt doar rezultatele unor evenimente ori procese istorice, deci datoria profesională a istoricului este să se întrebe ce va fi fost înaintea acestora, iar rostul său existenţial este să avanseze, dacă nu un răspuns, măcar o ipoteză pluzibilă, pe care cercetări ulterioare o pot valida ori infirma. Nicolae DensuĢianu a folosit tot ceea ce era disponibil ca izvor istoric la vremea la care scria Ģi a făcut tot ce se putea face pentru a stabili ceea ce era, după cunoĢtinţa Ģi conĢtiinţa lui, adevărul istoric. Metodologia de abordare a temei Ģi de prezentare a surselor arheologice Ģi istorice despre strămoĢii noĢtri este interdisciplinară Ģi transdisciplinară, cuprinzând, într-o viziune enciclopedică, domenii vaste ale istoriei naturale, istoriei mitologice, preistoriei, antropologiei culturale, etnografiei Ģi depăĢind cadrul îngust al disciplinelor tradiţionale. Marele merit al filosofiei istorice a lui Nicolae DensuĢianu a fost acela că el a refuzat să considere modelul existenţial al neamului său ca fiind de mâna a doua Ģi a refuzat ideea servilismului automat faţă cu modelele din „afară“. Nicolae DensuĢianu a intuit, poate cel dintâi între istoricii Ģi gânditorii români, că cel mai mare rău pentru România a fost tendinţa „ploconirii“ faţă de modelele străine (cultivată cu grijă de toţi cei care nu au iubit acest neam). El a înţeles că subordonarea politică, economică Ģi militară nu sunt altceva decât consecinţa subordonării psihologice. Atunci când, la nivel psihologic, un neam este gata să adopte „modele“ exterioare, subordonarea politică Ģi economică faţă de o putere străină ( promotoare a unui anumit model) nu mai este decât un detaliu minor Ģi foarte uĢor de atins. Nicolae DensuĢianu nu a fost un Ģovinist tribal, aĢa cum sugera A. D. Xenopol, ci un admirator Ģi un promotor convins al fenomenului românesc, ale cărui rădăcini el le afla în vremuri străvechi, “Preistorice”, imediat post-edenice. Om liber, descendent dintr-un neam liber, admirator al unui model existenţial original Ģi egal în valoare cu orice alt model existenţial, Nicolae DensuĢianu a promovat cu o copleĢitoare erudiţie nevoia ca neamul românesc să alunge complexele de inferioritate care îi fuseseră cultivate cu “grijă perseverentă”. Folosind metoda reconstrucţiilor regresive, Nicolae DensuĢianu ajunge la nivelul primordial de dezvoltare a fenomenului Ģi neamului românesc, Ģi acolo el îi descoperă pe pelasgii Ģi hiperboreii cei credincioĢi. Tot acolo descoperă el trăsăturile esenţiale ale celor care, din vremea post-edenică Ģi până în ziua de azi, au vieţuit neîntrerupt în Carpaţi Ģi la Dunăre: credinţa tare, statornicia, toleranţa, capacitatea de adaptare, uluitorul echilibru mental. Nicolae DensuĢianu a desluĢit caracteristica de bază a fenomenului românesc, caracterul său cel mai intim, care leagă demnitatea de modestie Ģi modestia de eleganţă. Nicolae DensuĢianu a desluĢit Ģi modul în care aceste societăţi străvechi au vieţuit Ģi cele arătate de el sunt asemănătoare, până la identitate, cel mai adesea, cu civilizaţia ţărănească românească, semne clare de continuitate în timp, arătând în chipul cel mai convingător cum modelele străvechi au supravieţuit Ģi s-au adaptat vicisitudinilor vremii, fără să îĢi schimbe esenţa definitorie, duhul viu Ģi mereu acelaĢi.
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140 Reviews
Dacia Preistorică, la fel ca toate marile lucrări istorice, nu a fost scutită de uzura vremii Ģi de corecţiile aduse de noi descoperiri Ģi interpretări. Dar, în acelaĢi timp, valoarea lucrării rămâne neĢtirbită, la fel cum neĢtirbită rămâne ideea fundamentală care luminează această monumentală realizare românească. Nicolae DensuĢianu a scris despre trecut, dar a ţintit spre viitor. Cu mult înaintea vremii în care a trăit, el a intuit că lupta finală Ģi decisivă se va da între puterile Duhului Ģi cele ale materialismului agresiv Ģi sistemele ce îl promovează (nazist, comunist ori globalist). Nicolae DensuĢianu a demonstrat că modelul existenţial românesc înseamnă ataĢamentul faţă de valorile spirituale; Ģi concluzia pe care ar trebui să o desprindem este că actualul model existenţial românesc este predominant bazat pe modelele materialist-agresive. Nicolae DensuĢianu a mai Ģtiut, ceea ce părinţii Bisericii au spus dintotdeauna, că mântuirea neamului omenesc nu vine în istorie, ci la sfârĢitul ei. Este extrem de interesant de văzut Ģi de notat că valoarea operei în discuţie poate fi ilustrată prin felul în care a fost ea receptată Ģi comentată. În primă instanţă, monumentala lucrarea fost ignorată. Aceasta este una dintre prea binele cunoscute metode ale clicilor de intelectuali râncezi care, din timp în timp, se instalează Ģi acţionează ca juzi, juraţi Ģi acuzatori. Sunt intelectualii aserviţi clicilor politice Ģi care topologic ţin de Iuda Iscarioteanul. Apoi, lucrarea a fost comentată în mod exclusiv negativ. Dacia Preistorică a fost interpretată abuziv Ģi de cei care nu au înţeles din ea nimic, spre promovarea unor aberaţii Ģovinist tribale care nu aveau nici un fel de legătură cu Nicolae DensuĢianu, ba chiar stăteau împotriva a tot ce el credea. Lucrarea monumentală de care vorbim este de o importanţă covârĢitoare, în vremea când fenomenul românesc este confruntat cu un nou sistem "modern", al „globalismului“ promovat de diverse imperialisme, din Occident sau din Orient. Dacia Preistorică ne stă acuma la îndemână ca demonstraţie că Ģi acest sistem este sortit trecerii într-o ruĢinoasă uitare. Ediţia din 2003 a Congresului Internaţional de Dacologie a fost consacrată personalităţii, activităţii Ģi influenţei lui Nicolae DensuĢianu asupra cercetării istoriei strămoĢilor noĢtri. În Oameni cari au fost, Nicolae Iorga aprecia că Nicolae DensuĢianu „a strâns un material istoric preţios. El a închinat lui Horia o monografie extraordinar de bine informată, care va rămânea Ģi ar merita să fie retipărită” , Ģi evidenţia rolul său în editarea colecţiei „Hurmuzaki”. În primele volume din Istoria Românilor, Iorga citează foarte des documentele adunate Ģi editate de DensuĢianu în această colecţie. Tot în acel text scurt, de tip necrolog, Nicolae Iorga spune cu amărăciune: „ġi n-a fost decât bibliotecarul statului-major Ģi la mormântul lui, de unde lipsea Academia Română, deĢi-i fusese membru corespondent, a vorbit doar un ofiţer, coleg de slujbă.” De fapt, bibliotecarul Nicolae DensuĢianu, „şef de biurou clasa a doua”, în timpul vieţii, a fost „avansat post-mortem” la rangul de director, în anul 1995, cu ocazia sărbătoririi a 135 de ani de existenţă a Bibliotecii Militare Naţionale. Tot atunci, a fost dezvelit primul bust (creat de sculptorul Florin Musta) al lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, ce veghează „zăbava cetitului cărţilor” în principala sală de lectură a bibliotecii, care îi poartă Ģi numele. De asemenea, după încheierea Congresului
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Internaţional de Dacologie din 2003, consacrat lui Nicolae DensuĢianu, un bust în marmură albă al istoricului, realizat de sculptorul Ion ġeu, prin purtarea de grijă a doctorului Napoleon Săvescu.) a fost dezvelit în faţa bisericii din DensuĢ, alături de casa parohială în care s-au născut cei patru fraţi din „dinastia spirituală” a DensuĢienilor. În anul apariţiei Daciei Preistorice, România era angajată, politic Ģi militar, în al Doilea război balcanic. Participarea României la primul război mondial, numită de Nicolae Iorga Războiul reîntregirii, a permis realizarea României Mari. Noile imperii ale vremii Ģi-au reîmpărţit apoi sferele de influenţă, în cursul Ģi după al doilea război mondial, Ģi au nesocotit încă o dată voinţa de libertate Ģi de independenţă a popoarelor din această parte a lumii, inclusiv a poporului român. Născut într-o familie Ģi format într-un mediu cultural care afirma Ģi promova activ latinitatea neamului românesc, într-un anumit context istoric, politic Ģi cultural, Nicolae DensuĢianu a reuĢit să adune dovezi Ģi documente antice, medievale Ģi moderne, cu ajutorul cărora a construit arhitectura complexă a Daciei Preistorice, arătând lumii vechimea, trăinicia Ģi continuitatea existenţei noastre, cu mult înaintea extinderii influenţei romane în bazinul Dunării. Reperele spirituale conturate în Dacia Preistorică, acum o sută de ani, rămân valabile, iar redresarea morală a poporului român depinde Ģi de conĢtientizarea Ģi renaĢterea virtuţilor noastre strămoĢeĢti.
Trimiteri bibliografice:
Dacia Preistorică de Nicolae DensuĢianu, cu o prefaţă de Dr. C. I. Istrati. BucureĢti, Institutul de Arte Grafice „Carol Göbl”, S-sor Ioan St. Rasidescu, 1913. CXIX; 1152 p.; ilustr. Tainele trecutului românesc. de Alexandru Odobescu, Studii de arheologie preistorică Ģi istorică. Ediţie îngrijită Ģi prefaţă de I. OpriĢan. BucureĢti, Saeculum I. O., 2012, p. 9, 94-122. (Colecţia Dacia Sacra) , BucureĢti, 1880. Enciclopedia Română, Sibiu, vol. 2 (1900), p. 130-131. Scriere postumă publicată din însărcinarea Asociaţiunii pentru Literatura Română şi Cultura Poporului Român, de Alex Lăpedatu. BucureĢti, Institutul de Arte Grafice „Carol Göbl”, 1912. „Je lis avec un imense intérêt la Dacie préistorique de votre oncle (n’est-ce pas ?); c’est un travail remarcable par l’abondance des points de vue neufs. Auriez-vous l’obligence de ne dire jusqu’à quel point in faut suivre ses données dans le détail philologique ? În: Scrisori către Ovid DensuĢianu. BucureĢti, Editura Minerva, 1984. Vol. 3, p. 60 Vasile Pârvan Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei, BucureĢti, Cultura Naţională, 1926, p. 725. BucureĢti, Institutul de Arte Grafice „Bucovina”, 1932. BucureĢti, Cartea românească, 1942.; BucureĢti, Minerva, 1975.; BucureĢti, Minerva, 1976. Text stabilit de Victorela Neagoe; studiu introductiv Ģi note de Manole Neagoe, BucureĢti, Minerva, 1986, 736 p. cu ilustr.
Mihai Popescu
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