Gender and Security Sector Reform in Serbia
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GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN SERBIA Belgrade Centre for Security Policy 2010. 1 GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN SERBIA Publisher: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy www.ccmr-bg.org Gundulićev venac 48, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Tel/Fax: +381 11 3287 334 or + 381 11 3287 226 E-mail: [email protected] Editors: Sonja Stojanović Kathrin Quesada Research team: Nataša Petrović, Sonja Stojanović, Gorana Odanović, Maja Bjeloš Translation: Vesna Podgorac Design and layout: Goran Marinković Printed by: UNAGRAF, Belgrade Printing: 100 copies ISBN 978-86-83543-87-8 Belgrade, 2010 © DCAF, BCSP, and BFPE, 2010 All rights reserved. 2 DCAF The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) promotes good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre conducts research on good practices, encourages the development of appropriate norms at the national and international levels, makes policy recommendations and provides in-country advice and assistance programmes. DCAF’s partners include governments, parliaments, civil society, international organisations and security sector actors such as police, judiciary, intelligence agencies, border security services and the military. BCSP The Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) is an independent think-tank which is publicly advocating human, national, regional and international security based on democracy and respect for human rights. The Centre works towards consolidation of security sector reform (SSR) and security integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic ccommunity by creating an inclusive and knowledge-based security policy environment. It achieves these goals through research, public advocacy, education, publications and creation of networking opportunities for relevant stakeholders. BFPE The Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence (BFPE) is part of the South East European Network of Schools of Political Studies, operating under the auspices of the Council of Europe. The BFPE intends to facilitate the process of building and continuous development of a new, democratic leadership in the political sphere, as well as leaders in other segments of public life who will be leading Serbia toward European and Euro-Atlantic integration. Particular emphasis has been placed on further development of regional cooperation in South-East Europe in order to strengthen regional stability, security and democratic potential of the region. 3 Editors: • Sonja Stojanović, Director, Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) • Kathrin Quesada, Project Officer, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Authors: • Nataša Petrović, Programme Coordinator, Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence (BFPE) • Sonja Stojanović, Director, Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) • Gorana Odanović, Researcher, Belgrade Centre for Security Policy • Maja Bjeloš, Researcher, Belgrade Centre for Security Policy 4 Acknowledgements This assessment was made possible thanks to the funding of DCAF and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A special thank you goes to Kathrin Quesada for managing the consultations and to Daniel de Torres for providing feedback and suggestions on the drafts of this report, as well as to Dragana Petrović from the Gender Equality Council and Vesna Jarić from the Gender Equality Directorate for helping us to better understand how the gender institutions and mechanisms in the Republic of Serbia (hereafter Serbia) work. All those who accepted to be interviewed gave us valuable insights on the strengths and weaknesses of existing gender and security mechanisms. We would also like to thank local partner organisations for helping us organise the consultations in Bujanovac (Civil Resource Centre), Kragujevac (Roma Information Centre), Novi Sad (Provincial Secretariat for Labour, Employment and Gender Equality) and Novi Pazar (UrbanIn). Finally, our thanks go to BCSP and BFPE for providing material from the “Yearbook of Security Sector Reform in Serbia” and the “Recommendations for drafting the National Action Plan for the Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in Serbia”, as well as to Mina Lazarević (BFPE) and Aja Fukuda (BCSP intern) for their research assistance. Last but not least, the authors are grateful to Anthony Drummond for his language review. 5 Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 8 List of tables, text boxes and illustrations ................................................................. 10 Preface ..................................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary .................................................................................................. 12 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 18 Research Design ...................................................................................................... 23 1. Analysis of security sector reform and gender mainstreaming in Serbia ............................................................................................................ 25 2. Gender and security mechanisms in Serbia ................................................. 29 2.1. National-level gender and security mechanisms ..................................... 40 2.2. Provincial gender and security mechanisms ........................................... 45 2.3. Local-level gender and safety mechanisms ............................................ 48 3. Cooperation between civil society organisations and the security 51 sector ................................................................................................................ 3.1. Development of civil society in Serbia ..................................................... 53 3.2. Cooperation between security sector and gender community ................. 54 3.3. Examples of cooperation between civil society organisations and state institutions ....................................................................................... 56 3.4. Civil society initiatives on gender and security ............................................ 57 4. Representation of women in the security sector ........................................ 59 4.1. Legal provisions guaranteeing equal representation ............................... 61 4.2. Employment of women in operational posts during socialism ................. 62 4.3. Major recruitment of women after 2000 ................................................... 63 4.4. Quotas as obstacles to the recruitment of women .................................. 64 4.5. Recruitment campaigns and information about working conditions ......... 66 4.6. Position of women already employed in security sector ......................... 67 4.7. Internal anti-discrimination policies .......................................................... 69 4.8. Women in management posts ................................................................. 69 4.9. Social barriers to greater employment of women .................................... 70 6 5. Addressing security concerns of women and men ..................................... 75 5.1. Gender sensitive policies and protocols in security sector institutions ..... 77 5.1.1. Police ................................................................................................. 78 5.1.2. Judiciary ............................................................................................ 79 5.1.3. Human trafficking .............................................................................. 80 5.2. Gender-sensitive training of security sector personnel ............................ 81 Annex 1: List of interviewed individuals .................................................................... 86 Annex 2: Main international actors ........................................................................... 87 Annex 3: National legislation and policies related to gender and security issues .... 88 Annex 4: List of institutions for education and training on gender and security issues in Serbia ......................................................................................... 94 Aneks 5: Overview of consultations .......................................................................... 96 References ............................................................................................................... 101 Glossary ................................................................................................................... 104 7 Abbreviations ASTRA Anti-trafficking action BCSP Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (established in 1997 as CCMR) BFPE Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence BIA Security Intelligence Agency CCMR Centre for Civil-Military Relations (since June 2010 renamed into BCSP) CEDAW Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination of Women CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CMO Centre for Peacekeeping Operations COPO Centre for Basic Police Training CSO Civil Society Organisation DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces GBV Gender-Based Violence GED Gender Equality Directorate GESG Gender Equality Synergy Group ICMPD International Center for Migration Policy Development ICTY International Criminal Court for Former Yugoslavia JRP Judicial Reform Project KPA Academy of Criminal and Police Studies LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender MFA Ministry