Central America: A Dangerous Assignment Foreign Service Journal 1.25 FEBRUARY 1983

DIPLOMACY ON ICE Our Neglected Antarctic Policy AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, INC.

WE’RE MAKING IT EASIER FOR YOU TO BECOME A MEMBER

Eligibility for membership in the Association has been liberalized to include:

• Foreign Service personnel of the Department of State, USIA, USAID, Foreign Commercial Service (Department of Commerce), and the Foreign Agricultural Service (Department of Agriculture). • Personnel drawing an annuity based on employment in the above categories. • Non-career personnel serving in Presidential Appointments as Ambassadors. • Dependents of the above who are 19 years of age or older. • Peace Corps administrative staff. • Peace Corps volunteers.

Making full-fledged membership available to dependents will permit spouses and children 19 years of age and older the opportunity to enroll in our new life insurance program in their own names. The new program will offer basic coverage of up to $100,000 in increments of $20,000 with liberal supplemental and accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D) coverage. It will also permit dependents who are legally qualified for Federal Employees Health Benefits to avail themselves of our excellent Foreign Service Benefit Plan in their own names. We’d like to introduce you to our new program. To find out what we have to offer, simply complete the coupon below and send it to us.

MAIL THIS COUPON TO: American Foreign Service Protective Association 1750 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Suite 1305 Washington, D.C. 20006

I would like to know what you have to offer:

NAME ADDRESS CITY, STATE ZIP Fwim»yY»«

***r4-r

DIPLOMACY ON ICE Our Noglettcd Antarctic Polity

Officers and Members of the A Dangerous Region 18 Governing Board DENNIS K. HAYS, President Associated Press State Department reporter George Gedda ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President traces the recent fortunes of those Foreign Service officers who DOUGLAS P. BROOME, Second Vice served in visible Latin American policymaking positions dur¬ President IRVING A. WILLIAMSON JR., Secretary ing the Carter administration. BROOKE HOLMES, Treasurer RALPH E. BARNETT, Suggestion Box: Helping the Alcoholic 22 JUANITA L. NOFFLET, AID Representatives Our anonymous author, an alcoholic and retired FSO, ob¬ JAROSLAV J. VERNER, USIA Representative serves that some of the causes of alcoholism are endemic to ADRIAN A. BASORA, BARBARA HUGHES, Foreign Service life overseas and suggests ways of encouraging THOMAS J. MILLER, State Representatives the alcoholic to seek help. L. DOUGLAS HECK, SPENCER KING, CHARLES S. WHITEHOUSE, A Pole Apart 24 Retired Representatives Antarctica has been sorely neglected by U.S. policy, states Staff CECIL B. SANNER, Acting Exec. author Philip W. Quigg. Yet, because of its potential re¬ Director!Administrative Director sources and scientific importance, the coldest continent de¬ SUSAN HOLIK, General Counsel SABINE SISK, Members’ InterestI mands more State Department attention. Grievance Representative PAT GUILD, Executive Secretary Journal: Letter from Fort McNair 30 Congressional Liaison ROBERT M. BEERS Normally separated by the Potomac, diplomats and military Scholarship Programs officers meet at the National War College for a year of study DAWN CUTHELL and discovery. By Edward Marks. Letters 2 Foreign Service People 36 Foreign Service Journal Book Reviews 6 Association News 38 Editorial Board Plus C^a Change 16 JOHN D. STEMPEL, Chairman DAVID WILSON, Vice Chairman FRANCIS X. CUNNINGHAM GEORGE GEDDA The Foreign Service Journal is the magazine of profes¬ persons having an active interest in, or close associ¬ JAMES ROUSH sionals in foreign affairs, published 1 1 times a year ation with, foreign affairs. Membership dues are: by the American Foreign Service Association, a Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $117 TAIRA ST. JOHN non-profit organization. Material appearing herein annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 CAROL VAN VOORST represents the opinions of the writers and does not annually for members with incomes over $20,000; JAROSLAV VERNF.R necessarily represent the official views of the De¬ $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate partment of State, the U.S. Information Agency, Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues pay¬ Staff the Agency for International Development, the ments include $7.50 allocation for the Journal and STEPHEN R. DUJACK, Editor United States Government as a whole, or AFSA. Association News, per AFSA Bylaws. FRANCES G. BURWELL, Associate While the Editorial Board is responsible for general Subscription to the Journal: one year (11 issues), content, statements concerning the policy and ad¬ $10.00; two years, S 18.00. For subscriptions go¬ Editor ministration of AFSA as employee representative ing abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually. SHELLY RONDEAU, Ed. Asst. under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 on the edito¬ Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Advertising Representatives rial page and in the Association News, and all and at additional post office. POSTMASTER: Send communications relating to these, are the responsi¬ address changes to Foreign Service Journal. 2101 E JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, bility of the AFSA Governing Board. St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, Microfilm copies of current as well as of back New York, N.Y. 10017. issues of the Foreign Service Journal are available ©American Foreign Service Association, 1983. (212) 683-3421 through the University Microfilm Library Services, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, under a contract 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045. Offices in JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., signed October 30, 1967. State Dept.: 632-8160/2548 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., Membership in the American Foreign Service London SW1. 01-834-8023/9. Association is open to the professionals in foreign February 1983. Volume 60, No. 2. ISSN International Representatives. affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to 0015-7279. There’s a New State LETTERS in Washington Common Error And, we’re located right where Should you require a meeting/ you want to be . . . the State conference/entertainment I was naturally gratified that the Journal Department, George Washington room, we have several to meet believed my letter of October 6 on the University, the Kennedy Center your heeds, seating 10 to 75 dangers of the nuclear weapons race be¬ and most government agencies. associates. Catering is also avail¬ Our guests stay in spacious suites, able. For your dining pleasure tween our country and the Soviet Union with fully equipped kitchens, we recommend our Sherry merited publication. At the same time, i for less than the price of most Cafe, featuring a wide range was not happy over the heading of “A Call rooms in Washington. Our of appetite-pleasing to Disarm” which was placed over it. This rates for weekends, and entrees. Come by and is not a nitpick but an issue of some impor¬ longer stays, are visit our new state equally attractive. in Washington. tance. My letter decidedly did not advo¬ cate general disarmament per se, which is another question than progressively get¬ ting rid of nuclear weapons. Indeed, l share the views of experts far more authori¬ tative than 1 (George Kennan and Robert FORMERLY SHERRY TOWERS HOTEL McNamara, for example) that reducing (202) 861-8200 2117 E St. NW, Washington DC 20037 (800) 424-2859 the concentration of nuclear weapons in the dangerous European “trigger” area must be matched by a concerted rectifica¬ tion of the imbalance in conventional ar¬ maments between NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. But this is going to take a lot more political and economic will than the alliance has succeeded in mustering to date. While some people regard the use of so-called tactical nuclear weapons as an □YM, FRANK & COMPANY easier way out of this disparity, there is hardly a reliable expert who thinks a nucle¬ ar exchange of any size in Europe could Investment Manager remain limited and would not run a very for the great risk of escalating into a larger nuclear American Foreign Service Association war. I’m sorry that the Journal, a valuable ★ Personal Portfolio Management forum for informed Foreign Service opin¬ ion, fell into the common error of labeling opposition to nuclear weapons as support ★ Institutional Funds Management for the naive, and I fear unrealizable, aim of general disarmament. ★ Investment Decision-Making Models and Strategies for ROSWELL D. MCCLELLAND Ambassador to Niger 1970—73 Financial Institutions Washington, D.C. For information, write or call: ‘A Great Member’

□ym, Frank & Company As we pass through our lives and our ca¬ 171B 22nd Street, N.W. reers in the Foreign Service, there are prob¬ Washington, D.C. 20008 ably half a dozen men who influence us greatly. For me, one of those was Ambas¬ [202] 667-5003 sador James W. Riddleberger. I admired and respected him very much. Brilliant, but with a human touch, are the words that come to my mind as I think of him. When he was made political advis-

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL On the issue of creature comforts versus efficiency we diplomatically offer both.

Buick Century is a prime example of the purchase plan available to you as a many distinctive 1983 models offered by member of the Diplomatic Corps. the New Americans from General Motors. You can choose a car with export On the one hand, it offers all the specifications, or one to drive when creature comforts befitting your position. you're back home. And we invite you to On the other hand, Century is also contact us directly. technologically advanced-with Worldwide Military and Civilian Sales Group GMODC front-wheel drive and highly 3044 West Grand Boulevard efficient engines. Detroit, Michigan 48202, U.S.A. Whether ifs Buick Century, or any Attn: Foreign Service Inquiries GM Telephone: (313) 556-5643 fine GM car, we have a special Telex: 23-0162

THE NEW AMERICANS FROM GENERAL MOTORS CHEVROLET PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE BUCK CADILLAC GMC er to the Marshall Plan organization in I first worked under Ambassador Rid¬ Paris in 1950, he asked that 1 be sent there dleberger in Berlin. Learning that I was on temporary duty for three months to be becoming completely frustrated with the his staff assistant. My wife was pregnant nitpicking of a small-minded supervisor, with our first child and could not endure Ambassador Riddleberger called me to his hotel living, so she went to stay with rela¬ office for a long, friendly chat. He never tives in England. Passing my desk one mentioned my supervisor, but both of us DIPLOMATIC CAR SALES morning, Ambassador Riddleberger noted knew what he was doing. That action AND LEASING my long face and said, “This is the first probably prevented me from resigning ALL MODELS time you have been separated from your from the Service. OUR 20TH YEAR IN WASHINGTON wife, isn’t it?” I replied that it was, and The Service has lost a great member. I CAVALIER VW then he responded, "It won't be the last have lost a good friend. ONLY 10 MINUTES FROM KEY BRIDGE time.” Several times in later years we HOYT PRICE 4045 LEE HWY. „_ chuckled over this, for it was the remark Foreign Service Officer, retired ARLINGTON VA 22207 703/525-1900 needed to bring me out of my dark mood. Benton, Arkansas

Dunderheads

On December 13, 1 received my October issue of the Foreign Service Journal. I trust you dunderheads notice that it is two More IRA months late! However, this is your normal service to me. Your magazine comes to several people here in Manila. They get theirs about in the middle of the cover Less IRS month. 1 get mine two months late—usu¬ ally. They’ve been later. Save with an Individual Retirement Account at SDFCU. You'll The only reason I could come up with is that you all are discriminating between benefit two ways: a tax break during your working years and issues sent to AFSA members and issues a more comfortable retirement later. sent to ordinary subscribers, persons who are not members of your union. Issues to • Earn high market rate dividends the former you insure get out quickly; is¬ • No account fees at SDFCU sues to the latter take the slow boat. • IRA's are insured to an additional $100,000 by NCUA 1 dare you to print this letter in your • Working couples may shelter up to $4,000 each year in magazine, and I expect a reply. If the ser¬ IRA's; $2,000 for singles vice does not improve quickly I shall not • Married couples with one wage-earner may shelter up resubscribe and I certainly shall not join to $2,250 annually your union. • Open an IRA as late as your tax filing date (April 15, I hope, for your sake, that this is an 1983 for most people) to save on your 1982 taxes aberration. Are there any other non¬ member subscribers out there who are get¬ • Save even more when you borrow from SDFCU to ting such lousy service? open your IRA—call for details

Contact us today for an enrollment kit MICHAEL V. MCCABE Second Secretary, U. S. Embassy STATE 2020 N. Fourteenth Street DEPARTMENT Caller #200 Manila, Philippines FEDERAL Arlington, Virginia 22210 All member accounts CREDIT UNION 703/558-8000; 800/336-4704 insurec/ to $100,000 by The mailing list for the Foreign Service Jour¬ the National Credit Union Administra¬ nal does not distinguish between members of tion. All IRA accounts AFSA and non-member subscribers. All issues insured to an addi¬ tional $100,000. are mailed on the same date, generally around the first of the month. Once they are mailed, we have no control over the magazines. Our records show that your copy is sent by iSL APO mail, as you instructed us when you sub¬ li SOCIAL scribed. Our 80 members in the Manila embas¬ ■;u-;s2sss M sy. on the other hand, receive their copies by the air pouch system. We have had no complaint Mis from any of these persons about late delivery. We are sorry that you do not receive your issues in a 'Wi more timely manner. Perhaps you could allow us to forward your issues via the State Department pouch.— ED.

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Overseas insurance ■ either replaces your household effects _ at today’s prices or I it doesn’t.

Actual Cash Value Current Replacement Cost Most overseas insurance policies cover your The American Foreign Service Association is household effects for their replacement cost less sponsoring a Package Insurance Program for AFSA depreciation. This means that your $500 stereo sys¬ members only. The AFSA program covers you for the tem purchased 5 years ago may have an actual cash replacement cost of household furniture and personal value of only $250 today. That’s what most overseas effects that are lost or destroyed. insurance policies (or the Claims Act) would pay if it This means that your $500 stereo system would were lost or destroyed—hardly enough to replace the be replaced with a similar system at today's prices entire system at today’s prices. even though they may be higher than $500, subject only to the policy deductible of $50.00. Under the AFSA plan you can also add coverage for valuables or worldwide personal liability for you and your family. All with the assurance that you’ll get fast, fair claims service. And the rates are low. Basic property insurance costs only 750 per $100 of coverage. Give yourself some peace of mind before you S move overseas. Send for our free brochure to help / you determine how much insurance you need S and how much it will cost. Or call your AFSA / insurance specialist at: S

14 East Highland Avenue Philadelphia, Pa. 19118 (215) CH2-8200. y S Send me your free brochure / (with built-in application form) that S answers my questions about / overseas insurance. s'y Name / Address City State/Zip 283

FEBRUARY 1983 5 „ Save on Antiques L AUTHORIZED EXPORTER & Interesting Furniture! GENERAL ELECTRIC BOOK An Opportunity to Buy for Less Pickwick Antiques 1815 Adams Mill Rd., N.W. REVIEWS Washington DC 20009 GENERAL ELECTRONICS (202) 265-5360

INC. South Atlantic Suspense Featuring fine furniture, Oriental and Chinese rugs, ceramics, wardrobes, din¬ WAR IN THE FALKLANDS. By the Sunday ing tables, chairs, buffets, desks, book¬ REFRIGERATORS • FREEZERS Times of London Insight Team. Harper & cases, and much more. RANGES • MICROWAVE OVENS Row, 1982. $14.95. Open daily 11 am-5 pm. AIR CONDITIONERS • DRYERS We Buy and Sell — WASHERS • SMALL APPLIANCES For anyone still curious about the Falkland AUDIO EQUIPMENT • TELEVISION Islands crisis, War in the Falklands offers a DISHWASHERS • TRANSFORMERS comprehensive, cohesive, and exciting re¬ port on that nasty little conflict. The ac¬ Visit the Available for All Electric count crackles with the narrative tension of Currents/Cycles a Ken Follett spy novel. Despite wide me¬ NEW dia coverage during the war, this instant Foreign Service Immediate Shipping/Mailing history manages to keep the most knowl¬ From our Local Warehouse edgeable reader in suspense. Tantalizing Club phrases frequently do the trick, such as, We Can Also Furnish “But for that grace Britain might have lost Lunch • Special Events Replacement Parts for a quarter of the task force’s fighting ships. Most Manufactures There was worse to come.” And later, “They awaited Tuesday, May 25—Argen¬ 2101 E Street, N.W. tina’s national day when something spec¬ 338-5730 SHOWROOM tacular was bound to happen—with General Electronics, Inc. trepidation.” 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Even the lengthy prewar passages do not Washington, D.C. 20016 dilute the drama. These document the Tel. (202) 362-8300 TWX 710-822-9450 long and inconclusive arguments over sov¬ ereignty, involving Spain, France, Brit¬ GENELECINC WSH ain, and Argentina. Before hostilities commenced, some Britons voiced doubt over the validity of their claims, as well as the value of the islands. Britain now has physical possession once more and a psy¬ chological compulsion to hold on after the recent bloodshed, but the book demon¬ strates that no country can prove indisput¬ able legal ownership. DC The dozen authors also show that group O writing can produce a sharp and homoge¬ WHY American public opinion is LL neous style. They maintain journalistic the key to Mideast peace. objectivity by letting facts present unex¬ pected truths, whether palatable to their HCW U S. public opinion has been manipulated from abroad. nation or not. One instance—the Argen¬ Q. tines used additional Exocet missiles after N WHY Israel's position hardens as sinking HMS Sheffield. Only luck and poor the Arabs become more flexible. handling by the enemy spared the British more damage from these frightful new WHAT the U S. Government must do rockets. to break the deadlock. LU C/5 The pace never flags. In rapid order the reader is treated to on-the-scene (complete Hardcover $9.95 at bookstores or with dialogue) views of all the saga’s vital write directly to the American elements: Alexander Haig’s shuttle diplo¬ Educational Trust. 918 16th St.. N.W . Washington. D C 20006 macy; the Argentine junta's struggle with the problem; the United Nations’ feeble Telephones: (202) 659-1861 or attempts to save the peace; and the fierce toll free: (800) 368-5788 battles, down to gory specifics of wounds

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL INTRIGUE. Three ways to look smart Remember also that Ford’s Special on the international scene. Diplomatic discount applies to any 1983 The international flair of Mercury Lynx. model-year car, plus any truck up to The understated styling of the proudly the F-350. Just send in this coupon for traditional Mark VI. Or the striking aero¬ more details. dynamic look of the totally new Ford LTD. Each car provides a distinctively I”Please send me lull information on using my diplomatic | discount to purchase a new different way to make you look smart ■ WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES, FORD MOTOR COMPANY wherever you go. I 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D C. 20006 | Tel: (202) 785-6047 And the intrigue extends to each and | Name every car in the Ford and Lincoln-Mercury j Address lineup for 1983, with an absolute piece de City . State resistance scheduled for November: the Country _ . Zip new Mustang Convertible.

FORD EXPORT DIVISION FEBRUARY 1983 7 and death. Photographs and vivid maps effectively clarify unfamiliar terrain, while drawings of ships, planes, and weapons accompany the descriptions of complex modern military hardware being combat- tested for the first time. What do —FITZHUGH GREEN Japan Then & Now

A DIPLOMAT’S WIFE IN JAPAN. By Mary Ike. JFK Crawford Fraser. Edited by Hugh Cortazzi. Weatherhill, 1982. $29.95.

In Japan, the British are up to their old tricks, the legerdemain by which their &Nixori diplomats work in their offices by day, attend parties at night, and in their spare time translate Japanese and produce liter¬ ate books about the country. Sir Hugh Cortazzi, who revived this book, would have in probably disclaim being in the scholar- diplomat tradition of Aston, Satow, and Sansom, although besides being the cur¬ rent British ambassador in Tokyo, he is an common? expert on Japanese prints and Oriental car¬ tography and the translator of contempo¬ rary stories about the Japanese business¬ man. In making selections from Mary They were moved by Fraser’s account of her three years in Japan as the wife of an earlier British envoy, Cor¬ tazzi has chosen well. His 34 1 pages faith¬ fully reflect the order and content of her FIDELITY STORAGE original 781, with little sense of loss. In selecting her as a subject he has also chosen wisely. Mrs. Hugh Fraser, as she unblush- From presidents to outside of the Beltway, with ingly called herself, was exceptionally well plenipotentiaries, super-secure vault storage for equipped to convey insights into Japanese Washingtonians choose Fidelity your silver and other valuables. life of the early 1890s even though Japan Storage, the company with We are the only State was new to her and its language an more than 75 years of Department contractor with enigma. experience. Fidelity is one of both a quality control program Mary Crawford Fraser, a professional the area’s largest moving and and fulltime inspector to writer, was no ordinary British wife, as storage companies, with six ensure the highest standards. Cortazzi explains in his helpful preface. locations throughout the metro She was actually an American—although area—from the District to We have moved Patton, hardly an ordinary specimen of that na¬ Virginia to Maryland. MacArthur and Doolittle. tionality and period, being both a Catholic From generals to general and an expatriate raised in Rome by artis¬ Fidelity’s warehouses are the tic and presumably wealthy parents. This largest and most advanced service officers, join a moving background may explain her prejudice containerized facilities inside or crowd. against, for example, Canadian Methodist missionaries, and her adulation of Japanese aristocrats. But it probably also gave her the sophistication to look discerningly through the open shoji (she seems to have welcomed warm days as a voyeur might) into the lives of ordinary people. With an artlessness that must have tak¬ en considerable art, Fraser’s letters to home mingle the main political drama of the era—Japan's negotiations for diplo¬ matic equality—with reflections on court Inbound or Outbound, Storage or Air Freight, call Fidelity Storage etiquette, gardens, Japanese friends and (703) 971-5300 • PO Box 10257, Alexandria, Va. 22310 servants, her dogs, Christmases, and sum¬ mer vacations. If this sounds dreary, it

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The TASIS Schools S'vvitzerland ~ England ~ Greece

TASIS offers an independent American college- tions and experienced college counselling is preparatory education for 12-18 year olds on provided. To complement strong academic all three campuses, supplemented by GCE ‘O’ programs, the Schools offer a wide variety of level and ‘A’ level courses in Athens. Day extra-curricular activities in the applied arts and students from the age of 5 are accepted on the drama, and sports include varsity and intra¬ English and Greek campuses. The Schools enrol mural teams in soccer, rugby, volleyball, American and International students from all basketball, softball, tennis and swimming. over the world (35 nationalities currently Numerous day and weekend field trips explore represented). Classes are small and personalized, the cultural and educational opportunities the current teacher/student ratio is 1:10 and the available in each country. average class size is 15. Intensive instruction in the English language for foreign students is Summer courses in July and August offer designed to ensure a student’s integration into intensive English language instruction for all the full college-preparatory curricula. The nationalities. Exchanges among the three schools Schools are test centers for TOEFL examina¬ are encouraged.

The American School in Switzerland, CH 6926 Lugano, Switzerland. Tel. (091) 546471. Tlx. 79317 TASIS England, Coldharbour Lane, Thorpe, Surrey, England. Tel. Chertsey (09328) 65252. Tlx. 929172 TASIS HELLENIC, P.O. Box 25, Kifissia-Athens, Greece. Tel. 8013837, 8081426. Tlx. 210379

FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL WORLDWIDE PERSONAL PROPERTY INSURANCE FLOATER CaE from anywhere in the United States toU free underwritten HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE or write our Overseas Department for informa¬ by London 2101 L Street, N.W. tion about our low rates, our broad coverage, insurers and Washington, D.C. 20037 our new option which provides replacement exclusively Telephone 202/223-0673 cost without depreciation, and our ON THE administered by ToU free 800/424-8830 SPOT claims service by representatives posted Telex 892596 in every major city in the world.

FEBRUARY 1983 9 isn’t. It is a four-star scenario featuring assassinations, intrigue, fire, an earth¬ quake, and the smashing 25th wedding have Foreign Service anniversary of the Emperor Meiji and Em¬ rWe press Shoken. And, despite her privileged position, Mary Fraser does not conde¬ For the Foreign Service scend. She deplores her chic colleagues’ assumption that well-educated Japanese will not catch asides in English or French Whether you’re looking for just one car or an entire fleet, and the simple-minded characterization of a purchase from H. B. Lantzsch links you to a dealer who Japan and its people as “wee.” has served the diplomatic community for 23 years. H. B. This book will bring joy not only to Lantzsch—Washington’s largest and finest Volkswagen specialists, who will relish an afternoon at dealership—offers a Foreign Service courtesy discount and the Saigos’ villa or dinner with Prime Min¬ ister Sanjo, but also to former residents, speedy worldwide delivery. When you’re in Washington, including diplomats, who will be sur¬ stop in at our convenient Fairfax showroom, close to State prised to learn that at one time the beach at Department and Foreign Service Institute offices, and Kamakura was a deserted paradise, that it contact our Diplomatic Sales Representative, or write us took two days and a sedan chair to reach from your overseas post. the Fujiya Hotel, and that Tokyo was a city of gardens. But this is a book for ev¬ eryone concerned with why Japan is now so Bogdan Badrich, Diplomatic Sales, H. B. Lantzsch purposeful and successful. Republishing Route 50, Fairfax, VA 22030 • (703) 273-6700 Mary Fraser after 90 years reveals how much Japan has stayed the same, retaining its drive for education and the discipline Performance Cars from the People Who Perform For You! that both frees and controls the children, constrains the women, and leaves the men SPECIALIZING IN VOLKSWAGEN free to work and play astonishingly hard. Authorized VW Dealer VA Dealer #666 —DALLAS FINN -VOLVO • PORSCHE-AUDI (flEEttSSi) MERCEDES-BENZ- Yalta Unexplained

SUCH A PEACE: The Roots and Ashes of Yalta. By C. L. Sulzberger. Continuum, 1982. FREE SQUASH $14.95. In February 1945, in a villa that once be¬ MEMBERSHIPS FOR longed to the last czar near the Black Sea resort of Yalta, the three most powerful men on earth met to determine the shape AFSA MEMBERS of the postwar world. At the Crimea con¬ ference, better known simply as Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin attempt¬ ed to resolve some of the problems brought to the fore by their approaching victory over the Axis: reparations and the future of Germany; the Soviet Union’s intervention against Japan; Soviet expansion into east¬ ern and central Europe, especially Poland; and the structure of the United Nations. ASFA members can now play squash at the Capitol Hill Such a Peace is C. L. Sulzberger’s attempt to explain the Yalta conference. Squash Club without paying the $80 membership fee. By Unfortunately, the book adds little to simply showing your AFSA membership card, you will pay our understanding of Yalta. Although it only the court fees at Capitol Hill's most luxurious fitness covers most of the important issues usually associated with the end of the war and the facility Located only a block from the Capitol South beginning of the peace, the book fails to Metro stop, the Club also offers free use of changing locate the event in its proper historical rooms, showers, and saunas before and after playing context, and it lacks focus and a consistent squash, (There is a $10 annual processing fee.] argument or theme. Sulzberger describes the work as “part memoir . . . part history Capitol Hill Squash & Nautilus Club . . . and part analysis.” Surely this is too 214 D Street, S.E. • (202) 547-2255 much freight for so slight a vehicle (147 small pages of text), particularly as he does

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Paul Wood cares t about your peace of mind.

Paul Wood, your man in Washington, knows And, you can even store your left-behind that Foreign Service personnel have special in- treasures in Security's vault or keep your Ori¬ surance needs when they are shipping ental rugs safe in Security’s tem¬ goods overseas. As Manager of Secu¬ perature-controlled, moth-proof stor¬ rity Storage’s Insurance Division and age area. an employee for 25 years, Paul special¬ Paul Wood and his staff value izes in making you feel secure with Se¬ your peace of mind. These dedicated curity’s Government Services Floater. men and women personify the effi¬ This world-wide policy insures all cient, personal service that has made household goods and personal effects Security Storage the experts for over at any location in the world, except 70 years in all aspects of overseas the United States. When you extend moving, storage and insurance. coverage for goods being shipped, you Security Storage offers special will receive a lower transit rate. You low rates for Foreign Service person¬ may also insure your automobile nel. Call or write Paul Wood for fur¬ wherever it travels. ther information.

pprunfgtf pf'oragpri Qompanjj since1890 Insurance Division • 1701 Florida Ave., N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20009 • 202/797-5625

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE WOMEN SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! P.O. Box 8068, Washington, D.C. 20024 An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries mailed to every country in the ■ NEWSLETTER world. We maintain permanent family prescription, ■FORUM records. SEND NO MONEY-' ■ Monthly Meetings ■ Scholarships pay only after satisfactory re¬ ■ Community Service ceipt of order. ■ Holiday Ball for Teenagers ■ Language and Writers' Groups ■ BOOK FAIR (Book Room. Tel. 223-5796) ■ Housing Assistance and Information Weston PkovTULcy, Im*. Room 1248, Department of State, Tel. 632-3573 tla Morgan Pharmacy Foreign Service women, wives, or employees, active or retired, may join 3001 P Street, N.W. AAFSW. The annual dues are $15.00 which includes a subscription to the Newsletter. Send dues to Membership Chairman at address above. Washington, D.C. 20007 Calvert School The school that comes to your child Complete home-study course for elementary-level students. Kindergarten COLUMBIA PLAZA PHARMACY through 8th grade An American education anywhere in the world. Ideal for 5I6 23rd St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20037 enrichment. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved instruction guide. Start any time, transfer to other schools Used by over 300,000 students Non-profit Write for catalog Admits students of any race, color, na¬ Sensational SPECIAL-BY-MAIL SALE tional or ethnic origin. Established 1897 301-243-6030 Order any time and SAVE 20% on all prescriptions Send No Money: Pay only after receipt of order Calvert School The only drug store your family will ever need F2-3 Tuscany Rd. DEPEND ON US! Fast Service! Baltimore, Md. 21210 Telephone: 331-5800 Parent's name f Address City State Zip CRSR HRHRiZRa R " R Ft R V R D R Child's Age Grade

FEBRUARY 1983 11 not confine himself strictly to Yalta but taken by the author, of the dashing Gener¬ meanders all over the terrain of interna¬ al Anders, commander of the Free Polish tional affairs from Munich to Potsdam, Army in Italy. liberally dispensing personal observations, Sulzberger was for many years a foreign comments, and historical judgments. correspondent for the New York Times and Furthermore, Such a Peace needs but other newspapers, and in 195 1 he won a lacks an editor who might have been able Pulitzer prize for overseas reporting. Such a DIPLOMATIC CAR SALES to prevent the commission of such sen¬ Peace, such as it is, is his 22nd book. Sulz¬ AND LEASING tences as: “Eventually we reached Cairo, berger should have stood pat at 21. The ALL MODELS where we decided to base, near Marina’s Yalta conference certainly merits a serious, OUR 20TH YEAR IN WASHINGTON native land and on the road to everywhere, scholarly study to complement or replace CAVALIER VW including secret messages to her family.” D. C. Shavers’s not entirely satisfactory ONLY 10 MINUTES FROM KEY BRIDGE Or: “For a long, long time it was a dread¬ effort of 1970. Such a Peace is not it. 4045 LEE HWY. 703/525-1900 ful period.” Perhaps the best thing about —Louis JOHN NIGRO ARLINGTON VA 22207 I VUU the book is the particularly fine photo, Containment in Asia

DRAWING THE LINE: The Origin of the American Containment Policy in East Asia. By Robert Blum. Norton. 1982. $22.95.

The first part of Drau'ing the Line examines the United States’ China policy (or lack thereof) from the end of World War II to d Storage, just after the 1949 defeat of the National¬ District Mov«^ ists. In particular, Blum looks at the years 1948—49 and the China-policy debate that Establishing raged in the State Department, Congress, and various other government and non¬ Maintaining government bodies. As Blum points out, we had not one nuality China policy but three: one for Commu¬ nist China (entice it to follow a “moderate” or Titoist course); one for Republican Chi¬ na (halt their military collapse); and one This little handbook is a big reason why for Taiwan (promote the emergence of District Moving and Storage employees democratic forces). Not only were the poli¬ cies confused, they were mutually contra¬ always give your possessions the utmost dictory. Not surprisingly, all three were unsuccessful in the end. “Lormosa would care and protection. not reform; the Nationalists on the main¬ The handbook pictured here is the and dry. You will also see that we land would neither collapse nor effectively District Moving and Storage “bible.” have established procedures to en¬ fight the Communists; and the Commu¬ We give it to every employee respon¬ sure that your belongings, when for¬ nists would not publicly distance them¬ sible for packing, storing and ship¬ warded, are shipped safely, and in selves from Moscow.” Of course, the Na¬ ping our clients' possessions, and we accordance with State Department tionalists did collapse, and the United drive home the book’s message on a regulations. daily basis. It’s the key to the District It's this kind of quality of service States was faced with a hostile China. Moving and Storage way of doing and attention to detail that lias made The second part of Drawing the Line business, for it shows exactly the us the preferred moving and storage places our China policy in the larger con¬ ki nd of service we expect of our em¬ Company among State Department text of our Asian policy during a period ployees when they're handling your and Foreign Seiyietrprofessionals. that saw the end of European colonial in¬ valuable belongings. If you 'd like to have a free copy of fluence and the emergence of various If you were to read the handbook, the District Moving and Storage nationalist and Communist guerrilla you'd find that we expect our em¬ handbook, or if you’d like to talk with movements. ployees to pack every item, from de¬ us about your next move, just call or Blum’s thesis is that our failure in China licate electronic equipment, china or write us at: prompted the adoption of a policy of con¬ art to the Sturdiest pieces of furni¬ ture, with the utmost care and with tainment across Asia, particularly in Viet¬ maximum protection...and that we nam and Korea. He cites our decisions to expect them to be courteous and at¬ recognize Bao Dai over Ho Chi Minh, and tentive to all your needs. DISTRICT MOVING STOR AGE, INC. to send military aid to the French in Viet¬ The handbook details just how we 3850 Penn Belt Place nam, decisions which were made before store items in our totally secure Forestville, Maryland 20747 the outbreak of the Korean war. Yet Blum warehouse, so that they remain safe 301/420-3300 is less than successful in trying to prove this thesis. The impetus for containment

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL If you’re a member of the American Foreign Service Association and under 70, we guarantee that you and your family will receive Accidental Death Insurance with disability and dismemberment benefits. We also have a policy that guarantees you an income if you’re hospitalized. Both plans are offered at group rates, f AFSA Desk The Hirshorn Company 14 E. Highland Avenue Philadelphia, Pa. 19118 U.S.A. 215-242-8200. 202-457-0250. Please send me information on: □ AFSA Group Accident Insurance □ AFSA Group In-Hospital Income Plan □ AFSA Group Personal Effects Plan

Send for the facts. ■ Name. (The Accidental Death Policy I also covers war risks.) ■ Address

L J in Asia may have derived from our failure Salvadoran Transition makes no bones about his antipathy to the in China, but more likely it emerged as Salvadoran oligarchy or his underlying dis¬ part of a global policy based largely on our EL SALVADOR IN TRANSITION. By Enrique trust of President Reagan’s policy toward experiences in Europe—a possibility Blum Baloyra. University of North Carolina Press, El Salvador. His primary concern seems to does not address. 1982. $19.95 (cloth), $8.95 (paper). be that what he labels “the transition from Blum's discussion of our China debate is reactionary despotism” initiated by Salva¬ very good indeed. He is clearly familiar Despite the almost overwhelming atten¬ dor’s junior military in October 1979 with the subject matter, and has done a tion tiny El Salvador has been given in the should produce an economic and political great deal of work in the State Department past few years, there remains a real need for democracy that would eliminate the archives. The farther he strays from China, a calm and at least relatively dispassionate wrongs of the past. however, the weaker his work becomes. study of the forces that have torn that Baloyra traces the historical roots of the But if you wish to know more about our country apart and made it a focal point of current crisis very briefly. But he considers China policy options and debates in 1948- world attention. This book, by a professor in more detail the succession of military 49, this is your book. at University of North Carolina, contrib¬ regimes that in 1979 culminated in a new —FRANKLIN L. LAVIN utes to such a study even though its author kind of military coup, one which was ex¬ pected to make improvements in the eco¬ nomic and political situation. More than half the book is devoted to a description of the way these expectations have fared. In UTILITY STOCKS the background hover certain "American Fantasies” which the author apparently be¬ Check-A-Month Plan lieves have dominated both Carter and Reagan policies. These fantasies stemmed Receive a Dividend Check from the illusion on the part of those ad¬ ministrations that “the United States can Every Month! dictate the outcome of a crisis like that in Phone — Write — Visit El Salvador.” (Has anyone since John Fos¬ ter Dulles really believed that?) For new research report Despite such a patronizing note from time to time and a tendency toward politi¬ cal science jargon, the book contains much A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. useful information. Not the least of this is an extremely handy list of more than one Members New York Stock Exchange hundred acronyms of organizations and groups in or concerned about El Salvador. The Income Specialists There are also more than two dozen figures Over 200 Branches Throughout the U.S. and tables, some of which illuminate one or another aspect of the Salvadoran scene. Others, such as an effort to diagram a cabi¬ r net crisis, are less enlightening. In a section toward the end of the book, I Please send A.G. Edwards research report Baloyra writes of “The Guys With the on Selected Utility Stocks — Check-a-Month FSJ Guns,” an account of the various guerrilla groups and their leaders. The latter he Name finds to be “composed primarily of a dedi¬ i Address cated group of Marxist-Leninists. ” He in¬ ! City | cludes nothing about the sources of their I State Zip weapons or the manner in which their in¬ tellectual and, perhaps, material inspira¬ I Bus. Phone Res. Ph tion would be betrayed by participation in I l a truly democratic government. I I am a client of A.G. Edwards Yes □ No □ I I 1 —EDWARD A. JAMISON | A.G. EDWARDS & SONS, INC. Unfocused on Africa 1 Mrs. Ruth G. Adler, Vice Pres. Certified Financial Planner INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. Edited by Gwendolen M. Carter and I Spring Valley Center Patrick O'Meara. Indiana University Press, 4801 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. 1982. Washington, D.C. 20016 I 202/364-1600 Generally speaking, it is a pleasure to re¬ view anything written or edited by Gwen¬ dolen Carter, surely one of the United ANG125EDC SIPC States’ foremost authorities on southern African affairs. The same is true with Pat-

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL rick O’Meara. While a new work on the and important subjects, the book could HANDMAIDEN IN DISTRESS: World Trade in international relations of any area of Africa have been much better. the 1980s. By Carlos F. Diaz-Alejandro and is a welcome addition, it is difficult to get —ROY A. HARRELL JR. Gerald K. He/leiner. Overseas Development a handle on this book. The table of con¬ Council, paper #34, 1982. $3.50. This tents gives the first clue that this work Books in Brief . . . brief study argues that “the integrity and shifts rapidly from consideration of general credibility of the liberal trading order” processes — “The Role of Donor Agencies ATLAS OF THE 20TH CENTURY. By Richard must be renewed. in Southern Africa,” “The African Dimen¬ Natkiel. Facts on File, Inc., 1982. $29.95. sion,” and “The International Moral Pro¬ Prepared by the chief cartographer at the SENEGAL: An African Nation Between Islam test” — to case studies such as “The Economist, this atlas of world history since and the West. By Sheldon Gellar. Westview Communist States and Southern Africa,” 1900 places heavy emphasis on the two Press, 1982. $16.50. This volume by a "Western Europe and Southern Africa,” world wars but also manages to provide development consultant and professor pro¬ and “Nigeria and Southern Africa.” Even unusually detailed maps of Third World files a small, strategically located West Af¬ within the chapters there are sudden and conflicts. However, little attention is giv¬ rican country with both Sahelian and mari¬ unexplained shifts in focus. The editors en to agricultural or trade developments. time traditions. seem most comfortable with the introduc¬ tion — something which might be expect¬ ed from two such eminent authorities. While it is difficult to single out an entire chapter as being particularly infor¬ mative or thoughtful, there are some iso¬ lated pieces that fit that description. An example is the discussion of Nigeria and southern Africa by Alajide Aluko. Yet one gets the overall impression that this book — one of the first of its kind on a subject about which more information is urgently needed by policymakers — has been quickly thrown together with little fore¬ thought or organization. Some chapters are particularly disappointing. In the “Middle East Dimension,” Colin Legum disposes of Israel’s relations with the whole of southern Africa in just over three pages. Such a superficial treatment is rather sur¬ prising in view of the long-standing diplo¬ matic and economic links Israel has had with South Africa — the only country on the continent to which Israeli diplomats are accredited. Is this book intended as a guide for the offices specializing in foreign affairs, not only in the developed countries but in the newly emerging states of southern Africa? Certainly there are portions of many chap¬ ters which might be helpful to them. Is it supposed to inform political groups in a country like Namibia that may someday become independent? Certainly such groups might find it useful. Or is the book to be used by scholars and diplomats? Some information is disseminated, but much of it is anecdotal and isolated. The editors and many of the authors are very knowledgeable, but this knowledge has not been presented in an organized manner. There is no concluding chapter as such but instead, a chapter entitled “The International Moral Protest,” which is only five pages long and does not really tie the book together. Moreover, the book suffers from being disjointed and lacking in focus. With some reorganization, sub¬ stantial editing, more analysis by the edi¬ tors, and more thorough treatment of vital

FEBRUARY 1983 15 Moving with... AMERICAN SECURITY PLUS QA STORAGE CHANGE 11 Hudson Street Annapolis. MD 21401 8359 Ardmore/Ardwlck Road Landover. MD 20785 Qlfc MERCEDES FREE! NEW CAR CATALOG LAND/SEA/AIR Foreign Service Journal, February BUY DIRECT The comprehensive NAI Master Catalog contains 32 1973: "The United States indicated its pages, over 150 illustrations. DIPLOMATIC and FACTORY Overseas specialists in . . . tax-free prices, equipment, options, colors, and all the de¬ support for an international authority gov¬ tails on how to order your car at these special savings. Antiques • Automobiles The Nemet Organization has been meeting the needs of erning the exploitation of the world’s oce¬ Americans throughout the world since 1916 You will have your car. waiting where you want it. STATESIDE OR IN Containerized Storage anic resources in a White House statement EUROPE—when you want it, all serviced and ready to go at issued in the summer of 1970. It declared special factory prices Fine Art • Insurance Buy your new car from Nemet because we ll be that the resources of the oceans were the here when you get home. Door to Door Shipping common property of all mankind and

For your free Moving Overseas should be made available to all nations i — i i Please send me a FREE copy of your FSJ-1281 I or Moving to U.S. Guide, large and small, marine and landlocked. I 32 page Master Catalog. I The 42-member United Nations Seabed ! I am interested in Stateside Delivery call our overseas expert . . . European Delivery t Committee made considerable progress in I AUDI MG RENAULT I I BMW MERCEDES TRIUMPH I 1970 in formulating the guidelines for I DATSUN PEUGEOT VOLKSWAGEN I Diane Kinard I FIAT PORSCHE VOLVO I 301/266-6511 regulating exploitation of the oceans. In I JAGUAR I the same year the General Assembly Po¬ j Name Rank j She has the facts. litical Committee unanimously adopted a * Social Security No Date of Birth / t J statement of principles 'placing the seabed I Address I LOCAL/LONG-DISTANCE/OVERSEAS j Date of Rotation , beyond the reach of national sovereignties, Delivery Place . linking benefits from its peaceful use to Nemet Auto International the needs of developing countries.’ World's Largest Distributor of Tax-Free Cars 153-03 Hillside Avenue. Jamaica. New York 11432 —LESTER R. BROWN ' HEMET) Telephone (212) 523-5858/Cable NEMETAUTO l\. V Toll Free 800-221-0177 Foreign Service Journal, February 1958: “A general pay raise for employees of the Foreign Service is, we believe, clear¬ ly and urgently needed in order to enable SPARE Foreign Service personnel to meet the de¬ BUY mands of the rising cost of living. The last pay raise was granted by Congress in 1955, since which time the cost of living has YOERSELF risen sharply, as we are intimately and SELL somewhat painfully aware." the cost of luxury —AFSA EDITORIAL INVEST without sacrificing Foreign Service Journal, February comfort. 1933: “Our relations with Russia. . . have produced an unusual situation. . . The de¬ Ed Joyce partment has taken note of the need for Retired FSIO We offer the finest blend of convenience specialization in the work of the Foreign and economy (suites with built-in kitch¬ Service with respect to the development of LICENSED IN D.C. ens, and central location — within easy American relations with the countries of and VIRGINIA walking distance of the State Depart¬ Eastern Europe. This is shown in steps ment, Federal Reserve, OPM, GSA, taken to build up a special corps of Foreign Metro . . .). Take it easy on yourself at Service officers possessing appropriate lan¬ guage qualifications to assist in the carry¬ fffMOUNJ ing out of the work of the department and c the Foreign Service in connection with our VER1^01\f relations with those countries.” ‘REALTY m —ROBERT F. KELLEY V-,NC 6257 Old Dominion Dr. PLUS QA CHANGE records excerpts from Jour¬ McLean, Va. 22101 nal issues of 10, 25. and 50 years ago with an 2201 Virginia Avenue, N.W. Off: 821-8300 eye toward how much things have changed for Washington, DC 20037 Res: 821-2109 (800) 424-2870 or (202) 452-4600 the Foreign Service, or how they have remained the same.

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Tap a world market.

America’s diplomats—a global need. And when posted back to Washington audience of untapped potential they look for the people whose services will make their next overseas tour easier. No From Oslo to Ouagadougou, the Foreign- other magazine gives you this entire market Service Journal reaches the diplomatic —well educated, affluent, select and community like no other medium. Our influential. When you advertise in the audience of Foreign Service members and Foreign Service Journal, you have the their families is spread around the world at world on tap. more than 250 posts in 134 countries. In most cases, they find themselves isolated from the American goods and services they Foreign Service Journal

The Magazine for Professionals in Foreign Affairs • 2101 E St. IMW, Washington, DC 20037 • (202) 338-4045 A Dangerous Region

Association with Carter's Central American Policies Proved Hazardous to the Careers of Several FSOs

By GEORGE GEDDA

A few days before President vice almost as a matter of course. But the potential establishment of the first Reagan’s inauguration, David career diplomats serving in top posi¬ Marxist dictatorship on the American Newsom, the outgoing under tions, although often replaced by an mainland in Nicaragua and for the left¬ secretary of state for political affairs, incoming administration, can usually ist uprising in El Salvador. The fact was faced with an unpleasant assign¬ count on an appointment to another that the guerrilla-led “final offensive” ment. He was told by an official of the senior post. For example, George in El Salvador earlier that January had Reagan transition team to instruct Vest, a career officer who headed the failed did not placate those in the William Bowdler, the lame duck assis¬ European bureau under President new administration who argued that tant secretary for inter-American af¬ Carter, was named ambassador to the Carter’s policies had created an auspi¬ fairs, to vacate his office by the time of European Economic Community after cious environment for such activities. the swearing-in. With understandable the inauguration. Former Secretary of State Henry Kis¬ reluctance, Newsom carried out the Overriding Perception singer spoke for many when, deriding order. Carter’s approach, he said, “We’re The summary dismissal came as a Bowdler’s unusually harsh and un¬ creating our own anti-American revo¬ blow to Bowdler, a former ambassador ceremonious departure was but one re¬ lution down there.” to South Africa, Guatemala, and El sult of an overriding perception on the During Reagan’s early weeks in of¬ Salvador and one of the Foreign Ser¬ part of the incoming administration: fice, then Secretary of State Alexander vice’s most seasoned experts in Latin that President Carter’s policies had se¬ M. Haig Jr. repeatedly warned that American affairs. Bowdler had taken riously damaged American interests in the United States was prepared to “go charge of the Latin America bureau at Central America and were chiefly re¬ to the source” of Central America’s the State Department in the fall of sponsible for the continuing political problems — Cuba. Reports that the 1979- His tenure encompassed an un¬ turmoil in the region. Bowdler was United States was contemplating mili¬ usually tumultuous period, and the merely the first Latin America hand at tary action against the island were not countless 16-hour work days had taken State to sense the depth of the new denied. Assessing the new, more buc¬ their toll both physically and mental¬ administration’s disillusionment. In caneer attitude of the Reagan team, ly. He knew the change in administra¬ time, virtually all of the career diplo¬ one official remarked, “These guys are tion meant he would be replaced but, mats who guided Central American looking for a fight.” given his sacrifices, he felt he at least policy during the Carter years either In this atmosphere, the administra¬ would have a dignified leave-taking. saw their careers set back or found tion quickly came to the conclusion He was wrong. The call from Newsom themselves, like Bowdler, out of the there was no place for the Foreign Ser¬ “hurt {Bowdler} a great deal’’ said a Foreign Service altogether. vice officers perceived to be the archi¬ long-time acquaintance. “It really The Reagan team appeared to be¬ tects of the discredited policies of the shattered him.” lieve that the Carter administration, in past — at least not for long. The new Political appointees of an outgoing pursuing an aggressive human rights team had little sympathy for the view administration leave government ser- policy in the region, had created a that career diplomats are merely pas¬ political vacuum that allowed leftist sive conduits for policies established George Gedda has been a State Department insurgencies to flourish and Cuba to by the president and the secretary of correspondent for the Associated Press since intervene in the area on an unprece¬ state. The Reaganites, according to 1968, with a particular interest in Latin dented scale. The incoming adminis¬ one official, “had a particularly ideo¬ America. He served with the Peace Corps in tration felt that Carter’s human rights logical bent” — as others, besides Venezuela in 1962—64. policies had laid the groundwork for Bowdler, found out:

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL John Bushnell — He was deputy auguration continued to reflect Car¬ to a top administration position: “It assistant secretary under Bowdler and ter’s views and “he got on the black¬ would be very surprising if the people succeeded him on an acting basis be¬ list,” although his career is not most closely identified with that poli¬ fore Thomas O. Enders was appointed believed to have suffered irreparable cy, which permitted the Sandinistas to by Reagan to head the bureau. Bush¬ damage. After a year as diplomat-in¬ take over and set the stage for what was nell was an enthusiastic advocate of the residence at the University of Califor¬ happening in El Salvador, had been administration’s tougher line during nia, Binns is now assigned to State’s raised to the heights of glory by an his tenure as Bowdler’s temporary re¬ European bureau. administration that was appalled by placement. Once Enders was sworn in, Were these officers mistreated? the results of that policy.” Haig wanted to reward Bushnell for Were they unjustly penalized for faith¬ Pezzullo, on the other hand, felt the his loyalty, recommending him on fully carrying out the policies of the purge damaged the Foreign Service. “I three occasions to the White House for president? Or did they squander away think it was very unfortunate from a ambassadorial appointments. Each their claim to positions of trust and professional standpoint,” he said. “It’s time, the White House rebuffed the influence in a conservative administra¬ very dangerous when you confuse recommendations, obviously sensing tion by having formulated and execut¬ professionals dealing in a very difficult that he was tainted by his association ed “liberal” policies perceived to have area with partisanship. Professionals with Carter’s policies. Bushnell had to damaged American interests close to come into the Foreign Service on the settle for the number-two slot at the home? assumption that they will pursue poli¬ U.S. embassy in Argentina. Alphabetical Order cy lines no matter what administration James Cheek — Like Bushnell, comes into power.” Another former Cheek was a deputy assistant secretary Though not a spokesman for the senior State Department official de¬ under Bowdler, with special responsi¬ new administration, New Right scribed career diplomats as “by and bility for Central America. He was re¬ muckraker John Lofton, editor of Con¬ large, loyal civil servants. They cer¬ tained by Haig for several months, servative Digest, said the housecleaning tainly can be managed.” then went to Harvard for a year as dip¬ in the Latin America bureau was not In truth, some diplomatic profes¬ lomat-in-residence. Haig suggested to enough. The State Department is sionals are harder to manage than oth¬ the White House that Cheek be named “wall-to-wall with people who are not ers. Cheek, for example, has always ambassador to Uganda but was told, as Reagan supporters,” he said. “If I were been somewhat of a Foreign Service one informant reported, “There’s no Reagan, I would get hold of a State maverick, eschewing the polite cau¬ way Cheek is going to head any embas¬ Department directory and start firing tion that characterizes so many of his sy as long as we’re around.” Cheek is everybody in alphabetical order.” pin-striped colleagues. Over the years, now deputy chief of mission in Nepal Asked whether he wanted to soften he has acquired a reputation for pro¬ — safely out of the line of fire. that quote for publication, Lofton re¬ found hostility towards the economic Lawrence Pezzullo — He went to plied, “Well, I suppose it would be all elites and their military allies who have Nicaragua as ambassador in the spring right if they were fired randomly in¬ dominated Central American political of 1979 during the final weeks of the stead of alphabetically.” life since independence. Somoza regime and was replaced a few Said another conservative appointed During a stint in Managua as a po- months after Reagan’s inauguration. After a year as diplomat-in-residence at the University of Georgia, he was available for a new diplomatic assign¬ ment but none was offered. Pezzulo — illiam Bowdler, who makes no secret of his disagree¬ w» ment with Reagan’s policies — left the assistant secretary Foreign Service last fall. Robert White — A week after Rea¬ for inter-American gan was sworn in, White was fired as affairs under Carter, ambassador to El Salvador. He soon resigned from the Foreign Service and was the first Latin has since become an outspoken critic of American military support for El Sal¬ America hand at vador and U.S. opposition to a negoti¬ State to sense the ated settlement of the civil war there. Jack Binns — As Carter’s ambassa¬ depth of the new dor to Honduras, he was somewhat administration *s isolated, unaware of the magnitude of the change in attitude that occurred disillusionment with with Reagan’s inauguration. A former official said Binns’s cables after the in¬ the Carter policy.

FEBRUARY 1983 19 Counselor Edwin Meese III and two lesser known officials, E. Pendleton James, Reagan’s first personnel chief, john Bushnell was and his successor, Helene Von Damm. No one interviewed for this article an enthusiastic had much sympathy for White who, advocate of Reagan's after being fired as ambassador to El Salvador a few days after Reagan’s tougher line, yet the swearing-in, was offered a job in the inspector general’s office at State. Con¬ White House, sidering the offer an insult, White sensing he was turned it down and since then has cru¬ saded almost non-stop against the ad¬ tainted by association ministration’s policies in El Salvador. White’s erstwhile colleagues accuse with Carter’s him of having hurt the Foreign Service policies, rebuffed by what they regard as his intemperate criticism. But White sees it as his pa¬ suggestions of triotic duty to speak out against poli¬ cies he believes are damaging Ameri¬ an ambassadorship. can as well as Salvadoran interests. Ironically, the Carter administra¬ litical officer in the early 1970s, Cheek tary under Carter. If he had reserva¬ tion had resumed military assistance to felt the close U.S. identification with tions about Carter’s policies, he kept El Salvador during its final week in the Somoza regime was a mistake, and them to himself. When, during Bush- office, with White’s full concurrence. he made no secret of his low regard for nell’s brief tenure as acting assistant The policy shift occurred after Salva¬ President Nixon’s ambassador there, secretary, Haig began to pursue a dor’s guerrillas, with Cuban and Nica¬ Turner Shelton, a conservative politi¬ tougher policy, Bushnell seemed al¬ raguan support, embarked on their cal appointee. Cheek’s independent most liberated. The same John Bush¬ abortive final offensive. strain was underscored years later nell who assailed Cuban-backed sub¬ Not all Central Americanists in the when he worked successfully behind version in Guatemala after January Foreign Service found their careers set the scenes, through allies in the press 1981 had, a year earlier, been blaming back by the change in administration. and the Congress, to head off President Guatemala’s unrest on repressive mili¬ One who benefited was Frank Ortiz. Ford's appointment of Shelton to an¬ tary rule. Ortiz was sent to Guatemala as ambas¬ other ambassadorial position. Suspect Allegiance sador by Carter in 1979 but was ab¬ Few doubt the Foreign Service’s ruptly recalled a year later. The admin¬ need for some officers, like Cheek, who But the efforts of Haig and others to istration felt he was too friendly with are willing to put their careers on the reward Bushnell for his labors by giv¬ Guatemala’s rightist military leader¬ line on a matter of principle. The ques¬ ing him an ambassadorship fell on deaf ship and decided it needed an ambassa¬ tion, however, was whether the Rea¬ ears at the White House. Perceived as dor who was willing to confront that gan White House could count on him a loyal servant under Carter, Bush- government on human rights. In an to be as loyal a servant as he had been nell’s allegiance to Reagan was sus¬ obvious demotion, Ortiz was ordered under Carter. In rebuffing Haig’s ef¬ pect. Those familiar with Bushnell's to Panama as political adviser to the forts to obtain an ambassadorship for experience, however, including some American military command. He con¬ Cheek, the White House obviously de¬ conservatives, felt he deserved a better sidered resigning from the Foreign cided it couldn’t. fate. Service but decided to stay on to see if Bushnell’s case was different. Wide¬ Just who at the White House was the political winds would change. ly viewed as a conservative by his col¬ responsible for rebuffing Haig’s rec¬ After the election, Ortiz’s views were leagues, Bushnell had dutifully carried ommendations is not clear, although once again in fashion and he immedi¬ out his tasks as deputy assistant secre¬ some of the names mentioned include ately became a prime candidate for po-

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL T JL^Jawrence Pezzullo left the Foreign Service when no new diplomatic litical rehabilitation. He was offered assignment was virtually any Latin American ambassa¬ offered. He now dorship he wanted; he chose Peru. Ortiz’s experience during the Carter comments that the administration illustrates a point made by a number of State Department offi¬ Reagan purge will cials: every administration, not just warn young officers the current one, has had reservations about the loyalty of at least some dip¬ away from tough lomatic professionals. Officials recall that a number of China hands were assignments. drummed out of the Service after the Communist conquest of 1949, victims Under Carter, the careers of some In addition, a number of senior diplo¬ in the acrimonious debate over “Who officers were set back because they were mats who felt they were ready for am¬ Lost China.” The distrust of both John perceived as too conservative. But bassadorships complained bitterly F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon for compared with the Reagan adminis¬ when those assignments went to bene¬ the Foreign Service was well known. tration, ideological loyalty was far less ficiaries of Carter’s affirmative action Nixon felt the National Security important under Carter. Some officers policies — blacks, hispanics, and Council should have primary responsi¬ were penalized for non-ideological rea¬ women. bility for the conduct of foreign policy. sons. One respected career diplomat, Carter himself had no strong ideo¬ Determined to keep the State Depart¬ John Crimmins, was dismissed by logical underpinnings, and this was re¬ ment on the policymaking fringe, Carter as ambassador to Brazil over a flected in his appointments — some Nixon became perhaps the first presi¬ seemingly petty issue. He complained liberal, some conservative, from An¬ dent to name a secretary of state — in a 1978 cable about the “arrogance” drew Young on the left to Zbigniew William P. Rogers — on the basis of of a White House advance team visit¬ Brzezinski on the right. On occasion, his lack of foreign policy expertise. For ing Brazil. Soon after he was recalled, the results were chaotic. In Carter’s the Foreign Service, the Nixon years Crimmins, a role model for some jun¬ first year, there were titanic struggles were a demoralizing ordeal. ior officers, quit the Foreign Service. between conservatives in the Latin America bureau and liberals in the hu¬ man rights office. In Central America, it was the human rights activists who prevailed. The administration em¬ Erank Ortiz's views braced the view that change in the re¬ gion was both inevitable and desirable came back into after decades of repression and injus¬ fashion with tice. American policy was not to try to halt that change but to guide it toward Reagan’s election a moderate outcome — a goal that proved to be elusive. and he soon became In Haig’s view, that policy was cre¬ a prime candidate ating turmoil in the area, and his com¬ bative side surfaced when it was dis¬ for political closed shortly before the inauguration that Nicaragua, while receiving rehabilitation. He American aid with one hand, was sup¬ was offered virtually plying Salvadoran guerrillas with the other. On taking office, Haig felt it any Latin American was within the means of the United States to achieve a quick victory in post he wanted. (Continued on page 34-)

FEBRUARY 1983 21 The Suggestion Box Helping the Overseas Alcoholic

By ANONYMOUS

1am an alcoholic who was a Foreign Understanding that alcoholism is a ease has a genetic foundation or is re¬ Service officer. Since my retire¬ disease helps remove that stigma. lated to patterns of thinking remains ment and subsequent introduction Though the sufferer of cancer is unanswered, but in either case there is to Alcoholics Anonymous, I have thought of as a blameless victim, the strong evidence that susceptibility is learned a few things about the disease. alcoholic is usually considered a misfit related to body chemistry. Whatever 1 have come to understand why some¬ given to self indulgence and abuse. Re¬ the causes, the fact remains that, like one once said alcoholism (along with search into the causes of both cancer cancer, alcoholism can be arrested and divorce) is an occupational hazard of a and alcoholism, however, points to the controlled—and that early detection diplomatic career. While alcoholism is conclusion that they both may have and treatment are essential. by no means unique to the Service, genetic underpinnings. Other research The issues of detection, treatment, some of the causes of the disease—iso¬ has shown that alcoholism or latent and control in the unique circum¬ lation, loneliness, stress—are endemic alcoholism can be detected by measur¬ stances of the Foreign Service are im¬ to Foreign Service life overseas, and ing brain waves, suggesting that the portant to the foreign affairs agencies, frequently in large measure. disease is a function of the way a person the members of the Service, and their The common use of alcohol in over¬ thinks. Since this can be passed from families. Despite the department’s al¬ seas diplomatic entertaining makes one generation to another, it may ac¬ cohol awareness program, I suspect matters worse for the potential alco¬ count for the recurrence of alcoholism that a lot of fish are slipping through holic. The ease with which we obtain, in families. the net. The addiction is cunning and serve, and use it is similar to the situa¬ A most interesting theory came to clever; it will go to any length to con¬ tion of the doctor who prescribes nar¬ me recently from a Jungian psychoana¬ tinue its power over the body that cotics. Just as accessibility may explain lyst who was lecturing on the feminine feeds it, even to the extent of degrada¬ in part the high incidence of drug ad¬ principle in literature. In Jungian psy¬ tion, insanity, or destruction of its diction in the medical profession, so it chology the feminine principle is relat¬ host. Thus it takes a skilled person does alcoholism in the Foreign Service. ed to an infinite void that is the essence who is knowledgeable in the ways of Alcoholics and members of their of unexercised choice, while the mas¬ this cunning devil to detect and treat families who reside in the United culine is separateness and order. Men it. States have access to dozens of social and women are each endowed with In my own case, four doctors who agencies, AA, A1 Anon, as well as the both instincts. Though the appropri¬ found liver malfunctions during rou¬ State Department’s alcohol and drug ate principle usually dominates, each tine in-service examinations warned abuse staff. But this is not the case of of us shifts from one to another. Ac¬ me to be careful with alcohol. But it the Foreign Service family serving cording to this psychologist's theory, was not until I was taking my last abroad, where exposure to the disease alcoholism is spawned in the feminine physical prior to retirement that a phy¬ is more severe. mood of indecision. How many of us, sician insisted I talk to the alcohol and The stigma of alcoholism worsens while serving in remote or isolated drug abuse staff. Today, I thank the its effects. Overseas, where the line be¬ posts, have been faced with not know¬ doctor, the department’s program, tween private and professional life is ing what to do with ourselves? We and God that I am able to enjoy my rarely clear, families with a problem could not decide whether to go to the retirement in sobriety and happiness. tend to keep it within the family. This American Club, write a letter, read a The point is that I have a hunch that unfortunately is especially true of alco¬ book, or have a drink while thinking the doctors who made the earlier ex¬ holism, which by its nature forces its about it. aminations could have been more victims into isolation. The question as to whether the dis¬ forceful in their handling of suspected

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL alcoholism and could have insisted that I was sick, and I wrote letters to cers. Moreover, I am not certain that upon referral to the program. I am not myself saying that I was going to stop all medical officers are as sensitive to arguing that the department’s pro¬ this destructive habit. recognizing alcoholism as they could gram does not work. To the contrary, But I could not stop. I knew that be. Perhaps medical, administrative, the program works; I only wish that I something was wrong in my life, but I and personnel officers and even deputy had been caught earlier. used the fact that I was functional in chiefs of mission should have an oppor¬ Let’s examine some of the symptoms my job, and still reasonably social, to tunity to go through a 28-day rehabili¬ of the disease in the framework of a deny that I was sick. It was only after I tation program to heighten their Foreign Service environment. In my was introduced to the program that I awareness to the symptoms. early years in the Service I enjoyed the learned that denial is the principal Seeking Help many social functions that are a part of symptom of alcoholism. overseas life. Every once in a while I Under the best of circumstances, The problem, as I see it, is to create would go to a truly fine party that was within the Foreign Service a means for especially lively, and after most of the the alcoholic to seek help without a guests had gone home I would stay on further loss of self esteem. What is with a small group to talk and drink. ‘At some point I was needed at every post is one person to Over the years I found myself more whom the alcoholic can turn for the often than not one of the last to go no longer a social understanding guidance needed to home. I wanted to stay on to drink and emerge from despair and to regain a enjoy the companionship. drinker. I was happy and productive life. The pres¬ It was the same with the parties that ence of this person at the post should I gave. I really enjoyed them. In fact, I physically addicted; be regularly brought to the attention enjoyed my own parties more than I I was an alcoholic. of the employees in such a way that did some of those stuffy diplomatic re¬ they are encouraged to discuss their ceptions that we have to go to. (You During this time I drinking problems with him or her. know, the kind where they serve those I am very much aware of how sensi¬ watered-down drinks.) At my parties I was functional, tive the handling of suspected alcohol¬ was the one who was in charge of the I went to work ism can be. Its detection can influence bar, and my drink was never weak. At present and future assignments, to say my parties I could start sipping wine regularly, and I had nothing of entire careers. Through en¬ while I was doing the cooking, and lightened handling of the problem, then when everything was set, all of outside activities however, the department and the For¬ the decorations in place and the bar all that generally eign Service can reap the benefits of a arranged, I could pour myself a good fully functioning employee with a ful¬ stiff drink before taking a shower and included alcohol. ly functioning family. dressing. After I had dressed and was Only in the last year In the meantime, even though the ready to receive the guests I could have means for detecting and treating alco¬ another drink while waiting. When did I spend entire holism at Foreign Service posts is less the party was over I could sit down than perfect, I urge anyone who sus¬ with my wife or by myself and have a weekends in my bedroom pects that he or she, or a member of drink as a reward for having given such drinking alone. ’ their family, is suffering from alcohol¬ a fine party. ism to discuss it with their post medi¬ Becoming Addicted cal officer, or anyone who is available. The department has access to the best At some point I was no longer a rehabilitation facilities in the world, social drinker. I was physically addict¬ when the alcoholic is surrounded by and the treatment of the disease can ed; I was an alcoholic. In the last few people who can help him, this denial change the course of a career or a years before the disease was finally dis¬ will keep him or her from seeking lifetime. D covered, I found myself less inclined to help. As already stated, the circum¬ go to parties, preferring to stay home stances of overseas life are not con¬ Our writer, whose name wt are withhold¬ and drink alone. During all of this ducive to the alcoholic seeking help. ing because of the sensitive and personal time I was functional, I went to work The denial and other alcoholic think¬ nature of his subject, is a retired Foreign regularly, and I had outside activities, ing make the problem worse—too Service officer who served in Madrid, which generally included alcohol. It large, too complex to solve. For these Mexico, Dacca, Mogadishu, Quito, and was only in the last year that I spent reasons I believe that the department’s several other posts. Readers who have sug¬ entire weekends in my air conditioned alcohol awareness program needs to be gestions on how to improve the Foreign Serv¬ bedroom drinking and listening to the strengthened. ice are invited to send manuscripts of radio. Alcoholism is a medical problem, 1000-1500 words to THE SUGGESTION There was an inner voice telling me but all posts do not have medical offi¬ Box.

FEBRUARY 1983 23

A Pole Apart

The potential scientific and resource values of Antarctica demand more attention in U.S. foreign policy

By PHILIP W. QUIGG

In the hierarchy of overseas assign¬ nologies of the radio and airplane, riv¬ ments, where is one to place Ant¬ eted the attention of Americans much arctica, a land without a gov¬ as the space program did a generation ernment, bureaucracy, capital, or in¬ later. Then there came the Interna¬ digenous population? Of course, the tional Geophysical Year (1957-58), answer is nowhere. Yet this ice-en¬ which focused heavily on Antarctica cased continent covers 10 percent of and discovered more about the conti¬ the terrestrial world, is believed to nent than had been learned in the pre¬ have valuable resources, involves the vious century. This was followed by interests of the major powers, and, negotiation of the Antarctic Treaty by after a remarkable history of coopera¬ the 12 countries most active in Antarc¬ tion in exploration and science, may tica. They sought to institutionalize become a focus of serious political the high degree of cooperation and the contention. apolitical environment that had To the exploration and study of marked the IGY. The treaty, which Antarctica, the United States has de¬ came into effect in 1961, attracted at¬ voted greater resources than any other tention primarily because, at the nation yet, unlike seven of its allies, height of the Cold War, it represented has made no territorial claims there. unprecedented agreement between the Rather, it has been instrumental in the United States and the Soviet Union. It internationalization of Antarctica in a provided for the non-militarization of manner that is variously viewed as the the continent, a prohibition against last stand of colonialism, an exclusive nuclear explosions or waste storage, association of the world’s largest real¬ and the unlimited right of unilateral tors, a political anachronism whose inspection. The continent was dedi¬ days are numbered, or an astonishingly cated to peaceful purposes and freedom successful experiment in international of scientific investigation. cooperation among antagonistic na¬ Little Attention tions. Antarctica deserves more attention Since then, public attention has than it receives today. Within living been little drawn to Antarctica. Scien¬ memory, the series of Richard Byrd tific research continued on a substan¬ expeditions, exploiting the new tech- tial scale. A relatively few tourists viewed the wonders of the continent Philip W. Quigg is a consultant on inter¬ from cruise ships or big jets flying national and environmental affairs. For¬ from Australia and New Zealand. And merly managing editor o/"Foreign Affairs, there were occasional stories about he is the author of A Pole Apart: The Antarctic krill, the small crustacean Emerging Issue of Antarctica, sponsored that offers the potential for doubling by the Twentieth Century Fund and pub¬ the world catch from the seas, provid¬ lished by McGraw-Hill. ing its harvesting does not dangerously

25 disrupt the ecosystem of the Southern shared? Or is Antarctica, as the United Ocean and further endanger survival of States long maintained, “res nullius” the great whales, which depend entire¬ — belonging to no one — simply be¬ ly on krill. cause effective occupation and admin¬ Although the Antarctic Treaty was istration are not possible in such an a remarkable achievement, it failed to X, inimical climate? This position has be¬ come to grips with two matters. By internationalization come less tenable as year-round sta¬ pre-arrangement, the issue of territori¬ tions are maintained over decades, al claims was deferred, with the under¬ of Antarctica has been and, in the relatively benign northern standing that assertions of sovereignty peninsula area, Argentina has success¬ could not be strengthened or weakened variously viewed fully encouraged settlement of com¬ during the life of the treaty, which was as the last stand of plete families. not limited, though its provisions A fourth position that has been as¬ could be reviewed in 30 years. The colonialism, an exclusive serted — and totally rejected by the claimant states were (and still remain) treaty powers — is that Antarctica is Britain, Argentina, and Chile, whose association of the the heritage of all mankind. The Space claims overlap in the Peninsula area, world’s largest realtors, a Treaty, which the United States rati¬ plus Australia, New Zealand, France, fied, the so-called Moon Treaty, and and Norway; making no territorial political anachronism, or the Law of the Sea Convention, which claims and recognizing none were Bel¬ the United States has rejected, offer gium, Japan, South Africa, the United a successful experiment obvious though imperfect analogies States, and the Soviet Union. (On the in cooperation among with Antarctica [Journal, July/August basis of their “substantial scientific re¬ 1981]. Through the exertions of Ar¬ search activity,” Poland and West antagonistic nations. gentina and Chile in the Group of 77, Germany have recently been invited to Antarctica became an unmentionable join the inner circle of “consultative subject in the LOS negotiations, but it members.”) was rarely out of mind. The Antarctic The second most obvious omission adamant in their insistence on sover¬ Treaty powers have dreaded the in the treaty stemmed from the first: eignty, and before the rest of the world thought that after completion of the the question of how natural resources becomes more aggressive in asserting LOS Convention a battalion of interna¬ might some day be explored and ex¬ rights to share the spoils, if any. Al¬ tional lawyers might have nothing bet¬ ploited could not be dealt with as long ready, Australia, New Zealand, and ter to do than to seek to impose the as the charter members were uncom¬ Britain, once somewhat flexible, have Common Heritage principle on Ant¬ promisingly divided on the issue of joined Chile and Argentina in a very arctica. If half the treaty nations have sovereignty. Today the 14 consultative tough posture. The negotiations are failed to establish their sovereign treaty members are making a second going slowly and it is possible agree¬ claims convincingly, and the other half effort. They are trying to fashion a ment may never be reached. assert that no national sovereignty “minerals regime” that would set the Who Owns Antarctica? exists in Antarctica, then the legal terms on which the anticipated depos¬ position of the treaty members is vul¬ its of oil, gas, and hard minerals might It is surely singular that there is no nerable to the Common Heritage con¬ some day be developed with adequate consensus as to who owns Antarctica. cept. At the least, the international protection for the environment. Ex¬ Does it belong to the seven claimants Seabed Authority might seem justified ploitation is not imminent; explora¬ and, if so, who gets title to the seg¬ in claiming responsibility for Ant¬ tion has not begun and the technology ment in Marie Byrd Land that no one arctic resources from the shoreline for development in such a hostile envi¬ has claimed and how are the overlap¬ outward. ronment is lacking. What gives some ping claims to be resolved? Does it A more immediate impact of the urgency to the negotiations is the pre¬ belong to the “Gang of 14” — the Law of the Sea Convention has been to sumed need to reach agreement before nations that have over the years invest¬ present the claimant states with a di¬ valuable discoveries are made, before ed large sums in scientific research, the lemma. If they fail to declare sover¬ the claimant states become any more results of which have been freely eignty over a 200-mile exclusive eco-

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL nomic zone off their Antarctic coasts, seeing that they are effectively pursued they might compromise their territori¬ has been the Antarctic Policy Group, al claims. But if they explicitly claim consisting of the Department of State, their EEZs, they may be in defiance of the Defense Department, and the Na¬ the Antarctic Treaty, which forbids tional Science Foundation, through enlargement of existing claims. A X which all funds for research are sy¬ great deal of ingenuity has been used Antarctic Treaty phoned. The group is chaired by State; in trying to resolve this inherent other departments and agencies par¬ conflict. provided for ticipate on an ad hoc basis as their in¬ terests become involved. Having been Different Perspectives non-militarization, deprived of its once primary role, the In August 1975, the Foreign Service prohibited nuclear Defense Department is now an unin¬ Journal published an article entitled terested if not sullen player, without “Antarctica: the Land Belonging to explosions or waste significant expertise and no mission All the People.” A representative of storage, and set up the other than to provide logistic services the Third World might have been ex¬ requested and paid for by NSF’s Divi¬ cused for assuming that the author was right of unilateral sion of Polar Programs. endorsing the treatment of Antarctica How is the State Department as the heritage of all mankind. Such inspection. The continent equipped to exercise its responsibil¬ was not his intent, but the article did was dedicated to peaceful ities for Antarctica? Antarctic affairs reflect a confusion that has pursued reside in the Bureau of Oceans and In¬ North-South relations in several con¬ purposes and scientific ternational Environmental and Scien¬ texts. The United States freely applies tific Affairs (OES), their fourth home the word “Commons” to areas beyond investigation. since World War II. When this catch¬ national jurisdiction, including the all bureau was created in 1973, the floor of the sea and Antarctica. The announcement failed even to mention analogy is with the high seas, which that Antarctica was part of its responsi¬ every nation is free to use, abuse, and dally remarkable because it has been so bility. For an extended period in the exploit. To the developing nations, vacillating, so unsure of its own inter¬ mid- and late 1970s, State literally had this concept is unsatisfactory, for it ests. For example, it backed and filled no policy on the key Antarctic issues means that resources are up for grabs for three decades on the question of because the bureau was preoccupied by the technologically most advanced asserting a claim and to this day keeps with other matters. For the biennial nations. Thus they interpret the Com¬ open the possibility that it might. meeting of the treaty powers in Oslo in mons as the common heritage of man¬ From the end of World War II until 1975, the U.S. position papers were kind, where all share equally or accord¬ the conclusion of the IGY, a pillar of prepared by the NSF, which also pro¬ ing to need. This difference in U.S. policy (and that of its allies) was vided the chairman of the delegation. perception is fundamental to a discus¬ to exclude the Soviet Union from any This astonishing abnegation of State’s sion of what the future of Antarctica political arrangement for Antarctica; responsibility was consistent with the should be. Nevertheless, it is impor¬ this was reversed in a matter of months fact that in its first five years OES was tant to note that Antarctica is legally and the Soviets were invited to join in headed by a succession of three inexpe¬ open to all. Though it may often ap¬ the treaty negotiations (which the rienced assistant secretaries and for 31 pear to be operated like a club, the Russians stonewalled for almost a months the post was vacant. In a peri¬ Fourteen are discriminatory only as to year). U.S. decision-making regarding od of less than three years, 1979—81, who sits on the board. And they can Antarctica has resided in a variety of the bureau had four different deputy only hope that any outsider coming to bodies and until quite recently there assistant secretaries with responsibility Antarctica will abide by the rules laid were perpetual bills in Congress to cre¬ for Antarctica. During these crucial down by the treaty and subsequent ate some special institution to estab¬ months the United States was negoti¬ conventions. lish and carry out policy in Antarctica. ating the important Convention on the That the United States has played a Since 1965, the responsible body for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Liv¬ leadership role in Antarctica is espe- setting objectives in Antarctica and ing Resources, planning and hosting

FEBRUARY 1983 27 the Tenth Consultative Meeting of the Also, it may prove necessary for the Treaty Parties, and preparing posi¬ United States to reduce its use of costly tions for the start of negotiations on a C-130 transports, which have given a minerals regime. Leadership and con¬ special character to U.S. operations. tinuity have for some years resided in a The question arises whether the Unit¬ single Foreign Service officer, who has TJL hough ed States can maintain its influence now resigned in order to remain in it is ostensibly U.S. among the consultative powers while Washington as our only knowledge¬ reducing its effort when others are in¬ able person in Antarctic affairs. policy to maintain a creasing theirs. Of course, the quality of science cannot be measured in ex¬ Grab-bag Bureau constant effort in penditures, but research at the bottom Obviously, Antarctica is not consid¬ scientific research of the world is especially costly. For ered a stepping stone to high promo¬ every dollar of science about nine are tion within State. This is in part inher¬ in Antarctica, budgetary required for support. But to give the ent in the circumstances of an appearance of declining interest in unpopulated, cultureless territory constraints are Antarctica would be particularly un¬ where there have so far been no politi¬ gradually eroding the fortunate at a time when the influence cal crises. But it also stems from the of the United States is essential to sat¬ structure of OES, a grab-bag of left¬ U.S. position .... isfactory pursuit of a minerals regime over missions whose assistant secre¬ and the preservation of the Antarctic taries have generally been chosen for Meanwhile, the Soviets Treaty system. their experience in nuclear matters have recently opened a We have a major stake in both. The (OES has responsibility for non-prolif¬ treaty system, as it has evolved into a eration) rather than in science or the new year-round station. continuing decision-making body, environment or the oceans, much less could easily come apart over the en¬ Antarctica. What has probably saved twined issues of territorial claims and State from more acute embarrassment resources. What would take its place? is that other departments and agencies terests as yet. It is a wheel that does not The United Nations with more than have provided essential inputs to poli¬ squeak, but it deserves to be noticed. 150 cooks stirring the pot? This would cy formulation. For when the United There is one other concern bearing quite likely put the Antarctic environ¬ States enters negotiations with its trea¬ on U.S. capacity to sustain its influ¬ ment at risk, deter scientific research, ty partners, it is going up against dele¬ ence in Antarctica. Although it is os¬ and fail to establish a climate for in¬ gates with years, even decades, of tensibly U.S. policy to maintain a con¬ vestment. The treaty powers have so experience in Antarctic affairs. They stant effort in scientific research in far behaved responsibly and have ac¬ are not time-servers, but skilled, high¬ Antarctica, budgetary constraints are knowledged the interests of all man¬ ly informed experts, frustrated by not gradually eroding the U.S. position, kind. If they can resolve their internal knowing whom to deal with or who is particularly as compared with the So¬ differences over a minerals regime, in charge in Washington. viet Union, Japan, Argentina, and they deserve the opportunity to con¬ Antarctic issues are becoming too West Germany. Specifically, the U.S. tinue to administer Antarctica as a technical, the tensions too severe, and decision to maintain four year-round Commons in trust for all mankind. U.S. interests too important to contin¬ stations, a policy sustained for more The Gang of 14 are emphatic in their ue policymaking and execution in the than two decades, is being revised. Si- unwillingness to share decision-mak¬ haphazard manner of the past. Not ple Station will soon be closed perma¬ ing and administrative responsibility only is State undermanned, but past nently, leaving only McMurdo, South widely. But if their self-appointed sources of expertise such as the Depart¬ Pole, and Palmer (on the Peninsula). mission is to remain acceptable to the ment of Energy, Commerce, and the Meanwhile, the Soviet Union has re¬ rest of the world, some adjustments National Oceanic and Atmospheric cently opened a new year-round station may be needed. If membership in the Administration are being devastated. in the sector that has previously been club is seen to offer substantial benefits Antarctica has no constituency in the treated almost as a U.S. preserve — as well as responsibilities, ways must United States and no commercial in- bringing the Soviet total to seven. be found to give the developing coun-

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tries some sense of participation. This mounted only one very small expedi¬ will require some tough decisions by tion since 1958, has secure member¬ the 14. ship for as long as it wishes. If the treaty powers are serious about their Breaking the Ice JL" JLore special qualifications for administering First, the treaty powers should do M Antarctica, these anomalies should be what they can to overcome the appear¬ than at any time since removed. ance of secrecy. It is understandable Fifth, to forestall external political that their deliberations are closed to the negotiation of the pressures, it might be sensible to in¬ the public; nations with so many dif¬ Antarctic Treaty, vite representative Third World coun¬ ferences and antagonisms among them tries to become consultative members could not reach consensus in an open imaginative initiatives on a rotating basis. Two developing forum. But much more documentary nations would suffice, drawn initially material could be published and re¬ and political leverage are from the 11 states have have adhered to ports of meetings could be fuller with¬ the treaty without gaining consulta¬ out betraying confidences. It is intol¬ needed to make certain tive status. At the start, the selection erable, for example, thatU.S. position that a minerals regime is might be made by the consultative papers must be classified, not for any members themselves, but in due reason of national security but because achieved and to course — possibly after 1991, when of understandings among the treaty the treaty can be amended by a simple members. demonstrate the majority — the rotating members Second, if exploitation of Antarctic adaptability of the should be chosen by an appropriate or¬ mineral resources becomes feasible, gan of the United Nations. Four-year some form of profit-sharing must be treaty system. terms would allow them to participate undertaken as a matter of right. Most in at least two consultative meetings treaty members have implicitly ac¬ but limit the time they could obstruct knowledged this obligation, but they a consensus. There is no reason to as¬ may depart from the principle when nal parties to the treaty and for subse¬ sume, however, that U.N.-appointed revenues seem less remote. Revenue quently inviting other countries to be¬ members would add anything to the sharing with the Third World is the come consultative members. But tensions already existing among the minimum that can be offered as com¬ several of the contracting parties —- 14, a most improbable group of coun¬ promise between the concept of the Belgium, Norway, and South Africa tries from which to expect a consensus. Commons (them that has gets) and the — no longer conduct substantial sci¬ These are some of the ways in which Common Heritage (then that hasn’t entific research activity. Since knowl¬ the treaty system might be adapted so are first in line). edge and experience of Antarctica are that the consultative members may Third, the international Seabed Au¬ the justification for the privileged role continue to exercise responsible trus¬ thority should be invited to participate assumed by consultative members, teeship. More than at any time since in mineral exploration and exploita¬ failure to sustain research at some rea¬ the negotiation of the Antarctic Trea¬ tion when and if these activities are sonable level weakens the case for re¬ ty, in which the United States played deemed feasible and environmentally sponsible trusteeship. And while, by the central role, imaginative initia¬ safe. This will allow the developing treaty, the original 12 are immune tives and political leverage are needed countries to take an active role in the from forced resignation, nations subse¬ to make certain that a minerals regime only way that is practicable, and it will quently invited to join the inner circle is achieved, and then to demonstrate serve as a reminder that Antarctica is can be dropped for failure to sustain the adaptability of the treaty system so not closed to anyone. some undefined level of effort. Thus as to ensure that “in the interest of all Fourth, the treaty powers should Poland, whose economic problems mankind,” as the treaty states, “Ant¬ define what is meant by “substantial have required a radical cutback in Ant¬ arctica shall continue forever to be used scientific research activity” and then arctica, might legally be disinvited at exclusively for peaceful purposes and apply it equitably. These words any moment (though it is very unlike¬ shall not become the scene or object of formed the basis for selecting the origi- ly), whereas Belgium, which has international discord.” D

FEBRUARY 1983 29 from

Normally separated by a strength built in to start. Seventy-six our opinions. We also arrived at a few years old, the college has that charac¬ conclusions; in my case I came to more river, the first line of ter, a gravitas that lends dignity to the or less agree with the observation of a institution and its program. Nearly a friend who had passed through the col¬ defense and the last line hundred years before it was built, a lege a few years before. He decided battery of eight 24-pounders charged that the Air Force types were quick meet on the Washington with the naval defense of Washington and clever but tended to be narrow and guarded the point now dominated by obsessed with gadgetry; the Navy pro¬ peninsula where the the college and the golf course. In vincial and self-absorbed; the Marines National War College 1814 the invading British forces blew quirky and occasionally oddly intellec¬ up the garrison and, today, senior tual; and the Army the most mature stands. military officers and others armed with and “most like us.” He did not men¬ numbered clubs guard the site where tion the Coast Guard, but the two in By EDWARD MARKS the battery once stood. the Class of '81 were universally ad¬ The student body numbered 160, mired for their personal and profes¬ The Class of 1981 arrived at the split between the Army, the sea serv¬ sional qualities. National War College in early ices, the Air Force, and civilians. The The Marines, of course, were the August. We drifted into the military students averaged just under most impressive, being the most un¬ old building at the end of the peninsu¬ 42 in age, the civilians a few years changed from the old image. They are la formed by the confluence of the An- older. For the military in particular, the opposite of trendy. They move acostia River and Washington Chan¬ selection for the college obviously had through life with ears attuned to the nel and, with only minimal confusion, a special meaning, a career passage. Corps’ drummer, still beating the old passed through the various registration Most of them came from important refrain. On the birthday of their ser¬ lines. By noon we had completed the jobs, but they still retained the whiff of vice, they held a noon-time ceremony initial paperwork, found our desks, the junior officer. For the military, ar¬ in the great central hall of the war col¬ met our comrades, and finished for the rival at the college meant an important lege. The rest of us stood around in day. That gave us time to explore our ticket was being punched. Selection clusters and hung over the circling bal¬ campus. for senior training, though not a guar¬ conies to watch. The Marines marched Fort Lesley J. McNair is a lovely old antee of elevation to the ranks of the in to the reverberating sound of their Army post, built in a more gracious mighty, at least meant they were in red-coated drum-and-bugle corps and era and gently transformed over the the running. proceeded to stand tall and salute and years into a scenic site in the heart of New Post, New School honor their friends, their Corps, their the capital. The only troops are the country, and themselves. We listened honor company of the Old Guard We civilians watched and weighed that day and were touched. The Ma¬ which occasionally dress in Revolu¬ our military colleagues (presumably as rines performed an old-fashioned cere¬ tionary War uniforms. They occupy they were doing with us) and matched mony with perfect aplomb, armored the lower post, near the entrance. The our prejudices, preconceptions, and by innocence and self-confidence. main sweep of the fort is dominated by memories against reality. Our mood They made it clear that they knew who the row of generals’ houses, the offi¬ was much as one might expect of a they were, and that they were satisfied cers’ club, the tennis courts and nine- group of Americans of that age and with that knowledge. hole golf course, the modern Industrial background — a mixture of new post The civilians were more of a mixed College of the Armed Forces building, and new school. For at least this stu¬ bag. Some worked for the Department and the crowning National War Col¬ dent, there were also the mixed feel¬ of Defense and were quite at home, lege. Time can lend character, if not ings of diffidence, respect, disdain, others were strays from the spectrum of beauty, to a building if there is some and amusement. A former draftee was government agencies with various de¬ now mixing professionally and socially grees of legitimate interest in foreign Edward Marks is coordinator for anti-ter¬ with battalions of colonels. After 21 affairs and national security: OMB, rorism programs in the Office for Com¬ years, I still remembered my serial Treasury, the FBI, NSA. There were batting Terrorism. He was chief of mission number (US 52428657). By the end of also a number of openly declared CIA in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. the term, we had somewhat modified officers whose exoticism wore off

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Fort McNair National War College

The National War College was built of red brick during the years 1903-07 and dedicated in 1908. A late example of the Beaux Arts era, it was designed by the prominent Washington architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White. Its brick tile ceilings and vaulting, three-story central hall give it an air of grandeur appropriate to McKim, a noted architect who designed the Pierrepont Morgan Library and served on the McMillan Commis¬ sion. His colleague White, however, was shot to death by a jealous husband on the roof of the old Madison Square Garden, which he had designed. Crowning a greensward that slopes to the Anacostia, the National War College presents an impressive view to sailors on the river while inspiring those who work within it. quickly. But the largest single group tocol and balance of payments and dip¬ fields and in the seminars. A case of of civilians was the contingent of For¬ lomatic notes, but they could never going native, one might say.) In the eign Service officers: a dozen from quite get over our presumption to deal end, this preference for political solu¬ State, three from USIA, some light- with strategic and military issues. As tions differentiated most of the diplo¬ cover CIA-types, and one from AID. the year passed, the military view of mats from most of the military. From the first day it was clear that no their diplomatic classmates seemed to Being by far the majority, the mili¬ stranger creature existed in the eyes of settle into a mixture of limited awe tary students dominated the atmos¬ the average military officer than the and amiable scorn. When push came phere. While the college is a military professional American diplomat. to shove in many a discussion, the dip¬ institution, it was created, in coopera¬ What manner of beast were we? A lomats usually wanted to seek a politi¬ tion with the State Department it vision of limp-wristed cookie-pushers cal solution or arrangement to deal should be remembered, as a policy in¬ passed through their minds, an image with the problem; not for them the stitution not a military trade school. soon to be obscured by a growing re¬ “surgical use of military power” or the While there were continual debates spect for the average FSO’s verbal flu¬ mobilization of national resources. (I over the curriculum (e.g., whether or ency and easy command of subjects in speak of most of the FSOs; one or two not it was rigorous enough), there was the curriculum. The military expected made an effort to meet the military on little desire on the part of the military we would know about things like pro¬ their own ground — both on the sport students for a more technical program.

FEBRUARY 1983 31 They were at the college to study the FSOs serving their time in the visa line world. The approach to specific sub¬ broader aspects of national security argue about incessantly.) Expanding jects revealed the imbalance between policy. At the same time, the parent¬ their perspective to consider these our backgrounds and interests and age ot the college obviously meant that questions was a task facing many of the those of our military colleagues. The a large amount of strictly military ma¬ military; the purpose, it should be re¬ war college existed to make policy terial was presented. By and large the peated, for their presence at the col¬ planners out of colonels of infantry, jet civilian students found this interesting lege. Some, of course, came from staff jockeys, and ship handlers, not to and educational, if occasionally over¬ positions at the Pentagon where they make leaders of men out of diplomats. powering. All in all, the mix of purely had been dealing daily with such is¬ We, the civilians, by and large, want¬ military subject matter and broader sues. These students had no adjust¬ ed a serious exposure to military atti¬ policy concerns was viewed favorably ment problem. Some of them, in fact, tudes, theory, and thinking as they by both military and civilian students. appeared to persist in maintaining the influence our professional concerns, Both groups, in fact, generally felt organizational perspective of their last but we were already well acquainted that the year spent at the war college position, continuing to argue the with the major elements of national ought to lean toward personal develop¬ views of their service in student security policy. ment and education rather than any seminars. Articulating Policy form of training. The military, moreover, were at One interesting difference between Fort McNair in order to become at As a general rule, therefore, the for¬ the military and civilian students was least novice policy planners. The intel¬ eign affairs civilians became part of the the importance of attending the col¬ lectual and professional background educational experience for the military lege in itself. For military officers it they brought with them was not auspi¬ students, assistants to the regular fac¬ clearly represented more than the hope cious; it had a firmly inculcated bent ulty. More articulate, generally, than of further advancement. Studying at toward problem solving. Unfortunate¬ our military colleagues, we had to be the War College was a sign of achieve¬ ly, grand strategy is not always about careful not to dominate the seminar ment, a form of recognition by one’s solving problems; more often it is discussions or the question and answer peers. about living with them. Even when in periods. We were not always successful The civilians, on the other hand— agreement on the occasional necessity nor, to be honest, did we always try and the foreign affairs civilians in par¬ for the use of military force, the mili¬ that hard. One rarely finds such a large ticular—viewed the college with a tary and the diplomats at the college and captive audience for one’s favorite markedly more casual perspective. meant essentially different things. In stories and policy prejudices. I, for Senior training in the Foreign Service general the military saw the use of one, for the very first time, almost is not noticeably related to career suc¬ military force in a given situation as talked myself out. This is a good place cess; it comes to one and all at a certain the option of choice for solving the to thank my military classmates for rank. It does provide a pleasant expe¬ policy problem posed. Diplomats, on their patience and good humor. rience, useful from the point of view of the other hand, tended to see the use of Still, we got along quite well and general background and contacts. force as a sometimes necessary expedi¬ the personal contacts made across the However, it is somewhat of a lark, and ent to avoid further political losses or a professional and organizational bound¬ only a few workaholic FSOs resent the way to move the issue onto another aries were real and may themselves be essentially motivationless year. plane or into another time. Troops be¬ sufficient justification for the year of Intellectual Adjustments come chips for the diplomats, and the mid-career study. Most students have military can hardly be blamed for an between 10 and 15 years of service left, The program itself presented some inclination not to look at themselves in and those will be spent at senior levels intellectual adjustment problems for that manner. of responsibility. The ties and sense of many of the military. The vast major¬ The FSOs, moreover, to no one’s camaraderie which the war college cre¬ ity came from relatively narrow jobs; surprise and true to their reputation, ated between the military and foreign narrow in the sense that a battalion persisted in muddying the water of affairs civilians must certainly con¬ commander rarely spends much time seminar discussion with “but," “on tribute something to the efficiency worrying about nuclear disarmament the other hand,’’ “what are the impli¬ of the Republic’s international ma¬ or the North-South dialogue. (Sub¬ cations of,” and similar interjections chinery. jects which, it should be noted, junior referring to the complexity of the It certainly was a pleasant year, by

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and large, and has already come to oc¬ classes living by a set of rules no longer in other words, is going to replace no¬ cupy a warm spot giving off cozy considered relevant. Some modern na¬ blesse oblige? memories in the minds of most of us. tions have attempted to deal with the Something probably will, possibly In one sense it was a reward rather than problem by going all the way, turning at the same time something replaces or a task, and maybe in that form it best the nation itself into one vast bureauc¬ seriously alters the nation-state. Mean¬ fulfilled its purpose. It is not terribly racy so that public careers are not dif¬ while, those who practice the old pro¬ easy to pursue the classic public service ferentiated from other activities. But fessions try to live up to the old tradi¬ careers in contemporary America. The the industrialized and democratic tions. So Fort McNair and the standards and rewards are out of touch counties are still trying to operate soci¬ National War College was a form of with the late 20th century. The inde¬ eties composed of mixed private and pep rally, where military officers and pendent nation-state was the creation public sectors while diluting the psy¬ diplomats reinforced each other’s be¬ of previous centuries, and was man¬ chic and social rewards offered to those lief in the worth of their ideals and the aged by aristocratic and bourgeois who serve in the public sector. What, value of their goals. > ^Aii> i it I w drinks at special prices free hors doeuvres $

EVERY FRIDAY 5—7:30 pm Foreign Service Club

FEBRUARY 1983 33 A Dangerous Region made their reputations during the experience in the area, and for some it Indochina war. was an entirely new issue. (Continued from page 21.) Enders, who took over the assistant Pezzullo, who now works for a firm Central America. But his pursuit of a secretary’s post in the spring of 1981, specializing in collecting information harder line may also have been influ¬ was deputy chief of mission in Cambo¬ on foreign political and economic de¬ enced by domestic political consider¬ dia at the time of the secret American velopments, feels the Reagan adminis¬ ations. Haig espoused moderate poli¬ bombing missions against North Viet¬ tration acted unwisely in penalizing cies in East-West relations, and he namese infiltrators in the early 1970s. Carter’s Central Americanists. ‘‘If you needed to show a tougher stance some¬ John Negroponte, who succeeded take people who have been in areas of where to preserve his credibility with Binns as ambassador to Honduras in difficulty and then associate them with the Republican right. Central America 1981, spent two years as an embassy the policy or the problems of the poli¬ was the logical choice. officer in Saigon in the mid- 1960s and cy, then you’re doing some basic dam¬ Pezzullo described his view of also worked for Kissinger on the Na¬ age to the system," he said. "That’s Haig’s attitude this way: ‘You start tional Security Council staff during what bothers me. What you’re really playing hard ball in some areas — the Nixon’s first term. He reportedly has saying to junior officers is ‘stay away Soviet Union, China — and the cost is major responsibility for directing a co¬ from tough places. Don’t get burnt.’ too high. On the other hand, you can vert operation against Nicaragua in¬ But we need officers who have the will¬ say and do things in Central America volving Honduran-based, Nicaraguan ingness to go into tough positions.” and get away with it.” It was an area counter-revolutionaries. A top administration appointee where Haig felt he could score ideo¬ Craig Johnstone, now head of the with impeccable pro-Reagan creden¬ logical points at little or no cost with office of Central American affairs, also tials saw it differently. He said policy such conservatives as Senator Jesse spent a year in Vietnam in the mid- is formulated at the assistant and depu¬ Helms (R-N.C.), chairman of the for¬ 1960s, working on a rural develop¬ ty assistant levels, and "some bad eign relations subcommittee on West¬ ment program. Most of the remaining calls” were made by officers assigned to ern Hemisphere affairs. posts involving Central America have those positions during the Carter era. With the regional policy change in¬ gone to non-ideological professionals "The policy went badly and they can’t stituted by Haig came the sweeping with reputations for carrying out or¬ say they were just innocent bystanders personnel changes in the Latin Amer¬ ders. None of the officers recruited by carrying it out,” he said. “It would be ica bureau. Some of the key posts, in¬ the administration for dealing with a terrible injustice to describe these terestingly, went to officers who had Central America had had any recent guys as martyrs.” C “My high blood pressure went away so I don’t need pills anymore. Right?” Wrong! High blood pressure doesn't just “go away." But. it can be controlled. So why risk a heart attack, kidney disease or a stroke? To keep your pressure down you must follow all your doctor's orders every day. no matter how you feel. Pills, exercise, less salt. Do whatever he prescribes, and do it daily. High blood pressure. Treat it and live.

National High Blood Pressure Education Program, National Heart. Lung, and Blood Institute. U S. Department of Health and Human Services

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CAROLYN MOONEY Member, Million Dollar Sales Club

Merrill Lynch Realty HOMES UNDER $100,000 AND Realtors ONLY 15 MINUTES FROM STATE Please contact me if you wish to buy or SALES • RENTALS • MANAGEMENT • INVESTMENT • COMMERCIAL sell a home in the Washington area. 2121 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Carolyn Mooney Washington, D.C. 20007 Merrill Lynch Realty (202) 387-2480 6623 Old Dominion Drive, McLean, VA 22101 Our sales staff of over 100 experienced agents includes the Office: (703) 790-1500, Res.: (703) 734-3267 following presently or formerly associated with the Foreign Service. Mr. James Bowers Mrs. Harry Heintzen Mr. Allan W. Brown Mrs. Dolores Hoover Mrs. Michael Calingaert Mrs. Pamela Jova Mrs. Joseph Carwell Mrs. Moorehead Kennedy REAL ESTATE Ms. Angela Cundell Mrs. R. Gerald Livingston Mrs. Georgia Devlin Mrs. Susanne Madden Specialists in Mrs. Monique Dragoi Mrs. Ellen Ozga Mrs. Joanne Haahr Mrs. Joanne Pernick Mrs. Anne Hawkins Mrs. Louise Sullivan TOWN HOUSES Branch Offices: Bethesda, Md. (301) 657-2760 CAPITOL HILL • GEORGETOWN Chevy Chase, D.C. (202) 686-9556 FOGGY BOTTOM • MT. PLEASANT McLean, Va. (703) 893-2300 Georgetown, D C. 965-5150 202-546-2676 For Caribbean and European properties: Begg International Inc. rrj (202) 338-9065 RHEA RADINInc. “Specializing in the Finest RIALTO* ?£MK5R Residential Properties for over 32 years” 536 Eighth St., S.E.

COMING or GOING Moving to You can count on PERSONALIZED SERVICE Washington? from AN0 Become familiar with R W. CL JL. 1ST. MILLER the housing market DEVELOPMENT CTO A Complete Real Estate Service Since 1912 before you arrive. NEW HOUSE SALES • BROKERAGE SALES Send this coupon for RENTALS newsletters by 4701 Sangamore Rd. 229-4000 Ann Deinhnnti/, Sales Bethesda, Md. 20816 229-4016 Broker serving the Foreign Service for over 10 years. MGMB, inc. Realtors 362-4480 Experienced competent staff ready to serve your needs in sales, rentals, management, investments.

John Y. Millar* Carol Owens* Carolyn Rayfield William C. Trueheart* Starke Meyer* Pauline Barnes* Lynn Moffly Magruder* Fran Dixon Henrietta Seitz Patricia Garrison Boorman Rosemary Dircks John Turner* LONG & Attn. Ann Delahanty FOSTER 4600 Lee Highway Foxhall Square 3301 New Mexico Ave. REALTORS Arlington, Virginia 22207 ’Foreign Service Washington D.C. 20016

FEBRUARY 1983 35 AFSA, died in New York City on Septem¬ ated the proceeds to the American Library ber 27, 1982. He was 94 years old. for the Blind in Paris. She is survived by FOREIGN A 1909 graduate of Princeton who re¬ her husband, who intends to remain in ceived an LL.B. from Harvard, Armour Chinon, where he would welcome a visit SERVICE joined the Foreign Service in 1912. Some from any of their old friends and colleagues of his first posts included Paris, Vienna, in the Foreign Service. Petrograd, Brussels, the Hague, Uruguay, PEOPLE Rome, Tokyo, Canada, and Chile. He DONALD DRESDEN, former restaurant crit¬ served as ambassador to Haiti and to Ar¬ ic for the Washington Post and an assistant gentina in the years between the wars, to the editor of the Foreign Service Journal. Last Call for then was named minister to Spain during died November 11, 1982, at George World War II. He served as an assistant Washington University Hospital in AFSA/AAFSW secretary of state under the Truman ad¬ Washington, D.C., of Parkinson's disease Scholarship Applicants ministration before retiring. and arteriosclerosis. He was 72. A college classmate wrote: “Retirement This was not his first battle with serious Deadline: March 1, 1983. Eligible did little to slow Norm down and, indeed, illness. In 1978, he wrote an article for the students who will be attending school full¬ one of the events of which he was proudest Washington Post Magazine about learning time in academic year 1983—84 in the occurred in 1954, when Norm and four to live without normal speech when his United States are encouraged to write im¬ other retired diplomats wrote an open let¬ cancerous larynx was removed. Dresden mediately to the AFSA Scholarship Pro¬ ter protesting Senator Joseph McCarthy’s moved to Washington in 1950 after war grams Administrator, 2 101 E Street NW, attacks on the Foreign Service. As one of service in the Army Air Corps as an intelli¬ Washington, D.C. 20037, for applica¬ Norm’s colleagues in the State Depart¬ gence officer. He was decorated by the tions for the Financial Aid Scholarships. ment observed, ‘You can’t compare Ar¬ French government. He was the author of Those undergraduate students whose par¬ mour to anyone else in the Service. He’s three books, and wrote articles for many ents are serving or have served overseas in one of a species, like Lincoln.’ ” publications in addition to his work on the foreign affairs agencies of the U.S. govern¬ In his private life, Armour served as a Journal. ment, as defined in the Foreign Service Act trustee of Princeton University, which He is survived by his wife, formerly of 1980, are eligible to apply for these awarded him an honorary degree in 1947. Marta Vejarano, of Washington, and two scholarships, which are awarded solely on He was also a trustee of the French Insti¬ sons, Christopher of San Jose, California, the basis of need. Personnel in the lower tute of the United States and a director of and Anthony of Washington. grades are especially encouraged to apply. the English-Speaking Union. He was mar¬ Students who will be graduating from ried to Myra, a princess in czarist Russia URSULA STREEPER, a longtime AFSA high school in 1983 are also eligible to who escaped to Sweden with his help, who member and the widow of Consul General apply tor the Merit Awards, which are survives, along with four grandchildren. Robert Streeper, who died 20 years ago, given for outstanding academic achieve¬ Their son, Norman Jr., died in 1979. died on November 21, 1982, in Berlin, ment and extracurricular activities. The West Germany, her home for the last two deadline for all materials to be received in BARTAN L. CONNETT, wife of retired For¬ decades. She is survived by her mother, the AFSA office is March 1, 1983. There¬ eign Service Officer William B. Connett, Erna Zinnow, her son Charles, and her fore, write or call immediately for applica¬ died at the American Hospital in Paris on daughter Patricia. tions if you are a qualified Foreign Service November 3, 1982, after five years of dependent student. Call Dawn Cuthell, fighting cancer. Despite the pain and dis¬ LOUISE JENKINS TENNEY, the widow of Administrator, at (202) 338-4046. When comforts of chemotherapy during that en¬ Foreign Service Officer E. Paul Tenney, you request applications, please give your tire period, she continued to give French- died in early November at Blowing Rock, Foreign Service branch connection and cooking courses in English to students North Carolina, of leukemia. She was 71 state your interest in either the Financial from all over the world at her home in and earlier had suffered a severe stroke. Aid Scholarships, the Merit Awards, or Chinon. It was only during the last month Tenney accompanied her husband, who both if applicable. of her life, when she could no longer walk, retired from the Foreign Service in 1958, The Merit Award competition is judged that she was forced to give up teaching. to posts in Japan, China, Lebanon, Iraq, by a group of 24 volunteer panelists from The Connetts were married in Norfolk, Bermuda, and Italy. The Tenneys made State" AID, AAFSW, and USIA. Materi¬ Virginia, in 1942. After the war, William their home in Stuart, Florida, and spent als required include SAT scores, four years Connett joined the Foreign Service, and he their summers in Blowing Rock. She is of high school transcripts, grade point and Bartan spent most of their careers in survived by three sons, Peter of Los Ange¬ average, personal essay, list of extracurric¬ various Latin American countries, includ¬ les, California, Philip of Key West, Flor¬ ular activities, and letters of recommenda¬ ing Venezuela, Guatemala, Santo Domin¬ ida, and Stuart of 3085 Southeast St. Lucie tions. Deadline for submission of complet¬ go, and Mexico. During a revolution when Boulevard, Stuart, Florida 33494; two ed applications and all materials is March they were stationed in Santo Domingo, brothers, Ryan Jenkins and Norman Jen¬ 1, 1983. WRITE OR CALL TODAY. Bartan organized a detail of Americans to kins of Richmond, Indiana; and a sister, Merit Awards are 8500, and last year there feed and water the animals in the zoo for Mrs. Sydney K. Lafoon, of Ocean Reef, were 22 winners. Financial Aid grants vary two weeks until the terrified keepers re¬ Key Largo, Florida. from $200 to $2000, depending on need. turned. In Guadalajara, she gave cooking lessons to pay for a garden for the blind In Memoriam Fund Deaths where children could touch the things they couldn’t see. The Connetts also had two The friends and family of PEGGY TRACEY, NORMAN ARMOUR, former ambassador, tours of duty in Paris and during the last who died of malaria in Nairobi in May assistant secretary of state, and president of Bartan again held cooking classes and don¬ 1982, are raising funds for a memorial to

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL her. They hope to purchase a piece of life¬ Mopsick Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 16, 1982. They live at Chateau Gillet, saving medical equipment called a respira¬ 07036. Faleyras, 33760 Targon, France. tory ventilator for the hospital in Nairobi. It maintains breathing during serious cases Marriages FRED M. SHAVER, public affairs officer in like hers. Contributions are needed to raise Libreville, Gabon, was married to the for¬ the funds. They will be tax deductible and WILLIAM G. MARVIN, consul general, re¬ mer Susan Lowe Frisbee on December 15, should be sent to: The Peggy Tracey Me¬ tired, and Suzanne Marie Franzon of Bor¬ 1982, in Arlington, Virginia. The couple morial Fund, do Ms. Laurel Sherry, 1317 deaux, France, were married on October will be returning to Libreville.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE

RENT A CAR TAX RETURNS PHOTOS

Al RENT-A-CAR, featuring new 1982 FORDS, of¬ TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation. T.R. AUTOGRAPHED PHOTOS WANTED OF FA¬ fers economical daily, weekly, and monthly rates. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Zysk (ex-IRS), En¬ MOUS PEOPLE including world leaders. B. Hoff¬ We rent all size cars, from sub-compacts to station rolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.O. Box man, 739 Boylston St., Boston MA 02116. wagons. 8 passenger vans and trucks also avail¬ 57256, Washington, DC 20037. (703) 671-1040. able. Ask about our weekend specials. For informa¬ TAX SHELTER GUIDANCE. tion and reservations call (703) 684-4087. AMERI¬ REAL ESTATE CAN INTERNATIONAL RENT-A-CAR, 2804 TAX RETURNS. All tax matters including consulta¬ Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202. tion, extensions, filing one return, IRS representa¬ NORTH MYRTLE BEACH. Thinking of a vacation tion, for one annual fee ($140). Milton E. Carb, E.A., or retirement home, or other investment in coastal 833 S. Washington St., #8, Alexandria, VA 22314. South Carolina? If so, call or write Bill Dozier (FSO- U.S. PARTS & PRODUCTS (703) 684-1040. retired), Dozier Associates, POB 349, North Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29582. Tel. (803) 249-4043. WE SPECIALIZE in same-day shipment around the TAX COUNSELING on any problem. No charge to world. From Computers to Kleenex, Chevrolets to AFSA members for telephone advice. Bob Dussell Ketchup. We will buy your urgent products, spare (ex-FS), enrolled to tax practice by the Treasury parts, what-have-you and ship them via pouch or Dept., 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22201. LEGAL SERVICES direct by air. You pay only a modest service charge (703) 841-0158. plus freight, A Foreign Service family business, LEGAL SERVICES: Edward P. Noziglia (FSO Re¬ Call, write, or telex. Quotes on request. AVIATION tired), Attorney at Law, is engaged in the general SERVICES INTERNATIONAL, Plymouth Airport, SFSA practice of law in Virginia at 1427 Dolley Madison Plymouth MA 02360. U.S. ITT Telex: 499 0450 Blvd., McLean VA 22101. Telephone (703) 893- ASIAOG. Telephone: (617) 747-3438. 6616. SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION: 350 senior officers have joined SFSA as of January HOUSESITTERS 1983. Negotiations on limited career extensions and forced attrition are coming up. Join SFSA and BED & BREAKFAST CARETAKERS, INC. provides professional, exper¬ have a say in your future. Send a check for $10 to ienced housesitters for long or short assignments. SFSA, Box 57020, Washington DC 20037-0020. NEED A BED IN D.C.? Victorian home, turn-of- Pets, plants cared for. Dial (202) 393-3655 for SFSA members who have not received issue 3 of century decor, Embassy area, walk to Metro. $30 prompt response. Dittmar, 2232 Hall Place, N.W., SENIOR NEWS, write or call 632-2436. single, $35 double (includes breakfast). Kalorama Washington, DC 20007. Guest House, 1854 Mintwood Place, NW, Wash¬ ington DC 20009. (202) 667-6369. Brochure AU PAIR available. PROPERTY CLAIMS

AU PAIR: Netherlands. Very experienced with chil¬ MOVING LOSS & DAMAGE CLAIMS: Professional INVESTMENTS dren. Knowledge of Dutch. Available March preparation and processing of claims for the recov¬ through Mary Patricia Nolan, 9904 Carter ery of money due from property loss and damage Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. 301/469-9146. INVESTMENTS/IRAs: E.F. HUTTON & COM¬ when moved by the U.S. government. NO UP¬ PANY INC, G. Claude Villarreal (former FSIO), Ac¬ FRONT MONEY. Fee for this service is 10% of the count Executive, 1825 Eye Street, N.W., Suite amount recovered. We pay for all estimates. Write 1000, Washington DC 20006. (202) 331-2500 or (1 - or call and ask for one of our agents. PERSONAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 800) 368-5811. PROPERTY CLAIMS, INC., 2000 Virginia Ave„ McLean VA 22101. (703) 241-8787. PEAKE PROPERTIES LIMITED: Muriel Peake, for¬ merly Property Manager with Laughlin, has opened EXCHANGE RATES her own office specializing in PROPERTY MAN¬ BOOKS AGEMENT in McLean, Vienna, North Arlington, etc. 6723 Whittier Ave., Suite 303C, McLean, VA Classified advertising in the FOREIGN EXCHANGE is IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, 22101. Telephone (703) 448-0212. open to any person who wishes to reach the profes¬ perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO-re- sional diplomatic community. The rate is 50 cents tired. Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. AID/Washington engineer sensitive to Foreign per word per insertion. Telephone numbers count Service family needs will give your home personal as one word and zip codes are free. To place a CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within 5 days attention while you’re abroad. Moderate fee tailored classified ad or to receive our rate card for regular at reasonable prices. Send for monthly list to Circle to your requirements. Specializing in Fairfax/Arling¬ display advertising, write Foreign Service Journal, Enterprises, Box 1051, Severna Park, Maryland ton. Jim Claps, PO Box 9599, Arlington VA 22209. 2101 E St. NW. Washington, DC 20037. Checks 21146. (703) 323-1033. should accompany all classified insertion orders.

FEBRUARY 1983 37 Association News Group Discusses Foreign Service Concerns AFSA Files ULP On State Special Incentive Pay

AFSA recently filed an unfair labor prac¬ tice charge against the Department of State alleging failure to negotiate on im¬ plementation of a benefit provided by law to Foreign Service employees, the Special Incentive Differential. The Foreign Service Act of 1980 pro¬ vides that employees may be granted ad¬ ditional differential of up to 15 percent of Representatives of several groups who work with Foreign Service employees met in basic pay for assignment to a post deter¬ the Foreign Service Club last month to discuss issues of common concern. From left, mined to have especially adverse condi¬ Herman J. Cohen of the Senior Foreign Service Association, AFSA President Dennis K. tions of environment. The additional pay Hays, Samuel President of the Women’s Action Organization, September 17’s Ingrid is meant to serve as a recruitment-and- Stegelmann, Ginny Taylor of the FLO, AAFSW President Sue Parsons, and Brooke Holmes of AFSA and the Consular Officers Association. (Not pictured: James Single¬ retention incentive for the filling of posi¬ tary of the Thursday Luncheon Group.) tions at that post. AFSA had made a proposal for imple¬ unless this trend is reversed the resulting mentation of the Special Incentive Dif¬ Public Employees decline in the quality of the federal work¬ ferential in February 1982. On numerous Day Honors force will have a serious impact on the subsequent occasions AFSA asked the de¬ administration of federal programs. partment to respond to the proposal. To Federal Service Speaking on behalf of the Foreign Ser¬ date we have not received a response, and vice, L. Bruce Laingen made an eloquent there is no indication that one is The Public Employees Roundtable, a co¬ case for the need of a sense of public forthcoming. alition of 26 public employee organiza¬ responsibility and professionalism in the tions in which AFSA is a charter mem¬ federal-employee community, a point Elections Notice ber, sponsored the first Public that reinforced the theme of the Public Employees Appreciation Day on January Employees Roundtable, "Public Service An Election Call, dated February 1, 1983, 10, 1983, organized to commemorate for the Public Good.” for the nomination and election of some the 100th anniversary of the Pendleton The hope was expressed that Public new members to the AFSA Governing Act establishing the career federal Civil Employees Appreciation Day would in¬ Board, is being sent to members. If the Service. The ceremony, held during augurate a continuing campaign to edu¬ notice does not arrive in time to make the lunch hour in the new Washington Con¬ cate the American public about the true March 1 deadline in Washington, prospec¬ vention Center, attracted a large crowd role of their career public servants in tive nominees can consult their AFSA rep of federal workers who were addressed by maintaining and improving the quality or write the Elections Committee at 2101 members of Congress, public employee of life in our country. E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. union leaders, and distinguished career government employees. Many of the speakers deplored the in¬ AFSA President Makes Career Case on TV creasing tendency of our political leaders to denigrate the public workforce by im¬ plying that public employees are in large measure responsible for many of our na¬ AFSA President tional problems. This, coupled with a Dennis K. Hays (left) growing effort to cut back drastically on makes a point to certain employee benefits such as health ABC-TV reporter Brit insurance and retirement, as well as the Hume during an escalating use of the "contracting out” interview on the costs involved in process as a means of eliminating federal appointing jobs, is inflicting a heavy toll on employ¬ unqualified political ee morale. The belief was expressed that ambassadors.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL that have elevated health care to the level 200 Jam Club For First Annual Xmas Party of a $270-billion-plus industry resulted in exceptionally heavy drains on certain of the FEHBP plans, forcing their premi¬ ums to increase dramatically at the same time that their benefits were cut back. The problems multiplied and much con¬ troversy ensued. The 1982 open season, the period during which employees can switch from one plan to another, was postponed from November 1981 to May 1982 because of a tangle of disagree¬ ments between the insurance carriers and the Office of Personnel Management. During that open season about 11 per¬ cent of all FEHBP participants switched plans. While complete figures for the 1983 open season are not yet available, indications are that up to 15 percent of the participants may have changed plans. All of this adds up to an atmosphere of uncertainty which will most certainly re¬ sult in significant Congressional atten¬ Nearly 200 AFSA members, employees, and guests crowded the Foreign Service Club tion being focused on this area during the on December 17 lor the Association's first annual Christmas Party, also the concluding event in the week-long unveiling of the club’s renovated facilities and improved menu coming months. Congresswoman Mary and service. The changes were implemented by the Governing Board to help raise club Rose Oakar (D-Ohio), chairperson of the revenues. New Club Manager Alberto Gracia served as maestro during a two-hour long Subcommittee on Compensation and culinary performance that included seafood, gourmet treats, and flaming coffee. Employee Benefits of the House Post Of¬ fice and Civil Service Committee, has in¬ Health Insurance: parts. Medicare “A” covers expenses re¬ troduced a bill to overhaul a number of lated to confinement in a hospital, and provisions in the present FEHBP legisla¬ More Changes this part is available to those eligible to tion, while rumors are that the adminis¬ receive it at no additional cost. Medicare tration is considering a proposal to scrap in the Offing? “B” covers other expenses not necessarily the present program and go to a voucher related to being a patient in a hospital. system. Other ideas being floated in¬ When the word went out that beginning This insurance is optional and entails the clude introducing a single federal bene¬ in January 1983 active Foreign Service payment of a monthly premium after age fits package for all participants and re¬ employees would be taxed 1.3 percent of 65. taining the essentials of the present pro¬ their pay up to a maximum of $35,700 Thus the 1.3-percent FICA tax on the gram while providing separate coverage for FICA health insurance coverage, the federal payroll inaugurated injanuary in¬ arrangements for employees and questions started coming in. “What is troduces a new element into health care annuitants. this FICA health insurance? Why weren’t cost planning for federal workers, espe¬ It is known that the health insurance we consulted on this beforehand? What cially those approaching age 65. Mean¬ industry believes that the FEHBP has de¬ are the benefits and when do they become while, other changes in the Federal Em¬ parted from one of the basic principles of available?” ployees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP) group insurance, i.e., that the risks must For those who don’t know by now, appear to be taking form. be spread widely enough to provide for FICA is the acronym for the Federal Insur¬ There are now about 120 plans within reasonable costs and broad protection for ance Compensation Act, and the FICA tax the FEHBP. Most of these are the so-called all. This view holds that present FEHBP is the amount withheld from the wages ol "comprehensive medical plans,” or practices actually promote the erosion of the nation’s workforce to finance the em¬ health maintenance organizations this basic principle through the annual ployees’ share of payments to the Social (HMOs) which are available mainly on a open season process, the combining of Security trust fund. Of the total FICA tax regional basis. Other than the HMOs, in active employees and retirees in the same of 6.8 percent, 1.3 percent is earmarked 1982 there were 17 indemnity plans pool, the wide range of choices between to fund the Medicare program, which sponsored by various employee organiza¬ the individual plans, and the method un¬ provides health insurance coverage for tions, one government-wide indemnity der which the government’s contribution persons aged 65 and over who are eligible plan (Aetna), and one government-wide is fixed. to receive Social Security benefits. So service benefit plan (Blue Cross/Blue To sum up, everyone seems to agree FICA health insurance is actually another Shield). The latter two plans were by far that changes in the present system are name for Medicare. With the imposition the largest, accounting for approximate¬ needed but few can agree on what form of the 1.3-percent tax on federal salaries, ly 66 percent of the 10 million FEHBP the changes should take. Some clues to government workers become eligible for participants and their dependents cov¬ the eventual answer should begin to Medicare coverage at age 65. ered under the program. emerge in the months immediately Medicare health insurance has two The escalating costs in recent years ahead.

FEBRUARY 1983 39 Managing Your Money NOW” accounts are even newer, with the advantage of unlimited checking. Both Bewildering Choices in Banking of these accounts are federally insured. • Credit unions remain a convenience for many, despite the slightly lower By MARGARET WINKLER, Financial Planner yields, which vary according to the ac¬ count balance. The minimal return (5'/4 percent) on balances below $5000 in share draft accounts make these very “Banking” is not what it used to be. The you like, or withdraw in person or by similar to bank NOW accounts. Deregula¬ clear distinctions between savings and phone. Up to now the minimum check tion has produced one very significant checking functions have been virtually size has been S500, so the fund is clearly change: in August 1982, credit unions obliterated. Changes are coming fast and not a substitute for (but should be util¬ were allowed to remove penalties for ear¬ furious, presenting opportunities as well ized in conjunction with) an ordinary ly withdrawal in certificate accounts. as a snakepit of coniusing advertisements bank checking account. Pooled funds are This change, of course, makes it possible trying to lure your savings and checking invested in short-term (approximately 30 to use the certificates as a cash-manage¬ deposits. days) government, bank, and corporate ment vehicle, but the privilege of free With the onset of interest-rate volatil¬ obligations of high quality. Money mar¬ withdrawal could conceivably be altered ity, banking and thrift institutions (sav¬ ket funds have not been federally insured if abused. ings and loans) suffered massive outflows to date, but some are starting to use pri¬ As I have written on prior occasions, it of funds. Customers sought higher re¬ vate insurance. The minimum invest¬ is important not to confuse cash manage¬ turns for their dollars by parking them in ment: $1000 to $5000 (usually the ini¬ ment with investing. Keep two to three money market funds, which by late 1978 tial level need not be maintained). months’ cash flow, or more if comfort were available to virtually everyone. De¬ • "Sweep" accounts at major banks and requires, in a convenient, available place, posits in money market funds grew from brokerage firms are a useful refinement but make it work! Look for sources of only $4 billion in 1978 to more than for the active investor with at least higher return, specifcally growth vehi¬ $230 billion by the end of last year. $20,000 in cash and securities. They cles, for other funds. Banks and thrift institutions used to provide additional services, such as a There are many changes still to come be subject to government policies and debit card and a line of credit. in the way we conduct our banking and regulations that perpetuated rigidity and (Service and convenience for both of related business. Electronic banking— retarded progress. Acceding to consis¬ the above vary with the institution. It is paying bills via a home computer—may tent pressure, regulators began several possible and desirable in many cases to be just around the corner. One already years ago to allow banks to raise yields have an additional broker or banker man¬ sees stocks and bonds for sale at Sears—a and present new services, but the inter- age your account. Some firms have initi¬ sign of the changing times! est-on-checking (NOW) accounts were ated fees for money market customers —MARGARET WINKLER still held to 5 V2 percent interest. At the who do not trade securities—ask, and same time, credit union regulations al¬ avoid! An additional advantage of some Margaret Winkler is a certif ied financial lowed the payment of slightly higher re¬ of the money market funds is the avail¬ planner and investment broker with Legg Ma¬ turns. Only the money market funds, ability of investment funds in the same son Wood Walker Inc., 1747 Pennsylvania which are unregulated, were able to re¬ “family," with the privilege of exchange. Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20006. spond to the market. Some also have tax-exempt money mar¬ The accelerating pace of regulatory ket funds, which should be seriously con¬ change is fast blurring the old distinc¬ sidered by anyone who insists on keeping AID Standing Warns tions between banks, thrifts, money a large amount of cash and is in the 40- Change Not Likely in market funds, and investment compa¬ percent tax bracket or above.) nies. They are competing aggressively for • Bank and thrift money market ac¬ School Travel Funds savers’ dollars, often printing large ads counts. the new guys on the block, have with details in very small print. been available only since mid-December. Because educational travel benefits are To decide whose services best fit your Launched with extensive advertising, the limited to dependents enrolled in full¬ needs, compare yields, convenience, and accounts offer high one-month introduc¬ time degree programs, AFSA’s AID safety. Investigate charges and fees; you tory' rates, reminiscent of the Individual Standing Committee is looking into should be able to find an institution to Retirement Account blitz a year earlier. chapter suggestions of obtaining these manage your cash at negligible cost. Re¬ It is too soon to assess their popularity or funds for dependents in non-degree pro¬ member that all limitations and restric¬ rate performance. Continual payment of grams such as computer programming. tions constitute a form of cost. Here is a high interest will clearly pose a serious Though reform makes sense in today’s brief description and comparison of the threat to bank profitability. The terms economy, the committee said, changes cash management tools now at your generally require a minimum of S2500 cannot be effected through negotiations disposal. to establish an account, and the mini¬ with management. The benefits are lim¬ • Money market funds assure you no mum must be maintained or the money ited not by joint agency regulations but idle dollars; your entire deposit earns a market rate ot return will drop to 5 V2 by law and apply to all other federal uniform, high rate. Yield fluctuates and percent. Unlimited personal withdraw¬ workers as well. The law specifies “un¬ is compounded daily, and credited once a als are permitted but only three checks dergraduate college education” and does month. You may write as many checks as per month can be written. Bank “Super¬ not provide for non-degree programs.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Now Available to American Foreign Service Protective Association Members New High-Limit Accident Protection at Economical Group Rates.

Even with today’s updated safety 1. WAR RISK COVERAGE — coverage is also provided while standards, serious accidents can Group Accident Protection pro¬ you’re driving or riding in a car. . . and do happen — anytime, any¬ vides up to $150,000.00 in bene¬ or while a passenger on common where. Having protection against fits for covered accidents result¬ carriers such as trains, ships, such misfortune is especially ing from an act of war. These subways, taxis or buses. important to Foreign Service types of accidents are usually ex¬ But that’s not all! You’ll also have personnel. cluded from coverage in other this protection for the countless That's why AFSPA is pleased to accident plans. accident risks you face every day make available to its members, 2. NO AGE TERMINATIONS — at home... at work... during rec¬ as part of a new group insurance Members who enroll before age reational activities.. .just about program, Mutual of Omaha’s 70 are guaranteed that Mutual of any activity you can think of. brand new Group Accident Pro¬ Omaha will not later terminate DON’T DELAY! Get all the facts tection. This protection, which their coverage because of age. about Group Accident Protection may be obtained with or without Many similar policies terminate . . . including the benefits, fea¬ the other components of AFSPA’s coverage once members reach tures, cost, renewal and what new Program, will provide up to age 75 . . . but not Group Acci¬ situations aren’t covered. $300,000.00 of valuable financial dent Protection. protection for covered loss of life, And, you’ll also be pleasantly THERE’S NO COST OR OBLI¬ limbs, sight, speech, hearing and surprised by the 24-hour-a-day, GATION! Just complete the thumb and index finger. And, worldwide coverage this plan coupon below and mail today. Full members also receive up to provides. You and each insured facts about Group Accident Pro¬ $300,000.00 of permanent total dis¬ members of your family can be tection will be sent by return mail. ability coverage when they enroll. covered while traveling as pas¬ And, as a special service for sengers on most commercial, Complete and Mail Today! AFSPA members, Mutual of private and military aircraft. Plus, Omaha has agreed to add two important features to this cover¬ age that are not generally found in this kind of policy:

AFSPA Insurance Program 1750 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Suite 1305 GROUP ACCIDENT PROTECTION Washington, D.C. 20006 IS UNDERWRITTEN BY

Yes! Please rush full details of the Group Accident Protection Plan available to me as a member of the American Foreign Service Mutual iCN Protective Association. I understand there is no cost or obligation, s^Omaha.xL' and that the information will be sent to me by return mail. People you can count on... Name

MUTUAL OF OMAHA INSURANCE COMPANY HOME OFFICE: OMAHA, NEBRASKA Address

City State ZIP Code FILL OUT AND MAIL TODAY! AFN7197 J BUY DIRECT FROM CHRYSLER AND SAVE.

Get full diplomatic discount from the manufacturer. All active members of the diplomatic corps are Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries six-passenger eligible for Chrysler’s 1983 Diplomatic Purchase cars with front-wheel-drive. Graciously styled New Program. This means you select any one of Chrysler’s Yorker, the magnificent Imperial, front-wheel-drive wide range of fine cars, deal direct with the manu¬ Dodge 400 and Chrysler LeBaron. New for ’83, facturer, and save money. You get the car you want, Chrysler offers the luxury-equipped Chrysler E Class, equipped as you want it, and tailored precisely to fit the LeBaron and Dodge 400 convertibles, and the your personal needs. stunning Dodge 600.

Chrysler gives you a choice of quality engineered, Make your choice and purchase direct from Chrysler smartly styled automobiles, from subcompact to at a special diplomatic discount. For full details, elegant luxury cars designed and built for U.S. or write Diplomatic Sales Office, Chrysler Corporation, foreign posts. There’s Dodge Omni and Plymouth P.O. Box 1688, Detroit, MI 48288, or use the Horizon, beautifully styled front-wheel-drives. postage-paid reply card bound into this magazine.

THE NEW CHRYSLER CORPORATION QUALITY ENGINEERED TO BE THE BEST

OVERSEAS SALES OPERATIONS A CHRYSLER