Introduction: 'Annales Continues ... '

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Notes

Introduction: ‘Annales Continues ...’

1. Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York, 1994), 83. 2. Fernand Braudel, ‘Personal Testimony’, JMH, 44 (1972): 448–67, 467. 3. John Burrow, A History of Histories: Epics, Chronicles, Romances & Inquiries from Herodotus and Thucydides to the Twentieth Century (London, 2007), 478; see also Gustav Seibt, ‘Erzähler der Langsamen. Französische Historiographie im 20. Jahrhundert’, in Verena von der Heyden-Rynsch, ed., Vive la littérature! Französische Literatur der Gegenwart (Munich, 1988), 234–7. 4. Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann, ‘Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croisée and the Challenge of Reﬂexivity’, H&T, 45 (2006): 30–50; Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann, eds, De la comparaison à l’histoire croisée (Paris, 2004), 24; Robert J.C. Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford, 2001), 57–70. 5. Braudel, ‘Personal Testimony’, 467. 6. Henri Berr, L’Histoire traditionnelle et synthèse historique (Paris, 1921), 55. 7. Marc Bloch, Apologie pour l’histoire, ou métier d’historien, edited by Étienne Bloch (Paris, 2007; originally published in 1949), 43. 8. Lucien Febvre, ‘Vers Une Autre Histoire’, RMM, 63 (1949): 225–47, 233, 229. 9. Fernand Braudel, ‘Présence de Lucien Febvre’, in Fernand Braudel, ed., Éventail de l’histoire vivante: Hommage à Lucien Febvre offert par l’amitié d’historiens, linguistes, géographes, économistes, sociologues, ethnologues (2 vols; Paris, 1953), i. 21; Fernand Braudel, ‘Histoire et science sociales: La Longue Durée’, AÉSC, 13 (1958): 725–53, 734. 10. Charles Morazé, ‘Lucien Febvre et l’histoire vivante’, RH, 217 (1957): 1–19, 5. 11. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Le Carnaval de Romans: De la Chandeleur au mercredi des cendres, 1579-1580 (Paris, 1979), 223. 12. Georg Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientiﬁc Objec- tivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, CT, 2005), 51–2. Although comparison is not the aim here, ‘when we compare historiography of all sorts between countries it has to be the presuppositions they are constructed from that are compared’: Rolf Torstendahl, ‘Assessing Pro- fessional Developments: Historiography in Comparative Perspective’, in Rolf Torstendahl, ed., An Assessment of Twentieth-Century Historiography: Professionalism, Methodologies, Writings (Stockholm, 2000), 9. 13. Martin Fugler, ‘Fondateurs et collaborateurs, les débuts de la Revue de synthèse historique (1900-1910)’, in Agnès Biard, Dominique Bourel and Eric Brian, eds, Henri Berr et la culture du XXe siècle (Paris, 1997), 188.

190 Notes 191

14. Fernand Braudel, ‘Les Annales continuent ...’, AÉSC, 12 (1957): 1–2, 1. 15. Armando Sapori, ‘Necrologio: Lucien Febvre 1878–1957’, Asi, 65 (1957): 131–2, 131; Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘Fernand Braudel, the Annales and the Mediterranean’, AHR, 44 (1972): 468–79, 468. 16. Philippe Sagnac, ‘Sur la Révolution: 2ème leçon’, in unpublished notebook, ‘Cours et leçons 1936–37’, Sagnac MSS AB XIX 3526. 17. Beatrice F. Hyslop, review of Bloch, Apologie pour l’histoire, AHR,55 (1950): 866–8, 868; A.J.P. Taylor, review of Renouvin, Histoire des Rela- tions Internationales, EHR, 70 (1955): 503–4, 504; A.J.P. Taylor, review of Schieder, Staat und Gesellschaft, EHR, 76 (1959): 754; Hermann Heimpel, Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft in unsere Zeit (Göttingen, 1959), 20; Robert Forster, review of Ladurie, Les Paysans de Languedoc, AHR,72 (1967): 596–7, 596. 18. Henri Lapeyre, review of Chaunu and Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique (1504- 1650), RH, 218 (1957): 370–4, 374; Harold Perkins, review of Labrousse, ed., L’Histoire Sociale, EHR, 85 (1970): 216. 19. Peter Schöttler, ‘Zur Geschichte der Annales-Rezeption in Deutschland (West)’, in Matthias Middell and Steffen Sammler, eds, Alles gewordene hat Geschichte: Die Schule der Annales in ihren Texten, 1929-1992 (Leipzig, 1994), 40; Lynn Hunt, ‘French History in the Last Twenty Years: The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm’, JCH, 21 (1986): 209–24; Christian Delacroix, ‘Le Moment de l’histoire-science sociale des années 1920 aux années 1940’, in Christian Delacroix, François Dosse and Patrick Garcia, eds, Les Courants historiques en France, XIXe–XXe siècle (Paris, 2005), 200–95; Jean-Pierre V.M. Herubel, “‘The Annales Movement” and Its Historiography: A Selective Bibliography’, FHS, 18 (1993): 346–55. 20. Garrett Mattingly, review of Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditer- ranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, AHR, 55 (1950): 349–51, 350. 21. Delacroix, ‘Le moment de l’histoire-science sociale’ places Annales as one among several other currents. 22. Mandrou to Braudel, 28 Dec. 1952, Braudel MSS f.27. 23. On Bloch’s republicanism, see Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘Due “Carnets” inediti di Marc Bloch (1917–1943): Quelques notes de lecture e Mea’, RSI, 110 (1998): 1005–44, and, on the relationship between Bloch’s republicanism, Résistance activities and his love of France and her history, see Peter Schöttler, ‘Marc Bloch, die Lehren der Geschichte und die Möglichkeit historischer Prognosen’, ÖZG, 16 (2005): 104–25, and Peter Schöttler, ‘After the Deluge: The Impact of the Two World Wars on the Histori- cal Work of Henri Pirenne and Marc Bloch’, in Stefan Berger and Chris Lorenz, eds, Nationalizing the Past: Historians as Nation Builders in Modern Europe (Basingstoke, 2010), 424–5; Lucien Febvre, ‘Marc Bloch: Dix ans après’, AÉSC, 9 (1954): 145–7, 146. 24. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II (Paris, 1949), 17. 25. Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (London, 1979); Opponents have appeared in monographs and article-length studies: for example, Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The Annales 192 Notes

School, 1929–1989 (London, 1990), 112–30; Georg Iggers, ‘Die “Annales” und ihre Kritiker. Probleme moderner französischer Sozialgeschichte’, HZ, 219 (1974): 578–608. 26. Michel de Certeau, L’Écriture de l’Histoire (Paris, 1975), 49–56; Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, translated by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils (London, 1936; originally published in German in 1929), 259. 27. Bernard Bailyn, review of Stoianovich, French Historical Method, JEH,37 (1977): 1028–34, 1031. 28. André Burgière, The Annales School: An Intellectual History, translated by Jane Marie Todd (Ithaca, NY, 2009; originally published in French in 2006), 2–3. 29. Paolo Zocchi, ‘La Discussione sulle “Annales” fino al 1960’, RSSM,2 (1981): 101–27, 112, 101–2. 30. John L. Harvey, ‘An American Annales? The AHA and the Revue internationale d’histoire économique of Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch’, JMH, 76 (2004): 578–621, 580. 31. Lutz Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre: Annales-Geschichtsschreibung und nouvelle histoire in Frankreich 1945–1980 (Stuttgart, 1994); Schöttler, ‘Zur Geschichte der Annales-Rezeption’. 32. Matthias Middell, ‘Die unendliche Geschichte’, in Middell and Sammler, eds, Alles Gewordene hat Geschichte, 7–40; Philippe Poirrier, Les Enjeux de l’histoire culturelle (Paris, 2004), 218; Guy Bourdé and Hervé Martin, eds, Les Écoles historiques (Paris, 1983). 33. Recent analyses of Third Republican historiography replicate the view, see Isabel Noronha-DiVanna, Writing History in the Third Republic (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2010), 232ff. 34. Michel Foucault, ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, in Michel Foucault, ed., Languages, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, translated by Donald F. Bouchard (Ithaca, NY, 1977), 147. 35. Cf. Bevir’s warning: ‘genealogies operate as denaturalizing critiques of ideas and practices that hide the contingency of human life behind formal ahistorical or developmental perspectives’: Mark Bevir, ‘What is Genealogy?’ JPH, 2 (2008): 263–75, 263. 36. Timothy Tackett, foreword to Burgière, The Annales School,x. 37. Cf. Surkis on periodization and the ‘linguistic turn’ in Judith Surkis, ‘When Was the Linguistic Turn? A Genealogy’, AHR, 117 (2012): 700–22, 702. 38. On the problem of generations, see Peter Gordon, Continental Divide: Heidegger, Cassirer, Davis (Cambridge, MA, 2010), 48–52, and comparative remarks in Mark Roseman, ‘Generation Conflict and German History, 1770-1968’, in Mark Roseman, ed., Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770-1968 (Cambridge, 1995), 1–46; on Italy and the USA, see Chapters 4 and 7. 39. For example, Burke, French Historical Revolution; cf. Burgière, The Annales School,9. 40. Traian Stoianovich, French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm (London, 1976), 194; Luciano Allegra and Angelo Torre, La Nascita Notes 193

della storia sociale in Francia dalla Commune alle Annales (Turin, 1977), 79–84, 95–101, 119–25; Stuart Clark, ‘The Annales Historians’, in Quentin Skinner, ed., The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sci- ences (Cambridge, 1985), 181; Georg Iggers, New Directions in European Historiography (London, 1985), 51–6; Massimo Mastrogregori, Il genio dello storico (Rome, 1987), 45–80, 97–124; Morazé, ‘Lucien Febvre’, 3; Lutz Raphael, Geschichtswissenschaft im Zeitalter des Extreme: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen von 1900 bis zur Gegenwart (Munich, 2003), 100–01; Burgière, The Annales School, 13–22. 41. François Dosse, L’Histoire en miettes: Des ‘Annales’ à la ‘nouvelle histoire’ (Paris, 1987), 3; Burke, The French Historical Revolution, 11, 109–10; Peter Schöttler, ‘Henri Berr et l’Allemagne’, in Biard, Bourel and Brian, eds, Henri Berr, 189–203. 42. Burguière, The Annales School, 80. 43. Jacqueline Pluet-Despatin and Gilles Candar, eds, Lucien Febvre: Lettres à Henri Berr (Paris, 1997); Jacqueline Pluet-Despatin, ed., Marc Bloch: Écrire la Société féodale: Lettres à Henri Berr 1924–1943 (Paris, 1992). 44. Jacques Revel and Nathan Wachtel, ‘Une École pour les sciences sociales’, in Jacques Revel and Nathan Wachtel, eds, Une École pour les sciences sociales: De la VIe Section à l´École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris, 1996), 23–4. 45. Antoine Prost, Histoire de l’enseignement et de l’éducation (Paris, 2004), 352. 46. Fernand Braudel, preface to Stoianovich, French Historical Method, 16. 47. Mandrou to Braudel, 18 July 1960, Braudel MSS f.27. 48. Middell, ‘Die unendliche Geschichte’, 16; Dosse and Coutau-Bégarie do not, however, deploy comparable lines of argument: see Dosse, L’Histoire en miettes, and Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, Le Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’: Grandeur et décadence de l’école des ‘Annales’ (Paris, 1989); Marcel Gauchet, ‘Changement de Paradigme en sciences sociales?’ D, 50 (1988): 165–70; Alain Decaux, ‘On N’Apprend Plus L’Histoire à vos enfants!’ Le Figaro Magazine, 20 Oct. 1979. 49. Maurice Aymard, ‘The Impact of the Annales School in Mediterranean Countries’, R, 1 (1978): 56; Peter Burke, ‘The Annales in Global Context’, IRSH, 35 (1990): 421–32. 50. Mark E. Blum, Continuity, Quantum, Continuum, and Dialectic: The Foundational Logics of Western Historical Thinking (Bern, 2006), 1–48. 51. Werner and Zimmermann, ‘Beyond Comparison’, 39. 52. Pierre Bourdieu, Homo Academicus (Paris, 1984), 18. 53. On the importance of periodicals in this period, see Margaret Steig, The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1986), 16; Gabriele Lingelbach, ‘Die American Historical Review. Gründung und Entwicklung einer geschichtswissenschaftlicher Institu- tion’, in Matthias Middell, ed., Historische Zeitschriften im internationalen Vergleich (Leipzig, 1999), 52; Edoardo Tortarolo, ‘Die Rivista Storica Italiana 1884-1929’, in Matthias Middell, ed., Historische Zeitschriften, 88–90. 54. Douglas Johnson to W.D. Johnston, 29 Apr. 1925, Leland MSS 39/5. 194 Notes

55. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: ‘The Objectivity Question’ and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, 1988), 21–46; Jürgen Herbst, The German Historical School in American Scholarship (Ithaca, NY, 1965), Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago, IL, 1965), 125–33; Paul Bernard and James Turner, ‘The “German Model” and the Graduate School: The University of Michigan and the Origin Myth of the American University’, HHEA, 13 (1993): 69–83; Jonathon R. Cole, The Great American University: Its Rise to Preeminence, Its Indispensible National Role, Why It Must be Protected (New York, 2009), 77–85. Gabriele Lingelbach, Klio macht Karriere: Die Institutionalisierung der Geschichtswissenschaft in Frankreich und den USA in der zweiten Hälfte des 19: Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 2003), 625–85. 56. For example, Stefan Berger and Chris Lorenz, eds, Nationalizing the Past: Historians as Nation Builders in Modern Europe (Basingstoke, 2010); Stefan Berger and Chris Lorenz, eds, The Contested Nation: Ethnicity, Class, Reli- gion and Gender in National Histories (Basingstoke, 2011); Christophe Charle, ‘L’Histoire comparée des intellectuels en Europe. Quelques points de méthode et propositions de recherche’, in Michel Trebitsch and Marie- Christine Granjon, eds, Pour Une Histoire comparée des intellectuels (Paris, 1998), 58; Christoph Conrad and Sebastian Conrad, ‘Wie vergleicht man Historiographien?’, in Christoph Conrad and Sebastian Conrad, eds, Die Nation schreiben: Geschichtswissenschaft im internationalen Vergleich (Göttingen, 2002), 11–48; Hartmut Kaelble, Der historisch Vergleich: Eine Einführung zum 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 1999), 48–92; Jürgen Kocka, ‘Historische Komparistik in Deutschland’, in Heinz- Gerhard Haupt and Jürgen Kocka, eds, Geschichte und Vergleich: Ansätze und Ergebnisse international vergleichender Geschichtsschreibung (Frankfurt am Main, 1996), 47–60; Jürgen Kocka, ‘Comparison and Beyond’, H&T, 42 (2003): 39–44.

1 Annalistes: Pre-history and Trajectories

1. Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘Il Genio dello storico: gli scritti teorici di Marc Bloch a Strasburgo’, RSI, 99 (1987): 51–80, 74. 2. Max Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by Hans Heinrich Gerth and Charles Wright Mills (London, 1948; originally published in German in 1919), 155. 3. DiVanna, Writing History, 239; Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of His- tory: Men, Women, and Historical Practice (Cambridge, MA, 1998), 71–83; Novick, Noble Dream, 40–6. 4. Pillias to Rolland, 30 Jan. 1939, Pillias MSS 1EP Dr15; Pillias, unpublished transcript, interview with Maurras and Massis, 17 May 1939, 4EP Dr6. 5. Scholars disagree about the méthodique label. For a selection of views, see: William R. Keylor, Academy and Community: The Foundation of the French Historical Profession (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 68–74, 172–3; Guy Notes 195

Bourdé, ‘L’École méthodique’, in Guy Bourdé and Hervé Martin, eds, Les Écoles historiques (Paris, 1983), 181–214; Charles-Olivier Carbonell, Histoire et historiens: Une Mutation idéologique des historiens français, 1865– 1885 (Toulouse, 1976), 409–18; Antoine Prost, Douze Leçons sur l’histoire (Paris, 1996), 93; Patrick Garcia, ‘Le Moment méthodique’, in Delacroix, Dosse, and Garcia, eds, Les Courants historiques, 96–199, 172–6; DiVanna, Writing History,1–8. 6. Gabriel Monod, ‘Les Études historiques en France’, RiE, 18 (1889): 571–94, 588. To this, Péguy objected, Charles Péguy, Notre Jeunesse (Paris, 1910), 202, Clio (Paris, 1947), 197–8. 7. Paul Bert, ‘Rapport sur le conseil supérieure de l’instruction publique’, cited in Claudine Wolikow, ‘Centenaire dans le bicentenaire: 1891– 1991. Aulard et la transformation du “cours” en “chaire” d’histoire de la Révolution française à la Sorbonne’, AhRf, 286 (1991): 431–58, 444. 8. Madeleine Rebérioux, ‘Histoire, historiens et dreyfusisme’, RH, 518 (1976): 407–32, 407–9; Ruth Harris, The Man on Devil’s Island: Alfred Dreyfus and the Affair that Divided France (London, 2010), 143–4, 203. 9. Gérard Noiriel, ‘Naissance du métier d’historien’, G, 1 Sep. 1990: 58–85, 63. 10. Carbonell, Histoire et historiens, 418–35. 11. Febvre to Berr, 3 Dec. 1930, in Pluet-Despatin and Candar, eds, Lettres à Henri Berr, 410. 12. Alice Gérard, ‘À L’Origine du combat des Annales: Positivisme historique et système universitaire’, in Charles-Olivier Carbonell and Georges Livet, eds, Au Berceau des Annales: Le Milieu strasbourgeois, l’histoire en France au début du XXe siècle (Toulouse, 1983), 82; Lavisse to Ferdinand Lot, 2 Oct. 1912, Lot MSS 3708 f.506. 13. Henri Berr, ‘Sur Notre Programme’, RSH, 1 (1900): 1–8, 2. 14. Henri Berr, review of Aulard, Histoire politique de la Révolution française, RSH, 2 (1902): 243–51, 251. 15. Jean Capot de Quissac, ‘L’Action française à l’assaut de la Sorbonne historienne’, in Carbonell and Livet, eds, Au berceau des Annales, 170. 16. Henri Berr, La Synthèse en histoire (Paris, 1911), 308. 17. Delacroix, ‘Le Moment de l’histoire-science sociale’, 235. 18. Burgière, The Annales School, 79. 19. Fugler, ‘Fondateurs et collaborateurs’, 182. 20. Émile Durkheim, Les Règles de la méthode sociologique (Paris, 1895), vii–viii, 5–19; cf. Gérard Noiriel, Penser avec, penser contre: Itinéraire d’un historien (Paris, 2003), 69. 21. François Simiand, ‘Méthode historique et science sociale: Étude critique d’après les ouvrages récents de M. Lacombe et de M. Seignobos’, RSH,2 (1902): 1–22, 128–77, 1. 22. Simiand, ‘Méthode historique’, 144; François Simiand, La Méthode positive en science économique (Paris, 1912), 57, 80–1. 23. François Simiand, ‘La Causalité en histoire’, BSfP, 6 (1906): 247–74, 252; on Simiand’s empiricism, see also Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘Note su 196 Notes

Simiand metodologo: Esiste Una Terza Via tra storicismo e empirismo?’ RSI, 101 (1989): 237–50, 243. 24. Simiand, ‘Méthode historique’, 3, 143–4. 25. Simiand, ‘Méthode historique’, 140; the name echoes Taine’s identifi- cation of ‘raison raisonnante’ as the revolutionary Jacobin cast of mind, detached from reality and destructive, in Hippolyte Taine, Les Origines de la France contemporaine (3 vols; Paris, 1875–93), iii. 250; Paul Lacombe, De L’Histoire considérée comme science (Paris, 1894), 354. 26. Henri Berr, ‘L’“Ancienne” et la “Nouvelle École” en histoire d’après M. Arvid Grotenfelt’, RSH, 8 (1904): 380–7, 383; he made the same point in Henri Berr, ‘Histoire traditionnelle et synthèse historique’, RSH,23 (1911): 121–30, 122. 27. Henri Berr, review of Meyer, Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte: Geschichtsphilosophische Untersuchungen, RSH, 6 (1903): 371–6, 373. 28. Berr to Durkheim, 10 Jul. n.d. [1910?], Berr MSS BRR2 G1-01.3-60. 29. Émile Durkheim, De La Division du travail social (Paris, 1893), 360. 30. Durkheim, Les Règles, 137–8. 31. Émile Durkheim, ‘Préface’, As, 1 (1896): iv–vii. 32. Émile Durkheim, review of Salvemini, La Storia considerata come scienza, As, 6 (1901): 123–5, 125. 33. Marcel Mauss and Henri Hubert, Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function,translated by W.D. Halls (London, 1964; originally published in French in 1899), 7. 34. Durkheim, Les Règles, vi; Émile Durkheim, ‘Quid secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae’, RHpc, 1 (1937): 405–63. 35. Émile Durkheim, ‘Les Principes de 1789 et la sociologie’, RiE, 19 (1890): 450–6; Georges Sorel, ‘Essai sur la philosophie de Proudhon’, Rp,17 (1892): 622–38. 36. Rod Kedward, La Vie en bleu: France and the French since 1900 (London, 2005), 30–1. 37. Robert Hertz, ‘Contribution à une étude sur la représentation collec- tive de la mort’, As, 10 (1905): 48–137, 49–50, 104; Henri Hubert, Les Celtes depuis l’époque de la Tène et la civilisation celtique (Paris, 1932), 156, 248; Céléstin Bouglé, review of Paul Mantoux, Histoire et sociologie, As,8 (1903): 162–4, 163; Céléstin Bouglé, Qu’est-Ce Que La Sociologie? (Paris, 1939), 1–2. 38. Michael J. Strube, ‘What Did Triplett Really Find? A Contemporary Anal- ysis of the First Experiment in Social Psychology’, AJP, 118 (2005): 271–86. 39. Lucien Febvre, Martin Luther: Un Destin (Paris, 1928), i. 40. Henri Strohl, Luther jusqu’en 1520 (Paris, 1962), 17. 41. Lucien Febvre, ‘Une Question mal posée: Les Origines de la Réforme française et le problème général des causes de la Réforme’, RH, 161 (1929): 26–7. Febvre’s approach resembles Fyodor Dostoevsky’s treat- ment of fictional characters in his novels, as identified by Mikhail Bakhtin in the same year as Febvre’s article appeared in print. See Mikhail Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, translated by Caryl Notes 197

Emerson (Minneapolis, MN, 1984; originally published in Russian in 1929), 6, 45–6, 98, 156. 42. Febvre, Martin Luther, vii. 43. Michel Vovelle, Idéologies et mentalités (Paris, 1982). 44. Febvre praised the project, see Lucien Febvre, ‘Politique royale ou civilisation française? La Conquête du Midi par la langue française’, RSH,38 (1924): 37–53, 51. 45. Marc Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, translated by J.E. Anderson (London, 1973; originally published in French in 1924), 243. 46. Marc Bloch, ‘Méthodologie historique’, unpublished notes, n.d. [1920s?] Bloch MSS AB XIX 3849; Willy Gianinazzi, Naissance du mythe moderne: Georges Sorel et la crise de la pensée savante (1889–1914) (Paris, 2006), 84–8. 47. Marc Bloch, ‘Reﬂections d’un historien sur les fausses nouvelles de la guerre’, RSH, 33 (1921): 13–35; Ulrich Raulff, Ein Historiker im 20. Jahrhundert: Marc Bloch (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 72–3. 48. See also Peter Schöttler, ‘Mentalitätengeschichte und Psychoanalyse: Lucien Febvres Begegnung mit Jacques Lacan 1937/38’, ÖZG, 11 (2000): 135–46. 49. Marc Bloch, Rois et serfs: Un Chapitre d’histoire capétienne (Paris, 1920), iii. 50. Bloch to Lot, 25 Aug. 1921, Lot MSS 7306 f.346. 51. Paul Vidal de la Blache, Tableau de la géographie de la France (Paris, 1903), 20. 52. Vincent Berdoulay, La Formation de l’école française de géographie (1870- 1914) (Paris, 1981), 217, 66–7, 46–60. 53. Berdoulay, La Formation, 106–8. 54. Gabriel Monod, La Méthode en histoire (Paris, 1910), 42. 55. Lucien Febvre, Les Régions de la France (Paris, 1905); Lucien Febvre, Notes et documents sur la Réforme et l’Inquisition en Franche-Comté (Paris, 1911); Lucien Febvre, Philippe II et la Franche Comté: Étude d’histoire politique, religieuse et sociale (Paris, 1912), 1, i. 56. Febvre, Philippe II,1. 57. Febvre to Pierre Caron, 4 Oct. 1928, Caron MSS AB XIX 4404; Lucien Febvre and Lionel Bataillon, La Terre et l’évolution humain: Introduction géographique à l’histoire (Paris, 1922), 419. 58. Febvre and Bataillon, La Terre, 79, 80–4. 59. Febvre and Bataillon, La Terre, 101–5. 60. Febvre and Bataillon, La Terre, 257, 425. 61. Lucien Febvre and Albert Demangeon, Le Rhin: Problèmes d’histoire et d’économie (Paris, 1935), x, 126–50, 293. 62. Marc Bloch, review of Febvre, La Terre et l’évolution humaine, RH, 145 (1924): 235–40, 238. 63. Bloch, review of Febvre, La Terre, 239. 64. Marc Bloch, Île de France: Les Pays autour de Paris (Paris, 1913), 69. 65. Sée to Bloch, n.d. [1924?] Bloch MSS AB XIX 3849. 66. Lavisse to Geffroy, 28 Aug. 1877, Geffroy MSS NAF 12923 f.3492. 198 Notes

67. Henri Pirenne, De la Méthode comparative en histoire (Bruxelles, 1923), 12–13; Henri Pirenne, Les Villes du Moyen-Âge: Essai d’histoire économique et sociale (Brussels, 1927), 126–8, 135. 68. Olivier Dumoulin, Marc Bloch (Paris, 2000), 92. 69. Numa Denys Fustel de Coulanges, ‘Questions romaines’, in Numa Denys Fustel de Coulanges, Questions historiques, edited by Camille Jullian (Paris, 1893), 418. 70. Marc Bloch, ‘Pour Une Histoire comparée des sociétés européenes’, RSH, 46 (1928): 15–50, 23–4. 71. Lucien Febvre, ‘À Nos Lecteurs, à nos amis. Face au vent: Manifeste des Annales nouvelles’, AÉSC, 1 (1946): 1–8, 4, 8; Febvre, ‘Vers Une Autre Histoire’, 244; Lucien Febvre, ‘Propos d’Initiation: Vivre l’Histoire’, MHS, 3 (1943): 5–18, 8; on the de-emphasis of past–present relations, see Lutz Raphael, ‘The Present as a Challenge for the Historian: The Con- temporary World in the “Annales E.S.C.”, 1929–1949’, SdS, 21 (1992): 25–44. 72. Lucien Febvre, ‘Le Problème des prix’, AHés, 1 (1929): 67; Lucie Varga, ‘Le Genèse du National-Socialisme. Note d’analyse sociale’, AHés, 9 (1937): 529–46. Armand Colin, a conservative publishing house in the 1930s, objected to Varga’s overtly anti-Nazi lead article. Febvre and Bloch in any case referred to Nazi Germany as a forum of ‘rationalized fanaticism’; see Peter Schöttler, ‘Rationalisierter Fanatismus, archaische Mentalitäten: Marc Bloch und Lucien Febvre als Kritiker des nationalsozialistischen Deutschland’, WeG, 14 (1996): 5–21; Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650 (Cambridge, MA, 1934). 73. Johann Heilbron, ‘Les Métamorphoses du durkheimisme, 1920–1940’, RfS, 26 (1985): 203–37; René Pillorget, ‘From a Classical to a Serial and Quantitative Study of History: Some New Directions in French Historical Research’, DUJ, 149 (1976–7): 207–16, 208. 74. Lucien Febvre, ‘Entre L’Histoire à thèse et l’histoire manuel; deux esquisses récentes d’histoire de France: M. Benda, M. Seignobos’, RS, 5 (1933): 205–36; Lucien Febvre, ‘Une Histoire politique de la Russie moderne: Histoire-Tableau ou synthèse historique’, RS, 7 (1934): 29–36. 75. Marc Bloch, ‘Manuels ou synthèses’, AHés, 5 (1933): 67–71, 70; Lucien Febvre, ‘Pro Domo nostra: À Quoi Sert La Critique?’ AHés, 8 (1936): 54–6, 55; Lucien Febvre, review of Camille Desmoulins, Le Vieux Cordelier, AHÉés, 8 (1936): 394–5; Marc Bloch, review of Germaine Lebel, ‘Histoire administrative, économique et ﬁnancière de l’abbaye de Saint-Denis, étudiée spécialement dans la province ecclésiastique de Sens, de 1151 à 1346’, AHés, 9 (1937): 80–5. 76. Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, ‘Au Bout d’un an’, AHés, 2 (1930): 1–4, 3. 77. Pillorget, ‘Some New Directions’, 207; Henri Sée, Matérialisme historique et interprétation économique de l’histoire (Paris, 1927); Lucien Febvre, ‘Techniques, sciences et marxisme’, AHés, 7 (1935): 615–23, 617, 622. 78. Marc Bloch, review of Simiand, Le Salaire, évolution sociale et la monnaie: Essai de théorie expérimentale, RH, 153 (1934): 1–31, 25. Notes 199

79. Marc Bloch, review of Simiand, Cours d’économie politique, RSH,51 (1931): 253–6, 256. 80. Marc Bloch, ‘Problèmes d’Europe’, AHés, 35 (1935): 471–80, 473; Lucien Febvre, ‘Tours d’horizons mondiaux ou européens’, AHés, 41 (1936): 580–2, 581; Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, ‘À Nos Lecteurs’, AHés,54 (1938): 481–2, 481. 81. Marc Bloch, Les Caractères originaux de l’histoire rurale française (Paris, 1931), 21–65. 82. Marc Bloch, La Société féodale (2 vols; Paris, 1939–40), i. 223–50, ii. 79–116. 83. Bloch, La Société féodale,i.6–11. 84. Bloch, La Société féodale, ii. 252. 85. Pierre Chaunu and Huguette Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique (1504– 1560) (12 vols; Paris, 1955–59), i. 6–11; Fernand Braudel and Ruggiero Romano, Navires et marchandises à l’entrée du port de Livourne (1547–1611) (Paris, 1951). 86. Pierre Chaunu, ‘Une Histoire religieuse sérielle’, RHmc, 1 (1965): 5–34, 31. 87. Georges Duby, L’Économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans l’Occident médiéval (2 vols; Paris, 1962), i. 133–7. 88. Duby, L’Économie rurale,i.7–8. 89. Lutz Raphael, ‘Le Centre de recherches historiques de 1949 à 1975’, CCrh, 10 (1993): 19. 90. Febvre, ‘Pro Domo nostra’, 55; Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, ‘Un Nouvel Institut d’histoire sociale?’ AHés, 44 (1937): 194; Febvre, ‘Propos d’Initiation’, 6. 91. Lucien Febvre, ‘Une Vue d’ensemble: Psychologie et histoire’, Encyclopédie française (22 vols; Paris, 1937–66), as cited in Lucien Febvre, Combats pour l’histoire (Paris, 1952), 249, 258–60. 92. Febvre, ‘Une Vue d’ensemble’, 250, 252, 257, 259. 93. Lucien Febvre, preface to Chaunu and Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique,i.xi. 94. Lucien Febvre, Histoire de Franche Comté (Paris, 1912), vii; Michael Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge, 1933). 95. Lucien Febvre, Le Problème de l’incroyance au XVIe siècle: La Religion de Rabelais (Paris, 1942), 455–63; Lucien Febvre, Origène et des Périers ou l’énigme du ‘Cymbalum Mundi’ (Paris, 1942), 7–131; Lucien Febvre, Autour de l’Heptaméron, amour sacré, amour profonde (Paris, 1944), 7–13. 96. Pierre Guiral, René Pillorget and Maurice Agulhon, Guidedel’étudiant en histoire moderne et contemporaine (Paris, 1971), 127–34, contains a bibliography of work in this direction. 97. Professor John Rogister, electronic correspondence with the author, 15 Oct. 2010. 98. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (London, 1965), 275–6. 99. Braudel to Hassinger, 20 Oct. 1956, Hassinger MSS C54.6; Fernand Braudel, ‘Retour aux enquêtes’, AÉSC, 16 (1961): 421–4, 423; Fernand Braudel, ‘La Démographie et les dimensions des sciences de l’homme’, AÉSC, 15 (1960): 493–523, 499. 200 Notes

100. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 à 1730 (2 vols; Paris, 1960), i. 13. 101. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les Paysans de Languedoc (2 vols; Paris, 1966), i. 11. 102. Lucien Febvre, ‘De la Revue de synthèse aux Annales: Henri Berr ou un demi-siècle de travail au service de l’histoire’, AÉSC, 7 (1952): 289–93, 291. 103. Claude Lévi-Strauss, ‘Histoire et ethnologie’, reprint of 1949 article in Claude Lévi-Strauss, Anthropologie structurale (2 vols; Paris, 1958), i. 28; Claude Lévi-Strauss, La Pensée sauvage (Paris, 1962), 345. 104. Braudel, La Méditerranée, 31; Fernand Braudel, ‘Histoire et sociologie’, in Fernand Braudel, ed., Écrits sur l’histoire (2 vols; Paris, 1969), i. 105; Fernand Braudel, ‘Histoire et sciences sociales: la longue durée’, AÉSC, 13 (1958): 725–53, 735–8. 105. Lucien Febvre, ‘Un Livre qui grandit’, review of Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, RH, 203 (1950): 216–24, 218. 106. Lévi-Strauss, Anthropologie structurale, i. 37–63, especially 56. 107. Braudel, ‘Histoire et sciences sociales’, 752. 108. Braudel, ‘Histoire et sciences sociales’, 734. 109. Charles Morazé, Essai sur la civilisation de l’Occident (2 vols; Paris, 1950–67), i. vii, ix. 110. Morazé, Essai sur la civilisation, i. 236. 111. Jacques Le Goff, La Civilisation de l’Occident médiéval (Paris, 1964), 1–7. 112. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Histoire du climat depuis l’an mil (2 vols; Paris, 1967), i. 216–37. 113. Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction (London, 1999), 128–30. 114. François Simiand, ‘Méthode historique et science sociale’, AÉSC,15 (1960): 83–119, 83. 115. Fernand Braudel, ‘Les Annales ont trente ans (1929-1959)’, AÉSC,14 (1959): 1–2. 116. Fernand Braudel, ‘Lucien Febvre et l’histoire’, AÉSC, 12 (1957): 177–82; Lucien Febvre, ‘Un Deuil des Annales’, AÉSC, 10 (1955): 1–3, 1. 117. See also, Middell, ‘Die unendliche Geschichte’, 19. 118. Braudel, ‘Les Annales continuent ...’, 1–2. 119. Febvre, ‘Face au vent’, 1–8. 120. Middell, ‘Die unendliche Geschichte’, 19–20, 25; Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre, 17–22.

2 Annales: Institutions and Wider Resonances

1. Prost, Histoire de l’enseignement, 11. 2. Burke, French Historical Revolution, 25–31; Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre, 150–205. 3. Pim Den Boer, History as a Profession: The Study of History in France, 1818– 1914, translated by Arnold J. Pomerans (Princeton, NJ, 1988; originally Notes 201

published in Dutch in 1987), 248; Terry N. Clark and Priscilla P. Clark, ‘Le Patron et son cercle: Clef de l’université française’, RfS, 12 (1971): 19–39, 38. 4. Boer, History as a Profession, 304. 5. Michel Blay, ‘Henri Berr et l’histoire des sciences’, in Biard, Bourel and Brian, eds, Henri Berr, 132. 6. Bloch to Febvre, 18 Jun. 1938, in Bertrand Müller, ed., Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre et les Annales d’histoire économique et sociale: Correspondance (Paris, 1994–2003), iii. 29; Febvre, Combats pour l’histoire, 38–9; Lucien Febvre, ‘Sur Einstein et sur l’histoire: Méditation de circonstance’, AÉSC, 10 (1955): 305–12; Burgière, The Annales School, 22–4; Blandine Barret- Kriegel, ‘Histoire et politique ou l’histoire, science des effets’, AÉSC,28 (1973): 1437–63, 1442. 7. Christophe Charle, La République des universitaires: 1870–1940 (Paris, 1994), 39–41; Marc Bloch, L’Étrange Défaite (Paris, 1946), 192. 8. Paul Gerbod, ‘Resources and Management’, in Walter Rüegg, ed., A History of the University in Europe (4 vols; Cambridge, 1992–2010), iii. 103. 9. Asa Briggs, ‘History and the Social Sciences’, in Rüegg, ed., A History,iii. 478. 10. Olivier Dumoulin, ‘Bloch, Marc’, in Christian Amalvi, ed., Dictionnaire biographique des historiens français et francophones: De Grégoire de Tours à Georges Duby (Paris, 2004), 28; John M. Burney, Toulouse et son université: Facultés et étudiants dans la France provinciale du 19 siècle, translated by Philippe Wolff (Paris, 1988), 278; Giuliana Gemelli, Fernand Braudel,translated into French by Brigitte Pasquet and Béatrice Propetto Marzi (Paris, 1995; originally published in Italian in 1990), 30–1. 11. Bourdieu, Homo Academicus, xxv. 12. Christian Pﬁster to Gustave Cohen, 20 Sep. 1925, Cohen MSS 59 AP 3. 13. Charle, République des universitaires, 306. 14. Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 293. 15. Delacroix, ‘Le Moment de l’histoire-science sociale’, 225. 16. Jean-Pierre Poussou, ‘Les Fondements de l’histoire économique française: Henri Hauser et Henri Sée’, in Séverine-Antigone Martin and Georges- Henri Soutou, eds, Henri Hauser (1866–1946): Humaniste, historien, répub- licain (Paris, 2006), 83–93. 17. F.-L. Ganshof to Febvre, 10 Jun. 1928; R.H. Tawney to Febvre, 14 Jun. 1928; K. Asakawa to Bloch, 20 Nov. 1930, Leuilliot MSS. 18. Bloch to André Siegfried, 29 Jan. 1928, Leuilliot MSS. 19. Romier to Roland, 23 Dec. 1930, Romier MSS 408 AP 1. 20. Margaret Steig, The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1986), 106. 21. Henri Hauser, ‘Histoire économique et sociale (1928–1929)’, RH, 161 (1929): 333–68, 339. 22. Bourdé, ‘Le Moment de l’histoire-science sociale’, 265. 23. Febvre to Publisher Félix Alcan, 1 Jun. 1928, Leuilliot MSS. 24. See also Peter Schöttler, ‘Eine speziﬁsche Neugirde: Die frühen Annales als interdisziplinäres Projekt’, C, 2 (1992): 112–26, 123. 202 Notes

25. Marc Bloch, ‘Nouvelles personelles’, AHés, 1 (1929): 583–4; Monod to Febvre, 27 May 1907, in Pluet and Candar, eds, Lettres à Henri Berr,4. 26. Noiriel, ‘Naissance du métier’, 85; Charle, République des universitaires, 456. 27. Lutz Raphael, ‘Orte und Ideen der kollektiven Geschichtsforschung: Einer vergleichenden Blick auf die ersten Jahrzehnte des Centre de Recherches Historiques und die Pratiken in Westdeutschland (1945– 1975)’, in Matthias Middell, Gabriele Lingelbach and Frank Hadler, eds, Historische Institut im internationelen Vergleich (Leipzig, 2001), 378. 28. Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 273. 29. Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre, 91. 30. Brigitte Mazon, Aux Origines de l’EHESS. Le Rôle du mécénat américain (Paris, 1988), 87; Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre, 43. 31. Denis Bertholet, Claude Lévi-Strauss (Paris, 2008), 26–41. 32. Mazon, Aux Origines de l’EHESS, 44. 33. Mazon, Aux Origines de l’EHESS, 115; Jean Fourastié, Les Trente Glorieuses ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975 (Paris, 1979). 34. Mazon, Aux Origines de l’EHESS, 318. 35. Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 280. 36. Jean Glénisson, La Recherche historique en France de 1940 à 1965 (Paris, 1965), lxiii. 37. See also, Lutz Raphael, ‘Organisational Frameworks of University Life and their Impact on Historiographical Practice’, in Rolf Torstendahl and Irmline Veit-Brause, eds, History-Making. The Intellectual and Social Formation of a Discipline (Stockholm, 1996), 158. 38. Noiriel, ‘Naissance du métier’, 61; Gérard, ‘À L’Origine du combat des Annales’, 87–8. 39. Ilaria Porciani and Lutz Raphael, eds, Atlas of European Historiography: The Making of a Profession 1800–2005 (Basingstoke, 2010), 169, 135, 162, 118. 40. Hartmut Kaelble, Soziale Mobilität und Chancengleichheit im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1983), 200–2. 41. Bernard Berelson, Graduate Education in the United States (New York, NY, 1960), 133. 42. Robert Anderson, British Universities Past and Present (London, 2006), 84–5. 43. Fritz Ringer, Education and Society in Modern Europe (London, 1979), 124. 44. Matthias Middell, ‘Germany’, in Porciani and Raphael, eds, Atlas, 162. 45. Giuseppe Ricuperati, ‘Per Una Storia dell’università italiana da Gentile a Bottai: Appunti e discussione’, in Ilaria Porciani, ed., L’Università tra Otto e Novocento: I Modelli europei e il caso italiano (Naples, 1994), 324. 46. Berelson, Graduate Education, 280–1. 47. Matthias Middell, ‘Vom allgemeinhistorischen Journal zur spezialisierten Liste im H-Net. Gedanken zur Geschichte der Zeitschriften als Elementen der Institutionalisierung moderner Geschichtswissenschaft’, in Middell, ed., Historische Zeitschriften, 16. 48. Anderson, British Universities, 113; Bourdieu, Homo Academicus, 156; Guido Martinotti and Alberto Giasinti, ‘The Robed Baron: The Academic Notes 203

Profession in the Italian University’, in Philip G. Altbach, ed., Compar- ative Perspectives on the Academic Profession (New York, NY, 1977), 24–6; Hartmut Boockmann, Wissen und Widerstand: Geschichte der Universität (Berlin, 1999), 262; Gérard Chaix, ‘De La Fascination allemande à l’ouverture européene: Die französische Geschichtsschreibung im 20. Jahrhundert’, in Heinz Ducchardt, ed., Nationale Geschichtskulturen – Bilanz, Ausstrahlung, Europabezogenheit (Mainz, 2006), 115; Roger Geiger, ‘Research, Graduate Education, and the Ecology of the American Univer- sities: An Interpretive History’, in Sheldon Rothblatt and Björn Wittrock, eds, The European and American University Since 1800: Historical and Soci- ological Essays (Cambridge, 1993), 248; Martin Trow, ‘Comparative Per- spectives on British and American Higher Education’, in Rothblatt and Wittrock, eds, The European and American University, 298. 49. Porciani and Raphael, eds, Atlas, 131, 162, 118. 50. Ringer, Education and Society, 248. 51. Anderson, British Universities, 113. 52. Trow, ‘British and American Higher Education’, 298. 53. Berelson, Graduate Education, 95. 54. Geiger, ‘American Universities’, 248. 55. Ringer, Education and Society, 217. 56. Mauro Moretti and Ilaria Porciani, ‘Italy’, in Porciani and Raphael, eds, Atlas, 119, 121. 57. Matthias Middell, ‘Die ersten Historikertage in Deutschland, 1893–1913’, C, 5–6 (1996): 21–43. 58. Trow, ‘British and American Higher Education’, 282–3. 59. Olaf Blascke, Verleger machen Geschichte: Buchhandel und Historiker seit 1945 im deutsch-britischen Vergleich (Göttingen, 2010), 108–10. 60. Philippe Carrard, Poétique de la nouvelle histoire (Paris, 1998), 131; Coutau- Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 305; Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, Les Intellocrates. Expédition en haute intelligentsia (Paris, 1981), 109–10. 61. André Latreille, ‘Lucien Febvre’, LM, 28 Dec. 1956; Jean Louis-Clément, ‘Latreille, André’, in Amalvi, ed., Dictionnaire biographique des historiens français, 180. 62. Louis Pinto, L’Intelligence en action: Le Nouvel Observateur (Paris, 1984), chapter 2; Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 305. 63. Bourdieu, Homo Academicus, 112, 324. 64. Carrard, Poétique de la nouvelle histoire, 135–42. 65. Philippe Ariès, L’Enfant et la vie familiale sous l’Ancien Régime (Paris, 1960), 23–41. 66. Patrick Hutton, Philippe Ariès and the Politics of French Cultural His- tory (Amherst, MA, 2004), 95–7; Philippe Ariès, ‘Entretien avec Michel Winock’, L’H, 19 Jan. 1980; Lutz Raphael, ‘Die “Nouvelle Histoire” und der Buchmarkt in Frankreich’, HZ, Supplement 42 (2006): 123–37. 67. Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 300; Olaf Blaschke, ‘Publish- ers and Historians in and around 1980’, in Porciani and Raphael, eds, Atlas, 51. 204 Notes

68. Patryk Pleskot, ‘Marxism in the Historiography of Annales in the Opinion of its Creators and Critics’, APH, 96 (2007): 183–205, 204. 69. Ruggiero Romano, Braudel e noi: Riflessioni sulla cultura storica del nostro tempo (Rome, 1995), 61–2. 70. See also Stoianovich, French Historical Method, 152–3; Coutau-Bégarie, Phénomène ‘nouvelle histoire’, 243; Guy Bois, ‘Marxisme et nouvelle histoire’, in Jacques Le Goff, Roger Chartier and Jacques Revel, eds, La Nouvelle Histoire (Paris, 1978), 375–93; Carrard, Poétique de la nouvelle histoire, 177–8. 71. ‘Spatial frameworks’ is Lorenz’s term; see Chris Lorenz, ‘Double Trou- ble: A Comparison of the Politics of National History in Germany and Quebec’, in Berger and Lorenz, eds, Nationalizing the Past, 50–1. 72. Sir Herbert Butterfield’s teaching founded itself on this principle; see Michael Bentley, The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God (Cambridge, 2011), 97.

3 Contestation and Entanglement

1. Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca, eds, The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World (Chicago, IL, 1994), 181; ‘spiritedness’ as a relation of mind and heart through blood from θυμóς, see Christopher A. Faraone, ‘Thumos as Mas- culine Ideal and Social Pathology in Ancient Greek Magical Spells’, in Susanna Braund and Glenn W. Most, eds, Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen (Cambridge, 2003), 144–62. 2. Poirrier, Les Enjeux de l’histoire, 218. 3. Aron to Alfred Fabre-Luce, 31 Dec. 1968, Aron MSS NAF 28060 f.206. 4. Pillorget, ‘From a Classical to a Serial and Quantitative Study of History’, 208. 5. Charles Seignobos, ‘L’Inconnu et l’inconscient en histoire’, BSfP,8 (1908): 217–47, 219. 6. Charles Seignobos, ‘Les Conditions pratiques de la recherche des causes dans le travail historique’, BSfP, 7 (1907): 261–99, 263. 7. Charles Seignobos and Charles-Victor Langlois, Introduction aux études historiques (Paris, 1898), 253. 8. Robert Fawtier, ed., ‘La Dernière Lettre de Charles Seignobos à Ferdinand Lot’, RH, 210 (1953): 1–12, 4. 9. Seignobos and Langlois, Introduction aux études historiques, 71–122, 123–74, 191–206. 10. On this subject, see William Dray, On History and Philosophers of History (Leiden, 1989), 51ff. 11. Numa Denys Fustel de Coulanges, ‘De La Manière d’écrire l’histoire en France et en Allemagne depuis cinquante ans’, RDM, 101 (1872): 241–51. 12. Pierre Nora, ‘Lavisse, Instituteur national. “Le Petit Lavisse”, évangile de la République’, in Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de mémoire (3 vols; Paris, 1984), i. 245–9; Charle, République des universitaires, 21–59. Notes 205

13. Jullian to Coulanges, 31 Dec. 1881, Jullian MSS 5764 f.152. 14. Alphonse Aulard and Antonin Debidour, Histoire de France (Paris, 1894), 3. 15. Ernest Lavisse, ‘L’Enseignement historique en Sorbonne et l’education nationale’, RDM, 15 Feb. 1882: 870–97, 894; Ernest Lavisse, Vue générale de l’histoire politique de l’Europe (Paris, 1890), vii. 16. Sergio Luzzatto, ‘Les Tranchées de la Sorbonne: Les Historiens français et le mythe de la guerre révolutionnaire (1914–1918)’, SdS, 20 (1991): 3–27, 16–22. 17. Christian Pﬁster, review of Febvre, Philippe II et la Franche-Comté, RH, 109 (1912): 404–8, 406. 18. Charles Guignebert, review of Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges, RH, 148 (1925): 100–3, 102. 19. My italics, Paul Fournier, review of Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges, BÉC,86 (1925): 192–4, 193. 20. Marc Bloch, ‘Nouvelles personelles’, AHés, 1 (1929): 583–4. 21. Henri Bergson, Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (Paris, 1889), 76. 22. Bergson to Madelin, 24 Nov. 1931, Madelin MSS AP 355. 23. Bergson to Madelin, 16 Dec. 1934, Madelin MSS AP 355; Bergson to Madelin, 7 Sept. 1938, Madelin MSS AP 355. 24. ‘À l’heure actuelle, vous êtes devenu le premier historien non seulement de la France, mais de l’Europe’, Octave Aubry to Madelin, 2 Feb. 1939, Madelin MSS AP 355; Jacques Bardoux to Madelin, 11 Apr. 1945, Madelin MSS AP 355. 25. Alexandru Dimitrie Xénopol, Théorie de l’histoire (Paris, 1908), 1–11. 26. Gabriel Monod, De La Méthode dans les sciences (Paris, 1909), 177. 27. DiVanna, Writing History, 85, 148–9, 194, 222. 28. Kedward, LaVieenbleu, 30–43; Xénopol, Théorie, 297, 305. 29. See Christophe Charle, ‘The Intellectual Networks of Two Leading Uni- versities: Paris and Berlin 1890–1930’, in Christophe Charle, Jürgen Schriewer and Peter Wagner, eds, Transnational Intellectual Networks: Forms of Academic Knowledge and the Search for Cultural Identities (New York, 2004), 445. 30. Henri Hauser, L’Enseignement des sciences sociales. État actuel de cet enseignement dans les divers pays du monde (Paris, 1903), 220. 31. Hauser, L’Enseignement des sciences sociales, 15. 32. Max Leclerc to Febvre, 6 Mar. 1928, Leuilliot MSS. 33. Morazé, ‘Lucien Febvre et l’histoire vivante’, 4. 34. Suzanne Citron, ‘Positivisme, corporatisme et pouvoir dans la Société des Professeurs d’Histoire de 1910 à 1947’, RfSP, 27 (1977): 691–716, 691–2, 716, 709, 714–15. 35. Albert Demangeon, review of Febvre and Bataillon, La Terre, AG,32 (1923): 165–70, 167. 36. James Friguglietti, ‘Alphonse Aulard: Radical Historian of the Radical Republic’, PWSFH, 14 (1987): 239–48, 244. 37. Alphonse Aulard, Polémique et histoire (Paris, 1904), 1–140. 206 Notes

38. Wolikow, ‘Centenaire dans le bicentenaire’, 431. 39. Hans Glagau, ‘Geschichte der Revolution in demokratischer Beleuchtung’, HZ, 91 (1903): 233–54, 248–51, 243, 245–6, 237. 40. Édmond Speller to Aulard, 31 Jan. 1894, Police MSS F17 17136. 41. Gary Kates, ed., The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Contro- versies (London, 2002), 2; on the continuity of academic life in Paris between 1940 and 1944, see Lutz Raphael, ‘Die pariser Universität unter deutsche Besatzung 1940–1944’, GG, 23 (1997): 507–34. 42. See also, Smith, Gender of History, 128–9. 43. Georges Belloni, Aulard: Historien de la Révolution française (Paris, 1949), 22–3. 44. Carbonell, Histoire et historiens, 436–51. 45. Alphonse Aulard, Danton (Paris, 1884), v. 46. Alphonse Aulard, ‘Auguste Comte et la Révolution française’, in Alphonse Aulard, ed., Études et leçons sur la Révolution française,2ndseries (Paris, 1898), 25, 30–1. 47. Alphonse Aulard, Taine, historien de la Révolution française (Paris, 1907), 53, 124, 145, 326. 48. Pierre Caron, review of Cochin, La Crise de l’histoire révolutionnaire, RHmc, 13 (1909): 90–1. 49. Albert Bayet, preface to Belloni, Aulard,xi. 50. Philippe Lauer to Lot, 21 Nov. 1940, Lauer MSS AB XIX 3408; Alphonse Aulard, Histoire politique de la Révolution française (Paris, 1901), vii–viii. 51. For example, Kates, ed., French Revolution, 2–3. Albert Mathiez, La Vie chère et le mouvement social sous la Terreur (2 vols; Paris, 1927), i. 13; ii. 242. 52. Charles Seignobos, review of d’Avenel, Histoire économique, RcHL,41 (1896): 106–18; Aulard to Chuquet, 25 Mar. 1896, Chuquet MSS NAF 13688 f.77; Avenel to Chuquet, 10 Apr. 1896, Chuquet MSS NAF 13691 f.1. 53. Alphonse Aulard, La Révolution française et le régime féodale (Paris, 1919), iii, 220–2, 242–4. 54. Mathiez, La Vie chère, i. 87–92, 194–96, ii. 185–6, 223–6. 55. Febvre to Berr, 3 Dec. 1930, in Pluet and Candar, eds, Lettres à Henri Berr, 410; Lucien Febvre, ‘Albert Mathiez, un tempérament, une éducation’, AHés, 4 (1932): 573–6, 575. 56. Frederick Crossﬁeld Happold, Modern Historians of the French Revolution (London, 1928), 26. 57. Charles Seignobos, review of Aulard, Histoire politique de la Révolution française, RU, 10 (1901): 125; James Harvey Robinson, ‘Aulard’s Political History of the French Revolution’, PSQ, 26 (1911): 133–41, 136. 58. Crane Brinton, review of Aulard, Christianity and the French Revolution, AHR, 43 (1928): 297–9, 297. On the ‘new’ history in America, see Part III, Chapter 7. 59. Fred Morrow Fling, ‘La Révolution française et la période napoléoni- enne’, RSH, 29 (1919): 263–70, 263, 269; Fred Morrow Fling, review Notes 207

of Aulard, Taine, AHR, 13 (1908): 577–8, 578. Besides a limited assessment of Fling’s forgotten legacy as a revolutionary historian – see James Friguglietti, ‘Fred Morrow Fling: Unﬁnished American Historian of the French Revolution’, in Owen Connelly and Robert Rhodes Crout, eds, Selected Papers of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850 (Tallahassee, FL, 1999), 247–55 – the literature has yet to examine Fling’s role in appropriating and communicating European, especially German, methodologies and thought-worlds to the USA through his so-called ‘Nebraska School’ of historians around 1900. 60. Bémont to Fisher, 26 May 1894, Fisher MSS 60. F. 237; H.A.L. Fisher, review of Aulard, Le Culte de la raison, EHR, 8 (1893): 798–801, 799; H.A.L. Fisher, review of Aulard, Études et leçons, EHR, 23 (1908): 172–3. Moody suggested that, in his ‘professional writings’ Aulard demon- strated his capacity ‘to keep his [anti-clerical] prejudice in check’; see Joseph N. Moody, ‘The Third Republic and the Church: A Case History of Three French Historians’, CHR, 66 (1980): 1–15, 9. 61. Morse-Stephens to Arthur Chuquet, 15 Feb. 1892, Chuquet MSS NAF 13668/24 f.76. 62. Glagau, ‘Geschichte der Revolution’, 248–51, 243, 245–6, 237; Hedwig Hintze, ‘Einleitung’, in Alphonse Aulard, ed., Politische Geschichte der französischen Revolution: Enstehung und Entwicklung der Demokratie und der Republik, translated by Frederik von Oppeln-Bronikowski (2 vols; Leipzig, 1924), i. 5–6. 63. Pierre Renouvin, Histoire des relations internationales (8 vols; Paris, 1954–58). 64. Henri Sée, ‘Interprétation d’une controverse sur les relations de l’histoire et de la sociologie’, AfSS, 65 (1931): 81–100, 84. 65. Henri Sée, review of Berr, En Marge de l’histoire universelle, RH, 175 (1935): 157–8, 158. 66. Henri Hauser, review of Sée, Französische Wirtschaftsgeschichte, RH, 178 (1936): 123–6, 126. 67. Henri Hauser, La Pensée et l’action économique du cardinal de Richelieu (Paris, 1944), 9. 68. Kedward, La Vie en bleu, 188; Jessica Wardhaugh, In Pursuit of the People: Political Culture in France, 1934–39 (Basingstoke, 2009), 109–10. 69. Sée, review of Berr, En Marge, 157; on Egidi, see Chapter 5. 70. Brière to Caron, 18 May 1949, Caron MSS AB XIX 4404/1 f.18; Brière to Caron, 24 Oct. 1948, Caron MSS AB XIX 4404/1 f.3. 71. My italics; Brière to Caron, 24 Oct. 1948, Caron MSS AB XIX 4404/1 f.3. 72. Brière to Caron, 24 Oct. 1948. 73. Brière to Caron, 18 May 1949. 74. Burgière, The Annales School, 270. 75. Philippe Sagnac, unpublished notebook, ‘Cours et leçons 1936–37’, Sagnac MSS AB XIX 3526. 76. Philippe Sagnac, ‘De La Méthode dans l’étude des institutions de l’ancien régime’, RHmc, 6 (1904–5): 5–21, 5–6. 208 Notes

77. Philippe Sagnac, ‘Étude statistique sur le clergé constitutionnel et le clergé réfractaire en 1791’, RHmc, 8 (1906–7): 97–115. 78. Georges Lefebvre, ‘Les Recherches relatives à la répartition de la propriété foncière à la fin de l’ancien régime’, RHm, 3 (1928): 103–30, 104. 79. Stéphane Buzzi, ‘Georges Lefebvre (1874–1959), ou une histoire sociale possible’, Ms, 200 (2002): 177–95, 190. 80. Paul Leuilliot, ‘L’Œuvre de Georges Lefebvre et quelques travaux d’histoire économique et sociale’, AÉSC, 13 (1958): 339–48. 81. Ernest Labrousse, ‘Le Prix du blé en France dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle d’après les états statistiques du Contrôle Général’, RHés, 19 (1931): 133–211; Maria Novella Borghetti, L’Œuvre d’Ernest Labrousse: Genèses d’un modèle d’histoire économique (Paris, 2005), 117–23. 82. Ernest Labrousse, La Crise de l’économie française à la fin de l’ancien régime et au début de la Révolution (Paris, 1944). 83. Walt Rostow, The Stages of Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960). 84. François Dosse, ‘L’Histoire sociale à “la française” à son apogée’, in Delacroix, Dosse, Garcia, Les Courants historiques, 324–5. 85. Braudel to Le Roy Ladurie, 2 Jan. 1957, Braudel MSS f.25; Borghetti, L’Œuvre d’Ernest Labrousse, 30. 86. Charles-Edmond Perrin, ‘A Propos D’Une Ouvrage récent’, review of Bloch, La Société féodale, RH, 194 (1944): 23–41; 114–31, 122–3; Charles- Edmond Perrin, ‘L’Œuvre historique de Marc Bloch’, RH, 199 (1948): 161–88, 178. Compare this with DiVanna’s comparison of Annales and the Revue critique, DiVanna, Writing History, 238. 87. Perrin, ‘L’Œuvre historique’, 179. 88. Perrin to Ferdinand Lot, 3 Nov. 1939, Lot MSS 7309 f.476. 89. Perrin to Ferdinand Lot, 3 Nov. 1939. 90. See Edgar Faure, ‘Il N’Y A Pas De Politique générale valable sans soubasse- ment technique solide’, 23 Feb. 1955, in Sabine Jansen, ed., Les Grands Discours parlementaires de la IVème République: De Pierre Mendès France à Charles de Gaulle (Paris, 2006), 197–203; Douglas Johnson, ‘General de Gaulle and the Restoration of the Republic’, in Sudhir Hazareesingh, ed., The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright (Oxford, 2002), 147–57. 91. Robert Fawtier and Ferdinand Lot, eds, Histoire des institutions françaises au Moyen Âge (3 vols; Paris, 1957–62), ii. vi. 92. Fawtier and Lot, eds, Histoire des institutions,i.xi. 93. Lucien Febvre, ‘Quelques Réflexions sur l’histoire du droit: Étude sociale ou biographique?’ AHs, 1 (1939): 43–6. 94. Robert Fawtier, ‘Le Roi’, in Fawtier and Lot, eds, Histoire des institutions, ii. 9–96. 95. Henri Jassemin, La Chambre des Comptes de Paris au XVe siècle (Paris, 1933); Fawtier and Lot, eds, Histoire des institutions, ii. 99. 96. Lucien Febvre, review of Jassemin, Chambre des Comptes, AHés, 6 (1934): 148–53, 149. Notes 209

97. Fawtier, ed., ‘La Dernière Lettre’, 10; cf. Seignobos to Siegfried, n.d. June 1940, Siegfried MSS 8SI 13 Dr4. 98. Fred Morrow Fling, The Writing of History: An Introduction to Historical Method (New Haven, CT, 1920), 137. 99. Henri-Irénée Marrou, ‘Le Nouvel Esprit historique’, LM, 12 Jul. 1946: 14. 100. André Siegfried, ‘Cours sur la géographie du Languedoc méditerranéen. Résumé de la méthode à employer. I.ii: Peut-On Donc Expliquer?’ unpublished, n.d., Siegfried MSS 8SI 13 Dr4. 101. Georges Bourgin, review of Gabriel Le Bras, Introduction à l’histoire de la pratique religieuse, RH, 194 (1944): 272–4, 272. 102. Roland Mousnier, ‘Note sur la thèse principale d’histoire pour le doctorat ès lettres’, RH, 234 (1965): 123–9, 123. 103. Henri-Irénée Marrou, Saint Augustin et l’augustinisme (Paris, 1955). 104. Pierre Riché, Henri Irénée Marrou: Historien engagé (Paris, 2003), 175. 105. Roland Mousnier, La Vénalité des ofﬁces sous Henri IV et Louis XII (Rouen, 1945), 7–10. 106. For a consolidated statement of Barber’s work in this direction, see Bernard Barber and Elinor Barber, European Social Class: Stability and Change (New York, 1965). 107. Mousnier, La Vénalité des ofﬁces, 529. 108. André Siegfried, Tableau des partis en France (Paris, 1930), 2, 4. 109. Siegfried, Tableau des partis, 3, 221. 110. André Siegfried, La Civilisation occidentale (Oxford, 1945), 11, 21. 111. Joseph Tendler, ‘Jacques Droz, 1909–1998’, in Philip Daileader and Philip Whalen, eds, French Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France (Oxford, 2010), 168–9. 112. Antoine Prost, L’École et la famille dans une société en mutation (depuis 1930) (Paris, 1981), 301–9; Anna Guagnini, ‘Technology’, in Rüegg, ed., A History of the University, iii. 630. 113. Tendler, ‘Jacques Droz’, 162–3. 114. Klaus Schüle, ‘Die Tendenzen der neueren französischen Historiographie und ihre Bedeutung. Ein Überblick’, GWU, 19 (1968): 229–33, 231. 115. Mandrou to Braudel, 25 Aug. 1951, Braudel MSS f.27. 116. Jacques Droz, ‘Hauptprobleme der französischen Forschungen zur neueren Geschichte’, WG, 14 (1954): 109–18, 112. 117. Jacques Droz, ‘Gegenwärtige Strömungen in der neueren französischen Geschichtschreibung’, GWU, 3 (1952): 177–81, 177–8, 181. 118. Droz, ‘Hauptprobleme’, 111, 110. 119. Alphonse Aulard, ‘L’Enseignement de l’histoire de la Révolution française à la Sorbonne’, La Révolution française, 61 (1911): 442–55. 120. Aulard, ‘L’Enseignement de l’histoire de la Révolution’, 112–13, 118; Pierre Renouvin, ‘La Politique des emprunts étrangers aux États-Unis de 1914 à 1917’, AÉSC, 6 (1951): 289–305. 121. Droz, ‘Hauptprobleme’, 113. 122. Jacques Droz, Les Causes de la Première Guerre mondiale (Paris, 1973), 177–8. 123. Droz, Causes de la Première Guerre mondiale,7–10. 210 Notes

124. Federico Chabod, Storia della politica estera italiana dal 1870 al 1896 (3 vols; Bari, 1951), i. xiii. 125. Gian Paolo Ferraioli, ‘Federico Chabod Storico, la Francia e la politica estera italiana dal 1870 al 1896’, NRS, 94 (2010): 555–618, 597. 126. A.J.P. Taylor, review of Renouvin, Histoire des relations internationales, EHR, 70 (1955): 503–4, 504. 127. A.J.P. Taylor, A Personal History (London, 1983), 274. 128. A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1971), xxii. 129. Taylor, Struggle for Mastery in Europe, xxxiv. 130. Kaehler to Rassow, 27 Apr. 1961, in Siegfried Kaehler, Briefe 1900–1963, edited by Walter Bussmann and Günther Grünthal (Boppard, 1993), 63; Johannes Hürter and Hans Woller, eds, Hans Rothfels und die deutsche Zeitgeschichte (Munich, 2005), 179. 131. Kaehler to Friedrich Meinecke, 14 Jun. 1912, in Kaehler, Briefe, 134; Siegfried Kaehler, Wilhelm von Humboldt und der Staat (2 vols; Göttingen, 1963). 132. Burke, French Historical Revolution, 64–5; Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre, 400–4. 133. Jean Vidalenc, review of Leuilliot, La Première Restauration, RH, 223 (1960): 171–2, 171. 134. Pierre Léon, review of Braudel, Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme, RH, 239 (1968): 429–33. 135. Robert Mandrou, review of Febvre, Pour Une Histoire à part entière, RH, 232 (1964): 209–12. 136. Lucien Febvre, ‘Une Livre qui grandit’, review of Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II (Paris, 1949), RH, 203 (1950): 216–24, 224. 137. Michel Matarasso, review of Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges, RfS, 3 (1962): 446–8, 446. 138. Raymond Aron, Fernand Braudel, François Châtelet, Annie Kriegel, Vic- tor Ledruc, Pierre Renouvin and Alain Touraine, ‘Pour Ou Contre Une Politicologie scientiﬁque’, AÉSC, 18 (1963): 119–37, 475–99, 491; Pierre Renouvin, ‘L’Histoire contemporaine des relations internationales: Ori- entation des recherches’, RH, 211 (1954): 233–55, 253. 139. Raymond Aron, Paix et guerre entre les nations (Paris, 1962), 16–20. 140. Renouvin, Histoire des relations internationales,i.xv. 141. Kedward, LaVieenbleu, 321–48. 142. Aron et al., ‘Pour Ou Contre Une Politicologie scientiﬁque’, 119. 143. Aron, Paix et guerre, 332–8. 144. Aron, Paix et guerre, 764–70. 145. Aron, Paix et guerre, 144. 146. Robert Mandrou, ‘Mathématiques et histoire’, CS, 1 (1962): 39–48, 47–8. 147. Robert Mandrou, Introduction à la France moderne (1500–1640). Essai de psychologie historique (Paris, 1961), x. 148. Mandrou, Introduction à la France moderne, 27–8, 30. 149. Gérard Genette, Nouveau Discours du récit (Paris, 1983), 7. Notes 211

150. Georges Duby, ‘Les Sociétés médiévales: Une Approche d’ensemble’, in Georges Duby, ed., Hommes et structures du Moyen Âge: Recueils d’articles (Paris, 1973), 361–79. 151. Duby, ‘Les Sociétés médiévales’, 377. 152. Georges Duby, Le Dimanche de Bouvines (27 juillet 1214) (Paris, 1973), 100–44. 153. Braudel, ‘La Démographie’, 498. 154. Braudel to Mandrou, 4 Jun. 1962, Braudel MSS f.27. 155. Louis Chevalier, Les Parisiens (Paris, 1967), 11. 156. Louis Chevalier, ‘Du Rôle de l’histoire dans l’étude contemporaine de Paris’, RTASmp, 110 (1957): 1–8, 5. 157. Louis Chevalier, ‘A Reactionary View of Urban History’, TLS, 8 Sep. 1966: 832. 158. Braudel, ‘La Démographie’, 523, 519. 159. Chevalier, Les Parisiens, 11. 160. Chevalier, ‘A Reactionary View’, 832. 161. Braudel, ‘La Démographie’, 522. 162. Chevalier to Braudel, 3 Jun. 1960, Braudel MSS f.10. 163. Lévi-Strauss to Aron, 26 Feb. 1969, Aron MSS NAF 28060 f.208. 164. Aron to Foucault, 26 Apr. 1967 Aron MSS NAF 28060 f.206. 165. Aron to Foucault, 26 Apr. 1967. 166. Philippe Ariès, ‘Entretien avec Michel Winock’, L’H, 19 Jan. 1980: 86. 167. Jérôme Dumoulin to Aron, 20 Aug. 1968, Aron MSS NAF 28060/206 f.34; Brian Anderson, Raymond Aron: The Recovery of the Political (Oxford, 1997), 167–74; Jonathon Bourg, From Revolution to Ethics: May 1968 and Contemporary French Thought (Montreal, 2007), 29. 168. Paule Braudel, handwritten note, n.d., Braudel MSS f.35. 169. Henri Coston, Dictionnaire de la politique française (Paris, 1967), 835. 170. Carbonell, Histoire et historiens, 459; DiVanna, Writing History, 238. 171. Henk Wesseling, ‘The Annales School and the Writing of Contem- porary History’, in Henk Wesseling, ed., Certain Ideas about France (London, 2002), 153–5; Lutz Raphael, ‘Epochen der französischen Geschichtsschreibung’, in Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin, eds, Geschichtsdiskurs (5 vols; Frankfurt am Main, 1993–99), i. 131–2; Jonathon Dewald, ‘Lost Worlds: French Historians and the Con- struction of Modernity’, FH, 14 (2000): 424–42, 441; see also Middell, ‘Die unendliche Geschichte’, 11.

4 Marginal Difference: Germany

1. Karl Dietrich Bracher, Die Auﬂösung der Weimarer Republik: Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Villingen, 1964), 146–9. 2. Michael Stephen Steinberg, Sabers and Brown Shirts: The German Students’ Path to National Socialism 1918–1935 (Chicago, IL, 1977), 102–3. 3. Ernst Robert Curtius, Deutscher Geist in Gefahr (Stuttgart, 1932), 111; Karl Jaspers, Die geistige Situation der Zeit (Berlin, 1932), 101. 212 Notes

4. Michael Grüttner, Rüdiger Hachtmann, Konrad H. Jarausch, Jürgen John and Matthias Middell, eds, Gebrochene Wissenschaftskulturen: Universität und Politik im 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 2010), 11; Boockmann, Geschichte der Universität, 227. 5. Iggers, New Directions, 85–7. 6. Fritz Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933 (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 437. 7. Middell, ‘Germany’, 163. 8. Max Braubach to Gerhard Ritter, 4 Nov. 1955, Ritter MSS N1166 f.344. 9. Peter Lambert, ‘Generations of German Historians: Patronage, Cen- sorship and the Containment of Generation Conflict, 1918–1945’, in Roseman, ed., Generations in Conflict, 166. 10. Josef Engel, ‘Die deutschen Universitäten und die Geschichtswissenschaft’, HZ, 189 (1959): 223–78, 231; Falko Schnicke, ‘Deutung vor der Deutung. Hermeneutische und geschlechtergeschichtliche Aspekte his- toriographischer Epochenbildung’, BW-G, 32 (2009): 159–75, 163–5; Oscar Hammen, ‘German Historians and the Advent of the National Socialist State’, JMH, 13 (1941): 161–88, 170. 11. Iggers, New Directions, 83. 12. William Carr, A History of Germany 1815–1990, 4th edition (London, 2010), 265. 13. Stefan Berger and Peter Lambert, ‘Intellectual Transfers and Mental Blockades’, in Stefan Berger, Peter Lambert and Peter Schumann, eds, Historikerdialoge: Geschichte, Mythos und Gedächtnis im deutsch-britischen kulturellen Austausch 1750–2000 (Göttingen, 2003), 31. 14. Henri Berr, ‘Théoriciens allemands: Quelques Réflexions sur le mouvement théorique actuel’, RSH, 10 (1905): 369–72; Schöttler, ‘Berr et l’Allemagne’, 198. Chaix emphasizes the importance of this form of exchange in 1929: see Chaix, ‘Die französische Geschichtsschreibung’, 113. 15. David Calleo, The German Problem Reconsidered: Germany and the World Order, 1870 to the Present (Cambridge, 1978), 19; Werner Schubert, ‘Das Abzahlungsgesetz von 1894 als Beispiel für das Verhältnis von Sozialpolitik und Privatrecht in der Regierungszeit des Reichskanzlers von Caprivi’, ZSSR, 102 (1985): 103–67. 16. Carol Fink, Marc Bloch: A Life in History (Cambridge, 1989), 40. 17. Bloch to Kern, n.d. 1922?, Bloch MSS AB XIX 3849 III.D.1; Kern’s pupil Walther Markov nevertheless later connected history to sociology, geog- raphy and psychology with explicit reference to the Annales school; see Walter Markov, ‘Vom Nutzen der Historie’, in Manfred Kossok, ed., Kognak und Königsmörder (Berlin, 1979), 21–4; Walter Markov, Wie viele Leben lebt der Mensch: Eine Autobiographie aus dem Nachlaß (Leipzig, 2009), 267. 18. Peter Schöttler, ‘Geschichtsschreibung in einer Trümmerwelt: Reaktionen französischer Historiker auf die Historiographie während und nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg’, in Peter Schöttler, Patrice Veit and Michael Werner, eds, Plurales Deutschland (Göttingen, 1999), 301. Notes 213

19. Friedrich Meinecke, ‘Geleitwort zum 100. Bande der Historische Zeitschrift’, HZ, 100 (1908): 1–10, 6. 20. Hugo Frey and Stefan Jordan, ‘National Historians and the Discourse of the Other’, in Berger and Lorenz, eds, Contested Nation, 201; Helen P. Liebel, ‘Philosophical Idealism in the Historische Zeitschrift, 1859– 1914’, H&T, 5 (1965): 316–30, 317. 21. Leopold von Ranke, Geschichte der römanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (Leipzig, 1885), v; Leopold von Ranke to his brother, spring 1820, in Walter Peter Fuchs, ed., Das Briefwerk (Hamburg, 1949), 18; Leopold von Ranke, Weltgeschichte – Die Römische Republik und ihre Weltherrschaft (2 vols; Leipzig, 1886), i. ix. 22. Friedrich Meinecke, ‘Kausalitäten und Werte in der Geschichte’, HZ, 137 (1927): 1–27, 21. 23. Meinecke, ‘Kausalitäten und Werte’, 6; Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Ältertums (5 vols; Stuttgart, 1907), i. 198. 24. Meinecke to Goetz, 30 Jul. 1915, in Peter Klassen and Ludwig Dehio, eds, Friedrich Meinecke: Ausgewählter Briefwechsel (Stuttgart, 1962), 63; Friedrich Meinecke, Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis der deutschen Nationalstaates (Berlin, 1908). 25. Meyer, Geschichte des Ältertums, i. 3–181. 26. Ernst Bernheim, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichts- philosophie (Leipzig, 1889); see also Hans Schleier, ‘Ernst Bernheims Historik in seinem “Lehrbuch der historischen Methode”’, in Wolfgang Küttler, ed., Das lange 19. Jahrhundert: Personen, Ereignisse, Ideen, Umwälzungen (Berlin, 1999), 275–92; Mircea Ogrin, Ernst Bernheim (1850–1942): Historiker und Wissenschaftspolitiker im Kaiserreich in der weimarer Republik (Stuttgart, 2012). 27. Alexander Cartellieri, review of Lavisse, Histoire de France, HZ, 88 (1902): 136–9. 28. Cartellieri, review of Lavisse, Histoire de France, 138; Adalbert Wahl, review of Lavisse, Histoire de France, HZ, 127 (1923): 141–4, 141. 29. Cartellieri, review of Lavisse, 138. 30. Willy Andreas, review of Seignobos, Histoire politique de l’Europe contemporaine, HZ, 142 (1930): 584–7, 586; Bernard Schmeidler, review of Halphen and Sagnac, La Fin du Moyen-Âge, HZ, 142 (1930): 171–3. 31. Karl Lamprecht, Alte und neue Richtungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft (Berlin, 1896). 32. Karl Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte (12 vols; Berlin, 1894–1909), i. 26; see also Karl Lamprecht, ‘Über der Begriff der Geschichte und über historische und psychologische Gesetze’ [1906], in Herbert Schönebaum, ed., Ausgewählte Schriften: Zur Wirtschafts- und Kulturges- chichte und zur Theorie der Geschichtswissenschaft (Aalen, 1974), 131–45. 33. Luise Schorn-Schütte, ‘Nachwirkungen der Lamprechtschen Geschichts- chreibung: Rezeptionen im Ausland und in der deutschen Geschichts- wissenschaft und Soziologie’, in Gerald Diesener, ed., Karl Lamprecht wei- terdenken: Universal- und Kulturgeschichte heute (Leipzig, 1993), 272–94. Lamprecht’s inﬂuence remained limited in France – see Ursula A. Becher, 214 Notes

‘Die Bedeutung Lamprechts bei der Neuorientierung der französischen Geschichtswissenschaft um die Jahrhundertwende’, in Horst Walter Blanke, ed., Transformation des Historismus: Wissenschaftsorganisation und Bildungspolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Interpretation und Dokument (Waltrop, 1994), 95–111 – but Berr published Lamprecht’s articles; see Karl Lamprecht, ‘La Science moderne de l’histoire: Quelques Mots de réponse’, RSH, 10 (1905): 258–60; Karl Lamprecht, ‘Du Développement actuel des science en general: Des Sciences morales en particulières; idée d’une réforme universitaire’, RSH, 21 (1910): 124–60. On opponents, see Iggers, New Directions, 80–5; Hans-Heinz Krill, Die Ranke Renaissance: Max Lenz und Erich Marcks (Berlin, 1962), 141. 34. Lutz Raphael, ‘Historikerkontroversen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Berufshabitus, Fächkonkurrenz und sozialen Deutungsmustern: Lamp- recht-Streit und französischer Methodenstreit der Jahrhundertwende in vergleichender Perspektive’, HZ, 251 (1990): 325–63. 35. For example, Dietrich Schäfer, Das deutsche Volk und der Osten (Dresden, 1915), 35; Paul Herre, review of Febvre, Philippe II, HZ, 114 (1915): 181–2, 182. 36. Albert Elkan, review of Febvre, Notes et documents sur la Réforme, HZ, 109 (1912): 657; Herre, review of Febvre, 181. 37. Walter Vogel, ‘Literaturbericht: Politische Geographie’, HZ, 130 (1924): 465–73, 471, 473; journalists reported that ‘the French and their political foot soldiers’ ridiculed German historians’ support for the Kaiserreich in 1914 at historians’ meetings in Brussels and Oslo, see BB,29 Sep. 1928: 55. 38. Walter Köhler, review of Febvre, ‘Une Question mal posée’, HZ, 141 (1929): 429. 39. Harald A. Wiltsche, ‘ ...wie es eigentlich “geworden ist”: Ein wis- senschaftsphilosophischer Blick auf den Methodenstreit um Karl Lamprechts Kulturgeschichte’, AfK, 87 (2005): 251–83, 264–8. 40. Karl Heinrich Kaufhold, ‘Gustav von Schmoller (1838–1917) als Historiker, Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitiker und Nationalökonom’, VSWG, 75 (1988): 217–52, 241–5. 41. Otto Hintze, ‘Typologie der ständischen Verfassungen des Abendlandes’, HZ, 141 (1930): 229–53; Otto Hintze, ‘Wesen und Wandlung des mod- ernen Staates’, SPAW (1931): 790–910; Otto Hintze. ‘Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen der Repräsentativverfassungen’, HZ, 143 (1931): 1–47. 42. Jürgen Kocka, ‘Otto Hintze’, in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, ed., Deutsche Historiker (5 vols; Göttingen, 1971–2), iii. 275–98; Pavel Koláˇr, ‘Nährboden fachlicher Innovation? Verfassungs- und Wirtschaft- sgeschichte im Seminarunterricht an der Berliner, Wiener und Prager Deutschen Universität im Zeitalter des universitären Großbe- triebs (1900–1930)’, in Gabriele Lingelbach, ed., Vorlesung, Seminar, Repetitorium: Universitäre geschichtswissenschaftliche Lehre im historischen Vergleich (Munich, 2006), 101. 43. Max Weber, ‘Die “Objektivität” sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpoli- tischer Erkenntnis’, in Johannes Winckelmann, ed., Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre von Max Weber (Tübingen, 1951), 180. Notes 215

44. Robert Holtzmann, review of Bloch, Rois et serfs, HZ, 126 (1922): 150–2, 152. 45. Marc Bloch, ‘Économistes, historiens, hommes d’action. Un Tempéra- ment: Georg von Below’, AHés, 12 (1931): 553–9, 555–6. 46. Georg von Below, ‘Allmende und Markgenossenschaft’, VSWG, 1 (1903): 120–3, 123. 47. von Below wrote, however, a history of First World War submarine warfare with von Tirpitz, von Below to Tirpitz, Jan. 1918, Tirpitz MSS N253 f.125 and draft manuscripts, Tirpitz MSS 253/106. 48. Hans Cymorek, Georg von Below und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft um 1900 (Stuttgart, 1998), 31. 49. Christophe Charle, ‘Patterns’, in Rüegg, ed., A History of the University, iii. 34. 50. Georg von Below, Der deutsche Staat des Mittelalters: Ein Grundriß der deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1914), vii. 51. von Below, Der deutsche Staat des Mittelalters, 190. 52. Georg von Below, Die deutsche Geschichtschreibung von den Befreiungs- kriegen bis zu unseren Tagen: Geschichte und Kulturgeschichte (Leipzig, 1916), 168; Georg von Below, Vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit. Bilder aus der deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1924), 122. 53. See Part III, Chapter 6. 54. von Below, Die deutsche Geschichtsschreibung, 92. 55. Henri Pirenne, review of von Below, Der Ursprung der deutschen Stadtverfassung, RcHL, 26 (1892): 353–67. 56. Karl Kroeschell, Rechtsgeschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1992), 12–14, 83–93. 57. von Below, Die deutsche Geschichtsschreibung, 117. 58. Werner Rösener, Staat und Krieg: Vom Mittelalter bis zur Moderne (Göttingen, 2000), 42–3; Hans Cymorek, “‘Wir urteilen sicherer über die Fragen des Tages”: Georg von Below als Agrarhistoriker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft’, ZfAA, 47 (1999): 50–8, 50–1. 59. Hans Schleier, Sybel und Treitschke: Antidemokratismus und Militarismus im historisch-politischen Denken grossbourgeoiser Geschichtsideologen (Berlin, 1956), 133–75; Helmut Seier, ‘Heinrich von Sybel’, in Wehler, ed., Deutsche Historiker, ii. 24–38. 60. Georg von Below, Der Urpsrung der deutschen Stadtverfassung (Düsseldorf, 1892); Georg von Below, Das ältere deutsche Städtewesen und Bürgertum (Bielefeld, 1898); Georg von Below, Territorium und Stadt (Munich, 1923). 61. Schöttler, ‘Henri Berr’, 198. 62. Ringer, German Mandarins, 228–9. 63. Cymorek, “‘Wir urteilen sicherer über die Fragen des Tages”’, 54; Herbert Schönebaum, ‘Karl Lamprecht: Zur 100. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages (25.II.1856)’, AfK, 37 (1955): 269–305, 274–7. 64. Georg von Below, Soziologie als Lehrfach (Munich, 1920); Georg von Below, ‘Zum Streit um das Wesen der Soziologie’, JNS, 24 (1926): 218–42; 216 Notes

Georg von Below, Probleme der Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Tübingen, 1926), i–xx. 65. Ernst Troeltsch, ‘Die Krisis des Historismus’, NR, 33 (1922): 572–90. 66. Helmut Heiber, Walter Frank und sein Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1966), 258–65; Patricia von Papen, ‘Schützenhilfe nationalsozialistischer Judenpolitik: Die “Judenfor- schung” des Reichsinstituts für Geschichte des neuen Deutschland 1935–1945’, in Andreas R. Hofmann, ed., Beseitigung des jüdis- chen Einﬂusses. Antisemitische Forschung, Eliten und Karrieren im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1999), 17–42; Dieter Schiefel- bein, Das Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage, Frankfurt am Main: Vorgeschichte und Gründung 1935–1939 (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), 25–41. 67. Lutz Raphael, ‘Radikales Ordnungsdenken und die Organization total- itärer Herrschaft: Weltanshauungseliten und Humanwissenschaftlicher im NS-Regime’, GG, 27 (2001): 5–40, 38. 68. Meinecke and his circle studied the war guilt question for the Historische Reichskommission (see Lambert, ‘Generations of German Historians’, 171), but Nazi politicians dismissed and separated them in 1935: see Peter Walther, ‘Die Zerstörung eines Projektes: Hedwig Hintze, Otto Hintze und Friedrich Meinecke’, in Gisela Bock and Daniel Schönpﬂug, eds, Friedrich Meinecke in seiner Zeit: Studien zu Leben und Werk (Stuttgart, 2006), 120–1; Gabriela A. Eakin-Thimme, Geschichte im Exil: Deutschsprachige Historiker in der Emigration nach 1933 (Munich, 2005), 161–2, 248, 117; Andreas Kossert, Kalte Heimat: Die Geschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen nach 1945 (Berlin, 2008). 69. Willi Oberkrome, Volksgeschichte: Methodische Innovationen und Völkische Ideologisierung in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft 1918–1945 (Gött- ingen, 1993), 102–5. 70. Heiber, Walter Frank, 393–5; Carr, History of Germany, 192, 237. 71. Constantin von Dietze, draft of speech to the International Conference of Agrarian Historians, 1938, Dietze MSS C 100 f.88. 72. See Hans Hattenhauer, ed., Rechtswissenschaft im NS-Staat: Der Fall Eugen Wohlhaupter (Heidelberg, 1987), 99. 73. Hermann Aubin, ‘Zwischen Altertum und Neuzeit und Viefalt im Aufbau des mittelalterlichen Abendlandes’, in Walther Hubatsch, ed., Schicksalswege Deutsche Vergangenheit. Beiträge zur geschichtlichen Deutung der letzten hundertfünfzig Jahre (Düsseldorf, 1950), 15, 17; Lambert, ‘Generations of German Historians’, 165. 74. Aubin, ‘Zwischen Altertum und Neuzeit’, 20; Hartmut Lehman and James Van Horn Melton, Paths of Continuity: Central European Histori- ography from the 1930s to the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 7. 75. Eduard Mühle, Für Volk und deutschen Osten. Der Historiker Hermann Aubin und die deutsche Ostforschung (Düsseldorf, 2005), 83–126; Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich (Frankfurt am Main, 2007), 20–1, 465. 76. Oberkrome, Volksgeschichte, 151–4. Notes 217

77. Michael Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1988), 32–42. 78. Irmline Veit-Brause, ‘The Place of Local and Regional History in German and French Historiography: Some General Reﬂections’, AJFS, 16 (1979): 447–8, 454; Peter Schöttler, ‘Marc Bloch und Deutschland’, in Peter Schöttler, ed., Marc Bloch: Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer (Frankfurt am Main, 1999), 34; Raulff, Ein Historiker, 452–9. 79. On the subject, see Peter Schöttler, ‘Le Rhin comme enjeu histori- ographique dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Vers Une Histoire des mentalités frontalières’, G, 14 (1994): 63–82, 77. 80. Gottfried Pfeiffer, review of Febvre and Demangeon, Le Rhin, RV,6 (1936): 96. 81. Paul Wentszcke, review of Febvre and Demangeon, Le Rhin, HZ, 160 (1939): 161–2, 162. 82. Henri Pirenne, CeQueNousDevonsDésapprendreDeL’Allemagne(Gent, 1922); Pirenne did not dismiss German historiography altogether, only the primacy of the nation; see Peter Schöttler, ‘Henri Pirenne, historien européen entre la France et l’Allemagne’, RbPH, 76 (1998): 875–83. 83. Robert Holtzmann, ‘Verschiedenes: Henri Pirenne’, HZ, 153 (1936): 451–2, 451; Walther Kienast, review of Pirenne, Histoire de l’Europe, HZ, 157 (1937): 527–37, 534; Heinrich Zeiß, review of Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne, HZ, 158 (1938): 348–51, 350–1. 84. Schöttler, ‘Henri Berr’, 198; Natalie Zemon Davis, ‘Women and the World of the Annales’, HWJ, 33 (1992): 121–37, 122–4. 85. Peter Schöttler, ‘Die Annales und Österreich in den zwanziger und dreißiger Jahren’, ÖZG, 4 (1993): 74–99, 75–81. 86. Hermann Wopfner, ‘Zur französischen Agrargeschichte’, HZ, 149 (1933): 82–97, 82. 87. Wopfner, ‘Zur französischen Agrargeschichte’, 86–7, 93, 96. 88. Steffen Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation: Französische Geschichtswissenschaft und Geschichte in Deutschland, 1920–40 (Göttingen, 2003), 166–71. 89. Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation, 165. 90. Peter Schöttler, ‘Marc Bloch et l’Allemagne’, Rd’A, 33 (2001): 413–30, 419–22. 91. Schöttler, ‘Marc Bloch et l’Allemagne’, 171; Veit Didczuneit, Manfred Unger and Matthias Middell, Geschichtswissenschaft in Leipzig: Heinrich Sproemberg (Leipzig, 1994), 31, 65. 92. Sproemberg to Ferdinand Lot, 19 Oct. 1948, Lot MSS 7310 f.89. 93. Braudel to Abel, 27 Jun. 1983, Braudel MSS f.1. 94. Iggers, New Directions, 115. 95. Ritter to Franz, 23 Jan. 1935, Ritter MSS N 1166/486. 96. David Thimme, Percy Ernst Schramm und das Mittelalter (Munich, 2003), 467–9; Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation, 195–7. 97. Georg Iggers, ‘The University of Göttingen 1760–1800 and the Transfor- mation of Historical Scholarship’, SdS, 2 (1982): 11–37. 98. See also, Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation, 188–203. 218 Notes

99. Percy Ernst Schramm, Der König von Frankreich: Das Wesen der Monarchie vom 9. zum 16. Jahrhundert. Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte des abendländis- chen Staates (2 vols; Weimar, 1939), i. 152–5, ii. 75. 100. Percy Ernst Schramm, ‘Sacral Kingship and Charisma’, CSSH, 5 (1963): 357–60. 101. Schramm, Der König von Frankreich, i. 152. 102. Frank R. Hausmann, ‘Bonner und Kölner Romanisten angesichts der nationalsozialistischen Machtergreifung im Jahr 1933: Zwei vergleichende Fallstudien’, in Frank R. Hausmann, Ludwig Jäger and Bernd Witte, eds, Literatur in der Gesellschaft: Festschrift für Theo Buck zum 60. Geburtstag (Tübingen, 1990), 276. 103. Walther Kienast, Die deutschen Fürsten im Dienste der Westmächte bis zum Tode Philipps des Schönen von Frankreich (2 vols; Leipzig, 1924–1931), i. 1–41. 104. Percy Ernst Schramm, Kaiser, Rom und Renovatio: Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Erneuerungsgedankens vom Ende des Karolingischen Reiches bis zum Investiturstreit (2 vols; Leipzig, 1929), i. 9–43. 105. Adolf Helbok, Grundlagen der Volksgeschichte Deutschlands und Frankreich. Vergleichende Studien zur deutschen Rassen-, Kultur- und Staatsgeschichte (Berlin, 1937), 642. 106. Klaus Schreiner, ‘Wissenschaft von der Geschichte des Mittelalters nach 1945. Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten der Mittelalterforschung im geteilten Deutschland’, in Ernst Schulin and Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, eds, Deutsche Geschichtsschreibung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1945– 1965) (Munich, 1989), 90. 107. See also Lutz Raphael, ‘Von der Volksgeschichte zur Strukturgeschichte: Die Anfänge der Westdeutschen Sozialgeschichte 1945–1965’, C,12 (2002): 7–11. 108. Werner Conze, Die Deutsche Nation (Göttingen, 1963), 156. 109. Hermann Heimpel, ‘Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft’, VfZ,5 (1957): 1–17, 8; Heimpel, ‘Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft’, 22. 110. Ritter to Dehio, 11 Jan. 1952, as cited in Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation, 137. 111. Christoph Cornelißen, Gerhard Ritter: Geschichtswissenschaft und Politik im. 20. Jahrhundert (Düsseldorf, 2001), 362–9. 112. Gerhard A. Ritter, ‘Die emigrierten Meinecke-Schüler in den Vereinigten Staaten. Leben und Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Deutschland und der neuen Heimat: Hajo Holborn, Felix Gilbert, Dietrich Gerhard, Hans Rosenberg’, HZ, 284 (2007): 59–102, 96–7; Schüle, ‘Die Tendenzen’, 229–33; Hans-Ulrich Wehler, ‘Hans-Ulrich Wehler e la “neue Sozialgeschichte”’, PP, 13 (1987): 139–43, 142–3; Karl Ferdinand Werner, ‘Hauptströmungen der neueren französischen Mittelalterforschung’, WG, 13 (1953): 187–97; Wolff to Scheider, Büttner, Schieffer and Wandruzka, 17 Apr. 1969, Schieder MSS N 1188/1260. 113. Sebastian Conrad, The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in America and Japan in the American Century, translated by Alan Nothnagle (Berkeley, CA, 2010), 2; Thomas Etzemüller, ‘Auf der Suche nach den Notes 219

“haltenden Mächten”: Intellektuelle Wandlungen und Kontinuitäten in der westdeutschen Geschichtswissenschaft nach 1945’, in Ulrich Pfeil, ed., Die Rückkehr der deutschen Geschichtwissenschaft in die ‘Ökumene der Historiker’: Ein wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Ansatz (Munich, 2008), 48. 114. Cornelißen, Gerhard Ritter, 476–83. 115. Werner Conze, ‘Bericht über das Schrifttum: Hommage à Lucien Febvre’, HZ, 181 (1956): 593–6, 593; Wilhelm Abel, review of Le Roy Ladurie, Les Paysans, HZ, 206 (1968): 178; Wolfgang Zorn, review of Braudel, Civilisa- tion matérielle, HZ, 215 (1972): 404–7, 404; Otto Brunner, ‘Das Problem einer europäischen Sozialgeschichte’, HZ, 177 (1953): 469–95, 473–4, 477; Walther Maas, review of Duby, L’Économie rurale, HZ, 196 (1963): 656–9, 656. 116. Justus Hashagen, review of Febvre, Combats pour l’histoire, HZ, 178 (1954): 149; Eduard Seidl, review of Berr, En Marge de l’histoire universelle, HZ, 181 (1956): 197–9, 198; Heinz-Otto Sieburg, review of Berr, La Montée de l’esprit, HZ, 183 (1957): 335–7, 336. 117. Hermann Heimpel, ‘Frankreich und das Reich’, HZ, 161 (1940): 229–43, 232. 118. Hermann Heimpel, Die Vener von Gmünd und Straßburg 1162–1447 (3 vols; Göttingen, 1982), i. 23–61; Robert Boutrouche, ‘Moyen Âge’, in IXe Congrès Internationale des Sciences Historiques (2 vols; Paris, 1950), i. 129–33; Hermann Heimpel, ‘Internationaler Historikertag in Paris’, GWU, 1 (1950): 556–9. 119. Michael Jeismann, Das Vaterland der Feinde. Studien zum nationalen Feindbegriff und Selbstverständnis in Deutschland und Frankreich 1792–1918 (Stuttgart, 1992), 334–8. 120. Ralf Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany (New York, 1967; originally published in German in 1965), 63–125; David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (New York, 1966), 300–1; Ernst Schulin, Hermann Heimpel und die deutsche Nationalgeschichtsschreibung (Heidelberg, 1998), 26–43. 121. Heinz-Otto Sieburg, ‘Literaturbericht über französische Geschichte der Neuzeit’, HZ, Sonderheft 2 (1965): 277; see also Heinz-Otto Sieburg, review of Berr, La Montée de l’esprit, HZ, 183 (1957): 277–427, 335–7. 122. Heimpel, ‘Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft’, 8. 123. Hermann Heimpel, Der Mensch in seiner Gegenwart (Göttingen, 1954), 69, 125, 149. 124. Heimpel, ‘Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft’, 20. 125. Ritter to Berr c./o. Éditions Albin Michel, 7 Dec. 1953, Ritter MSS N 1166/341. 126. Winifred Schulze, ‘Der Neubeginn der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft nach 1945: Einsichten und Absichterklärungen der Historiker nach der Katastrophe’, in Schulin and Müller-Luckner, eds, Deutsche Geschichtsschreibung, 33; Karl Dietrich Erdmann, Towards a Global Com- munity of Historians: The International Historical Congresses and the Inter- national Committee of Historical Sciences, 1898–2000, translated by Alan Nothnagle (Oxford, 2005; originally published in German in 1987), 220. 220 Notes

127. Gerhard Ritter, ‘Leistungen, Probleme, und Aufgaben der Internationalen Geschichtsschreibung zur neueren Geschichte (16.–18. Jahrhundert)’, in Relazioni del X Congresso Internazionale di Scienze storiche (7 vols; Rome, 1955), vi. 307. 128. Cornelißen, Gerhard Ritter, 476. 129. Gerhard Ritter, ‘Zum Begriff der “Kulturgeschichte”. Ein Diskussion- beitrag’, HZ, 171 (1951): 293–302, 295. 130. Gerhard Ritter, ‘Gegenwärtige Lage und Zukunftsaufgaben Deutscher Geschichtswissenschaft’, HZ, 170 (1950): 1–22, 1, 8. 131. Gerhard Ritter, ‘Die Universität darf nich Berufschule werden’, FAZ,19 Oct. 1960. 132. Ritter to Cantimori, 2 Dec. 1955, Ritter MSS N 1166/344. 133. Butterﬁeld to Ritter, 20 Dec. 195[7]?, Ritter MSS N 1166/349; Bentley, The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterﬁeld, 223; Erdmann to Ritter, 6 Oct. 1952, Ritter MSS N 1116/340. 134. Ritter to Cantimori, 2 Dec. 1955, Ritter MSS N 1116/344; Ritter to Iggers, 3 Jul. 1960 Ritter MSS N 1166/350; Ritter to Schieder, 8 Nov. 1965, Ritter MSS N 1166/355. 135. Gerhard Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk: Das Problem des Militarismus in Deutschland (4 vols; Munich, 1954), i. 12. 136. Gregor Schöllgen, “‘Fischer-Kontroverse” und Kontinuitätsproblem. Deutsche Kriegsziele im Zeitalter der Weltkriege’, in Andreas Hillgruber and Jost Dülffer, eds, Ploetz: Geschichte der Weltkriege. Mächte, Ereignisse, Entwicklungen 1900–1945 (Würzburg, 1981), 169; Gerhard Ritter, ‘Vereinbarung der deutschen und französischen Historiker’, WG,12 (1952): 145–8, 146. 137. Ritter to Graham, 25 Sep. 1965, Ritter MSS N 1166/354. 138. Ritter to Braudel, 16 Dec. 1958, Ritter MSS N 1166/348. 139. Heinrich Finke, draft ‘Über Wandlungen des geschichtlichen Denkens in jüngster Zeit’, 1928, Finke MSS C 76 f.12. 140. Reinhart Koselleck, ‘Werner Conze: Tradition und Innovation’, HZ, 245 (1987): 529–43, 537; Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, ‘Deux Cultures histo- riographiques en concurrence’, VS, 34 (1992): 106–12, 107. 141. Hassinger to Braudel, 22 Dec. 1966; Aron to Hassinger, 1 Mar. 1967, Hassinger MSS C 54 f.26. 142. Werner Conze, review of Braudel, La Méditerranée, HZ, 172 (1951): 358–62, 361. 143. Braudel to Aubin, 16 Aug. 1962, Aubin MSS NL 179 f.4. 144. Braubach to Ritter, 4 Nov. 1955, Ritter MSS N 1116/344. 145. Erich Hassinger, ‘Die Weltgeschichtliche Stellung des 16. Jahrhunderts’, GWU, 2 (1951): 705–18; Max Braubach to Ritter, 4 Nov. 1955, Ritter MSS N 1166/344. 146. Hassinger to Braudel, 14 May 1953, Hassinger MSS C 54 f.6. This is per- haps still less surprising given that Hassinger married a niece of one of Heimpel’s intellectual heroes, Huizinga; Braubach to Ritter, 4 Nov. 1955. 147. Braudel to Hassinger, 27 May 1953, Hassinger MSS C 54 f.6. Notes 221

148. Erich Hassinger, Brandenburg-Preußen, Schweden und Russland 1700–1713 (2 vols; Munich, 1953) and Erich Hassinger, Das Werden des neuzeitlichen Europa, 1300–1600 (Braunschweig, 1959). ‘To trace the sequence of those great events which link all nations together and control their des- tinies is the task undertaken by the science of universal history.’ Ranke, Weltgeschichte,ix. 149. Theodor Schieder, ‘Strukturen und Persönlichkeiten in der Geschichte’, HZ, 195 (1962): 265–96, 296, 276. 150. Rüdiger Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, translated by Ewald Osers (Cambridge, MA, 1998; originally published in German in 1994), 258. 151. Heidegger’s programmatic statement of this is in Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (Tübingen, 2001; originally published in 1927), §7, 27–39. 152. Jean-Paul Sartre, ‘Questions de méthode: Existentialisme et marxisme’, TM, 139–40 (1957): 1–37; this and the developed argument are in Jean- Paul Sartre, Critique de la raison dialectique (Paris, 1960). Klingenstein referred to it as Braudel’s ‘morose’ tendency; see Greta Klingenstein, ‘Kultur- und universalgeschichtliche Aspekte in strukturaler Sicht’, review of Braudel, Civlisation matérielle et capitalisme, AfK, 52 (1970): 280–96, 288. 153. Fernand Braudel, ‘Positions de l’Histoire en 1950’, in Braudel, Écrits,i. 21. 154. Bärbel Kuhn, ‘Historische Bildung als Welt- und Menschenkunde?’ in Wolfgang Hasberg and Manfred Seidenfuß, eds, Modernisierung im Umbruch: Geschichtsdidaktik und Geschichtsunterricht nach 1945 (Berlin, 2008), 368. 155. Schulin, Hermann Heimpel, 37, 10. 156. Klee, Personenlexikon, 239. 157. Shari Benstock, Women of the Left Bank: Paris, 1900–1940 (Austin, TX, 1986), 4, 5–23; Colin Jones, Paris: Biography of a City (London, 2006), 443–89; Hon.-Prof. Dr Peter Schöttler, electronic correspondence with the author, 14 Jan. 2008. 158. Jorn Rüsen, Historische Vernunft: Die Grundlagen der Geschichtswissenschaft (Göttingen, 1983), 24. 159. Raphael, ‘Epochen der französischen Geschichtsschreibung’, 131. 160. Carr, History of Germany, 366. 161. This statement echoes Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Gilbert Ziebura, eds, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Frankreich seit 1789 (Gütersloh, 1975), 16, and Georg Iggers, ‘Geschichtswissenschaft in Deutschland und Frankreich 1830 bis 1918 und die Rolle der Sozialgeschichte. Ein Vergleich zwischen zwei Traditionen bürgerlicher Geschichtsschreibung’, in Jürgen Kocka, ed., Bürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert: Deutschland im europäischen Vergleich (3 vols; Munich, 1998), iii. 175–99.

5 Marginal Encounters: The Italian Peninsula

1. John Foot, Modern Italy (Basingstoke, 2003), 2; Marcello Mustè, La Storia: Teoria e metodi (Urbino, 2005), 102–11. 222 Notes

2. Rosario Romeo, ‘La Storia oggi’, G, 23 Dec. 1978: 4. 3. Salvatore De Luca-Carnazza, La Questione universitaria, studi e proposte (Catania, 1891), 27. 4. Gaetano De Sanctis to Mikhail Rostovtzeff, 5 Jul. 1919, Sanctis MSS N.706. 5. Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796 (London, 2007), 462. 6. Antonino de Francesco, ‘La Révolution hors de France: Quelques Per- spectives de recherche sur l’historiographie italienne entre XIXe et XXe siècle’, AhRf, 334 (2003): 105–18, 113. 7. Giacinto Romano, Le Dominazione barbariche in Italia (395–888) (Milan, 1907), 3. 8. See, for instance, Amadeo Crivellucci, ed., Landolfi Ssagacis Historia romana (2 vols; Rome, 1912–13). 9. Dbi. 10. Raffaello Morghen, ‘La Crisi degli studi medievali e l’opera dello Stato’, ABI, 1 (1927): 15–19, 15. 11. Walter Maturi, ‘La Crisi della storiografia politica italiana’, RSI, 47 (1930): 1–29, 4–5. 12. Nick Carter, Modern Italy in Historical Perspective (London, 2010), 8–12, 28. 13. Angelo Semeraro, Il Sistema scolastico italiano (Bologna, 1976), 20. 14. Mauro Moretti, ‘La Questione universitaria a cinquant’anni dall’unifica- zione. La Commissione Reale per il riordinamento degli studi superiori e la relazione Ceci’, in Porciani, ed., L’Università tra Otto e Novocento, 308. 15. Tina Tomasi and Luciana Bellatalla, L’Università italiana nell’età liberale (1861–1923) (Naples, 1988), 179. 16. Tomasi and Bellatalla, L’Università italiana, 144–9; Duggan, Force of Destiny, 462. 17. Gaetano De Sanctis, ‘L’Istruzione obbligatoria e lo Stato’, in Nino Cortese, ed., I Partiti e l’educazione della nuova Italia (Turin, 1970), 17. 18. Carlo Ottolenghi, ‘Per La Morale universitaria’, L’UI, 15 (1916): 1–8, 4. The charge has never since disappeared, albeit that journalists more often than not now formulate the case: see Davide Carlucci and Antonio Castaldo, Un Paese di Baroni: Truffe, favori, abusi di potere. Logge segrete e criminalità organizzata: Come funziona l’università italiana (Milan, 2009). 19. Tomasi and Bellatalla, L’Università italiana, 39–41. 20. Angelo Mosso, ‘L’Istruzione superiore in Italia’, NA, 139 (1886): 693–709; Carlo Formichi, Il Tarlo delle università italiane (Pisa, 1908), 22. 21. That is not to say, of course, that these are the only three; nor can their cases speak to a universal understanding of opponents in Italy. 22. Carcopino to Sanctis, 26 May 1928, Sanctis MSS N.129; Henry Stuart Jones, review of Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, EHR, 133 (1919): 93–6, 93. 23. Monod to Joseph Reinach, 25 Mar. 1905, Reinach MSS NAF 24882 f.374; Aulard to Ferrero, 26 Feb. 1917, Ferrero MSS, CB; Jullian to T. Rice Holmes, 8 Jun. 1909, Jullian MSS 5764. Notes 223

24. Ferrero to Sorel, 9 Jul. 1902, Sorel MSS AB XIX 3084; the Caesar book is volume two of Guglielmo Ferrero, Grandezza e decadenza di Roma (5 vols; Milan, 1901–7); Hauser to Ferrero, 18 May 1920, Ferrero MSS CB. France became the largest source of foreign direct investment in Italy after 1900: see Carter, Modern Italy, 28–33. 25. Gentile to Croce, 1 May 1900, in Simona Giannantoni, ed., Giovanni Gentile: Lettere a Benedetto Croce (5 vols; Florence, 2004), i. 275. 26. Croce to Antoni, 2 Sep. 1936, Marcello Mustè, ed., Carteggio Croce-Antoni (Bologna, 1996), 20. 27. Croce to Berr, 6 Jul. 1909, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-01.4-63; Benedetto Croce, ‘Notizie’, LC, 1 (1903): 13; Benedetto Croce, ‘Les Études relatives à la théorie de l’histoire en Italie durant les quinze dernières années’, RSH, 5 (1902): 257–69; Benedetto Croce, ‘L’Attitude subjective et l’attitude objective dans la composition historique’, RSH, 6 (1903): 261–5. 28. Jacques Revel, ‘Le Moment Berr’, in Biard, Bourel and Brian, eds, Henri Berr, 167; Graziella Pagliano, ‘Ricerche sulla fortuna di Benedetto Croce in Francia’, RÉi, 10 (1964): 272–301; Robert Paris, ‘Benedetto Croce en France’, AÉSC, 20 (1965): 273–301. 29. Gaetano De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani (5 vols; Milan, 1907–65), i. v. 30. Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, iv. 530–46, iv. Part II, §1 1–182, and the entirety of iv. Part 2 §2; Jérôme Carcopino, La Vie quotidienne à Rome à l’apogée de l’Empire (Paris, 1939). 31. Gaetano De Sanctis, diary entry, 24 Dec. 1917, in Silvio Accame, ed., Gaetano De Sanctis: Il Diario segreto 1917–1933 (Florence, 1996), 139. 32. Gaetano De Sanctis, Ricordi della mia vita (Florence, 1970), 50–2, 236; Tomasi and Bellatalla, L’Università italiana, 29. 33. See Karl Julius Beloch, Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens (3 vols; Berlin, 1937–61). 34. Barbagallo to Sanctis, 16 Aug. 1909, Sanctis MSS N.11. 35. Stuart Jones, review of Sanctis, 96; Arnaldo Momigliano, ‘In Memoria di Gaetano De Sanctis (1873–1957)’, P, 13 (1957): 1068–72, 1071. 36. Cipolla to Sanctis, 12 Feb. 1909, Sanctis MSS N.160. 37. Silvio Accame, ‘Il “Colonialismo” di Gaetano De Sanctis’, CS, 21 (1984): 97–104, 98, 104. 38. Ferrabino to Sanctis, 15 Aug. 1912, Sanctis MSS N.289; Sanctis to Rector (La Sapienza – Università di Roma), 20 Nov. 1931, in Sanctis, Ricordi, 236. 39. Aldo Ferrabino, La Dissoluzione della libertà nella Grecia antica (Padua, 1929); Jürgen Charnitzky, Die Schulpolitik des faschistischen Regimes in Italien (1922–1943) (Tübingen, 1994), 257–60; Sanctis, Ricordi, 61–2. 40. Daniela Coli, Croce, Laterza e la cultura europea (Bologna, 1983), 184. 41. Antonio Gramsci in Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, eds, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (London, 1971), 90; Nino Valeri, La Lotta politica in Italia (Florence, 1998), 219–44. 42. Benedetto Croce, Storia d’Europa nel secolo decimonono (Bari, 1933), 9–25. 43. Croce to Girolamo Vitelli, 25 Nov. 1917, in Benedetto Croce, Epistolario I: Scelta di lettere curate dall’autore 1914–1935 (Naples, 1967), 167; Nino 224 Notes

Cortese, ‘Storia politica d’Italia e storia del regno di Napoli’, RSI,43 (1926): 229–48, 231, 236, 240, 243–4. 44. Benedetto Croce, Filosofia della pratica. Economia ed etica (Bari, 1957), 63. 45. Ferrero to Barbagallo, 8 Aug. 1912, Ferrero MSS box 4. 46. Pasquale Villari, ‘La Storia è una scienza?’ NA, 3rd series, 31 (1891): 209–25, 409–36, 609–36; Benedetto Croce, ‘La Storia ridotta sotto il concetto generale dell’arte’, AAP, 23 (1893): 13–32. 47. Ferrero to Moysset, 17 Apr. 1906, Ferrero MSS box 5. 48. Ferrero to Moysset, 3 Nov. 1906, Ferrero MSS box 30; Lavisse to Ferrero, 24 May 1915, Ferrero MSS box 30. 49. Costanzo Rinaudo, review of Aulard, Études et leçons, RSI, 27 (1910): 60–1; Costanzo Rinaudo, review of Madelin, La Révolution, RSI,29 (1912): 54–5; Costanzo Rinaudo, review of Hazard, La Révolution française, RSI, 29 (1912): 55–7; Costanzo Rinaudo, review of Lavisse, Histoire de France, RSI, 37 (1920): 76–9; Pietro Egidi, review of Halphen, Études critiques, RSI, 41 (1924): 38–42. 50. Francesco, ‘La Révolution hors de France’, 111. 51. Guglielmo Ferrero, ‘La Crisi morale dell’Italia’, RNl, 2 (1918): 97–8. 52. Carlo Tivaroni, Storia critica della Rivoluzione francese (3 vols; Turin, 1881), ii. 851–4. 53. Guglielmo Ferrero, handwritten draft, ‘Note su Dante e sul metodo degli studi storici’, n.d., Ferrero MSS box 86. 54. Ferrero, Grandezza e decadenza, v. 352. 55. Guglielmo Ferrero and Cesare Lombroso, La Donna delinquente: La Prostituta e la donna normale (Rome, 1893); Tomasi and Bellatalla, L’Università italiana, 156–9. 56. Antonino de Francesco, ‘Discorsi interrotti: Guglielmo Ferrero, Corrado Barbagallo e la critica della Rivoluzione francese’, NRS, 87 (2004): 147–84, 181; Kaudelka, Rezeption im Zeitalter der Konfrontation, 327–36. 57. Charles Harrison and Paul Wood, eds, Art in Theory 1900–2000 (Oxford, 1992), 146. 58. Pietro Egidi, La Storia medioevale (Rome, 1922), 35. 59. Tracy H. Koon, Believe, Obey, Fight: Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 86; Duggan, Force of Destiny, 463. 60. Armando Saitta, ‘L’Organizzazione degli studi storici’, in Brunello Vigezzi, ed., Federico Chabod e la nuova storiografia italiana, 1919–1950 (Milan, 1984), 516. 61. Momigliano suggested that Fascism embarrassed Gentile, in Arnaldo Momigliano, ‘Appunti su F. Chabod, storico’, RSI, 72 (1960): 643–57, 643–4, and Sasso that Volpe failed to influence Chabod; see Gennaro Sasso, ‘Gli Studi di storia delle dottrine politiche ed di storia delle idee’, in Vigezzi, Chabod, 596. Turi highlighted widespread collaboration, in Gabriele Turi, Il Fascismo e il consenso degli intellettuali (Bologna, 1980). 62. Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self: The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (London, 1997), 202–3; Michele Sarfatti, ‘Characteristics and Objec- tives of the Anti-Jewish Racial Laws in Fascist Italy 1938–1943’, in Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed., Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945 Notes 225

(Cambridge, 2005), 71–80; Mario Casella, L’Azione Cattolica alla caduta del regime fascista: Impegno sociale e pluralismo politico (1942–’45) (Rome, 1984), 33–60. 63. Mauro Forno, La Stampa nel ventennio: Strutture e trasformazioni nello stato totalitario (Soveria Mannelli, 2005), 44. 64. Martinotti and Giasinti, ‘The Robed Baron’, 24. 65. Koon, Believe, Fight, Obey, 71. 66. Eugenio Garin, Intellettuali italiani del XX secolo (Rome, 1974), 154–5. 67. Carter, Modern Italy, 93; Edward R. Tannenbaum, ‘Gioacchino Volpe’, in Hans A. Schmitt, ed., Historians of Modern Europe (Baton Rouge, LA, 1971), 316. 68. Gioacchino Volpe, ‘Per La Storia giuridica ed economica del Medio Evo’, in Gioacchino Volpe, ed., Medioevo italiano (Florence, 1925; originally published in SS in 1905), 3–54, resulted from reading Ludo M. Hartmann, Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter (3 vols; Leipzig, 1897). 69. Volpe, ‘Per La Storia giuridica ed economica’, 21; Mustè likens this to Bloch’s work, in Marcello Mustè, Politica e storia in Marc Bloch (Rome, 2000), 11. 70. Volpe to Salvemini, n.d. Dec. 1905, Salvemini MSS 91.175. 71. Gaetano Salvemini, Historian and Scientist (Cambridge, MA, 1939), 37–45, 91. 72. Maturi to Cantimori, 1 Jun. 1950, Cantimori MSS. 73. Gioacchino Volpe, ‘Ai Vecchi E Nuovi Collaboratori’, RSI, 52 (1936): i–iii, ii. 74. Volpe, Medioevo italiana,ix. 75. Gioacchino Volpe, review of Neumann, ‘Bizantinische Kultur’, LC,3 (1905): 57–8; Innocenzo Cervelli, Gioacchino Volpe (Naples, 1977), 507; Umberto-Massimo Miozzi, La Scuola storica romana (1926–1943) (2 vols; Rome, 1982–4), i. 59. 76. Walter Maturi, review of Sée, Évolutions et Révolutions, RSI, 40 (1931): 432–3, 432. The NRS, not the RSI, followed closely French historiography: see Antonio Casale, Storici italiani fra le due Guerre: La Nuova Rivista Storica 1917–1943 (Naples, 1980), 159–60. 77. Maturi, review of Sée, Évolutions et Révolutions, 433. 78. Walter Maturi, ‘Risorgimento’, in Calogero Tumminelli, ed., Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti (36 vols; Rome, 1929–36), xxix. 434–52. 79. See also Gennaro Sasso, Il Guardino della storiograﬁa: Proﬁlo di Federico Chabod e altri saggi (Naples, 2002), 138. Scant recognition came for Braudel’s early articles outside France at that time: in EHR, for example, only the Orientalist David Margoliouth paid them any attention. See David Margoliouth, review of Jean Alazard, ed., Histoire et historiens, EHR, 189 (1933): 143. 80. Fernand Braudel, ‘Auprès de Federico Chabod’, RSI, 72 (1960): 621–4, 622; Federico Chabod, ‘In Memoria di Pietro Egidi’, RSI, 46 (1929): 353–66, 364; Sasso, Guardino, 139. 81. Federico Chabod, review of Braudel, ‘Espagnols et l’Afrique’, RSI,49 (1932): 96–7, 96. 226 Notes

82. Gian-Paolo Ferraioli, Federico Chabod e la Valle d’Aosta tra Francia e Italia (Rome, 2010), 49. 83. Gioacchino Volpe, Momenti di storia italiana (Florence, 1925); Pietro Silva, Il Mediterraneo dall’unità di Roma all’unità d’Italia (Milan, 1927); Romolo Quazza, Preponderanza spagnola 1559–1700 (Milan, 1938). See also Chapter 3. 84. Miozzi therefore called Maturi and Morandi, ‘Siamese twins’; see Miozzi, Scuola, i. 193. 85. Dbi. 86. Angelo Tamborra, ‘Come Nacquero In Italia la “destra” e la “sinistra”’, IN, 5 May 1946. 87. Carlo Morandi, I Partiti politici nella storia d’Italia (Florence, 1945), 68. 88. Carlo Morandi, review of Sée, Capitalismo moderno, RSI, 50 (1933): 511–12, 512. 89. Ernesto Sestan to Morandi, 18 May 1941, Morandi MSS S.1. 90. Carlo Morandi, ‘Lezioni di storia moderna’, 1939–40, Morandi MSS S.4/Lezioni. 91. Carlo Morandi, ‘Lezioni di storia moderna’. 92. Carlo Morandi, unpublished review of Barbagallo, Capitale e lavoro: Disegno storico, n.d., Morandi MSS S.7/1. 93. Carlo Morandi, marginalia, Morandi MSS 8/appunti e note. 94. Carlo Morandi, review of Hauser, Travailleurs et marchands, CM, 2 (1930): 8. 95. Massimo Petrocchi, ‘Misure di Lucien Febvre’, CM, 14 (1943): 1–13. 96. Leopold von Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (7 vols; Berlin, 1839–47); Émile Doumergue, Jean Calvin (5 vols; Lausanne, 1899–1917); Carlo Morandi, ‘Problemi storici della Riforma’, CM,1 (1929): 669–74, 670, 673. 97. Morandi, ‘Problemi’, 674; Petrocchi, ‘Misure’, 8. 98. Georges Weill, L’Europe du XIXe siècle et l’idée de nationalité (Paris, 1938), Morandi MSS S.3/2; Émile Bourgeois, Manuel historique de politique étrangère (4 vols; Paris, 1892–1926), Morandi MSS S.11/IV/1; Alexandre de Saint-Léger and Philippe Sagnac, La Préponderance française: Louis XIV 1661–1715 (Paris, 1935), Morandi MSS S.8; Paul Hazard, La Crise de la conscience européenne (Paris, 1935), Morandi MSS S.5/1/175. 99. Lucien Febvre, ‘Entre L’Histoire à thèse et l’histoire manuel’, 205–36; Lucien Febvre, ‘Une Histoire politique de la Russie moderne: Histoire- Tableau ou synthèse historique’, RS, 7 (1934): 29–36, Morandi MSS, S.5/1, S.8. 100. Morandi to Cantimori, 7 Dec. 1940, Cantimori MSS. 101. Francesco Lemmi, review of Sée, Vie économique, RSI, 46 (1929): 199–200; Federico Chabod, review of Sée, Origines du capitalisme, RSI, 46 (1929): 200; Carlo Morandi, review of Sée, Origini ed evoluzione del capitalismo moderno, RSI, 50 (1933): 511–12. 102. Paolo Brezzi, review of Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne, RSI, 55 (1938): 129–35. Notes 227

103. Romero to Cantimori, 3 Nov. 1963, Cantimori MSS; Renzo De Felice, Mussolini (7 vols; Turin, 1965–90); Ugo Guanda Editore to Salvemini, 3 Feb. 1953, Salvemini MSS 67.258; Fabio Cusin to Salvemini, 30 Oct. 1947, Salvemini MSS 116.478. 104. Adriano Viarengo, ‘L’Assunzione della direzione della Rivista Storica Italiana da parte di Franco Venturi’, RSI, 116 (2004): 493–527, 496, 519. 105. Viarengo, ‘L’Assunzione della direzione’, 519. 106. Semeraro, Sistema scolastico, 131–4, 162–7. 107. Mario Del Treppo, La Libertà della memoria: Scritti di storiografia (Rome, 2006), 13. 108. Furio Diaz, ‘La Nuova Storiografia fra impegno politico e ricerca sci- entifica: Momenti e problemi 1945–1950’, in Vigezzi, ed., Chabod, 635–41. 109. Delio Cantimori, ‘Nelle Ombre di domani’, preface to Johan Huizinga, La Crisi della civiltà, translated by Barbara Allason (Turin, 1966; originally published in Dutch in 1935), ix; see also Carlo Antoni, ‘La Lotta contro la ragione’, AsSi, 18 (1943): 128–30; Carlo Antoni, review of Croce, Considerazioni su Hegel e Marx, Ra, 3 (1946): 174–81; Carlo Antoni, review of Omodeo, Il Senso della storia, Ra, 5 (1948): 422–8. 110. Delio Cantimori, report on Braudel, Civiltà e imperi, 22 May 1949, in Luisa Mangoni, ed., Delio Cantimori. Politica e storia contemporanea: Scritti 1927–1942 (Turin, 1991), 796. 111. Delio Cantimori, preface to Gerhard Ritter, I Cospiratori del 20 luglio 1944, translated into Italian by Enzo Collotti (Turin, 1966; originally published in German in 1954), ix. 112. Cantimori, report on Braudel, 796; Cantimori met Braudel in Venice in 1955, see Paolo Simoncello, Renzo De Felice: La Formazione intellettuale (Florence, 2001), 121. However, Cantimori’s classified diaries suggest that his opinion of Braudel’s work remained unchanged: Dr Milletta Sbrilli, interview with the author, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 4 Jul. 2008. 113. Delio Cantimori, Studi di Storia (3 vols; Turin, 1959), i. xix. 114. Adam von Trott to Berlin, 11 May 1936, Berlin MSS 115.51. 115. Treppo, Libertà della memoria, 13. 116. Gennaro Sasso, Delio Cantimori: Filosofia e storiografia (Pisa, 2005), 227. 117. Maturi to Cantimori, 1 Jun. 1950, Cantimori MSS. 118. Editorial note, in Mandrou, ‘Mathématiques et histoire’, 39. Cantimori’s circle invited Mandrou to the Scuola Normale in 1960, but regretted (for intellectual and budgetary reasons) Alberto Tenenti’s invitation to Braudel: see Saitta to Cantimori, 13 Feb. 1960 and Saitta to Cantimori, 15 Jan. 1960, Cantimori MSS. 119. Delio Cantimori, ‘Fascismo, rivoluzione e non-reazione europea’, VN,7 (1931): 3–6; Francesco Vitali, ‘Cantimori e il concetto di nazione in Vita Nova’, NRS, 93 (2009): 111–52, 130–1, 144. 120. Sasso, Cantimori, 198–9. Cantimori allowed his membership to lapse in 1956 in protest at Party Secretary Palmiro Togliatti’s support for Soviet military action in Hungary. 228 Notes

121. Diaz to Cantimori, 17 May 1962, Cantimori MSS. 122. Edoardo Tortarolo, ‘L’Esilio della libertà. Franco Venturi e la cultura europea negli anni trenta’, in Luciano Guerci and Giuseppe Ricuperati, eds, Il Coraggio della ragione: Franco Venturi intellettuale e storico cos- mopolita (Rome, 1998), 93–5. 123. Franco Venturi, Settecento Riformatore (5 vols; Turin, 1969–90), i. 54–9. 124. Girolamo Imbruglia, ‘È Difﬁcile Vivere In Epoca di rivoluzione: Franco Venturi e la politica dello storico’, SdS, 40 (2001): 67–90; Mirri to Cantimori, 19 Feb. 1957, Cantimori MSS. 125. Delio Cantimori, Eretici italiani del Cinquecento (Florence, 1939), 24–8. 126. Cantimori, Eretici italiani, 264–5. 127. Gentile to Cantimori, 16 Dec. 1942, Cantimori MSS; Emmanuel Rodacanachi, La Réforme en Italie (2 vols; Paris, 1920); Frederic Cross Church, The Italian Reformers 1534–64 (New York, 1932); George Kenneth Brown, Italy and the Reform to 1550 (Oxford, 1932). 128. Delio Cantimori, Prospettive di storia ereticale italiana del Cinquecento (Bari, 1960), 20; Cantimori to Paul O. Kristeller, 15 Mar. 1948, Kristeller MSS box 8. 129. Massimo Mastrogregori, Il Manoscritto interrotto di Marc Bloch: Apologia della storia o mestiere di storico (Pisa, 1995), 86–7; Antonello Mattone, ‘Franco Venturi e la Sardegna. Dall’Insegnamento cagliaritano agli studi sul settecento riformatore’, AsMO, 48 (1950): 303–55, 312. 130. Gino Luzzatto, ‘La Storia economica e sociale della Francia rurale’, NRS, 17 (1933): 502–5; Gino Luzzatto, ‘Les Noblesses: Les Activités économiques du patriciat vénetien (Xe–XIVe siècle)’, AHés, 9 (1937): 25–57. 131. Armando Sapori, ‘Lucien Febvre: Uno Storico e un uomo’, NRS,11 (1956): 549–79. 132. Mauro Moretti, ‘Storici accademici e insegnamento superiore della storia nell’Italia unita. Dati e questioni preliminari’, Qs, 82 (1993): 61–98, 66; Aymard, ‘The Impact of the Annales School’, 63. 133. Mastrogregori, Manoscritto, 61. 134. Franco Borlandi, Per La Storia della popolazione della Corsica (Milan, 1942); Mario Del Treppo, ‘Presentazione delle “Opera sparse” di Federico Melis’, in Simonetta Cavaciocchi, ed., Produzione e commercia della carta e del libro al XVI secolo (Florence, 1992), 19; Aldo de Maddalena, Prezzi e aspetti di mercato in Milano durante il secolo XVII (Milan, 1950). 135. Aymard, ‘Annales School’, 299; P.J. Jones, ‘Per La Storia agraria italiana nel Medio Evo: Lineamenti e problemi’, RSI, 76 (1964): 287–348, 293–4. 136. Amintore Fanfani, review of Bloch, Esquisse d’une histoire monétaire, ES (1955): 100; Michelangelo Cariselli, review of Duby, L’Économie rurale, ES (1963): 530–1; Amintore Fanfani, review of Hauser, Modernité du XVIe siècle, ES (1963): 633–5; see also Claudio Rotelli, review of Ladurie, Paysans de Languedoc, ES (1967): 267–9; Giorgio Borelli, review of Duby, Sviluppo economico, ES (1970): 573. 137. Cantimori’s limited attention to economic history may reﬂect prevalent attitudes among members of the Italian Communist Party, which had an Notes 229

undeveloped economic awareness and few popular economic policies in an era of economic expansion and consumerism; see Duggan, Force of Destiny, 553, and Carter, Modern Italy, 192–5. 138. Delio Cantimori, review of Febvre, Autour de l’Heptaméron, S, 1 (1945): 261–73, note 3. 139. Roland H. Bainton, ‘Michael Servetus and the Trinitarian Speculation of the Middle Ages’, in Bruno Becker, ed., Autour de Michel Servet et de Sébastian Castellion (Haarlem, 1953), 29–46. 140. Cantimori, review of Febvre, 271. 141. Sasso, Delio Cantimori, 196; cf. Jan Van Der Dussen, ed., R.G. Collingwood: The Idea of History (Oxford, 1993; originally published in 1946), 190–204. 142. Cantimori, Prospettive di storia ereticale,6. 143. ‘Political and religious protests are born together’; see Federico Chabod, ‘Per La Storia religiosa dello Stato di Milano. Note e documenti’, in Federico Chabod, ed., Lo Stato e la vita religiosa a Milano nell’epoca di Carlo I (Turin, 1971), 302. Cantimori described Chabod’s work as ‘first cosmopolitan, second national’ in Delio Cantimori, Storici e storia (Turin, 1971), 327. 144. Cantimori, Prospettive, 110, 18, 27. 145. Cantimori, Studi, 394–5. 146. Delio Cantimori, ‘Rhetoric and Politics in Italian Humanism’, JWI,1 (1937): 83–102, 85. 147. Delio Cantimori, preface to Lucien Febvre, Studi su Riforma e Rinascimento, translated by Corrado Vivante (Turin, 1966; originally published in French in 1958), in Cantimori, Storici, 214. 148. Delio Cantimori, review of Febvre, Coeur religieux, AÉSC, 15 (1960): 556–68, 557–8, 560; Delio Cantimori, ‘Testimonianza per A. Renaudet’, RSI, 71 (1959): 9–19, 18; the longue durée informed Cantimori’s division of the past into culturally uniform ‘moments’, see Mario Mirri, ‘Il Risorgimento’, in Vigezzi, ed., Chabod, 144–5. 149. Warburg to Seligman, 1 Nov. 1927, Seligman MSS box 38; Cantimori, review of Febvre, Coeur religieux, 558. 150. Cantimori, review of Febvre, Coeur religieux, 561. 151. Cantimori, review of Febvre, Coeur religieux, 564; see also Venturi, Riformatore, i. xvii. 152. Cantimori, review of Febvre, Coeur religieux, 567. 153. Delio Cantimori, ‘Il Mestiere dello storico’, in Francesco Rossi, ed., Conversando di Storia (Bari, 1967), 64. 154. Giuseppe Gargallo Di Castel Lentini, Storiografia e sociologia (Rome, 1971), 91; Aldo Monti, ‘La Storia d’Italia Einaudi, Gramsci e le Annales: Elementi di riflessione per un rapporto fra storiografia e società civile’, Qs, 32 (1976): 729–65, 733. 155. Paolo Renzi, ‘Degli Incontri marginali di un nuovo tipo, ovvere le “Annales” e la storiografia Italiana’, NRS, 63 (1979): 635–67, 634; Fernand Braudel, ‘Sul Mare della “lunga durata”’, CdS, 12 Dec. 1982. 156. Professor Edoardo Tortarolo, electronic correspondence with the author, 13 Dec. 2009. 230 Notes

6 ‘Historians against History’: England

1. See also Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past: English Historiogra- phy in the Age of Modernism 1870–1970 (Cambridge, 2005), 142–3. 2. Burrow, A History of Histories, 472, 478; Noel Annan, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses (Chicago, IL, 1999), 96. 3. OED describes the verb as ‘now rare’; Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1939), vii; A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale and J. Morris, eds, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (3 vols; Cambridge, 1971–92). 4. G.N. Clark to Frank Stenton, 27 Aug. 1929, Stenton MSS 8/12. 5. Reba Soffer, ‘The Development of Disciplines in the Modern English University’, HJ, 31 (1988): 933–46, 937. 6. F.W. Maitland, ‘The Body Politic’, in H.A.L. Fisher, ed., The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland (3 vols; Cambridge, 1911), iii. 285. 7. Round to Sir Francis Palmer, 29 May 1916, Round MSS 924/832; Seeley to Charles Edmund Maurice, 8 Feb. 1879, Seeley MSS 903/1B/18; J.B. Bury, An Inaugural Lecture: The Science of History (Cambridge, 1903), 16; T.F. Tout, ‘An Historical Laboratory’, Standard, 3 Jan. 1910, in F.M. Powicke, ed., Collected Papers of Thomas Frederick Tout (Manchester, 1932), 79. Poole wanted England to have ‘a real École des Chartes’: see P.B.M. Blaas, Continuity and Anachronism: Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography and in Anti-Whig Reaction between 1890 and 1930 (The Hague, 1978), 61. 8. Lord Acton, ‘On the Study of History’, in Lord Acton, Lectures on Mod- ern History, edited by John Neville Figgis and Reginald Vere Laurence (London, 1906), 8. 9. C.H. Firth, ‘In Memoriam. Peter Hume Brown’, draft n.d., Firth MSS 924/566/5. 10. Peter Slee, ‘Professor Soffer’s “History at Oxford”’, HJ, 30 (1987): 933–42, 936. 11. Pollard to parents, 2 Jun. 1918, cited in Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 196. 12. Pollard to parents, 16 Mar. 1909, Pollard MSS 860/40. 13. The principal ‘con’ on Pollard’s list, dated 22 Feb. 1924, of the ‘pros and cons’ of working at Oxford University read, ‘out of touch with America’. Pollard MSS 860/40. 14. M.I. Newbigin, review of Febvre, La Terre et l’Évolution humaine, GR,60 (1922): 308–9, 309. 15. Newbigin, review of Febvre, 308. 16. E.F. Jacob, review of Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges, EHR, 40 (1925): 267–70, 268. 17. H.W.C. Davis, review of Berr, La Synthèse en histoire, EHR, 27 (1912): 181–2, 181. 18. Albert Goodwin, review of Berr, L’histoire traditionelle, EHR, 37 (1922): 477. 19. Davis, review of Berr, 182. 20. H.W.C. Davis, draft copy, ‘The Meaning of History’, The University Review, n.d. Jun. 1907, Davis MSS Top. Oxon/E432. Notes 231

21. Reba Soffer, ‘Why Do Disciplines Fail? The Strange Case of British Sociology’, EHR, 97 (1982): 767–802, 780–1. 22. Soffer, ‘Why Do Disciplines Fail?’ 782, 801. 23. Branford to Berr, 19 May 1914, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-02.2-35. 24. Comte’s authoritarianism arose from his critique of parliamentary democracy in Auguste Comte, Système de politique positive, ou traité de sociologie, instituant la religion de l’humanité (4 vols; Paris, 1851–4), i. 18–24. 25. Branford to Berr, 19 May 1914, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-02.2-35. 26. A.L. Smith, Church and State in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1913), 1, 213. 27. Reba Soffer, Discipline and Power: The University, History and the Making of an English Elite 1870–1930 (Stanford, CA, 1994), 139–42. 28. H.W.C. Davis, Charlemagne. The Hero of Two Nations (London, 1900), 208. 29. J.R.H. Weaver and A.L. Poole, Henry William Carless Davis: A Memoir (London, 1933), 14, 144–5; J.C. Bartholomew and C.G. Robertson, eds, Historical Atlas of Modern Europe from 1789 to 1922 (London, 1915). 30. H.W.C. Davis, ed., Essays in History Presented to Reginald Lane Poole (Oxford, 1927). 31. F.W. Maitland, ‘The Laws of the Anglo-Saxons’ (1904), in Fisher, ed., Collected Papers, iii. 459. 32. J.H. Round to G. Woods Wollaston, 6 Jun. 1912, Round MSS 683/5/1. 33. William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England in its Origins and Development (3 vols; Oxford, 1873–78), i. 11. 34. Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, iii. 519. 35. See Herbert Butterﬁeld, The Whig Interpretation of History (London, 1931); Blaas, Continuity and Anachronism, 173. 36. Viollet to Tout, 24 Oct. 1906, Tout MSS 1/1228/1; Langlois to Tout, 9 May 1889, Tout MSS 1/660/1; Langlois to Tout, n.d. 1890? Tout MSS 1/660/2. 37. T.F. Tout, review of Langlois, Le Règne de Philippe II le Hardi, EHR, 4 (1889): 364. 38. T.F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals (6 vols; Manchester, 1920–33) v. 54. 39. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England,i.v. 40. The emphasis on research over teaching is another superﬁcial resem- blance with young Annalistes’ calls for reform. See Slee, ‘ “History at Oxford” ’, 941. 41. Powicke, ed., Collected Papers, 83–4; Langlois to Tout, 9 May 1889, Tout MSS 1/660/1. 42. Peter Slee, Learning and a Liberal Education: The Study of Modern His- tory in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Manchester, 1800–1914 (Manchester, 1986), 159. 43. Slee, Learning and a Liberal Education, 167. 44. Powicke, ed., Collected Papers, 77. 232 Notes

45. Charles H. MacIlwain, The High Court of Parliament and its Supremacy (New Haven, CT, 1910), viii. 46. A.F. Pollard, ed., The British Empire (London, 1909), 27; Bentley, Modern- izing England’s Past, 35–6. 47. A.F. Pollard, The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution (London, 1912), 246. 48. William A. Morris, The English Government at Work, 1327–1336 (3 vols; Cambridge, MA, 1940), i. v. 49. Clark to Stenton, 27 Sep. 1929, Stenton MSS 8/12. 50. John Morris and E.J. Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction’, P&P, 1 (1952): i–iv, i. 51. Clark to Stenton, 27 Sep. 1929, Stenton MSS 8/12. 52. Stenton, untitled notes, n.d., Stenton MSS 15/13; Sisam to Stenton, 27 Oct. 1939, Stenton MSS 8/21. 53. Wolikow, ‘Centenaire dans le bicentenaire’, 435–6. 54. Reba Soffer, History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan (Oxford, 2009), 54. 55. Soffer, History, Historians, and Conservatism, 53. 56. DNB. 57. Braudel met Wedgwood in November 1973 at Brooks’s Club, London. Wedgwood afterwards sent him copies of her books: Wedgwood to Braudel, 26 Jan. 1974, Braudel MSS f.44. Braudel expressed his admira- tion for her ‘literary style’ in an undated reply to Wedgwood. If Braudel’s interest in Wedgwood’s prose echoes his generalized interest in that direction, then it may contribute to Hans Kellner’s argument that La Méditerranée satirized historians’ literary habits. See Hans Kellner, ‘Disorderly Conduct: Braudel’s Mediterranean Satire’, JMH, 63 (1991): 341–53. 58. G.M. Trevelyan, English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria (London, 1941), x. 59. Ross Terrill, R.H. Tawney and His Times: Socialism as Fellowship (London, 1974), 21–8. 60. David M. Lewis, The Jews of Oxford (Oxford, 1992), 61–2. 61. Theo Barker, ‘The Beginnings of the Economic History Society’, EcHR, 2nd series, 30 (1977): 1–19, 5–6. 62. G.N. Clark, ‘Sir John Harold Clapham, 1873–1946’, PBA, 32 (1946): 339–52, 345–6. 63. Munia Postan, ‘Marc Bloch: An Obituary Note’, EcHR, 14 (1944): 161–2. 64. Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (London, 2002), 282–3. 65. J.H. Clapham, review of Bloch, Les Caractères originaux, EHR, 47 (1932): 655–7, 657. 66. J.H. Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain (3 vols; Cambridge, 1926), i. 1. 67. N.S.B. Gras, draft speech, ‘After Twenty-Five Years’, 1940, Economic History Society MSS 0/1. 68. N.S.B. Gras, draft speech, ‘After Twenty-Five Years’. Notes 233

69. Lilian Knowles also held the ﬁrst post in the subject from 1904 at the LSE. 70. David Thomson, review of Bloch, L’Étrange Défaite, IA, 23 (1947): 412–14, 413. 71. Terrill, R.H. Tawney, 62–3, 113, 244–5. 72. Maxine Berg, A Woman in History: Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (Cambridge, 1996), 208–17. 73. Berg, A Woman in History, 212. 74. Marc Bloch, untitled notes for a speech in London, n.d. 1934?, Bloch MSS AB XIX 3834/III28. 75. Tawney to Clapham, n.d. 1940? Tawney MSS 25/1. 76. Tawney to Bloch, 13 Feb. 1929, Bloch MSS AB XIX 3844. 77. Tawney to Bloch, 13 Feb. 1929; Fink, Marc Bloch, 179. 78. Postan to C.K. Webster, 10 Oct. 1940, Webster MSS 22/43; R.H. Tawney, ‘The Study of Economic History’, E, 39 (1933): 1–21, 18, 20. 79. Tawney, ‘The Study of Economic History’, 15; Eileen Power, ‘On Medieval History as a Social Study’, E, 1 (1934): 13–29, 15. 80. Tawney, ‘The Study of Economic History’, 7. 81. Hoskins to Tawney, 7 May 1957, Tawney MSS Vyvyan/14; Tawney, ‘The Study of Economic History’, 8; Power, ‘On Medieval History’, 18–19. 82. Friedrich Tenbruck, ‘Max Weber and Eduard Meyer’, in Theodor Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds, Max Weber and His Contem- poraries (London, 1987), 236. 83. Frederick Haverﬁeld, ‘Theodor Mommsen’, EHR, 19 (1904): 80–9, 89; Reba Soffer, Ethics and Society in England: The Revolution in the Social Sciences 1870–1914 (Berkeley, CA, 1978), 85–8. 84. ‘The vital statistics of the eighteenth century have yet to be assembled and sifted’, explained T.S. Ashton in Economic Fluctuations in England 1700–1800 (Oxford, 1959), 1–26. 85. Tawney, ‘The Study of Economic History’, 19; Power, ‘On Medieval History’, 13–14. 86. Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Oxford, 1941), 1, 8, 18, 123. 87. Postan to Webster, 10 Oct. 1940, Webster MSS 22/43. 88. Terrill, R.H. Tawney, 22, 58–9, 200, 122. 89. R.H. Tawney, Land and Labour in China (London, 1932); Berg, Eileen Power, 99–107. 90. R.H. Tawney, untitled lecture notes on French economic history, n.d. 1930s? Tawney MSS 1/21; R.H. Tawney, ‘Six Lectures on Agriculture’, 28, n.d. 1940s? Tawney MSS 12/6. 91. Peter Linges to Tawney, 23 Mar. 1945, Tawney MSS 24/2. 92. R.H. Tawney, ‘The Rise of the Gentry, 1558–1640’, EcHR, 11 (1941): 1–38. 93. An unnamed colleague’s observation: see Adam Sisman, Hugh Trevor- Roper: The Biography (London, 2010), 73; J.M. Winter and D.M. Joslin, eds, R.H. Tawney’s Commonplace Book, EcHR, Supplement 5 (1972): 54. 94. R.H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (London, 1937; originally published in 1921), 241. 234 Notes

95. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society,1. 96. J.G. Edwards to Tawney, 16 Jan. 1954; Marjorie Plant to Tawney, 4 Feb. 1954, Tawney MSS Vyvyan/14. 97. Tawney MSS Vyvyan/15. 98. Momigliano to Isaiah Berlin, 5 Feb. 1970, Berlin MSS 185/126. 99. On Sée, see Part I, Chapters 1 and 3. 100. Paul Mantoux, La Révolution industrielle au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1905). 101. Tawney to J.G. Edwards, 12 Jun. 1957, Tawney MSS Vyvyan/14; Henriette Guy-Loé (Halévy’s niece) to Aron, 18 Jul. 1972 Aron MSS NAF 28060/206 f.83. 102. Élie Halévy, History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century,translated by Edward Ingram Watkin and Dalgairns Arundel Barker (5 vols; London, 1924–34; originally published in French, 1912–32), iii. 130–82. 103. David Knowles, ‘Some Trends in Scholarship in the Field of Mediaeval History’, TRHS, 5th series, 19 (1969): 139–57, 149, 146. 104. C.H. Taylor to Lot, 27 Oct. 1947, Lot MSS 7308 f.2. 105. Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E.H. Carr 1892–1982 (London, 1999), 209–10. 106. F.M. Powicke, review of Bloch, La Société féodale, EHR, 55 (1940): 449–51; Michael Wallace-Hadrill, review of Bloch, Feudal Society, EHR, 78 (1963): 116–21, 117. 107. Harold Perkins, review of Labrousse, ed., L’Histoire Sociale, EHR,85 (1970): 216; Harold Perkins, review of Bergeron, Niveaux de culture et groupes sociaux, EHR, 85 (1970): 594–7, 594. 108. Alun Davies, review of Gouhier, Port en Bessin, EHR, 79 (1964): 414; Alun Davies, review of Caillard, À Travers la Normandie, EHR, 81 (1966): 836. 109. H.G. Koenigsberger, review of Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique, EHR,76 (1961): 675–81, 678; Rodney Hilton, review of Ladurie, Les Paysans de Languedoc, EHR, 82 (1967): 791–5, 792. 110. Toynbee to Fisher, 4 Dec. 1934, Fisher MSS 70. F. 53–4. 111. David Thomson, review of Duby and Mandrou, Introduction à la France moderne, TLS, 7 Apr. 1966: 291; David Thomson, ‘The French Way of Research’, review of Comité Français des Sciences Historiques, Vingt-Cinq Ans De Recherche historique, TLS, 8 Sep. 1966: 811; J.S. Bromley, review of Poitrineau, La Vie rurale en Basse-Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle (1726–1780), EHR, 84 (1969): 804. Evans reiterated this argument in Richard J. Evans, ‘Cite Ourselves!’, review of Burgière, The Annales School, LRB, 31 (2009): 12–14. 112. Richard Cobb, ‘Annalists’ Revolution’, TLS, 8 Sep. 1966: 819. 113. Louis Bergeron, ‘The Pattern of Ideas’, TLS, 8 Sep. 1966: 805. 114. Thomson, ‘The French Way’, 811. 115. David Thomson, The Aims of History. Values of the Historical Attitude (London, 1969), 100. 116. Robert W. Fogel and Geoffrey Elton, Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History (New Haven, CT, 1983), 24; Fritz Redlich, “‘New” and “Tra- ditional” Approaches to Economic History and Their Interdependence’, JEH, 25 (1965): 480–95, 481. Notes 235

117. Robert W. Fogel, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (London, 1974). 118. The resultant book is Gilbert Shapiro, Timothy Tackett, Philip Dawson and John Markoff, eds, Revolutionary Demands: A Content Analysis of the Cahiers de Doléances of 1789 (Stanford, CA, 1998). 119. Cobb, ‘Letters to the Editor’, 82. 120. Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 132–3. 121. Isaiah Berlin, ‘The New Scepticism’, TLS, 9 Jun. 1950; E.H. Carr, ‘Progress in History’, TLS, 18 Jul. 1952; Isaiah Berlin, Auguste Comte Memorial Lec- ture no. 1: Historical Inevitability (London, 1954); E.H. Carr, ‘History and Morals’, TLS, 17 Dec. 1954. On the private debate, see Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 198–204; E.H. Carr, What Is History? (London, 1990; originally published in 1961), 151. 122. Isaiah Berlin, ‘Mr Carr’s Big Battalions’, New Statesman, 5 Jan. 1962. 123. Professor John Rogister, electronic correspondence with the author, 15 Oct. 2010. 124. Carr to Gareth Stedman-Jones, 18 Jun. 1968, as cited in Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 214. 125. Carr to Skinner, 22 May 1974, as cited in Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 215; Quentin Skinner, ‘The Role of History’, CR, 15 Mar. 1974: 102–3. Haslam suggests that Carr’s history of Russia consumed all his time and energy. Professor Jonathon Haslam, electronic correspondence with the author, 1 Sep. 2010. Carr’s friend Perry Anderson neither contradicts nor suggests an alternative to this view. Professor Emeritus Perry Anderson, epistolary correspondence with the author, 24 Jan. 2011. 126. Quentin Skinner, ‘Sir Geoffrey Elton and the Practice of History’, TRHS, 6th series, 7 (1997): 301–16, 301. 127. Annan, Dons, 94. 128. Elton, ‘Historians against History’, 205, 204. 129. Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 208. 130. Skinner, ‘The Role of History’, 103. 131. I owe this information to Professor Michael Bentley, who knew Cowling well; Maurice Cowling, ‘A View of History’, TT, 14 Jan. 1983. 132. Gash described in this way the copy of La Méditerranée that Braudel sent after they met in St Andrews during the summer of 1977. Gash to Braudel, 24 Aug. 1977, Braudel MSS f.17. 133. J.H. Plumb, review of Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce, TT, 6 Jan. 1983. 134. J.H. Plumb, review of Braudel, The Mediterranean, NYT, 31 Dec. 1972. Plumb’s nuanced view contrasted with the prevailing tone of critical reviews, which, in various ways, hailed Braudel’s work as a ‘master- piece’, see John A. Marino, ‘The Exile and His Kingdom: The Reception of Braudel’s Mediterranean’, JMH, 76 (2004): 622–52, 623. 135. Maurice Cowling, The Nature and Limits of Political Science (Cambridge, 1963); Maurice Cowling, Mill and Liberalism (Cambridge, 1963), 97–105, 161. 136. Maurice Cowling, 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution (Cambridge, 1967); Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920–1924: The Beginnings 236 Notes

of Modern British Politics (Cambridge, 1971); Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940 (Cambridge, 1975). 137. Geoffrey Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government (Cambridge, 1953); Geoffrey Elton, England under the Tudors (London, 1955); Geoffrey Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972). 138. Maurice Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism: Essays in Economic Tra- dition (London, 1937); Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution in Europe 1789–1848 (London, 1962); E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963); Rodney Hilton, Social Structure in Rural Warwickshire in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1950). 139. Hilton remarked thus at a Royal Historical Society dinner, Professor John Rogister, electronic correspondence with the author, 15 Oct. 2010. 140. Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 208, 203. 141. John Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past (Cambridge, 1981), 1–7. 142. Cowling, Impact of Labour, 1–12. 143. D.R. Woolf, ‘The Writing of Early Modern Intellectual History, 1945– 1995’, in Michael Bentley, ed., Companion to Historiography (London, 1997), 315. 144. Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 96.

7 The Challenge of Plurality: The USA

1. Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana, IL, 1977), 172; Deborah L. Haines, ‘Scientiﬁc History as a Teaching Method: The Formative Years’, JAH, 63 (1977): 887–914, 893; John Higham, History: Professional Scholarship in America (Baltimore, MD, 1965), 5, 11–13, 17; Arthur S. Link, ‘The American Historical Asso- ciation, 1884–1984: Retrospect and Prospect’, AHR, 90 (1985): 1–17, 10; Novick, Noble Dream, 58; Arthur E. Bestor Jr, ‘The Transformation of American Scholarship, 1875–1917’, LQ, 23 (1953): 164–79, 175. 2. Morey Rothenberg and Jacqueline Goggin, eds, John Franklin Jameson and the Development of Humanistic Scholarship in America (3 vols; Athens, GA, 1993), iii. 4–5. 3. John Lothrop Motley quoted in Novick, Noble Dream, 45–6. Vann describes this group as an ‘Old Boy network’: see Richard T. Vann, ‘No King of Israel? Individuals and Schools in American Historiography’, in Torstendahl, ed., Twentieth-Century Historiography, 182. 4. Arthur M. Schlesinger, William L. Langer, Charles W. David, William S. Ferguson, Guy Stanton Ford, Carlton J.H. Hayes and Dexter Perkins, Historical Scholarship in America: Needs and Opportunities (New York, 1932), i–iii, 11–13. 5. Frank Maloy Anderson, review of Seignobos, France contemporaine, AHR, 27 (1921): 560–2, 560; Charles Homer Haskins, review of Seignobos, Méthode historique, AHR, 7 (1902): 390–1; Charles Homer Haskins, review Notes 237

of Langlois, Manuel de Bibliographie, AHR, 10 (1904): 768–70; James T. Shotwell, ‘The École des Chartes’, AHR, 11 (1906): 761–8. 6. Mark Jefferson, review of Blache, Principes, AHR, 13 (1923): 144–6; Mark Jefferson, review of Febvre, La Terre, GR, 13 (1923): 147–8, 148; Mark Jefferson, review of Febvre, La Terre, AHR, 28 (1923): 291–3. 7. André Allix, ‘Géohistoire, Méditerranée et géographie’, RGL, 26 (1951): 45–52, 51. 8. Robert E. Parks, review of Febvre, La Terre, AJS, 32 (1926): 486–90, 488. 9. Ruth Putnam, review of Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, AHR, 17 (1912): 367–8, 368; Theodore Collier, review of Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, AHR, 27 (1921): 294–6, 295. 10. James Harvey Robinson, review of Berr, Synthèse en histoire, AHR,17 (1912): 643–4, 644. 11. Robinson, review of Berr, Synthèse en histoire, 643. 12. Fred Morrow Fling, ‘Historical Synthesis’, AHR, 9 (1903): 1–22, 3, 21; Fred Morrow Fling, The Writing of History (New Haven, CT, 1920), 187–90. 13. Laird Addis, ‘Methodological Holism’, in Robert Audi, ed., The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (Cambridge, 1999), 566. 14. Charles H. Taylor, review of Bloch, Caractères originaux, AHR, 37 (1932): 736–7, 736. 15. James Garﬁeld Randall, ‘The Interrelation of Social and Constitutional History’, AHR, 35 (1929): 1–13, 1. 16. Randall, ‘The Interrelation of Social and Constitutional History’, 2. 17. Charles W. David, review of Bloch, Rois et serfs, AHR, 26 (1921): 758–9, 758. For a current view, see Morris Bishop, The Middle Ages (New York, 2001), 296. 18. Richard L. Kagan, ‘Prescott’s Paradigm: American Historical Scholarship and the Decline of Spain’, AHR, 101 (1996): 423–47, 426–8. 19. Higham, History, 158–60; Novick, Noble Dream, 72; George Bancroft, His- tory of Colonization of the United States (3 vols; Boston, MA, 1837), i. 4 and iii. 467: ‘God Chose Americans’. 20. Herbert Baxter Adams, The Germanic Origins of New England Towns (Baltimore, MD, 1882). But Adams also supported Lamprecht’s Kulturgeschichte; see Raymond J. Cunningham, ‘The German Historical World of Herbert Baxter Adams: 1874–1876’, JAH, 68 (1981): 261–75, 263. 21. William A. Dunning, The British Empire and the United States: A Review of Their Relations during the Century of Peace following the Treaty of Ghent (New York, 1914), 371. 22. Henry Adams, ‘The Tendency of History’, ARAHA (1894): 17–23, 21. 23. James Ford Rhodes to Albert Bushnell Hart, 4 Nov. 1906, Hart MSS HUG 448.35.11; Edward Channing, ‘The Present State of Historical Writing in America’, PAAS, 20 (1910): 427–40, 430. 24. Waldo G. Leland, ‘Concerning Catholic Historical Societies’, CHR,11 (1917): 386–99, 387, 386. 25. Adams to Hart, 28 Apr. 1887, Macmillan MSS box 42. 238 Notes

26. Turner to Schlesinger, 22 Oct. 1922, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.305.7. 27. Berelson, Graduate Education, 95. 28. Channing to Brett, 30 Jul. 1903, Macmillan MSS box 41. 29. Émile Coornaert, Destins de Clio en France depuis 1800. Essai (Paris, 1977), 129–31. 30. Channing to Brett, 12 Nov. 1903, Macmillan MSS box 41. 31. Berr to Little, Brown & Co., 1 Aug. 1919, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-03.2-55. 32. Chinard to Berr, 11 Jul. 1919, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-03.2-55; Haskins to Berr, 7 Aug. 1919, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-03.2-101. 33. Riley to Berr, 15 Feb. 1921, Berr MSS BRR2 G1-03.1-40. 34. Charles S. Peirce, ‘How To Make Our Ideas Clear’, PSM (1878), 1–16; William James, ‘The Thing and Its Relations’, JPPSM, 2 (1905): 29–41, 30. 35. Thorstein Veblen, The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays (New York, 1919), 21. 36. Novick, Noble Dream, 21–4, 48, 50, 66, 113; Burleigh Taylor Wilkins, ‘Pragmatism as a Theory of Historical Knowledge: John Dewey on the Nature of Historical Inquiry’, AHR, 64 (1959): 878–90, 879. 37. Adolfo De Carolis, Giovanni Costetti, Giovanni Papini and Giuseppe Prezzolini, ‘Il Pragmatismo messo in ordine’, Le, 3 (1905): 45–8, 46; Edmund E. Jacobetti, ‘Hegemony before Gramsci: The Case of Benedetto Croce’, JMH, 52 (1980): 66–84, 73. 38. André Lalande, ‘Pragmatisme et pragmaticisme’, Rp, 61 (1906): 121–46, 144. 39. On the personal networks facilitating this, see Novick, Noble Dream, 150; Schlesinger to Seligman, 11 Oct. 1922, Seligman MSS CB; E.R.A. Seligman, The Economic Interpretation of History (New York, 1902). 40. Higham, History, 181. 41. Thomas C. Reeves, Twentieth-Century America (New York, 2000), 28–31. 42. Frederick J. Turner, TheRiseoftheNewWest(New York, 1906), 3–6, 67–83; Frederick J. Turner, ‘Social Forces in American History’, in Frederick J. Turner, ed., The Frontier in American History (New York, 1921), 311. 43. Frederick J. Turner, The Signiﬁcance of Sections in American History (New York, 1932); Frederick J. Turner, The United States 1830–1850: The Nation and Its Sections (New York, 1935), 1–3, and Turner, Rise of the New West,6. 44. James Harvey Robinson, The New History: Essays Illustrating the Modern Historical Outlook (New York, 1912), 100. 45. Brett to Beard, 7 May 1927, Macmillan MSS box 52. 46. Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (New York, 1913), i–vii. 47. Beard to Brett, 3 Sep. 1907, Macmillan MSS box 40. 48. Robinson, New History, 153. 49. Ernst A. Breisach, American Progressive History: An Experiment in Modern- ization (Chicago, IL, 1993), 117–29. Notes 239

50. Roger Steed, ‘History Professor Quits at Columbia’, NYT, 6 May 1919; Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (London, 1986), 8. 51. Beard to Schlesinger, 16 Jan. 1918, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.320.63. 52. Ray Alan Billington, ‘Storm in Clio’s Teapot: The American Histori- cal Association Rebellion of 1915’, AHR, 78 (1973): 348–69, 350–1; Harry Elmer Barnes to Schlesinger, 6 Oct. 1922, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.320.100; Beard to Schlesinger, 30 Jun. 1915, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.320.1. 53. Jameson to Beard, 10 Aug. 1926, in Elizabeth Donnan and Leo F. Stock, eds, An Historian’s World: Selections from the Correspondence of John Franklin Jameson (Philadelphia, PA, 1956), 319. 54. Jameson to Waldo G. Leland, 24 Mar. 1924, in Donnan and Stock, eds, An Historian’s World, 298. 55. William A. Dunning, ‘Truth in History’, AHR, 19 (1914): 217–29, 228–9. 56. Channing to Brett, 5 Jul. 1903, Macmillan MSS box 41. 57. Fling, Writing of History, 131. 58. Fling, Writing of History, 17; Georg Iggers, ‘The Image of Ranke in American and German Historical Thought’, H&T, 2 (1962): 17–40, 18–22. 59. Breisach, Progressive History, 122. 60. James Harvey Robinson, The Ordeal of Civilization: A Sketch of the Develop- ment and World-Wide Diffusion of Our Present Day Institutions (New York, 1926), 4–5. 61. Graham Wallas, The Great Society: A Psychological Analysis (New York, 1914); Arthur M. Schlesinger, New Viewpoints in American History (New York, 1922), viii. 62. Coker to Schlesinger on Kelly Miller, n.d. June 1935, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.308. 63. A.F. Pollard, ‘New Birth of Our Soil’, in A.F. Pollard, ed., Factors in American History (Cambridge, 1925), 130–75; Bernard Bailyn, ‘The American Academy and American Society: A Bicentennial Discourse’, BAAAS, 34 (1980): 29–31, 30. 64. Hart to Schlesinger, 10 May 1933; Schlesinger to Hart, 14 May 1933, Hart MSS HUG 448.29.22. 65. Reeves, America, 98–9. 66. See also Breisach, Progressive History, 207. 67. Charles A. Beard, ‘Written History as an Act of Faith’, AHR, 39 (1934): 219–31, 231; Carl Lotus Becker, ‘Everyman His Own Historian’, AHR,37 (1932): 221–36, 223. 68. Charles A. Beard and Alfred Vagts, ‘Currents of Thought in Historiogra- phy’, AHR, 42 (1937): 460–83, 481. 69. Croce to Beard, 18 May 1933, in Croce, Epistolario I, 133. 70. See, for example: Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Cambridge, MA, 1949); Douglas Tallack, Twentieth-Century America: The Intellectual and Cultural Context (London, 1991), 235–6; 240 Notes

Reeves, America, 170; J. Rogers Hollingsworth, ‘Consensus and Conti- nuity in Recent American Historical Writing’, SAQ, 61 (1962): 40–50. Manifest destiny ‘meant expansion, prearranged by Heaven, over an area not clearly deﬁned’; see Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York, 1963), 24, 60. Channing to Brett, 21 Jan. 1902, Macmillan MSS box 41. 71. Edward R. Tannenbaum, ‘French Scholarship in Modern European His- tory. New Developments since 1945’, JMH, 29 (1957): 246–52, 247, 249. 72. Higham, History, 118. 73. Herbert Heaton, A Scholar in Action: Edwin F. Gay (Cambridge, MA, 1952), 206–9. 74. Alfred Northrop, review of Hayes, A Generation of Materialism 1871–1900, NYHT, 18 Jan. 1941. 75. Georges Debien, ‘Marc Bloch and Rural History’, AHR, 21 (1947): 187–9, 189. 76. Dietrich Gerhard, ‘Periodization in European History’, AHR, 61 (1956): 900–13, 904–5, 913. 77. Leo Gershoy, review of Braudel, ed., Éventail de l’histoire vivante, AHR,60 (1955): 577–8, 578. 78. Charles Homer Haskins, ‘European History and American Scholarship’, AHR, 28 (1923): 215–27, 219; Leonard Krieger, ‘European History in America’, in Felix Gilbert, John Higham and Leonard Krieger, eds, History (Englewood, NJ, 1965), 256. 79. Thomas C. Cochran, ‘The “Presidential Synthesis” in American History’, AHR, 53 (1948): 748–59, 748. 80. Bloch, Société féodale, i. 249–50. 81. Frederic Cheyette, ‘Some Notations on Mr Hollister’s “Irony”’, JBS,5 (1965): 1–14, 12. 82. Charles Homer Haskins, Norman Institutions (Cambridge, MA, 1918), 3. 83. Bloch, Métier d’historien, 88. 84. Charles H. Taylor, review of Bloch, Caractères originaux, AHR, 37 (1932): 736–7; N.S.B. Gras, review of Bloch, Caractères originaux, 8 (1933): 396–7, 397; James Lea Cate, review of Bloch, Caractères originaux, AHR, 5 (1933): 517–18, 518. 85. Eva M. Sanford, review of Bloch, Société féodale, Sp, 15 (1940): 234–5, 234; William A. Morris, review of Bloch, Société féodale, AHR, 45 (1940): 855–6, 855; Joseph R. Strayer, review of Bloch, Seigneurie française, AHR, 36 (1961): 459–60, 460, preface to Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, translated by Peter Putnam (New York, 1953; originally published in French in 1949), ix, xi. 86. Beatrice F. Hyslop, review of Morazé, Trois Essais, AHR, 55 (1950): 866–8, 868; Rushton Coulborn, review of Morazé, Civilization d’Occident, AHR, 60 (1955): 57–8, 58. 87. Coulborn, review of Morazé, Civilization d’Occident, 58; John B. Wolf, review of Mousnier, Progrès de la civilisation européenne, AHR, 60 (1955): 58–9, 59. Notes 241

88. Marc Bloch, Apologie, 89; on the relation of experience and science in Bloch’s work, see Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘The Search for Historical Experience’, EL, 9 (2004): 439–53. 89. Roy F. Nichols, ‘Postwar Reorientation of Historical Thinking’, AHR, 54 (1948): 78–89; Bert James Loewenberg, ‘Some Problems Raised by Historical Relativism’, JMH, 21 (1949): 17–23; Willson H. Coates, ‘Rel- ativism and the Uses of Hypotheses in History’, JMH, 21 (1949): 23–7; Charles A. Beard, John H. Randall, George Haines IV, Howard K. Beale, Sidney Hook and Ronald Thompson, Theory and Practice in Historical Study: A Report of the Committee on Historiography (New York, 1946), i–xi; Novick, Noble Dream, 107. 90. Hyslop, review of Morazé, Trois Essais, 867. 91. Leonard Krieger, review of Marrou, De La Connaissance historique, AHR, 64 (1959): 331–3; Leonard Krieger, ‘The Horizons of History’, AHR,63 (1957): 3–23; Harvey, ‘An American Annales?’ 621. 92. F.-L Ganshof, Qu’Est-Ce Que La Féodalité? (Brussels, 1944), xv. 93. Ganshof, La Féodalité, xv–xviii, 141–3. 94. Joseph R. Strayer, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Princeton, NJ, 1956), 16; Joseph R. Strayer, ‘Two Levels of Feudalism’, in Robert S. Hoyt, ed., Life and Thought in the Early Middle Ages (Minneapolis, MN, 1967), 52–3. 95. Strayer, ‘Two Levels of Feudalism’, 52. 96. Charles M. Andrews, ‘On the Writing of Colonial History’, WMQ,3rd series, 1 (1944): 27–48, 31–3. 97. On this episode, see Novick, Noble Dream, 178. 98. Joseph R. Strayer, ‘The Tokugawa Period and Japanese Feudalism’, in John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen, eds, Studies in the Institutional History of Modern Japan (Princeton, NJ, 1968), 3. 99. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Morison. An Appreciation’, PMHS, 89 (1977): 112–23, 114. 100. Samuel Eliot Morison, ‘Faith of a Historian’, AHR, 56 (1951): 261–75, 263; cf. Iggers, ‘Image of Ranke’, 18. 101. Dexter Perkins, ‘We Shall Gladly Teach’, AHR, 62 (1957): 291–309, 308. 102. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Growth of the American Republic (2 vols; Oxford, 1930), i. v, 382–3; Krieger, ‘European History’, 273; Reeves, America, 155. 103. William L. Langer and Sarell Everett Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation: The World Crisis of 1937-40 and American Foreign Policy (2 vols; New York, 1952), ii. 776; Samuel Eliot Morison, History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II (15 vols; Boston, MA, 1945), i. x, xviii; Charles A. Beard, A Foreign Policy for America (New York, 1940). 104. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (Chicago, IL, 1953), 3; Schlesinger Jr, The Vital Center, 170; John Fairbanks to Schlesinger Jr, 19 Aug. 1949, Houghton Mifﬂin MSS box 11. 105. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Have Made It (New York, 1974), xxxvi–vii. 242 Notes

106. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (Chicago, IL, 1953), 157. 107. Boorstin to Jacques Barzun, 11 Dec. 1953, Boorstin MSS CB. 108. Hofstadter to Boorstin, 27 Jun. 1968, Boorstin MSS 27/13/1. 109. See also Bernard Bailyn, ‘The Challenge of Modern Historiography’, AHR, 87 (1982): 1–24, 9. 110. Curti to Schlesinger, 8 Mar. 1959, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.309.22; Henry Kissinger to Aron, 24 Oct. 1962, Aron MSS NAF 28060 f.286; John B. Wolf to Hayes, 6 Apr. 1946, Hayes MSS CB. 111. Devereux C. Joseph, Waldo G. Leland and Luther H. Evans, unpublished copy, ‘Report on Visit to Europe, October–December 1946’, Leland MSS box 101. 112. Philipp Stelzel, ‘Working towards a Common Goal? American Views on German Historiography and German–American Scholarly Relations during the 1960s’, CEH, 41 (2008): 639–71, 640; Gerhard A. Ritter, ed., Friedrich Meinecke. Akademischer Lehrer und emigrierte Schüler: Briefe und Aufzeichnungen 1910–1977 (Munich, 2006), 105–12; Rutkoff and Scott, New School, 128–9. 113. William O. Aydelotte, ‘Quantiﬁcation in History’, in Don Karl Rowney and James Q. Graham, eds, Quantitative History: Selected Readings in the Quantitative Analysis of Historical Data (Homewood, IL, 1969), 3–22; Roy F. Nichols, A Historian’s Progress (New York, 1968), 132; Philip Pomper, The Structure of Mind in History: Five Major Figures in Psychohistory (New York, 1985), 1–19. 114. Henry Hunt Keit, ‘Manoel da Silveira Cardozo (1911–1985)’, HAHR, 66 (1986): 767–9, 767; Middell, ‘Gedanken zur Geschichte der Zeitschriften’, 15. 115. Manoel Cardozo, review of Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique, AHR,68 (1963): 436–8, 437. 116. C.H. Haring, Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Hapsburgs (Cambridge, MA, 1918); Cardozo, review of Chaunu, Séville et l’Atlantique, 437. 117. Keit, ‘Cardozo’, 768. 118. Orest Ranum, review of Febvre, Histoire à part entière, AHR, 68 (1963): 1096–7; Palmer Throop, review of Febvre, Combats, JMH, 35 (1963): 162–3; Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, review of Labrousse, ed., L’Histoire sociale, AHR, 73 (1967): 154–6; Robert Forster, review of Ladurie, Paysans de Languedoc, AHR, 72 (1967): 596–7. 119. Ranum, review of Febvre, Histoire à part entière, 1097. 120. Higham, History, 39–40; W. Stull Holt, ‘Historical Scholarship’, in Merle Curti, ed., American Scholarship in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1953), 101, 107. 121. Throop, review of Febvre, Combats, 163, 162. 122. Palmer Throop, Criticism of the Crusade: A Study in Public Opinion and Crusade Propoganda (Philadelphia, PA, 1940), ix. 123. Forster, review of Ladurie, Paysans de Languedoc, 596. 124. Mattingly, review of Braudel, La Méditerranée, 349, 350. Notes 243

125. Garrett Mattingly, ‘Some Revisions of the Political History of the Renais- sance’, in Tinsley Helton, ed., The Renaissance: A Reconsideration of the Theories and Interpretations of the Age (Madison, WI, 1964), 3–23. 126. Marino, ‘The Exile’, 634. After 1970, economists’ quantitative approaches brought the longue durée to America as it did to Germany; see Manfred Thaller, ‘Praktische Probleme bei der Interdisziplinären Untersuchung von Gemeinschaften “langer Dauer”’, in Gerhard A. Ritter and Rudolf Vierhaus, eds, Aspekt der historischen Forschung in Frankreich und Deutschland: Schwerpunkt und Methoden (Göttingen, 1981), 172–89. 127. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Braudel’s Geohistory: A Reconsideration’, JEH,11 (1951): 277–82, 281. 128. Richard A. Newhall, review of Braudel, La Méditerranée, JMH, 22 (1950): 365; A. Roger Ekirch, ‘Sometimes an Art, Never a Science, Always a Craft: A Conversation with Bernard Bailyn’, WMQ, 3rd series, 51 (1994): 625–58, 627. 129. J.H. Hexter, ‘Historiography: The Rhetoric of History’, in David Sills, ed., International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (13 vols; New York, 1968), vi. 378. 130. J.H. Hexter, ‘Storm over the Gentry’, E, 10 (1958): 22–34. 131. Trevor-Roper to Braudel, 14 Oct. 1954, Braudel MSS f.39. 132. J.H. Hexter, ‘Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudelien’, JMH, 76 (1971): 480–539, 530–2. 133. Hexter to Braudel, 24 Sep. 1974, Braudel MSS f.20. 134. John R. Hall, ‘The Time of History and the History of Times’, H&T,19 (1980): 113–31, 119. 135. Hexter, ‘Monde Braudelien’, 538. 136. Hayden White, Metahistory: The Literary Imagination in Nineteenth- Century Europe (Baltimore, MD, 1973); Dominick LaCapra, Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, Language (Ithaca, NY, 1983); Paul Ricoeur, Temps et récit (3 vols; Paris, 1983–1985); Lawrence Stone, ‘The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History’, P&P, 85 (1979): 3–24. Hexter did not dismiss social sciences altogether: see J.H. Hexter, The History Primer (London, 1972), 115. 137. Garrett Mattingly, unpublished essay, ‘Burckhardt and the Renaissance’, n.d., Mattingly MSS 1/26-39. 138. A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on History 1660–1783 (Boston, MA, 1890); A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution and Empire 1793–1812 (2 vols; Boston, MA, 1892). 139. Braudel, ‘Histoire et sciences sociales’, 734; Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Boston, MA, 1959), v. 140. Elizabeth Francis, ‘History and the Social Sciences: Some Reflections on the Reintegration of Social Science’, RP, 13 (1951): 354–74, 365–6. 141. Robert W. Fogel, The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise (Baltimore, MD, 1960); Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States 1790–1860 (Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1961). 244 Notes

142. See also Ernst Schulin, ‘German “Geistesgeschichte”, American “Intel- lectual History” and French “Histoire des mentalités”: A Comparison’, HEI, 3 (1981): 195–214, 205. 143. Richard P. McCormick, ‘Suffrage Classes and Party Alignments: A Study in Voter Behavior’, MVHR, 46 (1959): 397–410, 397, 409; Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, NJ, 1961), 275. 144. Higham, History, 249; Pierre Goubert, ‘Family and Province: A Contri- bution to the Knowledge of Family Structures in Early Modern France’, JFH, 2 (1977): 179-95; Gordon A. Craig, ‘Political History’, D, 100 (1971): 323–38, 324. 145. Herbert H. Rowen, review of Braudel, Civilisation matérielle, AHR,73 (1967): 766–7, 767. 146. ‘The literature on social mobility in contemporary America is abundant, but social scientists have made few efforts to examine the problem in historical depth.’ See Stephan Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, MA, 1964), 1. 147. Mattingly taught Rowen that ‘the hardware’ (material conditions), ‘the program’ (ideology) and ‘the X factor’ (chance) determine daily life; see Garrett Mattingly, unpublished MS, ‘The Hardware, the Program, the X Factor’, Mattingly MSS box 1. 148. Andreas Daum, ‘History in Transatlantic Perspective: Interview with Hans-Ulrich Wehler’, BGHI, 26 (2000): 117–25, 119. 149. Daum, ‘History in Transatlantic Perspective’, 120. 150. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte (5 vols; Munich, 1987–2008), i. 10, 28–30. 151. Samuel Kinser, ‘Annaliste Paradigm? The Geohistorical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel’, AHR, 86 (1981): 63–105, 103, 88. 152. Hunt, ‘Annales Paradigm’, 212–13. 153. François Furet, ‘Beyond the Annales’, JMH, 55 (1983): 389–410; Jacques Le Goff, ‘Is Politics Still the Backbone of History’, D, 100 (1971): 1–19. 154. Marino, ‘The Exile’, 627. 155. Schlesinger on the Founding Father’s legacy, NBC Radio and WBNC- TV Transcript, ‘The Dorothy Young Forum’, broadcast 23 Feb. 1969, Schlesinger MSS HUG 4769.308.32. 156. Conrad and Conrad, ‘Wie vergleicht man Historiographien?’ 19–20. 157. Eugène Weber, ‘Les Études aux États-Unis: Une Histoire sans histoires’, RH, 225 (1961): 341–59, 356. 158. Peter Wagner, review of David Palambu-Liu, Bruce Robbins and Nirvana Tanoukhi, eds, Immanuel Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale, Culture, AHR, 117 (2012): 823.

Coda: Opponents across Borders

1. ‘Dominance without hegemony’ is Guha’s term in Ranajit Guha, ‘On Some Aspects of Indian Historiography’, in Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Spivak, eds, Selected Subaltern Studies (New York, 1988), 4. Notes 245

2. Homi K. Bhabha, ‘How Newness Enters the World: Postmodern Space, Postcolonial Times and the Trials of Cultural Translation’, in Homi K. Bhabha, ed., The Location of Culture (London, 1994), 212–35. 3. Burgière, The Annales School; Mastrogregori, Il genio dello storico; Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘Il Problema storico delle prime Annales (1929– 1945). Osservazioni preliminari’, RSSM, 1–2 (1993): 5–22; Massimo Mastrogregori, ‘Una Piccola Rivoluzione intellettuale’, I Viaggi di Erodoto, 3 (1996): 82–9; Paolo Zocchi, ‘La Discussione sulle “Annales” fino al 1960’, RSSM, 2 (1981): 101–27. 4. Hans Mommsen, ‘Historical Scholarship in Transition: The Situation in the Federal Republic of Germany’, D, 100 (1971): 485–508; Michael Erbe, Zur neueren französischen Sozialgeschichtsforschung. Die Gruppe um die ‘Annales’ (Darmstadt, 1979); Ritter and Vierhaus, eds, Aspekt der historischen Forschung. 5. For example, see Jürgen Kocka, ed., Sozialgeschichte im internationalen Überblick. Ereignisse und Tendenzen der Forschung (Darmstadt, 1989); Manfred Hettling, ed., Was ist Gesellschaftsgeschichte? Positionen, Themen, Analysen (Munich, 1990); Wolfgang Hardting and Hans-Ulrich Wehler, eds, Kulturgeschichte heute (Göttingen, 1996). 6. Oberkrome, Volksgeschichte, 213; Erich Hassinger, ‘Herrscher im Reich der Historie’, FAZ, 2 Dec. 1985: 21. 7. See Schöttler, ‘Zur Geschichte der Annales-Rezeption’, 40; Wilhelm Beringer, conversation with Karl Bosl, FAZ, 1 Dec. 2000. 8. Armando Saitta, Guida critica alla storia e alla storiografia (Rome, 1983), 3. 9. Peter Burke, ‘Reflections on the Historical Revolution in France: The Annales School and British Social History’, R, 1 (1978): 147–56, The French Revolution and ‘The Annales in Global Context’. 10. Maurice Aymard, ‘The Annales and French Historiography (1929– 1972)’, JEC, 1 (1972): 491–511; Maurice Aymard, ‘Fernand Braudel, the Mediterranean and Europe’, MHR, 2 (1987): 102–14; Aymard, ‘The Impact of the Annales School in Mediterranean Countries’. 11. Immanual Wallerstein, ‘Annales as Resistance’, R, 1 (1978): 5–7, 6. 12. Raphael, Die Erben von Bloch und Febvre. 13. See Olivier Dumoulin, Marc Bloch (Paris, 2000), 109–28. 14. Renzi, ‘Degli Incontri marginali’, 634. 15. Stone, ‘The Revival of Narrative’; Tony Judt, ‘A Clown in Regal Purple: Social History and the Historians’, HW, 7 (1979): 66–94, 68. 16. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 36. 17. Kellner, ‘Disorderly Conduct’, 105, 102. 18. Bernard Lepetit, Les Formes de l’expérience: Une autre histoire sociale (Paris, 1995), 28. 19. Timothy Tackett, preface to Burgière, The Annales School, xiii. 20. Roger Chartier, ‘Elias: Une Pensée des relations’, ET, 53–4 (1993): 43–60; Roger Chartier, ‘Pour Un Usage libre et respectueux de Norbert Elias’, VS, 106 (2010): 37–52; Mathieu Lepetit, ‘Un Regard sur l’historiographie allemande: Les Mondes de l’Alltagsgeschichte’, RHmc, 45 (1998): 466–86; 246 Notes

Stéphanie Sauget, ‘Évolution de l’historiographie française’, Éf, 76 (2007): 67–72, 71. 21. Jean-Pierre Rioux and Jean-François Sirinelli, eds, Histoire culturelle de la France (3 vols; Paris, 1997). 22. Carol Fink, Marc Bloch: Biografia di un intellettuale (Florence, 1999); Marcello Mustè, Politica e storia in Marc Bloch (Rome, 2000); Bianca Arcangeli, La Storia come scienza sociale (Naples, 2001). 23. Mario Del Treppo, ‘La Libertà della memoria’, in Mario Del Treppo, ed., La Libertà della memoria: Scritti di storiografia (Rome, 2006), 27–71. 24. I borrow Wittgenstein’s term, in Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe (Oxford, 2001; originally published in German in 1953), §66–77: 27–31. 25. Pleskot, ‘Marxism in the Historiography of Annales’, 204. 26. Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth, TX, 1976), 74. 27. The terminology of verification is borrowed from J.L. Austin, Philosophical Papers (Oxford, 1970), §36, 92. 28. Benedetto Croce, Storia come pensiero e azione (Bari, 1943), 6. 29. Leopold von Ranke, Die römischen Päpste: Ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im sechszehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (3 vols; Berlin, 1844–5), i. xi. 30. See Riché, Henri-Irénée Marrou, 174. 31. Max Tegmark, ‘The Mathematical Universe’, FP, 38 (2008): 101–50. 32. For example, Chakrabarty’s account of European ‘not-yet’ colonialism in Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 3–6. 33. Smith, Gender of History, 155. 34. Ilaria Porciani, ‘Les Historiennes et le Risorgimento’, MÉfR, 112 (2000): 317–57, 332, 356. 35. Charles E. McClelland, The German Historians and England: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Views (Cambridge, 1971), 205. Raphael charted the diversification in Annales historians’ fathers’ backgrounds: see Raphael, Die Erben, 576–8. 36. See also Matt Klinge, ‘Teachers’, in Rüegg, ed., A History of the University, iii. 134. 37. Cf. Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory (Walnut Creek, CA, 2001; originally published in 1968), 315, 582. 38. D.J.V. Fisher to Helen Cam, n.d. postmark 3 Mar. 1951 quoted in Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 212. 39. Compare, for example, with the 1960s crisis of ‘whig’ assumptions in English historiography; see Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 225. 40. Gouhier to Aron, 14 Aug. 1959, Aron MSS NAF 28060 f.207. 41. Stefan Berger and Chris Lorenz, ‘National History Writing in a Global Age’, in Berger and Lorenz, eds, Contested Nation, 16. 42. See Part III, Chapter 7. 43. A maxim appropriated by empiricists: ‘nothing in the intellect has not first arisen in the senses’. See Thomas Aquinas, Contra Gentiles,editedby Joseph Kenny (2 vols; New York, 1955–77), i. §7, 2. Notes 247

44. Peter Strawson, Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (London, 1959), 155–6. 45. Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past, 208. 46. Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, 259. 47. Cedriono to Braudel, 3 Feb. 1972, Braudel MSS f.19. 48. Marina Cedronio, ‘Profilo delle “Annales” attraverso le pagine delle “Annales”’, in Marina Cedriono, Furio Diaz and Carla Russo, eds, Storiografia francese di ieri e di oggi (Naples, 1977), 35. 49. In certain senses these views anticipate Michael Bentley, ‘Past and “Presence”: Revisiting Historical Ontology’, H&T, 45 (2006): 349–61, 358–60. 50. On Bloch and Febvre’s views, see Part I, Chapter 1; Schieder, ‘Strukturen und Persönlichkeiten’, 265–96; François Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme (2 vols; Paris, 1992), i. 9. 51. Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme, i. 202–3. 52. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, ‘L’Histoire immobile’, AÉSC, 29 (1974): 673–82. 53. James Chandler, England in 1819: The Politics of Literary Culture and Romantic Historicism (Chicago, IL, 1999), 131. 54. Seignobos, Introduction aux études historiques, 235. 55. Toynbee to Siegfried, 27 Apr. 1930, Siegfried MSS 2SI 22bis Dr1; Seignobos, Essai d’une histoire comparée des peuples de l’Europe (Paris, 1933), 161–2. 56. Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation, 21–2. 57. François Furet, ‘Beyond the Annales’, JMH, 55 (1983): 389–410, 389, 393. 58. Ritter, ‘Zum Begriff der “Kulturgeschichte”. Ein Discussionbeitrage’, HZ, (171 (1951): 293–302, 301. 59. Benedetto Croce, Teoria e storia della storiografia (Bari, 1916), 25. 60. Croce to Charles Beard, 18 May 1933, in Croce, Epistolario I, 133. 61. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, 4; Safranski, Martin Heidegger, 336. 62. Christophe Charle, ‘L’Historien entre science et politique: Seignobos’, in Christophe Charle, ed., Paris: Fin de siècle. Culture et politique (Paris, 1998), 144. 63. David D. Roberts, Benedetto Croce and the Uses of Historicism (London, 1987), 256; Ilya Prigogine, From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences (London, 1980), 123. 64. Diederick Aerts and Sandro Sozzo, ‘Quantum Structure in Cognition: Why and How Concepts Are Entangled’, Quantum Interactions: 5th International Symposium Proceedings of QI2011 (Aberdeen, 2011), 116–27. 65. José Ortega y Gasset, Pasado y porvenir para el hombre actual (Madrid, 1974), 26. 66. Schroeder has termed this understanding an ‘ecological reading’, see Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), xi. 67. Martin Heidegger, Phänomenologie der Anschauung und des Ausdrucks (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 128; Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign 248 Notes

Power and Bare Life, translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, CA, 1998; originally published in Italian in 1995), 18. 68. William Dray, ‘The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered’, in Patrick Gardiner, ed., The Philosophy of History (Oxford, 1974), 89. 69. Ovid, Metamorphosis, Book II, verses 137–40. Bibliographical Note

Historiography as envisaged here interrogates numerous private collections of papers and publications, both of work by the historians scrutinized in the text and from the secondary literature. The best guide to the materials deemed important in relation to opponents of Annales therefore remains the endnote references supporting the text, rather than a reproduction of the information they contain as a bibliography so extensive as to become unwieldy for the reader. Details of the private collections of papers held in archives and libraries throughout Western Europe and North America will, by contrast, interest readers and students of the subject alike, and their details are as follows:

Adams MSS Papers of the Adams Family, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston AHA MSS Papers of the American Historical Association, Library of Congress, Washington DC Annan MSS Papers of Noel Annan, Archive Centre, King’s College, Cambridge Aron MSS Papers of Raymond Aron, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Aubin MSS Papers of Hermann Aubin, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Baumont MSS Papers of Maurice Baumont, Archives des Affaires Étrangères, Paris Becker MSS Papers of Carl Lotus Becker, Kroch Rare Books and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Berlin MSS Papers of Isaiah Berlin, Bodleian Library, Oxford Berr MSS Papers of Henri Berr, Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Beveridge MSS Papers of William Beveridge, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Boorstin MSS Papers of Daniel J. Boorstin, Library of Congress, Washington DC Boutroux MSS Papers of Émile Boutroux, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris Braubach MSS Papers of Wilhelm Braubach, Universitätsarchiv, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Braudel MSS Papers of Fernand Braudel, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris Butterﬁeld MSS Papers of Herbert Butterﬁeld, Cambridge University Library Cambridge University Library

249 250 Bibliographical Note

Cambridge Papers of M.M. Postan and Eileen Power, Cambridge University University Library Additional Library MSS Cannan MSS Papers of Edwin Cannan, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Cantimori MSS Papers of Delio Cantimori, Biblioteca della Scuole Normale Superiore, Pisa Caron MSS Papers of Pierre Caron, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Century MSS Papers of Century Publishing Inc., New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, New York City Chabod MSS Papers of Federico Chabod, Istituto Storico Italiano per l’Età Moderna e Contemporanea, Rome Channing MSS Papers of Edward Channing, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA CIS MSS Papers of the Centre International de Synthèse, Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Cohen MSS Papers of Gustave Cohen, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Croce MSS Papers of Benedetto Croce, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, Naples Davis MSS Papers of H.W.C. Davis, Bodleian Library, Oxford Dietze MSS Papers of Constantin von Dietze, Universitätsarchiv, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Dodd MSS Papers of William E. Dodd, Library of Congress, Washington DC Dow MSS Papers of Earle Wilbur Dow, Butler Library, University of Michigan Economic Papers of the Economic History Society, British Library for History Society Political and Economic Science, London School of MSS Economics and Political Science Erdmann MSS Papers of Karl Dietrich Erdmann, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Ferrero MSS Papers of Guglielmo Ferrero, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY Finke MSS Papers of Heinrich Finke, Universitätsarchiv, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Firth MSS Papers of Charles Harding Firth, Senate House Library, London Fisher MSS Papers of H.A.L. Fisher, Bodleian Library, Oxford Fling MSS Papers of Fred Morrow Fling, Archives and Special Collections, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries Franz MSS Papers of Günther Franz, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Freeman MSS Papers of Douglas Southall Freeman, Library of Congress, Washington DC Geffroy MSS Papers of Auguste Geffroy, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Bibliographical Note 251

Halphen MSS Papers of Louis Halphen, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Hart MSS Papers of Albert Bushnell Hart, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA Hassinger MSS Papers of Erich Hassinger, Universitätsarchiv, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Havel MSS Papers of Louis Havel, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Hayes MSS Papers of Carlton J. Hayes, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY Houghton Author Correspondence of the Houghton Mifﬂin Mifﬂin MSS Publishing Company, Houghton Library, University of Harvard, Cambridge, MA Houtin MSS Papers of Albert Houtin, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Hubatsch MSS Papers of Walter Hubatsch, Universitätsarchiv, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Journal des Editorial Correspondence of the Journal des Savants, Savants MSS Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris Jullian MSS Papers of Camille Jullian, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris Knowles MSS Papers of Lilian Knowles, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Kristeller MSS Papers of Paul Oskar Kristeller, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY La Découverte Papers of Éditions La Découverte, Institut MSS Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-de-la-Blanche-Herbe Lamprecht Papers of Karl Lamprecht, Universitätsbibliothek, MSS Universität Leipzig Lauer MSS Papers of Philippe Lauer, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Lavisse MSS Papers of Ernest Lavisse, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Lehmann MSS Papers of Max Lehmann, Universitätsbibliothek, Universität Leipzig Leland MSS Papers of Waldo G. Leland, Library of Congress, Washington DC Lenz MSS Papers of Max Lenz, Archiv der Berlin-Brandenbürgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin Leuilliot MSS Papers of Paul Leuilliot, Bibliothèque Municipale de Colmar, Colmar Levison MSS Papers of Wilhelm Levison, Universitätsarchiv, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Lot MSS Papers of Ferdinand Lot, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris 252 Bibliographical Note

Macmillan Macmillan Publishing Company Records, New York MSS Public Library Archives, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, New York, NY Madelin MSS Papers of Louis Madelin, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Malinowski Papers of Bronislaw Malinowski, British Library for MSS Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Mandrou MSS Papers of Robert Mandrou, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Marcks MSS Papers of Erich Marcks, Universitätsbibliothek, Universität Leipzig Martini MSS Papers of Ferdinand Martini, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Florence Maschke MSS Papers of Erich Maschke, Landesarchiv Baden-Württemburg, Hauptstadtarchiv, Stuttgart Mattingly MSS Papers of Garrett Mattingly, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY Mirri MSS Papers of Mario Mirri, Biblioteca della Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa Morandi MSS Papers of Carlo Morandi, Università degli Studi di Firenze Murray MSS Papers of Gilbert Murray, Bodleian Library, Oxford Nicolini MSS Papers of Fausto Nicolini, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, Naples Omodeo MSS Papers of Adolfo Omodeo, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, Naples Paris MSS Papers of Gaston Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Pillias MSS Papers of Émile Pillias, Centre d’Histoire Contemporaine, Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, Paris Police MSS Archives of the Paris Police, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Pollard MSS Papers of Albert Frederick Pollard, Senate House Library, London Pouthas MSS Papers of Charles Pouthas, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Reinach MSS Papers of Joseph Reinach, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Archives et Manuscrits, Site Richelieu, Paris Revue de Papers of the Revue de Synthèse historique, Institut Synthèse MSS Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Ritter MSS Papers of Gerhard Ritter, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Rivière MSS Papers of Éditions Marcel Rivière (1912–1986), Internationaal Instituut vor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam Robinson MSS Papers of James Harvey Robinson, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY Bibliographical Note 253

Romier MSS Papers of Lucien Romier, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Rosselli MSS Papers of Carlo Rosselli, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Florence Round MSS Papers of John Horace Round, Senate House Library, London Sagnac MSS Papers of Philippe Sagnac, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Salvemini MSS Papers of Gaetano Salvemini, Archivio Storico dell’Unione Europea, Florence Sanctis MSS Papers of Gaetano De Sanctis, Archivio Storico dell’Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome Sauer MSS Papers of Josef Sauer, Universitätsarchiv, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Schäfer MSS Papers of Dietrich Schäfer, Archiv der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin Schieder MSS Papers of Theodor Schieder, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Schlesinger Papers of Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Harvard University MSS Archives, Cambridge, MA Seeley MSS Papers of J.R. Seeley, Senate House Library, London Seignobos MSS Papers of Charles Seignobos, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Seligman MSS Papers of Edwin R.A. Seligman, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York, NY Seuil MSS Papers of Éditions de Seuil, Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Shotwell MSS Papers of James T. Shotwell, Butler Library, University of Columbia, New York City Siegfried MSS Papers of André Siegfried, Centre d’Histoire Contemporaine, Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, Paris Silva MSS Papers of Pietro Silva, Biblioteca della Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa Sorel MSS Papers of Albert Sorel, Archives Nationales Françaises, Paris Stenton MSS Papers of the Stenton Family, Reading University Library Tawney MSS Papers of R.H. Tawney, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Tirpitz MSS Papers of Admiral von Tirpitz, Bundesarchiv Koblenz Veyne MSS Papers of Paul Veyne, Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Vyvyan MSS Papers of Samuel Vyvyan Trerice Adams, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Webster MSS Papers of Sir Charles Webster, British Library for Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science Index

Readers wishing to inform themselves of the Annales school should direct their attention to the entries below entitled ‘Annales’, ‘Annales school’ and ‘Annalistes’; ‘obstacles to Annales’ and ‘opposition to Annales’ like- wise enable navigation of the themes central to this book. Interest in the academic infrastructure implicated in developments will in turn ﬁnd itself satisﬁed upon consultation of ‘professional organizations’, ‘publishing houses’ and ‘university systems’. Concerns of conciseness in the mono- graph, however, require readers interested in the biographical details of the array of personalities listed in the index to seek satisfaction from other sources. Note: Page references with the letter ‘n’ followed by locators denote note numbers.

Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Annales 100 and enquêtes collectives,25 Action française,16 and histoire problème, 22, 44, 78, Adams, George Burton, 155 129, 168, 180 Adams, Henry, 147–8, 249 and histoire totale, 16, 24, 27 Adams, Henry Brooks, 148, 249 and histoire globale, 27, 39, 51 Adams, Herbert Baxter, 147, Annales school, the 237 n.20, 249 Adenauer, Konrad, 93 distinction from Volksgeschichte, Aerts, Diederick, 187 81–2, 84, 94 Agamben, Giorgio, 188 institutional bases, 29–37, 173 Agulhon, Maurice, 35 Centre de Recherches Alain (Émile Chartier), 58 Historiques, 32–3; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Fondation Maison des 78, 82, 90, 92, 115 Sciences de l’Homme, 32; Allix, André, 146 Laboratoire de Althusser, Louis, 183 Démographie Historique, e American Historical Association, 32; see also VI Section; 37, 145, 151, 155, 159, university system 249 and methodological identity, 2–4, American Historical Review, 144, 155 39, 42, 63 Amicucci, Ermanno, 103 relationships with the media, 37–40 Anderson, Frank Maloy, 145 and structuralism, 24, 92, 182–3 Andler, Charles, 31 see also structuralism; university Andrews, Charles M., 155, 158 systems

254 Index 255

Annales d’histoire économique et Avenel, Georges d’, 23, 49 sociale (1929–39), 1, 4, 7, 32–3, Aymard, Maurice, 172 51, 53, 55, 83, 85, 88, 121, 132, 145, 155 Bailyn, Bernard, 5, 163–4, 179 Annales d’histoire sociale (1939–41, Bainton, Roland H., 115 1945), 4, 55 Baldwin, James F., 127 see also Mélanges d’histoire sociale Balfour, Arthur, 125 (1942–44) Bancroft, George, 147 Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Barbadoro, Bernadino, 96 Civilisations (1946–93), 4, 37, 65 Barbagallo, Corrado, 23, 96, 99, 101, Annalistes 103 and anthropology, 25–6, 39, 139, Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick, 86 174 Barber, Bernard, 57 on civilisation, 26–7, 31, 39, 65, Bardoux, Jacques, 45 77, 87, 157, 166, 172–3 Barnes, Harry Elmer, 151, 153 and demography, 25, 34, 39, Barraclough, Geoffrey, 136 62–70 Basch, Victor, 31 and economics, 23, 24, 32, 39 Bataillon, Lionel, 20, 46–7, 115, 123, and ethnology, 7, 34, 81 146, 175 on histoire événementielle, 17, 22–3, Bateson, Mary, 126, 177 26, 38, 42, 44, 56, 89, 92, 140 Bauer, Stephan, 78 on histoire historisante, 16, 17–18, Bauernkrieg,84 28, 64 Bayet, Albert, 48 and ideology, 1, 23, 39, 49, 59, 60, Beard, Charles A, 150–1, 153, 157, 61, 91, 93, 100, 160, 175 159, 160, 166, 185 on mentalité, 24–5, 27 Becker, Carl, 153, 157, 249 and sociology, 7, 17–18, 21, 26, Becker, Carl Heinrich, 79 34, 39, 46, 68, 138 Becker, Otto, 81 Annan, Noel, 135, 249 Beloch, Karl, 98, 99 Anzilotti, Dionisio, 97, 108 Below, Georg von, 78–80, 89, 91, 94 Arbeitskreis für moderne Benson, Lee, 166–7 Sozialgeschichte, 91 Bentley, Michael, 127–8, 235 Arcangeli, Bianca, 174 Bergson, Henri, 44–6, 56, 124 Arconati-Visconti, Marquise Marie, Berlin, Isaiah, 4, 113, 139, 249 15 Bernard, Claude, 15 Ariès, Philippe, 38, 68 Berr, Henri, 3, 7, 14, 15–17, 27, Aron, Raymond, 63, 67–8, 180, 185, 29–31, 41–2, 48, 74–5, 79, 83, 187, 249 88, 96, 98, 115, 123–5, 146, Ashley, W.J., 130 148–9, 152, 176, 188, 249 Association Italo-Française Binghamton, Millicent Todd, 177 d’Expansion Économique, 98 Binghamton University, 172 Aubin, Hermann, 81, 82, 91, 249 Blache, Paul Vidal de la, 7, 14, 76, Auger, Pierre, 33 146 Aulard, Alphonse, 14, 16, 42–3, and geographical determinism, 47–50, 51–4, 59, 98, 101–3, 145, 19–20 148–9 Blanchard, Marcel, 32 256 Index

Bloch, Marc, 32, 44, 46, 47, 51, 53, Caggese, Romolo, 96 54–5, 61, 64, 74, 77–8, 83–6, Cam, Helen, 126, 177 102, 115, 118, 123, 128, 130–6, Cambridge University, 9, 35, 49, 141, 146–7, 156–8, 173, 174, 124, 126, 130, 133, 136–44 176, 182 Cantimori, Delio, 90, 110, 112–18, Blondel, Charles, 24 180–1, 187, 250 Bodin, Jean, 109 Caprivi, Georg Leo von, 74 Boehm, Max Hildebrand, 81 Carbonell, Charles-Olivier, 48, 69 Boer, Pim Den, 29 Carcopino, Jérôme, 98–9 Bois,Guy,35 Cardozo, Manoel, 162 Boissonnade, Prosper, 32 Caron, Pierre, 52–3, 107, 181, 250 Boorstin, Daniel J., 154, 159–60, 249 Carr, E.H., 9, 136, 139, 141–2, 173 Borghetti, Maria Novella, 54 Carr, William, 81 Borlandi, Franco, 115 Carrard, Philippe, 38–9 Bosl, Karl, 172 Catholic Popular Party, 100 Boston University, 130 Catholic University of America, 162 Bouglé, Céléstin, 18, 30, 47, 154 Catholicism, Roman, 14–15, 44, 50, Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 30, 38, 183 75, 97, 99, 100, 103, 108 Bourgeois, Émile, 110 Ceci, Luigi, 97 Boutroux, Émile, 98, 249 Cedriono, Marina, 181 Boutruche, Robert, 87–8 Centre de Recherches sur la Bouvines, Battle of, 65 Civilisation de l’Europe Branford, Victor, 124–5 Moderne, 57 Bras, Gabriel Le, 58 Centre International de Synthèse, Braudel, Charles, 30 30, 83, 115, 250 Braudel, Fernand, 1, 30, 31–4, 37, Science,30 38, 54, 57, 58–9, 60, 62–70, 84, and semaines de synthèse,30 87–93, 107, 112–13, 118, 129, Certeau, Michel de, 5 135, 137–41, 143, 155, 162, Chabod, Federico, 60–1, 107–8, 163–7, 171, 172, 173, 174–5, 111–12, 113, 116, 117, 176, 187, 176, 177, 179–82, 232 n.57, 249 250 Breisach, Ernst A., 152 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 130 Brentano, Lujo, 132 Chambers, J.D., 130 Bretts, R.R., 136 Channing, Edward, 154, 250 Breysig, Kurt, 74, 106 Chaunu, Huguette, 24, 68 Brière, Gaston, 52–3, 66, 181 Chaunu, Pierre, 24, 38, 68, 139, 162, Brinton, Crane, 49 175, 182 Bryant, Arthur, 129 Chevalier, Louis, 65–9, 93, 107, 179 Bücher, Karl, 80 Childe, V. Gordon, 136 Burgière, André, 5–6, 7, 38, 171, 174 Chinard, Gilbert, 149 Burke, Peter, 5, 6, 8, 172 Chuquet, Arthur, 47 Bury, J.B., 122 Cipolla, Carlo, 96 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 151 Clapham, J.H., 87, 130–2 Busson, Henri, 46–7, 175–6, 179 Clark, G.N., 125, 128 Butterﬁeld, Herbert, 90–137, 184, Clark, Stuart, 172 244 Clemenceau, Georges, 47 Index 257

Cobb, Richard, 137–8 Demangeon, Albert, 20–1, 46–7, 82 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 68 Derrida, Jacques, 173–4, 184 Coker, F.W., 153 Dewald, Jonathon, 69 Cold War, 27, 51, 54, 63, 93, 161, Dietze, Constantin von, 81, 250 184 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 77 Columbia University, 35, 149, 151, Dobb, M.H., 136, 142 163 Dognon, Paul, 30 Collège de France, 15, 31, 34, 65, Dopsch, Alfons, 83, 84 67–9, 91, 93, 183 Dosse, François, 8 Collège de Sociologie, 114 Doumerge, Émile, 110 Collier, Theodore, 146 Dray, William, 188 Commission de Recherche et de Dreyfus Affair, 15, 42 Publication des Documents Droysen, J.G., 74, 148 Relatifs à la Vie Économique Droz, Jacques, 58–62, 69, 88, 90, 93, PendantlaRévolutionFrançaise, 113, 180–1 134 Dubois, Marcel, 20 Comte, Auguste, 48, 101, 124–5 Duby, Georges, 24, 31, 35, 37, 39, Conrad, Sebastian, 87 64–5, 87 Conze, Werner, 86–7, 91 Dunning, William A., 147, 151, 152, Cornelißen, Christopher, 87 180 Corriere della Sera, 118 Durbin, Evan, 131 Cortese, Nino, 101 Durkheim, Émile, 7, 14, 17, 21, 24, Coulbourn, Rushton, 179 27, 29, 30 Court, W.H.B., 130 and institutional history, 18–19, Coutau-Bégarie, Hervé, 8, 174 125–6 Cowling, Maurice, 141–2, 178, 187 and the social fact, 18 Cremonesi, Bianca Maria, 177 Duverger, Maurice, 58 Critica: Rivista di letteratura, storia e ﬁlosoﬁa, La, 100, 102 Crivellucci, Amadeo, 96, 105 école méthodique, 14–15 Croce, Benedetto, 9, 98–102, 103, École Normale Supérieure, 18, 47 104, 107, 116, 118, 154, 175, École Pratique des Hautes Études 185–7, 250 (ÉPHÉ), 7, 32, 34, 50 Cunningham, William, 131 see also IVe Section; VIe Section Curione, Celio, 114 Economia e Storia, 115 Curti, Merle, 161 Economic History Review, 31–2, 130 Economic History Society, 130, 250 Dannenbauer, Heinrich, 81 Edwards, Sir Goronwy, 135 Danton, Georges Jacques, 48, 49 Egidi, Pietro, 52, 101, 107 Darwin, Charles, 129 Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 162 Daumard, Adelaine, 35 Eisler, Robert, 83 David, Charles W., 147 Elton, Sir Geoffrey, 140–3, 178, 187 Davies, H.W.C., 123, 124–6, 179, 250 Engermann, Stanley, 138 Debidour, Antonin, 43 English Historical Review, 136 Dehio, Ludwig, 86 Epstein, Klaus, 161 Delbrück, Hans, 74 Erdmann, Karl Dietrich, 250 258 Index

Fabre-Luce, Alfred, 41 Fox, Dixon Ryan, 158 Falco, Giorgio, 112 France Culture,38 Fanfani, Amintore, 115 Frank, Walter, 81 Fawtier, Robert, 55–6, 69, 178 Franz, Günther, 84, 250 Febvre, Lucien, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, Frazer, Lily Grove, 177 1–19, 20–1, 22–3, 24–5, 27, 28, Freyer, Hans, 82 29, 30–1, 33, 34, 38, 44, 46, 47, Frick, Wilhelm, 73 49, 51, 53, 55–6, 59, 64, 67, 74, Friedmann, Georges, 23, 32, 100 75–7, 82–3, 85–6, 88–9, 102, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität 109–10, 114–17, 123, 128, Jena, 73 130–1, 136–7, 141, 143, 146, Furet, François, 38, 168, 184–5 155, 162, 172, 175, 176, 179, Fustel de Coulanges, Denis Numa, 181 14, 18, 19, 21, 42–3, 126, 151 Feiling, Keith, 125 Felice, Renzo De, 111 Gaitskell, Hugh, 131 Fenlon, Dermot, 172 Galbraith, Vivian, 126 Fernand Braudel Center for the Gallois, Lucien, 20 Study of Economies, Historical Ganshof, François-Louis, 158 Systems and Civilizations, 172 Garner, James, 147 Ferrabino, Aldo, 99–100 Gash, Norman, 141, 235 n.132 Ferrero, Guglielmo, 96, 98, 101–3, Gasset, José Ortega y, 187 118, 250 Gaulle, Charles de, 51 Ferro, Marc, 28, 33, 39 Geddes, Patrick, 125 Figaro, Le,38 Geffroy, Auguste, 21, 250 Firth, C.H., 122, 250 Gemelli, Giuliana, 174 Fink, Carol, 132, 174 Gentile, Giovanni, 98, 104–5, 106, First World War, 20, 42, 60, 74, 76, 110 90, 95, 96, 99, 108, 111, 147, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 149, 151, 185 61, 68, 93 Fischer, Eugen, 81 Gérard, Alice, 15 Fischer, Fritz, 60, 88, 90 Gerhard, Dietrich, 161 Fisher, H.A.L., 90, 250 Gershoy, Leo, 155 Fisher, Vivian, 179 Gesellschaft für rheinische Flammeront, Jules, 47, 53 Geschichtskunde, 79 Fleming, Walter, 147 Ginsberg, Maurice, 124 Fling, Fred Morrow, 49, 146, 152, Glagau, Hans, 50 164, 165, 182, 206–7 n.59, 250 Gleason, Sarrell Everett, 159 Focillon, Henri, 31 Glotz, Gustave, 32, 98 Fogel, Richard, 138–9 Gneist, H.R. von, 126, 147 Follette, Robert La, 150 Goetz, Walter, 83 Forschungsabteilung Judenfrage, 81 Goff, Jacques Le, 6, 24, 26–7, 33, 38, Forster, Robert, 162–3 168–73 Foucault, Michel, 68, 183 Goguel, François, 58 Fourastié, Jean, 33 Goodwin, Albert, 123, 143, 179, 187 Fournier, Paul, 44, 179 Goubert, Pierre, 6, 22, 25, 33, 70, IVe Section, 34 166, 168 Index 259

Gouhier, Henri, 180 Helbok, Adolf, 81, 86 Graham, Gerald S., 90 Held, Friedrich, 132 Gramsci, Antonio, 100 Heller, Clemens, 91 Gras, N.S.B., 130–1, 156, 160, 164, Hensley Henson, Herbert, 125 179 Henry II, King, 128 Grau, Wilhelm, 81 Henry VII, Emperor, 86 Green, J.R., 123 Henry VIII, King, 128 Green, T.H., 133–4 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 99, 105 Grotenfelt, Arvid, 17–18, 123 Hertz, Robert, 18 Group for the Study of Population Herzfeld, Hans, 81 and Social Structure, 143 Hettling, Manfred, 172 Günther, F.K., 73, 81 Heuß, Alfred, 93 Gurvitch, Georges, 26 Hexter, J.H., 164–5, 169, 181, 182 Hill, J.E.C., 136 Hacker, Louis, 154 Hilton, R.H., 136, 137, 139, 140, Haddon, A.C., 124 141–3, 181 Halbwachs, Maurice, 31, 180 Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 173 Halévy, Daniel, 68 Hintze, Hedwig, 50, 73, 102 Halévy, Elie, 135–6 Hintze, Otto, 77, 79, 81, 96, 127 Halphen, Cécile, 30 histoire croisée,2 Halphen, Louis, 23, 54–5, 74, 182, Historische Zeitschrift, 75, 82, 85, 86 251 Hobhouse, L.T., 124 Hamilton, Earl J., 22, 163 Hobsbawm, Eric, 130, 136, 142 Happold, F.C., 49 Hofstadter, Richard, 154, 159, Haring, Clarence Henry, 162 160–1 Hart, Albert Bushnell, 151, 153, 251 Holborn, Hajo, 161 Hartmann, Ludo Moritz, 78, 105 Holtzmann, Robert, 84 Hartung, Fritz, 81 Hoskins, W.G., 132 Harvey, John L., 5 Hubert, Henri, 18 Hartz, Louis, 154 Humboldt, Alexander von, 61, 74 Harvard Business School, 130 Hunt, Lynn, 167 Hashagen, Justus, 87 Huppertz, Barthel, 81–2 Haskins, Charles Homer, 149, 155–6, Husserl, Edmund, 92 158 Hyslop, Beatrice F., 157, 177, 179 Hassinger, Erich, 91–3, 172, 242 n.146, 251 Hauser, Henri, 31–2, 46, 51–2, 109 idealism, 61, 74, 84, 103–4, 113, 143, Hazard, Paul, 110 149, 181 Hearnshaw, F.J.C., 129 actual, 105, 112 Heaton, Herbert, 130 Hegelian, 16, 74 Hegel, G.W.F., 16, 74, 132, 185–6, Herbartian, 99 189 Platonic, 99, 117 Heidegger, Martin, 61, 92, 186 of T.H. Green, 133 Heilbron, Johann, 22 see also Green, T.H.; Herbart; Heimpel, Hermann, 86, 87–93, 137, Humboldt; Verstehen tradition 140, 167, 178, 182, 187 Informations, Les,38 260 Index

Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris Labrousse, Ernest, 22, 54, 162 (Sciences Po.), 34, 58 LaCapra, Dominick, 165 Institut für geschichtliche Siedlungs- Lacombe, Paul, 17–18, 29 und Heimatkunde der Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 3, 6, 25, Alpenländer, 83 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 37, 38, Institut für Kultur- und 139–40, 143, 162, 167, 168, Universalgeschichte, 82 182–3 Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, Lalande, André, 150 100, 181 Lamprecht, Karl, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, Institut National d’Études 83, 175, 251 Demographiques, 66 Lane, Frederic C., 163 Ipsen, Günther, 82 Langer, William, 90, 159 Istituto Datini, 115 Langevin, Paul, 30 Langlois, Charles-Victor, 14, 32, 34, Jacob, E.F., 126 42–3, 44, 45–6, 56, 75, 99, 126, James, William, 149–50 137, 145, 182 Jameson, John Franklin, 145, La Sapienza – Università di Roma, 151–2 106, 108 Jassemin, Henri, 55–6 Laski, Harold, 131 Jaurès, Jean, 101–2, 134 Laslett, Peter, 25, 143 Jefferson, Mark, 146 Latreille, André, 37–8 Johns Hopkins University, 162 Lavisse, Ernest, 14, 15, 19, 21, 34, Johnstone, Hilda, 126, 177 37, 42, 43, 44, 47, 75, 80, 101, Jones, A.H.M., 136 125, 128, 145 Journal of Modern History, 171 Lea, Henry C., 147 Jowett, Benjamin, 133 Lefebvre, Georges, 53, 141 Judt, Tony, 173 Lemerle, Paul, 24 Jullian, Camille, 43, 98, 251 Leopold-Franzens-Universität Julliard, Jacques, 38 Innsbruck, 83 Lepetit, Bernard, 174 Kaehler, Siegfried, 61–2, 93 Leuilliot, Paul, 31, 53, 251 Kellner, Hans, 172, 173 Lévèque, Pierre, 35 Kern, Fritz, 74 Levett, Ada Elizabeth, 131 Keynes, J.M., 133, 164 Levett, Elizabeth L., 177 Kienast, Walther, 81, 84, 85–6 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 25–7, 33, 67, Kinser, Samuel, 167 139, 173, 183 Kissinger, Henry, 63 Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 64 Kitson Clark, George, 136 Liebermann, Felix, 129 Knies, Karl, 132 Lipson, Ephraim, 130 Knowles, Lilian, 131, 177, 251 Lombroso, Cesare, 102–3 Kocka, Jürgen, 172 Lot, Ferdinand, 19, 55–6, 69, 251 Koenigsberger, H.G., 137, 139, 143, Luchaire, Achille, 55, 96, 126 182 Luchaire, Julien, 96 Krieger, Leonard, 157–8 Lütge, Friedrich, 84 Kristeller, Paul, 116, 251 Luzzatto, Gino, 115 Index 261

Maddalena, Aldo De, 115 Michelet, Jules, 51 Madelin, Louis, 44–5, 47, 48, 50, Middell, Matthias, 28 205 n.24, 252 Mieli, Aldo, 30 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 165–6 Mill, John Stuart, 142 Maiguashca, Juan, 172 Millerand, Alexandre, 47 Maitland, F.W., 79, 122, 126, 129, Ministry of Economic Warfare, 130 131 Mirri, Mario, 114, 252 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 131, 252 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 135, 225 n.61 Mandrou, Robert, 4, 33, 59, 64–5, Monde, Le,37 113, 252 Monod, Gabriel, 14, 15, 20, 32, 34, Mannheim, Karl, 5, 181 42, 44, 45, 98 Mantoux, Paul, 135–6 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Maoism, 134 93 Markov, Walther, 212 n.17 Monzie, Anatole de, 33 Marrou, Henri-Irénée, 57–8, 176 Morandi, Carlo, 108–11, 114, 252 Marshall, Alfred, 133 Morazé, Charles, 3, 6, 26, 32, 33, Marshall Plan, 161 63–4, 156, 157, 168 Marx and Marxism, 1, 23, 39, 45, 53, Morgenstern, Oskar, 63–4 54, 60, 61, 90–1, 93, 97, 100, Morghen, Raffaello, 96 112, 113, 114, 131, 134, 142, Morison, Samuel Eliot, 159 175, 189 Morris, William A., 127–8, 157 Massis, Henri, 15 Morse-Stephens, Henry, 50 Masson, Paul, 32 Mousnier, Roland, 57–8, 156, 157 Mastrogregori, Massimo, 171 Moysset, Henri, 101 Mathiez, Albert, 32, 48, 49, 96, 103 Munro, Dana C., 155 Matignon reforms, 52 Mustè, Marcello, 174 Mattingly, Garrett, 163–7, 169, 182, 187, 252 Maturi, Walter, 107, 113, 182 Namier, Lewis, 121, 125, 128, 129 Maurras, Charles, 15 national historiography, 10 Mauss, Marcel, 18, 125 Nationalsozialistische Deutsche McCormick, Richard, 166–7 Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), 73, 80, McIlwain, Charles H., 127–8, 155 81, 82, 85, 86, 92 McLaughlin, Charles, 151 Naumann, Friedrich, 74 Meillet, Antoine, 24 Needham, Joseph, 136 Meinecke, Friedrich, 61, 74, 75, 81, Neumann, Carl, 106 84, 85, 216 n.68 Neumann, John von, 63 Mélanges d’histoire sociale (1942–44), Newbigin, Marion, 123, 143, 175, 4, 55 176, 177 see also Annales d’histoire sociale Newhall, Richard A., 164 (1939–41, 1945) New York University, 156 Melis, Federico, 115 Nichols, Roy F., 166–7 Merk, Frederick, 153, 239–40 n.70 Nora, Pierre, 38–9 Meyer, Eduard, 17, 75, 123, 187 Notestein, Wallace, 127 Meyer, Gustav, 84 Nouvel Observateur,38 Mezzomonti, Emma, 113 Nuova Rivista Storica,23 262 Index

Oakeshott, Michael, 25 from or to philosophy, 46, 92–3, obstacles to Annales 101, 106, 113, 133, 135, 146, family resemblances, 175 149–5 institutional: incompatibility, religious dimensions, 57, 58, 75, 92–3, 111–12, 115, 117; 81–2, 93, 99, 102, 125, 134–5 tensions, 68, 93 from science of facts, 45 national or patriotic agenda, 84–5, and sociology, 48, 107, 112, 124–5, 85, 88, 94, 152, 162 133–4, 136, 138–9, 243 n.136 relevance, 125, 143, 153, 160, 169 ‘Taylorism’, 52, 66 surpluses of meaning, 54, 92, 115, on theoretical grounds: coherence, 157–8, 175–6 59, 65, 67, 76, 113, 138; translation issues, 91, 114–15, 136, contingency, 44, 99, 105–6, 138–9, 168, 176 116, 167; individuality, 77, 92–3, 100, 118, 124, 134, 136; see also opposition to Annales materialism, 88, 93, 100, 112, Ohio University, 167 175; narrative, 56–8, 65, 110, oil crisis, 176 114, 141, 163–5; organizing Omodeo, Adolfo, 104–5, 252 concepts, 88–9, 91, 99, 157; opposition to Annales past, notions of the, 90, to comparison, 66, 107, 117 115–16; (neo-)positivism, 54, to conjuncture, 137, 140–1 90, 91, 112, 143; presentism, to enquêtes collectives, 52–3 85, 129, 168; quantitative from ethics, 100–1, 114, 118, 186 history, 64–5, 65–9, 139; evidence, lack of original, 117, synthesis, 45, 75, 123, 133; 123, 133, 156, 164, 175–6 time, 115–16, 163–6, 173, 180–9; truth, 45, 175–6 and hermeneutics, 44–5, 51, 92 to theory, 102–3, 110–11, 140, 155 to histoire globale, 61–2 topics contested: capitalism, 53, to histoire problème, 44, 52–3, 61–2, 134, 156–8, 160; 65, 107–8 constitutional history, 127–8, to histoire totale, 135, 137, 139 136, 147–8, 151; demographic ideological contours: history, 65–9; diplomatic conservatism, 53, 68–9, 90–1, history, 59–62, 63–4, 107–8; 93, 97, 111, 141–2; liberalism economic history, 137; and social democracy, 54, 58, feudalism, 54–5, 88; 60, 100, 102, 107, 118, 125, intellectual history, 165–6; 142–3, 154, 159–60, 161; legal history, 78–9, 85–6, 88, Marxism and socialism, 49, 126–7, 156–8; national 53, 58, 76, 113, 131, 132, 134; history, 74–6, 83, 89, 110; republicanism, 43–5, 47, political history, 58, 63–4, 191 n.23; royalism, 68, 87 88–9, 108–9, 141–2, 166–7, insularity, critique of Annales’, 173; psychology, 62, 63, 64; 87–8, 137–8 Reformation history, 18–19, to literary style, 76–7, 83, 137, 109–10, 112–17; revolutionary 146, 164, 173 history, 47–50, 101–2, 134, to naturalism, 77, 112 138–9; social history, 57, 65, Index 263

91, 101, 123, 158, 166; state Pratt, Julius, 159 formation, 55–6, 76, 106, 184; Prescott, William H., 147 urban history, 79–80 Prigogine, Ilya, 186–7 traditionalism, rejection of professional organisations Annales’ allegation of, 59 American Historical Association, from transcendental notions, 57, 37, 145, 151, 155, 159, 249 99, 181 Deutscher Historikerverband, 93 see also obstacles to Annales International Congress for Otto III, Emperor, 86 Historical Sciences, 21, 105 Ozouf, Mona, 38 Société des Professeurs d’Histoire et de Géographie, 42, 46, Paetow, Louis, 155 59, 69 Pais,Ettore,98 Protestantism, 14, 116 Palmarocchi, Roberto, 97 publishing houses Park, Robert E., 146 Armand Colin, 22, 46 Parkman, Francis, 147, 156 Clarendon Press, the, 128 Past and Present, 131 Découverte, La, 251 Pecker, Jean-Claude, 39 Einaudi, 112, 115 Péguy, Charles, 14 Fischer Verlag, 172 Peirce, Charles S., 149 Fayard, 39 Pelletan, Camille, 47 Félix Alcan, 32 Perkins, Dexter, 159 Gallimard, 39 Perkins, Harold, 136 Hachette, 39 Perrin, Charles-Edmond, 54–6, 69 Houghton Mifﬂin, 251 Perroux, François, 68, 183 Macmillan, 252 Petrocchi, Massimo, 109–10 Marcel Rivière, 32, 252 Pettazzoni, Raffaele, 85 Presses Universitaires de France, 39 Pfeiffer, Gottfried, 82–3, 179 Service d’Édition et de Vente des Pﬁster, Christian, 44 Publications de l’Éducation Philip the Fair, King, 55, 86 Nationale, 33 Philip II, King, 165 Seuil, 253 Pillias, Émile, 15, 252 Vallardi, 96, 97 Pirenne, Henri, 21–2, 78–9, 82–3, 84, Putnam, Herbert, 147 86, 110 Putnam, Ruth, 146 Pivot, Bernard, 37 psychoanalysis, 19, 61 Plant, Marjorie, 135 Play, Frederic Le, 124–5 Quazza, Romolo, 108 Pleyer, Kleo, 81–2 Quinet, Edgar, 51 Plumb, J.H., 141, 142–3, 173 Quinn, D.B., 136 Pollard, Albert, 122, 127–8, 129, 153 Poole, R.L., 122, 125 Rambaud, Alfred, 129 Porciani, Ilaria, 177–8 Ramsdell, Charles, 147 Postan, M.M., 130–1, 139, 250 Ranke, Leopold von, 74, 78, 92, 109, Potter, David, 154 110, 122, 152, 159, 176 Power, Eileen, 126, 130–6, 177, 250 Ranum, Orest, 162–3 Powicke, F.M., 125, 126 Raphael, Lutz, 5, 39, 173 264 Index

Raveneau, Louis, 20 Rosenberg, Hans, 87 Redford, Arthur, 130 Rostagni, Augusto, 91 Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des Rostow, Walt, 54 Neuen Deutschland, 80–1 Rothfels, Hans, 81 Rémond, René, 58 Roulhac Hamilton, Joseph Grégoire Renaudet, Augustin, 116 de, 147 Renouvin, Pierre, 51, 59–62, 63, 187 Round, J.H., 122, 129, 253 renovatio imperii romanorum,86 Rowen, Herbert H., 166, 169, Renzi, Paolo, 173 244 n.147 Revolution Ruggiero, Guido De, 104 French, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, Ruml, Beardsley, 155 69, 101–2, 134, 138, 152, 175 Rutgers University, 154 German, 73, 80, 94 Russian, 22, 110 Revue de synthèse,2,3,7,252 Sagnac, Philippe, 53, 76, 110, 253 Revue française de sociologie,62 Saitta, Armando, 113, 116, 172 Revue Historique, 44, 62 Salvemini, Gaetano, 18, 97, 104, Rey, Abel, 30 105–6, 109, 113, 253 Reynolds, Siân, 177 Sanctis, Gaetano De, 98–100, 103, Richet, Denis, 38, 39 104–5, 117, 118, 253 Rickert, Heinrich, 77, 152 Sanford, Eva M., 156–7 Ricoeur, Paul, 165, 175 Sapori, Armando, 3, 115 Riley, Isaac Woodbridge, 149 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 92–3 Rinaudo Costanzo, 101 Sasso, Gennaro, 116 Rioux, Jean-Pierre, 174 Saturday Evening Post, 160 Risorgimento, 100–1 Sauvy, Alfred, 66–7 Rist,Charles,32 Sawyer, Peter, 139 Ritter, Gerhard, 84, 86–94, 115, 137, Schaeder, Hans Heinrich, 139 140, 167, 181, 185–6, 187, 252 Schäfer, Dietrich, 178, 253 Ritter, Moritz, 91 Schanz, Georg von, 132 Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Schieder, Theodor, 92, 182–3, 253 Classica,99 Schipa, Michelangelo, 97, 107 Rivista Storica Italiana, 101, 106, 111 Robertson, Charles Grant, 125 Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, 148, 151, Robinson, James Harvey, 49, 146, 153–4, 158, 161, 168, 253 149, 150–1, 153, 157, 166, 252 Schlesinger Jr, Arthur Meier, 159 Rodolico, Niccolò, 97 Schmoller, Gustav von, 77–8, 79, Romano, Giacinto, 96–7 127, 132 Romano, Ruggiero, 24, 39, 174 Schoeps, Hans-Joachim, 81 Romeo, Rosario, 111 Schöttler, Peter, 5, 173 Romier, Lucien, 31–2, 253 Schramm, Percy Ernst, 85–6 Roosevelt, Franklin, 159 Schulze, Hagen, 172 Roosevelt, Theodore, 150 Schulze-Gävernitz, Gerhard von, 83 Roques, Mario, 31 Schüle, Klaus, 59, 87 Roscher, Wilhelm, 132 Sciences Po., see Institut d’Études Rosenberg, Alfred, 81 Politiques de Paris Index 265

Second World War, 10, 36, 51, 52, Stubbs, William, 36–7, 123, 126–7, 82, 84, 88, 111, 128, 130, 154, 129, 131, 133, 147 157, 159, 161, 167 Sybel, Heinrich von, 79, 90 Sée, Henri, 21, 32, 51–2, 84, 99, 107, 110, 130, 135, 182 Tackett, Timothy, 174 Seebohm, Frederic, 131 Taine, Hippolyte, 48, 49, 102 Seeley, J.H., 36, 122, 153 Tait, James, 126, 127 Seignobos, Charles, 14, 15, 16–17, Tannenbaum, Edward R., 154–5, 22, 27, 31, 34–5, 37, 42–3, 45, 160 47, 49, 56, 59, 75, 76, 80, 99, Tawney, R.H., 87, 130–6, 139, 143, 110, 137, 145, 182–4, 187, 253 164, 182, 253 Seligman, E.R.A., 150, 253 Taylor, A.J.P., 60–2 Serres, Michel, 39, 58 Taylor, Charles H., 147 Shapiro, Gilbert, 138–9 Tellenbach, Gerd, 93 Sidgwick, Henry, 133 Temple, William, 133 Sieburg, Heinz-Otto, 88 Tenbruck, Friedrich, 132 Siegfried, André, 57–8, 68–9, 184, Thirsk, Joan, 139 253 Thompson, Clara Mildred, 147, 177 Silva, Pietro De, 108, 253 Thompson, E.P., 142 Simiand, François, 17, 18, 20, 21, 27, Thomson, David, 137 29, 31, 42, 48, 52, 54, 75, 102, Thorndike, Lynn, 155–6 115, 122, 136, 183–4 Throop, Palmer, 162 Simon, John, 125 Times Literary Supplement, 137–8 Sirinelli, Jean-François, 174 Tivaroni, Carlo, 102 VIe Section, 7, 32–4, 38, 68, 87, 91, Tout, T.F., 79, 122, 126–8, 133, 151 93, 173 Toynbee, Arnold, 137 see also ÉcolePratiquedesHautes Treitschke, Heinrich von, 79 Études (ÉPHÉ) Treppo, Maria Del, 174 Skinner, Quentin, 139–40, 141, Trevelyan, G.M., 129–30, 132, 142 142–3 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 3, 164 Sloan, Mary, 177 Triple Alliance (1882), 95 Soboul, Albert, 58 Troeltsch, Ernst, 74 Société Positiviste de Paris, 48 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 148, 150, Sombart, Werner, 80, 132 160, 167 Sondheimer, Janet, 177 Sorel, Albert, 98, 101, 253 Università di Firenze, 108 Sorel, Georges, 18, 19 Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, 23 Sozzo, Sandro, 187 Università di Perugia, 107 Sproemberg, Heinrich, 84 Universität zu Köln, 87 Stern, Fritz, 161 Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont Stevenson, Joseph, 129 Ferrand), 58 Stoetzel, Jean, 62 Université d’Aix, 32, 35 Stoianovich, Traian, 5, 6, 171 Université de Rennes, 32, 51 Stone, Lawrence, 165, 173 Université de Strasbourg, 30, 35, Strayer, Joseph R., 157–60, 182, 187 53, 57 structuralism, 92, 174, 182–3 Universiteit Gent, 158 266 Index

University of Birmingham, 124, 130, Veyne, Paul, 35, 253 139 Vichy Regime, 45, 47, 52 University of Lancaster, 136 Vico, Giambattista, 185–6 University of Leeds, 124, 130 Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und University of Liverpool, 124 Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 31–2, 78 University of London, 35, 122, 129, see also Below, Georg von 135 Vilar, Pierre, 24, 58 LSE, 124, 130–4, 143 Villari, Pasquale, 101 UCL, 122, 130 Viollet, Paul, 126 University of Manchester, 55, 125–8, Volksgeschichte, 81–2, 84, 94 143 see also Annales school, the University of Oxford, 125, 126, 128, Volpe, Gioacchino, 97, 104, 105–8, 130, 133, 136 111, 112, 117 Oxford University Extension Vovelle, Michel, 19, 35 System, 50 University of St Andrews, 41, Wagermann, Ernst, 66–7 235 n.132 Wagner, Peter, 169 University of Washington, 138, 175 Wailly, Natalis de, 23 university systems Wallerstein, Immanuel, 172 Caisse Nationale de la Recherche Wallon, Henri, 23–4, 100 Scientiﬁque, 36 Warburg, Aby, 117 Carnegie Institute, 145 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 134 Comité Consultatif des Weber, Max, 77, 80, 132, 172 Universités, 38 Webster, Sir Charles, 131, 253 Commissione Reale, 97 Wedgwood, C.V., 129, 232 n.57 Consiglio Nazionale delle Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 87, 167, 172 Ricerche, 36 Weill, Georges, 110 degrees awarded, 36–7, 129 Wentzcke, Paul, 81 G-I Bill, 36 Werner, Karl Ferdinand, 87 Loi Faure, 7, 36 Wesseling, Henk, 69 national rankings, 35 Westermarck, Edvard, 124 relationship to the state, 36 whig interpretation of history, 126, Robbins Report, 36 143 student intake, 35, 58, 73, 97, 102, White, Hayden, 165, 174 105, 148, 161 Willard, James F., 127–8 University Grants Commission, 36 Wilson, Woodrow, 148 Veterans’ Bill, 36 Windelband, Wilhelm, 77 see also individual entries by Wittram, Richard, 93 university name Wohlhaupter, Eugen, 81–2 Unwin, George, 127, 130 Wopfner, Hermann, 83–4, 94 Urwick, E.J., 124 Workers’ Educational Association, 125, 134 Vagts, Alfred, 161 Wrigley, Edward, 143 Varga, Lucie, 83, 198 n.72 Venturi, Franco, 111–15, 118 Xénopol, Alexandre-Dmitrie, 45–6 Verschuer, Otmar Baron von, 81 Verstehen tradition, 80, 83, 92 Zocchi, Paolo, 5, 171