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Euromaidan and Crimean Discourse Analysis

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Euromaidan and Crimean Discourse Analysis Media’s symbolic power: RT and The Guardian' discursive construction of the EuroMaidan2013 ‐ protests and Crimean annexation 2012 By Tomé Filipe Gaspar Jorge July 2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts in Culture Communication and Globalization – International Relations and the Global Order Thesis supervisor - Julia Zhukova Klausen lb Abstract Media, through its discourse has the power to create meaning and thus shape the perception of the issues it chooses to portray. Therefore, analysing the display of the competing interpretations on a particular subject should be an important aspect of academic research in order to balance the uneven distribution of power between discourse producers and its consumers. Moreover, it will lead to a better understanding of how discourse is intentionally shaped and its implications on the generation of widely accessible meaning which can potentially influence the minds of a global audience. Therefore, this thesis explores the particular discourses of two online transnational media, The Guardian (theguardian.com) and RT (rt.com), regarding the two subsequent recent events in Ukraine: the EuroMaidan protests and the referendum and annexation of Crimea by Russia, and their discursive strategies for meaning creation. Moreover, as two widely reported events which have reached a global audience, these two acknowledgedly ideologically different discourses will purportedly have different takes on these, particularly on its protagonists and their reasons: Ukrainians (including ethnic Russians and Russophobes), and Ukrainian and Russian authorities. Moreover, through the use of the theoretical and methodological fields of Critical Discourse Analysis, Semiotics, and Multimodality, applied on the analysis of a data corpus acquired through the emulation of an online search on google.com, I have explored, discussed and compared the discursive strategies used by both sources, and uncovered its meaning creation strategies and implications. I found clear signs of biased and stereotypical discursive practices revealing ideological inclinations (The Guardian – pro-Europe and pro-West, and RT – pro- Russia and pro-East). On the one hand, during the EuroMaidan protests, The Guardian portrayed the protesters as a relatively uniform group of symbolic heroes whose main reason for demonstrating was a willingness to be European and thus evolving in to a more developed state of an idealised west. Moreover, it demonised Ukrainian and Russian authorities as symbolic villains who bloc the demonstrators legitimate path. On the other hand, RT portrayed the protesters as a uniform and violent group perpetrating unnecessary violence, and whose reasons for demonstrating are discursively delegitimised. Moreover, authorities, Ukrainian officials and politicians are portrayed as victims of these overly violent protesters. Regarding the Crimean annexation and referendum, both sources adopted opposing ideological stands. On the one hand, The Guardian, demonstrated to be pro-west, particularly pro-United States, were the US is seen as all powerful and ensuring Ukraine’s rights as in a father figure. On the other hand, RT showed a pro-Russian ideology in which the West sanctions are considered unfair because the referendum is a democratic and legitimate tool to fix a mistake done during the Soviet Era. Moreover, RT’s discourse revealed an underlying imperial ideology in its discourse, in which Russia should come back to its natural state as a great world power. Overall, both The Guardian and RT, overlooked significant contextual factors, thus giving place to an oversimplification which often led to objectifying and creation of otherness in a dichotomy of ‘US’ vs ‘Them’. The work performed on this thesis as led to the uncovering of both sources’ discursive strategies and helped expose deeper and underlying intentions manifested through discourse. Moreover, if these are assimilated as true by a particular audience, it will lead to a one sided perspective of the events and its participants. Finally, by having a critical eye on media’s discourse, it has allowed for a better understanding of its mechanics and thus the viewing its discourse as a perspective influenced by external and internal factors. Acknowledgements I would like to express a special thanks and gratitude to my master thesis supervisor, Julia Zhukova Klausen, for her exemplary guidance and encouragement during the challenging but rewarding process of writing this thesis. I am equally grateful to my mother, brother and father for their love and moral support during this process. Finally but not least, I would like to thank all my fellow thesis writers who gave their support and stood with me in the long hours working on the thesis writing at Aalborg University’s library. Contents Introduction and problem formulation ........................................................................................................... 1 Context .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 EuroMaidan Protests ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Occupation and annexation of Crimea ........................................................................................................ 6 Historical and socioeconomic factors .......................................................................................................... 8 Russian politics and oppressive/expansionist shift................................................................................. 9 The seeds of the Orange Revolution ......................................................................................................... 10 Ethnic Russians in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................. 11 Research on stereotypes against Russians and Eastern Europeans ......................................... 15 Empirical studies on media practices ........................................................................................................ 15 Introducing the sources .................................................................................................................................. 16 theguardian.com ........................................................................................................................................... 16 rt.com ................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Theoretical perspective ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Epistemology ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 Identity - conceptualizing Race and Ethnicity ....................................................................................... 20 Stereotypes .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Media, discourse and power ......................................................................................................................... 23 Language and text ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................... 28 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ................................................................................................................ 28 Semiotics ............................................................................................................................................................... 31 Charles S. Pierce ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Ferdinand de Saussure ................................................................................................................................ 31 Roland Barthes ............................................................................................................................................... 32 Social Semiotics and Multimodality ........................................................................................................... 33 Methodological framework ........................................................................................................................... 35 Data gathering and criteria ................................................................................................................................ 35 Data gathering choices ................................................................................................................................... 36 Approach to the data ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Discursive and semiotic analysis .....................................................................................................................
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