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Pearson, Bethia Jane (2017) “The Press Is Plural – It Represents All The Pearson, Bethia Jane (2017) “The press is plural – it represents all the political parties”: media access for the transitional justice campaign during democratisation in Uruguay (1989-2012). PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/9081/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] “The press is plural – it represents all the political parties” Media access for the transitional justice campaign during democratisation in Uruguay (1989-2012) Bethia Jane Pearson, MA (Hons), MSc Submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and Political Sciences College of Social Sciences October 2017 2 3 Abstract This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of media democratisation in post-authoritarian societies. Since the return to democracy across Latin America, research has yielded important insights into normative expectations of the media during democratisation, and country case studies have highlighted the diversity of contexts for analysis. Long-standing obstacles to media democracy in the region have not been overcome by democratisation. However, there has been little attention to exploring whether media access for civil society actors – and, so, internal plurality of the media – improves over the process of democratisation and what factors influence this. Based on a content analysis of newspaper coverage of major strategies of the campaign for transitional justice in Uruguay spanning from 1989 to 2012 and 16 interviews with journalists and civil society actors, this thesis draws three main conclusions. Firstly, it concludes that there is not a progressive increase in the quantity or quality of media access for civil society actors and this is principally due to the contingency of media access upon both journalistic routines and broader shifts associated with the process of democratisation including the return to “politics as usual” and increasing market competition. It further concludes that transitional justice campaigns face considerable obstacles in gaining media access to further their strategic ends, due to the way in which the media follows the mainstream political and public agenda during democratisation, and low levels of quality of access. Finally, it makes a methodological contribution in its mixed methods approach, which embraces the debate of de- Westernisation in media scholarship. This multi-faceted approach to researching media access reveals the way in which inequalities in media access cannot be divorced from wider power relations in society. Overall, the thesis argues that the lack of media access for civil society actors constitutes a significant and ongoing problem for the deepening of democracies in Latin America. To this end, the thesis supports a more radical account of media 4 democratisation which incorporates a greater normative duty to represent civil society groups, particularly given the dominance of hegemonic, state-led narratives in pacted transitions. This should inform the way in which media policy is approached during democratic transitions and provide impetus for the current push for civil society-led media reform movements in the region. In addition to this, the thesis indicates the need for further and broader research into media coverage of transitional justice campaigns and mechanisms in different contexts and in comparison with other human rights issues. 5 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Dedication and acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 11 Author’s Declaration .......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Aims of the thesis ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 The methodological approach and methodology: Contributing to de-Westernisation .......... 20 1.3 Exploring the media and democratisation in the context of Latin America ............................ 22 1.3.1 Media and democracy: the state, the market, and authoritarianism .............................. 22 1.3.2 Recent dynamics and reforms .......................................................................................... 26 1.4 Uruguay: politics, media, transitional justice and civil society ................................................ 27 1.4.1 Brief political history ......................................................................................................... 27 1.4.2 Media in Uruguay .............................................................................................................. 31 1.4.3 Civil society and the campaign for transitional justice ..................................................... 36 1.5 Main arguments of the thesis .................................................................................................. 42 1.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 2: Media democratisation and civil society in Latin America .............................................. 44 2.1 Democratisation from above and its critique .......................................................................... 44 2.2 Media democratisation ............................................................................................................ 51 2.3 Understanding media access: Source-media relations ............................................................ 61 2.4 Source-media relations in Latin America ......................................................................... 67 2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 3: Methodology - measuring and explaining media access over time and in context ........ 71 3.1 The case study research design and Uruguay .......................................................................... 71 3.1.1 Incorporating transitional justice as a nexus of state-civil society relations during 6 democratisation ......................................................................................................................... 74 3.1.2 Uruguay as a single country case study ............................................................................ 76 3.2 Mixing methods: Combining measurement with context and explanation ............................ 78 3.3 Collecting data and interviewing: Fieldwork in three stages ............................................. 81 3.3.1 Interviewing during the third fieldwork trip ............................................................... 83 3.4 Building the content analysis: Capturing quantity and quality of access ........................... 86 3.4.1 The coding frame .............................................................................................................. 90 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 4: Gaining access to political news: Civil society actors in coverage of the plebiscites against the Expiry Law (1989 and 2009) ............................................................................................ 95 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 95 4.2 Identifying and explaining general patterns of source access ............................................ 96 4.2.1 Comparing the access of official and civil society sources in 1989 and 2009 ............. 97 4.2.2 Comparing the access of official and civil society sources by newspaper ................. 100 4.3 Changing patterns of source access over time ................................................................. 102 4.3.1 Patterns of access for civil society sources ................................................................ 102 4.3.2 Differences in source access by newspaper ................................................................... 109 4.4 Quality of media access ..................................................................................................... 111 4.4.1 General patterns of source citation
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