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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FREE TRADE AND INDEPENDENCE: THE BANDA ORIENTAL IN THE WORLD-SYSTEM, 1806-1830 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jeanne Lynn Friedman, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Prof, Kenneth Andrien Prof. Donald Cooper Prof. Mansel Blackford Department of History Copyright by Jeanne Lynn Friedman 1993 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped me to complete this project. The Tinker Foundation and the Ohio State University College of Humanities provided travel support. In South America, I benefitted at various stages of my research from the assis­ tance of the staff at: the Archivo General de la Nacion and Biblioteca Nacional in Montevideo; the Archivo General de la Nacion, Biblioteca Nacional, and Academia Nacional de la Historia in Buenos Aires; and the Arquivo Nacional and Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro. Many of the fellow researchers I met along the way contributed helpful advice. Special thanks go to Maria Angeles Condoleo, who ably as­ sisted me in data collection at the AGN in Buenos Aires. The faculty, librarians, staff and students of the Pontifical College Josephinum have provided support and encouragement during research and writing. The members of my dissertation committee made many beneficial suggestions as I revised chapters. Most of all, I want to thank my family and friends who have always believed in my success, especially my husband, Ron. ii VITA 1962 ........................... Born in Erie, PA 1983 ........................... B.A., Spanish and Interna­ tional Studies, Gannon Uni­ versity, Erie, PA 1983-1984 .................... Spanish Linguist, Dept, of Defense 1986 ........................... M.A., Economics, Ohio State University 1987 ........................... Certificate of Specialist in Latin America Area Studies, Ohio State University 1990-present .................. Instructor in Latin American Studies, Pontifical College Josephinum, Columbus, OH FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: History iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................... ii VITA .......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................ix INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 N o t e s ........................................... 7 CHAPTER I. METHODOLOGY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY.................... 9 Theory and Methodology ......................... 9 Historiography .................................. 24 N o t e s ..............................................37 II. BECOMING PART OF THE WORLD-SYSTEM, 1680-1806 . 43 The Background of Incorporation .............. 43 Trade and Incorporation ..........................50 The Impact of Reform .............................. 61 N o t e s ..............................................90 III. AUTONOMY UNDER SIEGE, 1806-1816 ................. 99 British Commercial Penetration, 1806-1809 . 99 The End of Spanish Authority, 1810-1812 . 116 Autonomy in the Banda Oriental, 1813-1816 . .132 Order within Chaos ............................... 149 N o t e s .............................................152 IV. BRAZILIAN OCCUPATION, 1817-1825 ................. 159 Establishing Control ........................... 159 Stabilization and T r a d e .................. 171 State Finances ....................................182 Assessment of the Occupation .................... 209 N o t e s .............................................221 iv V. WAR AND INDEPENDENCE, 1825-1830 231 The Argentine-Brazilian War, 1825-1828 .... 231 The Independent Uruguayan Economy ........... 254 The Emerging Semi-Periphery .................. 265 N o t e s .............................................274 CONCLUSION: INDEPENDENCE AND THE WORLD-SYSTEM ......... 281 N o t e s .............................................292 APPENDIX ...................................................... 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................ 297 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Frequency of Estancia Grants at Montevideo, 1733-1807 ...................................... 54 2. Cattle Hides Exported through Montevideo, 1780-1801 ...................................... 63 3. Average Bread Weights in Montevideo, 1800-1810 68 4. Defense Expenditures and Subsidies, Montevideo, 1790-1805 ...................................... 71 5. Selected Income and Expenditures, Treasury of Montevideo, 1806-1809 ......................... 104 6. British Share of Montevideo Port Entries, 1805-1816 ...................................... 109 7. Shipping from Brazil to Montevideo, 1805-1816 113 8. Selected Customs and Treasury Data, Buenos Aires, 1810-1816 124 9. U.S. Share of Montevideo Port Entries, 1805-1816 ...................................... 127 10. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Montevideo, 1808-1814 ......................... 128 11. Selected Income and Expenditures, Treasury of Montevideo, 1810-1813 ......................... 130 12. Selected Income and Expenditures, Treasury of Montevideo, 1 8 1 5 .............................. 144 13. Population Indicators, Department of Montevideo, 1810-1830 ......................... 169 14. Cattle Hides Exported through Montevideo, 1817-1824 173 15. Average Bread Weights in Montevideo, 1817-1826 174 vi TABLE PAGE 16. Customs Tax Rates, 1 8 1 8 .................... 183 17. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Montevideo, 1817-1821 184 18. Selected Income and Expenditures, Treasury of Montevideo, 1817-1826 187-188 19. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Colonia del Sacramento, 1818-1824 ........... 1 9 0 ’ 20. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Maldonado, 1825 ................................ 194 21. Selected Customs and Treasury Data, Buenos Aires, 1817-1825 216 22. Value of British Trade with Spanish America, 1824 217 23. Value of Argentine Imports in 1825, By Origin 218 24. Selected Fiscal Data, Aduana and Treasury of Buenos Aires, 1825-1828 238 25. Customs Tax Rates, Buenos Aires, 1826 . 240 26. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Maldonado, 1826 ................................ 244 27. Selected Income and Expenditures, Treasury of the Provisional Government, 1825 and 1828 . 246 28. Port Movements of Coastal Traffic, 1828-1833 256 29. Selected Income and Expenditures, Aduana of Montevideo, 1829-1832 259-260 30. Cattle Hides Exported through Montevideo, 1829-1840 ...................................... 261 31. Exports through Montevideo, Jan.-June, 1831 . 261 32. Imported Goods Ranked by Value, Jan.-June, 1831 ................................ 263 33. International Trade at the Port of Montevideo, 1836 263 vii TABLE PAGE 34. Shares of Foreign Shipping Entering Buenos Aires, 1821-1830 267 35. Growth of Annual Average Exports from Buenos Aires .................................. 268 36. Population Growth, 1799-1840 272 37. British Share of Uruguayan Exports, 1831 and 1836 .................................. 294 38. Customs Tax Rates, Montevideo, 1829 ......... 295 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Banda Oriental, 1800 ........................ 2 2. The Rio de la Plata Region in the Eighteenth Century ......................................... 3 3. Plan of an Estancia in the Banda Oriental . 56 4. Port Income at Montevideo, 1789-1809 .......... 69 5. Origin of Ships Entering Montevideo, 1805 . 75 6. Schematic Representation of the Structure of the World-System, about 1800 .................. 88 7. Ships Entering Montevideo, 1805-1816 .......... 107 8. Land Tracts within the Banda Oriental Subject to Redistribution in 1 8 1 5 ....................... 140 9. Ships Entering and