Special Warfare The Professional Bulletin of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School Civil Affairs PB 80–91–1 Winter 1991 Vol. 4, No. 1 From the Commandant Special Warfare In contemporary military activities, one of the pri- and reserve, under the Army Civil Affairs and mary considerations for commanders and their sol- PSYOP Command. diers is the importance of the civilian population to In 1992, new tables of organization and equipment the success of their operations. for Civil Affairs foreign-internal-defense and uncon- This is true whether we are trying to mobilize ventional-warfare battalions will provide detach- local public support for operations in low-intensity ments more precisely tailored for the various CA conflict or minimizing civilian interference in con- missions in LIC. These FID/UW battalions will be ventional operations. reserve component; the one active battalion will The awareness of the role of the civilian populace remain a general-support battalion, and we will has brought increased emphasis and much-deserved need to harmonize AC and RC capabilities into our recognition to the military forces organized and doctrine as well as our organizational and opera- trained to work in civil-military matters — Civil tional concepts. Affairs. In addition to its reserve Civil Affairs Branch, the CA is invaluable at all levels of conflict, whether Army two years ago added Functional Area 39 to assisting special-operations or conventional forces. give active-duty CA and PSYOP officers specific CA civic-assessment teams can assist operations training, career management and repetitive assign- planning by providing a picture of the cultural envi- ments. Now the Army has approved a separate ronment in a particular area and identifying sources enlisted career management field for reserve-compo- of host-nation logistics and services. Through CA nent Civil Affairs specialists. MOS 38A will offer sol- activities of humanitarian and civic assistance and diers opportunities for training and career progres- population and resource control in LIC, we can often sion within their MOS while allowing the Army to remove the causes of unrest and deny mobility and identify their skills for repetitive assignments. We supplies to insurgents, thereby defeating upheaval are already at work to develop resident and non-resi- by more peaceful means and at a much lower cost. In dent instruction, training literature, basic and conventional operations, CA objectives are to bring a advanced NCO courses and skill-qualification tests normal life back to the inhabitants of a country — by for this new MOS. providing shelter to dislocated civilians and rebuild- We have also developed a new doctrinal manual on ing or restarting civilian government and services. Civil Affairs, FM 41-10, which is now being put into Although history provides many examples of the final-draft form. A second CA manual in progress, need to care for and deal with civilians in war zones, FM 41-11, Civil Affairs Functions, will provide how- it was not until World War II that the U.S. began to instruction in the 20 mission areas of Civil using forces designed for that purpose. In that war Affairs. and in Vietnam, Civil Affairs operations proved the As we move toward a future dominated by low- value of protecting and winning the support of the intensity conflict, and as reduced military budgets civilian populace. dictate waging war by integrated military and diplo- In recent operations in Grenada and Panama, CA matic activities, Civil Affairs, along with other SOF, units demonstrated their ability to care for civilians will play an increasingly important role in keeping in the combat area and to restore civil government the peace, projecting U.S. influence and protecting and services as quickly as possible so that govern- our national-security interests. ment could resume its responsibilities. CA personnel are currently active in Kuwait, assisting to rebuild the government in the wake of Iraqi occupation. As the role of Civil Affairs has become more prominent and the need for CA forces greater, our doctrine, training and force structure have changed Brig. Gen. David J. Baratto to keep pace. Recent realignment of the Army Spe- cial Operations Command has placed all Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations forces, active PB 80–91–1 Contents Winter 1991 Special Warfare Vol. 4, No. 1 Features Commander & Commandant Brig. Gen. David J. Baratto 4 Civil Affairs: Diplomat-Warriors in Contemporary Conflict Editor by Col. Rudolph Barnes Jr. Jerry D. Steelman 12 The Civil Affairs FID/UW Battalion and Its Implications for Graphic Art Director SOF in LIC Operations Bruce S. Barfield by Maj. Robert G. Brady 18 Civil Affairs in Support of the Unified Combatant Command: A Proposal for USCENTCOM by Col. Ronald M. Smith 28 Civil Affairs in Operation Just Cause VE AS R I RT T A E S LI B 38 Seal the Victory: A History of U.S. Army Civil Affairs E T by Stanley Sandler Special Warfare is an authorized, official quarterly of the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Cen- ter and School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Its mission is 42 Converting from H- to L-Series TOE: An Impossible Task for to promote the professional development of special opera- Civil Affairs? tions forces by providing a forum for the examination of both established doctrine and new ideas. by Lt. Col. Larry Wayne Views expressed herein are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect official Army position. This publica- tion does not supersede any information presented in other official Army publications. 44 The Truth About Promotion to Major: A No-nonsense Guide Articles, photos, artwork and letters are invited, and for Officers Facing the Major’s Promotion Board should be addressed to: Editor, Special Warfare, USAJFK- SWCS, Fort Bragg, NC 28307-5000. Telephone: AUTOVON by Lt. Col. (P) Thomas Davis III 239-5703 or commercial (919) 432-5703. Special Warfare reserves the right to edit all material. Published works may be reprinted, except where copy- righted, provided credit is given to Special Warfare and the 47 Military Qualification Standards System: Army Framework author. for Leader Development Official distribution is limited to active and reserve spe- cial operations units. Individuals desiring a private sub- scription should forward their requests to: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- 48 SOLLMIS: New Data Base Preserves SOF Lessons-Learned ton, D.C. 20402. By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Carl E. Vuono Departments General, United States Army Chief of Staff 2 Letters 50 Opinion Official: Patricia P. Hickerson 52 Enlisted Career Notes Colonel, United States Army 54 Officer Career Notes The Adjutant General 56 Update Headquarters, Department of the Army 62 Book Reviews Letters Special Warfare tion in El Salvador might have been in 1948 as a small group of military ‘The Jesuits’ re-viewed averted. observers assigned to assist Count I took exception to the review of Decker seems to have adopted Folke Bernadotte in his attempt to the book, The Jesuits: The Society of the view that “liberation theology” arrange a cease fire between Jesus and the Betrayal of the is an intrinsic evil. Nowhere in the fledgling Israel and five Arab coun- Roman Catholic Church. The Scriptures does Christ enjoin His tries intent on “driving the Jews review by Lt. Col. David Decker in disciples to go forth and defend the into the sea.” There have been the Winter 1990 issue not only indi- nobility, the landowners and mili- many wars, truces, cease fires and cated an inadequate knowledge of tary cliques. If the Marxists have only one peace accord. Through it the Jesuits, but also a superficial manipulated liberation theology, it all, UN military observers from view of revolutionary warfare. is only because we have, as Colonel many nations have tried to assist in In the latest issue of the Jesuit Decker’s review so well illustrates, the effort to bring genuine peace to periodical, America (29 September allowed them full rein as we set a troubled region. Some of them 90), the Superior General of the ourselves against their agendas. have died in the performance of Jesuit order, Peter-Hans Kolven- Once again we seem to be aligning their duties. bach, discussed the Martin book: ourselves with the privileged Environmentally, the Middle East I think he (Martin) has a novel- against the disenfranchised. Moral is not what you might think; ist’s fertile imagination and that his issues aside, it is a sure recipe for extremes from blistering desert to book is first and foremost a novel another counterrevolutionary fail- snow-capped mountains can be from which the obligatory dis- ure. Instead of looking for Marxist found. Some areas like those along claimer has been omitted: ‘Any priests, we should be learning from the Nile and Jordan Rivers are lush resemblance to actual people or the Jesuits and liberation theology. with vegetation. Egypt’s Sinai events is purely accidental.’ Finally, rather than be worried Peninsula contains some of the most “Martin represents me, for exam- about Soviet penetration of the Soci- forbidding and beautifully rugged ple, as talking to people whom I ety of Jesus, I am concerned that so terrain anywhere on the globe and have never met in my life.” little has been learned from the has a history that spans millenni- The Jesuits, celebrating their annals of revolutionary war by those ums. The entire area provides oppor- 450th year of existence, do indeed charged with teaching it at the Com- tunities for the study of survival infuriate and antagonize people like mand and General Staff College. techniques in wide varieties of ter- me with a rather conservative view- rain and climatic conditions.