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Between Accommodation and Secession: Explaining the Shifting Territorial Goals of Nationalist Parties in the Basque Country and Catalonia
Between accommodation and secession: Explaining the shifting territorial goals of nationalist parties in the Basque Country and Catalonia Anwen Elias Reader at Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University Email: [email protected] Ludger Mees Full Professor at Department of Contemporary History, University of the Basque Country Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article examines the shifting territorial goals of two of the most electoral- ly successful and politically relevant nationalist parties in Spain: the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) and Convergència i Unió (CiU). Whilst both parties have often co-operated to challenge the authority of the Spanish state, their territorial goals have varied over time and from party to party. We map these changes and identify key drivers of territorial preferences; these include party ideology, the impact of the financial crisis, the territorial structure of the state, party competition, public opinion, government versus opposition, the impact of multi-level politics and the particularities of party organisation. These factors interact to shape what nationalist parties say and do on core territorial issues, and contribute to their oscillation between territorial accommodation and secession. However, the way in which these factors play out is highly context-specific, and this accounts for the different territorial preferences of the PNV and CiU. These findings advance our understanding of persistent territorial tensions in Spain, and provide broader theoretical insights into the internal and external dynamics that determine the territorial positioning of stateless nationalist and regionalist parties in plurinational states. KEYWORDS Spain; Basque Country; Catalonia; territorial goals; party strategies; nation- alism; regional autonomy. Article received on 04/10/2016, approved on 17/03/2017. -
The Influence of Asymmetry on Territorial Dynamics in “Hybrid” Multinational States: the Case of Spain
The Influence of Asymmetry on Territorial Dynamics in “Hybrid” Multinational States: The Case of Spain Adam Holesch Department of Political and Social Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) - Barcelona [email protected] Preliminary draft – please do not quote Paper presented in the Department of Political Science of the Central European University in Budapest 13. November 2014 2 1. Introduction: Territorial dynamics in multinational states develop on two principal axes, the centralization – decentralization axis and the symmetry - asymmetry axis, with asymmetry being an important part of the decentralisation process. Questions of decentralization are in vogue and have become a well-analyzed topic. Not the same can be said about the asymmetric solutions, which stay a barely inquired subject. This gap is surprising due to two facts. First, all multinational states have some asymmetrical aspects. Second, even if institutionally applied, asymmetrical solutions do not really match the preferences of the citizens. For example in 2010 in the Spanish “State od Autonomies” the majority of Spaniards (67,3%) was against institutional asymmetry.1 Nevertheless, this analysis will show, that even if not congrunet with the preferences of its citizens, asymmetry become an essential factor of the political decentralisation and federalisation process in Spain. The research question to be asked is the following. How does asymmetry influence the territorial dynamics in the Spanish “State of Autonomies”? I will use the case study of Spain for reasons of expositional simplicity. It presents the advantage of undergoing a constant institutional remodeling in form of reforms of the “Statutes of Autonomy” of the AC. The discussion how far the multinational Spain could be interpreted as federal is far from being closed.2 But because we deal in this 1 Surprising is that also over 54,2 % of the Catalans and 48,3% of the Basques were against the fact that the Autonomous Communities (AC) could provide different services in each AC. -
New Political Statute
Issue 67 Year 2005 SPECIAL MONOGRAPHIC ISSUE NewNew PoliticalPolitical Statute,Statute, aa proposalproposal forfor coexistencecoexistence Issue 67 Year 2005 Aguirre, AURKIBIDEA / TABLE OF CONTENTS centenario del primer Lehendakari vasco GAURKO GAIAK / CURRENT EVENTS: New Basque Statute 3 • Opening letter. A proposal for coexistence. 4 • Chronicle of a proposal. Issue 67 - Year 2005 AUTHOR Eusko Jaurlaritza-Kanpo Harremanetarako Idazkaritza Nagusia Basque Government-General Secretariat for Foreign Action C/ Navarra, 2 01007 VITORIA-GASTEIZ Telephone: (+34) 945 01 7900 [email protected] DIRECTOR Josu Legarreta Bilbao 6 • The Lehendakari's EDITOR statement to the Congress Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen of Deputies in Madrid in Zerbitzu Nagusia defense of the New Statute Servicio Basque Government Central Publication Service for the Basque Country. COORDINATION AND 14 • The Lehendakari's EDITORIAL OFFICE reply to party A. Zugasti (Kazeta5) representatives. LAYOUT AND DESIGN didart 16 • 100 questions . 100 answers. PHOTOGRAPHS Photo Archive, Office of the President and EFE PRINTING Xxxxxxxxxxx ISSN: 1579-4210 Further information and the complete texts of the articles cited in this issue are available by visiting: www.nuevoestatutodeeuskadi.net NEW POLITICAL STATUTE Aurkezpena Introduction n a plenary session held on Covenant on Economic, Social, December 30th, the Basque and Cultural Rights. Parliament passed by an The right of the Basque people Iabsolute majority the to decide their own future is proposal to reform the based on respecting their right Political Statute for the as citizens of the different Basque Autonomous legal and political spheres Community. Under Spanish A proposal for making up the Basque region, law statutory amendments to be consulted when it comes may be introduced under to deciding their own future. -
Terrorism Convictions Monitor
European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit EUROJUST October 2009 Terrorism Convictions Monitor EUROJUST Report Based on open sources information Issue 5 CMT-030PI/AV-2009-0005 Terrorism Convictions Monitor, Issue 5, October2009 Contents I. Introduction II. Terrorism Convictions 1. Terrorism Convictions by Member State Overview May-August 2009 2. Comparative Analysis Terrorism Convictions May-August 2009 3. Case Study Separatist Terrorism – the example of ETA III. Legal Update 1. EU 2. EU Member States Overview IV. The Way Ahead V. Judicial analysis on selected cases Appendix Contact and Analyst Team 2 Terrorism Convictions Monitor, Issue 5, October2009 I. Introduction Why a Terrorism The Terrorism Convictions Monitor (TCM) is intended to provide a Convictions Monitor regular overview of the terrorism-related developments throughout the EU area. The Monitor has been developed on the basis of the open sources information available to the CMT and methodologies such as individual case studies and comparative analysis. There is a link provided to each of the convictions and acquittals found on the EUROJUST Intranet External News and/or the Internet. The current issue contains also information provided by one National Desk at Eurojust on the basis of Council Decision 671/JHA/2005. It also contains a new chapter with judicial analysis on selected cases from the recent past. Issue 5 of the TCM covers the period May-August 2009. The general objective of the TCM is to inform and kindly invite the National Members to review, confirm and, if possible, complete the information retrieved from various open sources. In the cases where such a confirmation and/or follow-up is needed, a special icon will appear. -
Basque Political Systems
11m_..... ·· _~ ~ - -= ,_.... ff) • ' I I -' - i ~ t I V Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno BASQUE POLITICS SERIES Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Basque Political Systems Edited by Pedro Ibarra Güell and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Translated by Cameron J. Watson Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque government. Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and Series design © 2011 Jose Luis Agote. Cover Illustration: Juan Azpeitia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basque political systems / edited by Pedro Ibarra G?ell, and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga ; translated by Cameron J. Watson. p. cm. -- (Basque politics series ; No. 2) Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on the Basque political system within its own context and larger national and global contexts”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-03-9 (pbk.) 1. País Vasco (Spain)--Politics and government. I. Ibarra Güell, Pedro. II. Irujo Ame- tzaga, Xabier. JN8399.P342B37 2011 320.446’6--dc22 2011001811 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 7 PEDRO IBARRA GÜELL and XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 1. Hegoalde and the Post-Franco Spanish State ................................... 13 XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 2. Political Institutions in Hegoalde................................................ 33 MIKEL IRUJO AMETZAGA 3. Political Institutions and Mobilization in Iparralde ............................. 53 IGOR AHEDO GURRUTXAGA 4. Fiscal Pacts in Hegoalde ........................................................ -
Views and Literary Or Film Awards
(De)humanizing Narratives of Terrorism in Spain and Peru Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Melissa Doran, M.A. Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Ulises Juan Zevallos-Aguilar, Advisor Ignacio Corona Aurélie Vialette Copyright by Melissa Doran 2014 2 Abstract Both Spain and Peru experienced protracted violent conflicts between insurgent groups and State forces during the second half of the twentieth century. In Spain, this involved Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), a radical Basque nationalist organization which sought Basque autonomy via armed struggle in a conflict which lasted from 1959 until 2011. In Peru, the insurgent threat was represented by Sendero Luminoso, a Maoist guerrilla insurgency based in the Peruvian highlands that sought drastic sociopolitical change within Peru. Sendero Luminoso launched what they deemed a people’s war in 1980, and the bloody conflict that ensued continued until 1992. The damage caused by each of these conflicts was monumental, both in terms of the loss of human life and damage to infrastructure in both countries. In this dissertation I examine the depiction of these conflicts in a selection of Peruvian and Spanish novels and films. I argue that each work promotes a certain version of the conflict it describes, and that this can be revealed through an analysis of the humanizing and dehumanizing discourses at play in the representation of the actors in both of these conflicts. From Peru, I will examine Santiago Roncagliolo’s novel Abril rojo (2006) and Fabrizio Aguilar’s film Paloma de papel (2003). -
Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe
Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Edited by Chris Kostov Logos Verlag Berlin λογος Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . Book cover art: c Adobe Stock: Silvio c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2020 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-8325-5192-6 The electronic version of this book is freely available under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence, thanks to the support of Schiller University, Madrid. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH Georg-Knorr-Str. 4, Gebäude 10 D-12681 Berlin - Germany Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92 https://www.logos-verlag.com Contents Editor's introduction7 Authors' Bios 11 1 The EU's MLG system as a catalyst for separatism: A case study on the Albanian and Hungarian minority groups 15 YILMAZ KAPLAN 2 A rolling stone gathers no moss: Evolution and current trends of Basque nationalism 39 ONINTZA ODRIOZOLA,IKER IRAOLA AND JULEN ZABALO 3 Separatism in Catalonia: Legal, political, and linguistic aspects 73 CHRIS KOSTOV,FERNANDO DE VICENTE DE LA CASA AND MARÍA DOLORES ROMERO LESMES 4 Faroese nationalism: To be and not to be a sovereign state, that is the question 105 HANS ANDRIAS SØLVARÁ 5 Divided Belgium: Flemish nationalism and the rise of pro-separatist politics 133 CATHERINE XHARDEZ 6 Nunatta Qitornai: A party analysis of the rhetoric and future of Greenlandic separatism 157 ELLEN A. -
Basque Country Within the Spanish State
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 An Analysis of the Basque Independence Movement and the Political Position of the Basque Country Within the Spanish State Ariel Bothen University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Anthropology Commons, Basque Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Bothen, Ariel, "An Analysis of the Basque Independence Movement and the Political Position of the Basque Country Within the Spanish State" (2014). Honors College. 152. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/152 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE BASQUE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT AND THE POLITICAL POSITION OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY WITHIN THE SPANISH STATE by Ariel Bothen A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (International Affairs-POS and Anthropology) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Dr. James W. Warhola, Professor and Chair of Political Science, Advisor Dr. Seth Singleton, Professor of Political Science Dr. Paul Roscoe, Professor of Anthropology Dr. Gene Del Vecchio, Professor of Spanish, Honors College Dr. Robert Glover, Professor of Political Science, Honors College ABSTRACT The Basque desire for independence or self-governance has been a part of Basque political culture since the medieval era. The Basques have a history of democracy and preserved their self-governance in the face of invasion and domination for many centuries. -
Las Dimensiones Del Reclutamiento Político Desde El Institucionalismo Feminista, Un Estudio De Caso: El Partido Nacionalista Vasco (1977-2016)
Las dimensiones del reclutamiento político desde el Institucionalismo Feminista, un estudio de caso: El Partido Nacionalista Vasco (1977-2016) Izarra Martínez Ruiz Doctoranda Ainhoa Novo Arbona Directora (c)2017 IZARRA MARTINEZ RUIZ © Izarra Martínez Ruiz – 2017 Esta obra está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. “Pues entonces, si afirmáis que la mujer no influye para nada en la vida política del hombre, estáis –fijaos bien– afirmando su personalidad, afirmando la resistencia a acataros. ¿Y es en nombre de esa personalidad, que con vuestra repulsa reconocéis y declaráis, por lo que cerráis las puertas a la mujer en materia electoral? ¿Es qué tenéis derecho a hacer eso? No; tenéis el derecho que os ha dado la ley, la ley la hicisteis vosotros, pero no tenéis el derecho natural, el derecho fundamental, que se basa en el respeto a todo ser humano, y lo que hacéis es detentar un Poder; dejad que la mujer se manifieste y veréis cómo ese Poder no podéis seguir detentándolo” Clara Campoamor, 1931 Índice ÍNDICE DE TABLAS, CUADROS, GRÁFICAS E IMÁGENES ...................... XI SIGLAS ............................................................................................................ XVII AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................... XXI INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. -
Legitimacy and Peace Processes from Coercion to Consent ISSUE 25 Accord 25 ISSUE an International Review of Peace Initiatives
Accord Logo using multiply on 25 layers 2014 Accord ISSUE Logo drawn as Editors seperate elements with overlaps an international review of peace initiatives coloured seperately Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann 2014 Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent ISSUE 25 25 Accord ISSUE an international review of peace initiatives Legitimacy and peace processes From coercion to consent April 2014 // Editors Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann Accord // ISSUE 25 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Accord’s strength and value relies on the Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road expertise, experience and perspectives of the London, NW5 1AL range people who contribute to Accord projects www.c-r.org in a variety of ways. We would like to give special thanks to: Aden Telephone +44 (0)207 359 7728 Abdi, Ali Chahine, Catherine Barnes, Ciaran Fax +44 (0)207 359 4081 O’Toole, Ed Garcia, Elizabeth Picard, Judith Email [email protected] Large, Lisa Schirch, Nerea Bilbatua and Teresa Whitfield. UK charity registration number 1055436 In addition to all our authors, we also extend grateful thanks to the many other expert Editors contributors to this Accord publication: Alexander Ramsbotham and Achim Wennmann Abdulrazag Elaradi, Andrew Tomlinson, Antonia Executive Director Does, Asanga Welikala, Babu Rahman, Catherine -
Maquetacišn 1
06/05/2005 Nº 14 ELECTIONS IMPRESSIONS FOLLOWING THE ELECTIONS TO THE BASQUE PARLIAMENT Santiago Abascal Conde Graduate in Political Sociology. Chairman of Nuevas Generaciones (PP youth wing) in the Basque Country Any interpretation of the electoral results in the Basque regional elections is inevitably overshadowed by one simple fact: that ETA-Batasuna has maintained and even consolidated its presence in the Basque Parliament. However, the most worrying aspect is not the increase in the number of seats this organization has gained. The main concern focuses on the apparent resignation and image of impotence presented by the present national Government in the face of ETA-Batasuna’s successful attempt to evade the legal measures taken to stop it standing for election on a disguised electoral list. ETA-Batasuna in the Basque Parliament The participation of the Communist Party of the Basque Regions (PCTV) in the elec- tions has caused obvious harm to the Political Parties Act and the Agreement on Freedoms and Against Terrorism. The result has been a crisis in antiterrorism mea- sures at a national level and in the fundamental goal of the Antiterrorism Pact to maintain antiterrorism policies whatever the party in power. Although there has been an apparent increase in votes for Batasuna, this is not actually the case. This incre- ase is more due to a lower rate of participation than to the fact that a larger num- ber of Basques have decided to justify and support terrorism. In fact, the PCTV only won 7,000 more votes than the 143,139 obtained by Batasuna in May 2001. -
The Strategic Communication Power of Terrorism: the Case of ETA by César García
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 The Strategic Communication Power of Terrorism: The Case of ETA by César García Abstract This conceptual article analyzes the use of strategic communication by the terrorist group ETA, whose goal (for a period of 60 years) was to gain independence for the Basque region from Spain. It argues that the use of strategic communication management techniques, including assassinations and kidnappings, was successful in generating fear and led to political change. It created a spiral of silence whereby people who opposed not only terrorism but Basque nationalist ideology were less willing to express their ideas even under a democratic regime. This case study shows ETA’s social and political fabric supported the fear strategy almost as much as its criminal activity. Keywords: ETA, strategic communication, Spain, Basque, terrorism “None of his companions made a gesture to defend him. Nobody made a commentary, expressed a reproach, responded to the insult. The group was disaggregating. It used to happen.” (Fernando Aramburu, Patria) Introduction The Basque Country is considered part of a group of regions that some have called “imagined communities,”[1] while others have called them “stateless nations.”[2] Catalonia, Quebec, and Scotland are other examples of these. Each has a very strong sense of identity which has influenced efforts to become independent nation- states and a resulting tension between nationalist and non-nationalist communities.[3] ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, translated as “Basque Homeland and Freedom”) is a terrorist group that demanded an independent Basque nation-state in Northern Spain and Southern France. Founded in 1958, it is currently inactive after the announcement of a ceasefire in 2011.