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Las Agencias De Lo Indígena En La Larga Era De Globalización

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Las Agencias De Lo Indígena En La Larga Era De Globalización 7 LAS AGENCIAS DE LO INDÍGENA EN LA LARGA ERA DE GLOBALIZACIÓN Microperspectivas de su producción y ESTUDIOS INDIANA representación desde la época colonial temprana hasta el presente Romy Köhler / Anne Ebert (eds.) *CFSP"NFSJLBOJTDIFT*OTUJUVU1SFVJTDIFS,VMUVSCFTJU[](FCS.BOO7FSMBHt#FSMJO Romy Köhler / Anne Ebert (eds.) Las agencias de lo indígena en la larga era de globalización Microperspectivas de su producción y representación desde la época colonial temprana hasta el presente ESTUDIOS INDIANA 7 Las agencias de lo indígena en la larga era de globalización Microperspectivas de su producción y representación desde la época colonial temprana hasta el presente Romy Köhler / Anne Ebert (eds.) (FCS.BOO7FSMBHt#FSMJO ESTUDIOS INDIANA The monographs and essay collections in the Estudios Indiana series present the results of research into the indigenous and multiethnic societies and cultures of Latin America and the Caribbean, both past and pre- sent. The range of topics encompasses all fields of Amerindian studies, including archaeology, ethnohistory, ethnolinguistics, as well as cultural and linguistic anthropology. En la serie Estudios Indiana se publican monografías y compilaciones que representan los resultados de in- vestigaciones sobre las antiguas y actuales sociedades y culturas indígenas y multiétnicas de América Latina y el Caribe. La serie abarca una diversidad de temas de todas las áreas de los estudios americanistas incluyendo la arqueología, la etnohistoria, la antropología cultural y social y la etnolingüística. Editado por: Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut – Preußischer Kulturbesitz Potsdamer Straße 37 D-10785 Berlin, Alemania e-mail: [email protected] http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de Jefa de redacción: Iken Paap (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut) Consejo editorial: Andrew Canessa (University of Essex), Michael Dürr (Zentral- und Landes- bibliothek Berlin), Wolfgang Gabbert (Universität Hannover), Barbara Göbel (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut), Ernst Halbmayer (Philipps-Uni- versität Marburg), Maarten Jansen (Universiteit Leiden), Ingrid Kummels (Freie Universität Berlin), Karoline Noack (Universität Bonn), Heiko Prü- mers (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut), Bettina Schmidt (University of Wales Trinity Saint David), Gordon Whittaker (Georg-August Universität Göttingen). Tipografía: Dinah Stratenwerth (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut) Diseño de la portada: Mariano Procopio Información bibliográfica de la Deutsche Nationalbibliothek: La Deutsche Nationalbibliothek recoge esta publicación en la Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie. Los datos bibliográficos están disponibles en la dirección de Internet http://dnb.dnb.de. Pedidos: Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berliner Str. 53, D-10713 Berlin http://www.reimer-mann-verlag.de Copyright © 2015 Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut – Preußischer Kulturbesitz Todos los derechos reservados Impresión: H. Heenemann GmbH & Co. KG, Bessemerstraße 83-91, D-12103 Berlin Impreso en Alemania ISBN 978-3-7861-2738-3 Índice / Contents INTRODUCCIÓN Anne Ebert y Romy Köhler 7 PREFACIO: DINÁMICAS DE LA CONFORMACIÓN DE ESPACIOS IDENTITARIOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Eveline Dürr, Ingrid Kummels y Karoline Noack 31 I. MICROPERSPECTIVAS DE REPRESENTACIONES DE LO INDÍGENA EN LAS AMÉRICAS LATINAS DE ORDEN COLONIAL 45 Producción y representación comunicativa de espacios transreligiosos glocales en el virreinato Nueva España (1524-1547) Romy Köhler 47 Healing Power: Land-Surveying Politics and the Archive of Mendoza’s America (1535-1552) Nino Vallen 77 Un discurso complementario sobre la posición jurídica de la población indígena colonial: las congregaciones provinciales en la provincia jesuítica del Paraguay (1608-1762) Fabian Fechner 99 II. MICROPERSPECTIVAS DE RECONFIGURACIONES DE LO INDÍGENA EN FORMACIONES GLOCALES DE ESTADO-NACIÓN 119 5HFRQÀJXUDFLRQHVGH¶ORLQGtJHQD·HQ%ROLYLDHQHOHMHPSORGHOD celebración del Año Nuevo Aymara en Tiwanaku (1980 a 2012) Anne Ebert 121 “Somos migrantes en nuestro propio país”: Identity-Expression of Indigenous Migrants in Mexico City (2008-2009) Birgit Sulzer 147 Espacios transculturales y territorios indígenas: los kari’ña de la Reserva Forestal Imataca (2007-2009) Andrea Scholz 167 Entre la rivalidad y la competencia: la apropiación identitaria de SUR\HFWRVSURGXFWLYRVSRUSDUWHGHORVJXDUDQtHVGH0DFKDUHWt%ROLYLD Adrián Waldmann 191 III. MICROPERSPECTIVAS DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LO INDÍGENA EN ESPACIOS TRANSNACIONALES 211 (VSDFLRVLQYLVLELOL]DGRVDFWRUHVYLROHQWRVQRHVWDWDOHV\¶FLXGDGDQtD de sombra’ en la frontera colombo-ecuatoriana Annette Idler 213 “Translating women”: Gender and Translation as Cultural Practice in Huancavelica/Peru Antonia Schneider 235 Did Indigenism Travel Alongside Muralism from Mexico to Canada? $UW+LVWRULFDO5HODWLRQV%HWZHHQ0H[LFRWKH86DQG&DQDGD in 20th Century Art Angela Weber 257 EPÍLOGO Romy Köhler 285 AUTORAS Y AUTORES / AUTHORS 287 Introducción Anne Ebert y Romy Köhler )UHLH8QLYHUVLWlW%HUOLQ$OHPDQLD Esta publicación reúne artículos que exploran desde microperspectivas transdisciplina- rias la atribución de lo indígena en las Américas en la larga era de la globalización. Con el término de lo indígena denominamos imágenes de distinción y alteridad que forma- ron o forman parte de diferentes estructuras sociales en y allende las Américas Latinas. Con el fin de averiguar la agencia de estas diferenciaciones culturales en su respectiva historicidad, los autores se concentran en diferentes actores o grupos de actores quienes constituyeron o siguen constituyendo espacios glocales (Robertson 1994). Estos espa- cios glocales, productos de interacciones culturales en zonas de contacto (Pratt 1992), conectaron o conectan diferentes niveles locales con el nivel global. Bajo este contexto, lo indígena fue producido y se produce, a la vez que se plasma en diferentes formaciones sociales y en sus representaciones. Los siguientes artículos demuestran cuánta agencia, es decir, cuánto poder de acción los diferentes actores atribuyeron o atribuyen a lo indígena y cómo estas imágenes de distinción y alteridad influyeron o siguen influyendo en la constitución de diferentes configuraciones sociales. Partimos de la premisa de que la historia remota de las poblaciones del mundo debería ser investigada y escrita como una historiografía de interacciones e interdepen- dencias glocales: La primera circunnavegación del mundo, realizada por la expedición de Magallanes entre 1519 y 1522, fue el momento histórico en el que se comprobó prácticamente la idea previamente articulada por astrónomos de que el mundo tiene la forma de globo. Esto significa que con el llamado descubrimiento del continente ame- ricano por Cristóbal Colón en 1492 (O’Gorman 1961; Dussel 1992) se inició toda una serie de procesos de intercambio y de conexión tanto globalizantes como pluridimensio- nales. Con la inclusión primera de las islas caribeñas y –mencionando los dos ejemplos paradigmáticos para todo el continente– a partir de 1521 y 1536 con la inserción de los imperios de los mēxìcâ y de los inca, las entonces redes globales de la economía y de las religiones se vieron nutridas, pero también y de manera simultanea nuevas urdimbres se fueron creando. Sin embargo, durante siglos la historiografía consideraba estas conexiones e inter- cambios glocales sólo de manera unidireccional. En la historiografía europea influida por la filosofía de la historia evolucionista de Hegel prevalecieron los análisis e inter- pretaciones de procesos históricos desde la imagen de una Europa hegemónica, basados en el modelo de Estado-nación. Al describir a las otras poblaciones del mundo como 8 Anne Ebert y Romy Köhler simplemente contactadas y colonizadas, estos enfoques eurocentristas subordinaron e incluso ocultaron activamente las perspectivas e historias propias. Sólo en las últimas décadas los efectos de la globalización, primeramente conside- rados como fenómenos recientes de extensión, densificación y aceleración de relaciones e interacciones globales, han puesto en cuestión los fundamentos epistemológicos del análisis de procesos socio-históricos. Los trabajos elaborados en el transcurso del spatial turn en las humanidades demostraron sobre todo la necesidad de dar importancia a la investigación de procesos sociales y culturales que se desconectan de localidades mate- rializadas y que simultáneamente se inscriben en localidades dentro de nuevas redes e imaginarios. En lugar de presuponer que las entidades pueden ser aceptadas sólo natura- les a naciones, territorios o identidades delimitadas, se les puede concibir de mejor modo como entidades relacionales que se forman en el contexto de circulaciones globales y con inserciones, adaptaciones y negociaciones locales. Estas interacciones multi- y transloca- les crean lo que Robert Robertson denominó procesos de glocalización (1994). Las nuevas formas de pensar fenómenos sociales desde la perspectiva de la glo- balización repercutieron en las ciencias históricas. Dando paso al análisis de procesos relacionales e interacciones glocales con especial enfoque en la historicidad de sus cons- trucciones, erosiones, intensidades y efectos, se comenzó a abstraerse del análisis desde el modelo del Estado-nación (Osterhammel & Petersson 2003: 10-13, 24; Hausberger 2007a: 21-23). Al temprano siglo xvi, comienzo de la Edad Moderna y hasta entonces considerado como el principio de la expansión europea, se le identifica como el inicio de contactos culturales que conectaron diferentes niveles locales con el nivel global (Conrad & Eckert 2007: 20). A consecuencia de este cambio paradigmático nació la subdisci-
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