Sino-Japanese Relations in Edo the Period
Oba Osamu
K6gakkan University
by Translated Fogel Joshua A.
1 Part of On Ten. the Sailing Matter Japan Vessels to
gazing painting--in Precious
While Vessels. foyer the of
home--of
at
a my
a
belonging
vessel the Company Dutch returning Indies East Amsterdam, in
to
port
to
Eguchi •/• fl[• •Z Jir6 really stated: good is "Business paintings ships!" for H of
Mr.
Eguchi businessman,
is but
is also he collector scholar and Chinese of bronzes and
a
a
jade,
well
addition, lover
of
is he In jack
veritable
of art. master, tea as as a ceremony a
a
all trades.
Research into Chinese nowadays
ceramics tends materials
to concentrate
on
China unearthed in and loaded those dynasty
vessels in the
which Yuan have cargo
on
•fi:-•Bay, salvaged
been in Sin'an The
vessels sunken in Korea. Bay Sin'an said
to
were
trading
ships have been
from they Japan. China
arrived Had Japanese in
route to
en a
perhaps
they
precious would
vessels, have been they but sank port, and
present, at
now
time, they removed from that precious have become in another many years
sense.
image The of gathering
vessels small
large like toward the two numerous
arrows
ships
with their mainsails unfurled
the Amsterdam of with
port
at
teems even now
a sense
gravity truly of precious these for
carried vessels. duplicate this back with I
great
care,
a
stored original of the item the in Maritime in Greenwich outside Museum London.
they ships Chinese, Dutch people Nagasaki Be for the
of both
or
were
undoubtedly precious. ships
city arrived When
astir, in profits the the all for port, to was
made enriched be the entire
town.
painting Nagasaki of period, in portion--up In
the Edo the faced
west-- a upper
ships
the necessarily the and
Dejima, here. drawn the of
Just
to
sea, west was were
a
anchor, vessel with Dutch furled its sail explanation: is ship and it carries the "Dutch at
at
•fd-). •/•" (Oranda anchor" kakari fune 7•- • ;0• its ship 7)• lef• Dutch another From is
being by drawn into about dozen lined small
vessels in
Beside the port
two up
a
rows.
• (hikibune "tugboats" •[ small written vessels is ), ship and beside the is Dutch written
(Oranda •- irifune "arrival Dutch of 7•_ vessel" ). •/• •, • military
site of At the
a a
arriving
vessel,
salute for the ship's gunpowder the in
the smoke. In
cannot stern
one
see
front of is sailboat "intelligence it ffl- is which • • (chftshinsh• boat" written ) next to
a
points right • various and (banshft "guard •. its boats" ). There is another to at are
Dejima
different vessel of
lef[ of the
anchor the in
it is and labeled
sort to
at a open sea,
• fi]-). ship" (T6sh• right-angle "Chinese
Dejima
At from is the site which Chinese at a
*Unless noted, otherwise the all translator's.
notes
are
•,•
Edofidai •
• •-•i• •_ •
(Tokyo: Nit-Ch• hiwa T6h6 shoten, • 1980), 206-23. ¢) no pp. 51
ship be Compound.
Chinese The Chinese the and ships their to unloaded appears cargo
stuck in the open sea.
Nagasaki, be of of the Nagasaki. Illustrations
port
of of Illustrations the
Port
angle
depicted frequently
drawings, Nagasaki prints
at
from they woodblock an
are or
• P•
of-Mt. Inasa
which from
distance the to
from
top which
waterway
on runs
surveys a
of depicts outlet the
drawings portion I1• of the The •J: • Nomozaki
promontory. upper
in Offshore, Dejima. finds portion
into the lower and middle from the the
waterway;
one
pulling
into it the tugboat is anchor;
vessel painting, Dutch
is of the the at center a a
entering harbor. the
vessel is
Dutch the the
waterway, entrance to
as
of be much
Nagasaki there Canton, of harbor and depictions of to
In appears more
harbor
that perhaps the fact the This due China. either Japan
of the than to
West
was or
they which
with belonged object the travels of their the country which
to
were
was
longed. Among they
which foreign for land only
it dealing that
and
extent to
a
was
punchbowls with the decorated
earlier, there
touched which I Chinese
exportware
are
on
the
anchored
in ships Dutch number of plates port
which Factory and
Canton are
any
on
foreign
of recollections coupled with
of
Capetown. Memories
of voyages
are ocean
• [•[, •p-• :• •
retainer
superior Ch6zaemon Saisho from his
letter
In
a to scenery. a
province,
Guangdong
in shipwrecked Huizhou who of from domain Satsuma the
at
was
extraordinarily
arrived in foreign
vessels "numerous Canton he that
an notes at
Dutch
them
Among
from the West. vessels
Over mood. twenty
were
came prosperous
different, surely
this." ships. Westerners Japan Russian and to no cannot were
compare
drawing
for returning
with home
memento.
a
a
National Nagasaki Amsterdam the depictions of seeing of the remember at port I
make wanted elsewhere, but I and Antwerp, try in Maritime to
to the Museum
Museum,
National Amsterdam painting the in portion photograph of the central enlarged of the
an
ship
Chinese
just its leR Dejima and
ship
Bay, in Dutch
There
to Museum. was a
was a
the ships docked and
Chinese site where
the
certain
anchor.
To extent at can see one
a
built. been had mansion Glover's Of behind it. yet fields terraced
not
course,
Chinese
of
bringing wondered, all
vessels, of I What cargo•
manner sort were
had Japan.
itself bringing I culture Chinese it--indeed, books foremost to come
among
scrolls---"T6sen
These
this
all depictions clear made
which two no to
were
me.
across
•J•
• •J• • [] zu"
"Gaikoku vessels) and zu"/•;•j• • [] (Drawings of Chinese
sengu no
• in
• vessel)---held Museum Documents the in foreign Matsura [] (Rigging of
a
prefecture. Nagasaki Hirado,
Museum) Nagasaki National (Amsterdam of of Port Illustration the 52
"TSsen
The
zu" in Hirado.
Hirado The is
known well
the
base of
no
area
as
operations • Wang of [d. =t= Zhi Ming-era 1560], pirate the during active Jiajing the
[1522-66],
and the for base Japanese successive trade with Portugal,
England, years
as
and Holland in sixteenth • the 9-• J:JJ Zheng Chenggong [Koxinga, century. 1624-62]
said have
been
born there. feeling still have fond I about to the time first
visited I was
a
Hirado
examine involving documents the transported books China; to from
time, that
I
at
hired
"Maruya" •--•, from
•L dormitory high for
students, school young a woman to a
documents
for copy
me.
The Matsura Documents objects holds Museum the historical and
materials art
by collected daimyrs successive of the Among them, house. Matsura
the collected items
resulting
from knowledge the extensive ofMatsura Kiyoshi • •'• •-•
,-• kami Iki • •
no
•
(Seizan • [ ]), • • F• 1760-1841 -• author the of Kasshi (Evening Chats from
yawa
Day [of the Kasshi
the Eleventh 1821]), Month of discussed chapter
in earlier this of
an
worE, daimy6 who
from
[1775] An'ei
[1805], Bunka 4 forms the 3 of the to was
core
collection. museum's
The "Trsen
zu" is
of the famous items
this in
There is
museum. no one more
a
Meiji
it from of
the Nagasaki in Municipal
the which Museum with copy
era
many
scholars
familiar. studying When
illustration, this though, I interesting
had I
are
was
an
experience which like would July I relate. August and In of 1971, Joseph Professor
to
Needham, the history scholar of the of Chinese Cambridge science University, great from
Kyoto.
in invited him I
August home
and
photograph showed 25 him
to of was
my
on
a
painting. just this published had He four, volume three magisterial of his Science
part
Civilization and China extremely and interested in because
it contained research
was
on
ships)
Chinese
disappointed, said he He for had known he painting, earlier this of
was
could have introduced
together it his in work. hand, Umbrella in Professor for off
we
set
Then, Taiwan.
months doing later
Cambridge. I
research in just had
I
seven was some
arrived Hall, college Clare Cambridge University, April sometime after at 20, at 1972 my
learned when
that
letters I from Professor waiting Needham They for two
were
me. were
actually
the
latter. been One had Japan
forwarded and Cambridge. in sent to same to
me
The that
he had similar illustration
in
Melbourne
the content had I
was to seen a
one
him, shown
and he
wanted Cambridge. him
arrived in
I to contact me soon as as
Same The Illustration reception in
Melbourne.
the In master's
at
room
Gonville College, and Caius
where
Needham served Dr. with I master,
met
as
Commander D. the Waters of W.
Greenwich Maritime Museum, comparing he and
was
slides projectors shown simultaneously.
The slides had been Cdr. two Waters
sent to on
Captain from result
retired McRobert Melbourne, who lived in
Australia. As
a we were
determine able
that illustrations the problem the
The to remained
two
to were same.
as
original,
determined the which
but this could
be basis the Looking of slides. not was
on
Needham
Dr. said: "This be resolved
won't inspect until at both."
I me,
someone
can
concluded that "there other familiar
them,
with
just I of
and I'll
way. was no
am
one
inspect have the other."
home,
returned and after I visit the United States, to
took I to
a
a
flight from Hawaii
Melbourne. off, When going felt it take
I long about to
set
we was as
fly Japan.
In waiting MeRobert Mr.
for
the to to
Melbourne event,
any
at was me
Airport. proceeded
immediately together We
Gallery
National the of Victoria to to see
eight Japanese Volume the in editions immense of this work. 53
painting. painting itself, the realized this the the
When that I I
at copy. saw once one was
•J•
(hozuna What could be slides there sail cables in the that
not
numerous seen was were
• drawings ships ) innumerable each of the of and thin back and forth. in lines
ran
weakly, resulting this effort These lines drawn and weakness from
to
copy were was a an
Nonetheless, period. original. the it clear that this dated from the There
Edo copy was
Thus, became it collection. record when of the able
museum's
I part to to as was no am
painting that of this Australia.
exists in report copy a
"TSsen The centimeters The zu" Hirado zu". "T6sen in in 57
no measures no
height length; mounting and overall it blue centimeters in has which 982
navy on a
painted; ships Chinese, twelve of is Dutch. vessels eleven and the the last
are one are
just painting remains unclear when this executed and who the artist It It
was was.
Seizan had it believed had the that
Matsura Documents Museum Matsura
at once was
painted, holdings explanatory listings when examined but
the of the of this the
I
museum,
•:•
• •g• • (Listing Gakusaidr), Gakusaid6 of the the zrshomoku Works Held at at
listing prepared primarily by museum--this himself--I the discovered Lord Seizan
was a
originally illustration which read: "This in collection. believe it held the
I note
was was
painted by Nagasaki working personally possibly for artist who witnessed the
scene, a
•
:• • •s} reported either Shrei find office. Lord Ansei this Lord the ." I
to
museum or
•-•,
,• generations Seizan; daimy6 he Lord Shrei before Atsunobu the Matsura two
was
Kyrh6 [Matsura] (1713) (1727). held office from Shrtoku until Lord Ansei refers 3 12
to
l'g • position [1728], Kyrh6 immediate Sanenobu who assumed his Seizan's in 13
predecessor, relinquished (1775). certain and his Seizan An'ei about in 4 I past to am
collection from earlier. this because Lord Seizan indicated that it had been the in In
any
eighteenth possible
is it this is work of the
make the that
event,
to statement
vague
a
• iN =-• (Geneo!ogies shokafu [of • •_ • • According chrsh6 the Kansei century.
to
indicating Retainers] 1812]), [ that however, Revised is the of Kansei the there Era, note
a
having Sanenobu, Kyrh6 [1718], received time after the tenth month of
3
an some
disadvantages advantages inquiry Shrgun of Yoshimune, from described the and
against reported vessels"; vessels ships "defend "Japanese and Chinese he then how to
on
earlier, foreign Shrtoku discussed Laws, lands." reaction the from As New
to we can a
ships and opportunity Okura in trade Chinese anchored for here
secret
as were an see
ships.
shogunate, fired these Okura domain Bay. orders from the On Izumo
at cannons
floating painting
vessels in the which finds in This zu" is
"Trsen
not one no a
consideration in precise taken into scale detail has been but reduced
great water,
on a
Vessel
portion ship's namely of the below bottom, the depicting all the the
to to
way a
painting ship just ordinarily
Thus, of this is be line which could
not
not water a a seen.
Furthermore, ship's clearly the painting indicate the but drawn
structure.
to
scene, a
pigments beautiful, extraordinarily painting and and the coloring realistic the is in used
extremely high gold portion plainly of the work of which the be in used
are can seen
objective compositing this work supposition this, in quality. that the all of is it From
my
is, inquiry. Shrgun There of responding Yoshimune's Atsunobu's of of
art
to
way was
presented shrgun, but painting .of believe the I this which the other
to copy course, was
composition kept this the of this himself. is the
If them for of that Atsunobu
case, one
thoughts Hearing Cdr. of the painting place this Waters around
took 1720. matter,
my on
shape from expressed the of the estimate the view that that Maritime Museum correct was
ship. Dutch 54
''3 The []/f• @ "Gaikoku ¢• zukan •_• [] height centimeters is in 27.8 and
sengu
long. centimeters 650
Gakusaid6 the in A
appendix zrshomoku reads: "As
the note
to
an
previous [i.e.,
scroll the they zu"], "Trsen kept together been have collection. in the It
no
demonstrates
that all ships the board painting." the former is in the
It apparatus
on
as was
appended thus
the "Trsen and found be zu"
in Melbourne. to to not no was
8
9
11
19 3
:tz 17
Chart One
ship" 4 "Chinese ship (fengzhou) Government Flat-bottomed vessel
2•:• ;;lq'• honpo (mainsail) dapeng 1
(mainsail) dapeng
•f•f{ •-•I "• yaho (headsail) 2 (foremast toupeng toupeng
sail)
mat-and-batten
•J• -• rj-J -• Yfj• (topsail) takahan gaojinding (topsail)
g•g • tiaolong ensign) (dragon yi
• • shenqi •[l/•
£,•
("spirit
flag") Mazuqi banner) (Mazu
7•]• •2: honpocha •f• (mainmast)
;h;
(mainmast) dawei
•]• •t•_ • yahochfi (headmast)
•tt• if?2 ]fl• roki • ch •(gt )• • (stem a mast) Mazuqigan (Mazu
banner)
• ]t• 9 (spirit shentou light)
•-• (Herein 10 lies the jiangtai (poop)
simply
This is
alternate for what is
referred above
"Gaikoku
zu."
to
name an sengu
as no
4 These translations for the in this Joseph Needham, follow column Science and
terms
Physics China, Civilization Physical Volume Technology, and 1K Engineering Civil 111." in Part
(Cambridge, Cambridge
University and Eng.: Nautics Press, 1971), 405. p. 55
ship's deity) •f•_• 11 shentang (chapel);
•af j• zhenfang (compass
cabin)
12 t• J-j • lf•
(ironwood tielituo redder) (rudder)
tuo
•jyf•
kagami
13 (panel) ita • • (long-ears), 'er
tu
•(: }•i • tuolangban panel) (wave
•fi• tentative 14 zend6 (from body) name:
15 tentative • •]N ch•dO body) (middle name:
•/]•(endbody) 16 tentative kOd6
name:
-• magirikawara 17 • (tacking N2 9 tiles)
''5) • •" longgu ("dragon spine
18 • • longmu
(portal)
19 7j• (IJJ [•
shuixianmen (daffodil
gate)
2O j•: f•,)• dingfengqi (wind directional
banner)
Chart 6 Two
Ships' body Ships' underside
Kind of Vessel Length body Stem Exterior Mid•ody Front Mid-bo• Front
Height Height depth width d•th width
Nanjing A. 18.4.5 1.3.0 3.4.5 1.5.1 1.0.4 2.3.0 1.0.4
Ningbo B. 16.1.3 3.5.7 3.5.7 2.3.3 1.1.8
3.2.2
1.2.0
Ningbo C. anchor) (at 17.1.5 4.2.0 4.2.0 2.2.3 2.1.8 3.3.7 2.2.0
Fuzhou, D. Built in 16.0.7 2.5.5 2.5.5 2.1.4 1.3.2 3.1.3 1.3.5
Nanjing sailed From
Taiwan E. 16.2.1 4.3.2 3.4.8 2.4.6 1.3.5 3.6.0 1.3.5
Guangdong F. 16.2.0 3.4.8 3.4.8 1.4.7 2.4.6 3.2.0
1.5.0
G. Fuzhou, Built in 16.1.9 3.4.3 3.4.3 2.?.0 1.4.0 3.1.3
1.4.0
Guangdong sailed From
Guangnan H. 16.3.0 3.3.8 3.3.8 2.3.5 1.4.3 3.4.2 1.4.3
Xiamen I. 17.3.8 4.0.4 4.0.4 2.1.7 1.3.9 4.0.1 1.4.0
Siam J. 23.1.8 4.6.0 4.6.0 3.2.0
2.5.0 4.4.5 2.5.2
Kalapa [Batavia] K. 16.1.2 3.0.0 3.0.0 2.2.0 1.3.5 3.1.5 1.3.5
Ships' underside Bow Stern Mainmast
body body •d •d .Heig• Panel Panel Wi&h Overall Circum•rence Circum•rence
depth width
height
width height base t• • •
A. 2.6.0 1.2.0 1.2.0 1.5.8 2.2.5 5.0.6 12.2.4 0.5.8 0.2.6
B. 2.5.3 1.2.1 2.3.0 1.2.2 2.2.5 3.4.8 0.8.6 13.3.5 0.3.5
2.310 C. 3.2.1 2.6.2 1.2.2 3.0.0 14.2.5 4.3.2 0.7.5 0.2.9
D. 2.3.3 2.1.2 1.0.5 1.6.3 2.2.8 1.6.3 15.0.2 0.8.5 0.3.7
E. 3.2.2 2.1.0 2.1.4 2.1.5 1.1.3 3.2.1 14.3.0 0.7.1 0.2.9
2.6.2 F. 2.4.0 1.1.3 2.1.5 2.4.0 3.2.5 16.0.5 0.8.9 0.3.6
G. 2.4.2 2.1.5 2.0.4 1.0.8 2.2.0 17.0.5 3.2.0 0.7.0 0.2.9
3.1.2 H. 2.1.8 2.2.0 2.2.9 1.1.5 3.2.3 17.3.5 0.6.7 0.2.7
I. 3.3.2 2.1.5 2.2.3 2.5.0 1.1.6 4.2.0 14.0.8 0.7.2 0.2.8
J. 4.0.0 3.4.7 2.6.0 1.4.9 3.1.7 3.5.2 19.6.3 0.9.5 0.3.5
K. 3.2.0
2.1.1 2.1.4 2.1.0 1.7.3 2.4.0 16.4.4 0.8.7 0.3.2
• According Needham,
405, this
longitudinal the strengthening "central to member of p. was
hull."
6
•,
f•, Measurements
given ,-J'.
ken in shaku and roughly One
is ken
1.82 are meters sun
or
ken, six shaku make there
and
shaku. in two
years; tensun up one are a 56
Headmast Stern Mainsail Headsail
mast
Overall Circum•rence Height Ci•um•rence Height Height Width Width
height base • top •
A. 9.4.2 0.4.5 0.1.8 5.6.0 9.0.5 6.4.3 5.4.9 3.3.0
B. 9.3.8 0.4.2 0.1.8 5.1.5 8.1.0 7.1.5 4.3.8 3.4.0
C. 10.4.4 0.4.4 0.1.7 4.5.0 8.2.0 7.5.5 4.1.5 3.1.5
D. 8.4.0 0.4.0 0.1.7 4.1.3 7.6.2 6.6.4 4.6.0 3.0.5
E. 10.0.2 0.4.3 0.1.8 4.1.5 8.1.5 6.6.0 4.4.9 3.1.3
F. 10.0.0 0.4.6 0.2.0 4.1.0 6.5.5 7.3.0 4.2.5 3.2.0
G. 9.2.5 0.3.7 0.1.6 4.1.5 8.0.0 7.0.8 4.3.0 3.1.5
H. 10.1.3 0.3.8 0.1.6 4.1.5 8.6.3 7.2.0 4.3.2 3.3.1
I. 17.3.8 0.4.0 0.1.5 5.2.5 8.0.7 5.5.5 6.5.5 3.3.5
J. 12.3.0 0.6.0 0.2.5 10.0.9 10.0.0 9.0.5 6.0.5 3.2.5
K. 10.5.6 0.4.6 0.1.8 4.1.5 7.5.5 6.4.5 6.0.2 4.0.0
Tacking Topsail Bowsprit
(cotton) Tiles
Height Length Height Width
A. length 13.3.9 base
B. 12.4.3 3.5.3 2.1.9
? C.
D. 12.1.3
E. 10.6.2
F. 11.3.8 4.1.0 3.0.5
G. 11.4.8 4.6.2 3.1.8
H. 11.5.7 4.2.0 3.1.3
I. 11.5.1
20.4.5 J. 5.0.8 3.1.5 8.5.0
K. 11.5.2
Precise A Reduced There Scale. leaves
twelve the in
they "Trsen
zu" and
are
no
follow Nanjing this in vessel, order: Ningbovessel (with unfurled), Ningbo sail (at vessel
lowered), anchor sail with departing built in vessel Fuzhou Nanjing (at from anchor with
lowered), sail Taiwan vessel, Guangdong vessel, departing built vessel in Fuzhou
from
Guangdong, Guangnan vessel, Xiamen vessel, Kalapa Siam vessel, vessel, and Dutch
vessel.
begins illustration Each naming by ship, the
below and there each
is
note
a
indicating
reduction, scale the of
such corresponds "one
ken."
The Siam
to
as
sun
one
eight
has vessel ken, for each the while
Dutch vessel has ken; for each
sun
seven
sun
ordinary
aside from these all same--thus, scales the the ship
two, Chinese drawn are
was
scale of 1:600.
a on
Then,
of each the ships of the down. written
for Chinese As the parts
are
names
ship,
these of of the
Needham Dr. the used "Illustration
parts
Ship" of Government
a
•4• 7t•
(fengzhou []
) •(• which • •k in Liuqiu •,• [] the
zhi liie (Brief
tu
appears guo
7 Kingdom
Liuqiu) the Treatise of
those and fiat-bottomed
of
ship
which
in
on
a appear
Minsheng gebiao shuishi, 7J•$ •,•
•r zhen [•-• ,•, chuanji
•h zhan ying,
xie
tushuo
xiao
•;• • !• I• • [] -• (Illustrated
Explanation [Construction of the of the] the Vessels of
7 ja•, By Huang Zhou 1757. 57
Headquarters of Fujian [Units] Each of the Province Stationed Defense Fleet of Coast
at
probably Library. the Grades) Marburg These the in the Several which found
be
are can
arranged,
for scholarly only have used understand them. I documents be that to
can
side-by-side comparative for the Japanese and the Chinese
names purposes,
1). corresponding ships (see chart of the
parts
length, ships---overall exterior important of the of the Next, the dimensions parts
The for which height, height, height, recorded. and the like--are mainmast parts stem
presented
them Thus, in have given Chinese vessels. dimensions
I
to
a were common are
comparative analysis (see 2). chart enable chart
to
enomity vessels. striking things of the Siam is the in chart of the 2 One
most
length, ships Siam vessels ken in the sixteen
Chinese While
seventeen
were were or more
below, shall larger length discuss the Dutch vessels. As and overall in than 23, I even
they of also had in 100
men. crews excess
imposed trade, and period, restrictions the Chinese the latter half of the Edo
In
on
• •2•) private merchants (guanshang of only fixed number official the and the merchants
[¢• • ships allowed of (eshang ) number Japan. vessels The could the to
to
accompany
Nanjing larger
the and restricted, thus vessels---even also and in
trade
among engage was
month of ships--naturally Ningbo arriving. example, twelfth lunar
began the in
For
•gJ
• • I-[1 Cheng Jiannan (1753), Nanjing and under Shanhui Hrreki vessel Gao
3
a
• • length,
• )-k
breadth, j6 in shipwrecked Hachijrjima j6 in it measured 12 3
at
was
8
long. fifth width--making the (perhaps here)j6 it ken in In
intended 20 and
3 5
was
•)•11•= • shipwrecked Nanjing Jingdan (1780), vessel under Shen month
of An'ei
9
was
a
• • •- -• • length, the ken for ken in it in measured 10 Chikura Bay Awa 30 at
height ship, of Bunka for the of 12 jr, and the shaku
In breadth of the hold the 8 3
mast.
•0•was shipwrecked
Qiutang Shimoda Nanjing belonging (1815) Yang vessel at
to
a
•y•_•_. length, measuring -• in ship huge ken [] 18 with three 38 it in Izu
masts,
was a
exception comparison, Sian 23-ken width, of the with the j6 By and breadth. in ken in 5
ken, fact which substantiates ships vessel, all less than the
in the "Trsen zu" 20
a no were
correspond half of the Edo ships represented the first understanding there that the the to
period.
thing which is the second strikes Ships"----Nanjing The "Sand Vessels.
one
height height of height--the of the of the bow--and the difference the external in stem
extraordinary bow Nanjing ships. Only Nanjing distinction between vessels had this at
a
ships they
shaku, the ken, other
and On and ken shaku and 4 5 3
3 1
stern at
were sun. a
Nanjing made length
vessels Furthermore, of the height. ken the overall 18
at
over
same
Nanjing vessels words, ships. ships other longer Siam than all other the In them
save
Nanjing the ZOho shape vessels in indicated for long
and slender. the find We
same were
•_ f]• • •J• • • Exchanges (Examination • between of Commercial k6
Ka ts•tsh6
'i
•I • (1648-1724). • ll Edition) Barbarians, ofNishikawa Joken Revised China and the
following
work, Nanjing find the fascicle the first of this in for the In entry
we explanation:
Kyfishfi 9 =•by from
Japan, due from direction of lies distance 340
It west
ri
at
at
sea a a
days. roughly Nanjing Beijing One also Going by 40 Japan. from takes in land to may
jr just One is 3 meters.
over
roughly equivalent miles miles. is 3.93 One 2.44 ri to or 58
trip by make the days Nanjing boat river. The vessels which make the these
voyage on
Nagasaki directly sail they riverme these vessels, their construction and thus in to set
as
long. have They bottoms and flat in wind sail with and the
great
are
ease are
ships unstoppable.
The that Japan
do all of the
times to at year. come so
This indicate
they important, that would ships long and, bottoms, with flat
most were
Ships shape •'ff• riverine. ships" this of
dubbed "sand shachuan and
were were were or
especially,
said be useful they in the shall weak of the However, north. to
waters
were
by hit when ship, right
At the left of of the and the the
transverse
center
to
waves.
gunwale
panels" mainmast, p• (wakiita the ¢(gj
"flank Japanese) in at contemporary
were
attached Lowering which could lowered. be raised and panel leeward side the the
on
resistance,
provided
making impossible it drift in planks leeward direction. These
to
a
tf•
• wakikaji called k6, in explanation the ZOho Ka by given
tstish6 is and 7
were
an an
Nanjing illustration ship. of However, panel illustration the in is the in
lowered
a a
position,
wakikaji submerged and therefore the is in and be the made in
cannot out water
regard full.
this right the ship's In "Tfsen offers illustration zu"
down the to
no an
bottom, with panels" the form of wholly the "flank "flank have called
visible. What
we
panels" • They
chuang correspond "leeboards." known
what called in
the
to
as are are
•1• • • f-• ?j• (Treatise Wubei Military ;•; zhi Preparedness) Yuanyi of of the Mao
on
Ming.
Nanjing (Sand Ship) (Matsura Hirado) Vessel Museum, Documents
something ships the leeboard, the smaller had West Dutch In attached the and
to
these
be today. the canals of Amsterdam
On visit
the Summer
to seen can on a even
Petersburg, ship picture Palace
in dating noted that St. in I of the
Great
the Peter
to a a era
surprised also had guide leeboard. always ships asked and
Russian if I
had
a
was our
explained been with built leeboards. ship-building that learned the had He Great Peter
techniques
Holland,
in then it and all made
to sense me.
Sasaho Kataho. Chinese of and The sails characteristics. vessels distinctive had
Using squared bamboo and timber, Chinese the style. fashioned wickerwork them in In
a
they zu," • the (pJ•. "Tfsen known sasaho
The is described in sasaho
Wa- the
no are as
• • • •
• 'y6 (Collected shz't Kan Ships by
Japanese Studies Used the and the
sen on
1° Chinese) •. "They "(-•
8N follows: ajiroho known
and sasaho
the Wubei In
as are as as
•0 • J•, ,3• • By Kanemitsu preface author's Kanazama dated 1761. 59
I[JfL-•. gg•:zffNl,'• ]• they calledfangu (t_} zhi Zazifengpengpin
Lord Mei's zijian
are
• • (Comments
Sails) 'They often made the &Different Kinds of Names
notes:
on are
weaving by bamboo calledfengpeng." afiroho. [term] and be also This
These
can are are
TM
cloth, Only topsail Nanjing read tornaho. of of the made
the vessels cotton
as were
Nanjing
ships. this be and trait of the to appears a
ship Hirado) (Matsura Chinese Museum, anchor Documents at
they ajiroho, planks sasaho lateral attached them. Be At
to
one or numerous were
affixed, plank. end and the other end towline tied each The
mast at to
a was a was
brought pulley,.and
bundle, together towlines board into attached then tied
to
on were a a
ship. altogether sailing ship different from This in form which affixed Japanese the
was
sailing ship of its the Japanese &the sail. While the form of the
at mast
center
one a was
kataho.•i" (•fL ships Chinese spread-out sail, half-sail. the form of sail the the It
on was or
constricting releasing capacity manipulat by the wind and had the the one's
to
e pressure
by navigational sailing wind, towlines, of and when into it could advance the
means even tacking.
Ningbo, Guangdong, Kalapa Siam, Guangnan, vessels takahan and all had The or
topsails mainmast. These known made of cloth which the
cotton as were rose over
Ship." gaojinding Chinese "Illustration of the Government
on a
• zheyangqian Nanjing vessels, others Niaochuan. Aside from the all the
were
•:-•-:• [i.e., flat-bottomed] ocean-going)ships pointed (shallow-draft and with bottoms not
height. keels; time China the in These known
and the
at
stem stem
as were same were
,• • ships." colleague detailed Akira has written My niaochuan
"bird Matsuura
a or
• Nagasaki According work, study famous the niaochuan. of these Matsuura's
text
to
•f• fd• J• • • Records) Nagasaki • fitsuroku (Compendium Veritable of the taisei notes
shape the resembled their bird: that the named because niaochuan "Because
a were so
ships they The bird, appeared dubbed niaochuan." that of form of these similar
to were a
•1 with gives only reading be the written this last
kana also but for tomaho The
term, text may a characters:-•];L
•, •2 •i Nagasaki gA raik6 T6sen b6eki tsuite: Shindai ni '•Nis-Shin ni okeru Matsuura Akira
Ming-Qing especially Nagasaki (On the the sailed trade in Chinese vessels that
to
to
era,
•<47 5• (September 1-16; period), 1973), (March 1974), Qing 48 the Shisen of niaochuan pp. pp.
(September 1-14; 1974), 29-42. 49 pp. 6O
at
acquired meaning directly ship, its from that,
the from the fact looked when
name one
•hip
sides the of right projected headsail; the mainsail the left and and the and it
to
were
appeared
ship spreading by bird if wings. Furthermore,
the
its sides of the
out
as a were
bow, the interpreters there eyeball, the of and the Chinese
near appearance was an
explained ship it eyes." bird aforementioned well-known with "a the this In
text,
as
ship give seemed developed Fujian, the certain
in and The niaochuan
to
power.
a were
they speeds could reach they with the Thus, winds the and Trsen
great
zu, waves. on no
pictured Nanjing ships Guangdong Fuzhou-built
and Fuzhou-built vessels. the In
are
as
k6,
Zdho the niaochuan, Ka ts•sh6 Nanjing opposed of illustration the shachuan 'i
to a as
ships,
primarily ships• said be Fuzhou this of•'arious vessels
read in As to text, were we
sizes described follows:
are as
Nanjing ships bigger and Fuzhou small, All Japanese ships with than of
were none
13
Ships sixteen Zhangzhou Guangdong
the of and of size seventeen tan.
out
or are
Japanese ships they of by China size of refer the In the vessel the twenty
tan.
to amount
}:•
(catties) [it of ships carry]. Large could 500,000-600,000 could load of fin
carry
a
catties, ships mid-sized 200,000-300,000 ships catties, 100,000 carries. small and
• --/•) •t• •[), Chinese (Tenjiku (Shamu countries travel such Siam India and
to
now
as
vessels Nagasaki and differently places that arrive from Still; in those constructed
are
1,000,0002,000,000 they large vessel that
loads of catties. carry are
Niaochuan, Kalapa (Matsura Museum, Itirado) Vessel Documents
Bowsprit-Sail. Siam coming Vessels with for Chinese from As vessels such
countries and Siam period, India which
of mentioned for the latter half Edo the
as are
¢r[, •j•
descriptions []/• there under "Gaikoku departing (Vessels dashi
rune" k. •
are no
foreign
lands) from the fourth in fascicle of work. the same
[these] the ships they construction In deep of bottoms, places and had in the several
bumped large rudder into
large metal metal socket where the rested and
at
a arm a
arm
addition, ships the held rudder. In Zhangzhou Fuzhou from less and the
are more or
ships the
Nagasaki that In from sailed
India of this construction. past,
to
same. were
14 ships style. These said .be weighed Large built the in
Misweiss
to were ones
13
fA• equal One
26
by is and 5 See
shak•L shalaL
and 4 2 2 and 5 tan
to square notes a measure
sun.
for information. further 7
6ba
141
spelling.
uncertain this and, private 4" of has communication,
• in informs 7 • :x
am a
that it
Although such the tsz?sh6 in Zrho Ka Nishikawa
k6 'i Joken. the of appears me as 61
carried
small catties, and
1,500,000-1,600,000 mid-sized catties, 2,000,000
ones
ones
bowsprit.
bow
known the 1,200,000-1,300,000 carries. There
mast at as a
was a
some
bowsprit
this
foreign
all have lands long distances travel vessels that Chinese to at sea
sail. attached to a
there Thus, vessel.
of Siam expl•anation affixed the illustration This
were to
a
was
strengthening weak the distinguished by they spots ships:
with differences other two
were
affixed; there and it which in
with metal and the construction rudder's in the
was manner
bowsprit-sail
the This ship
bowsprit attached the of the mast. the bow
to or at was
was a
they referred Ship," (•. yaridashiho •b "Illustration of
Government • the
9 I_, In
are
a
bowsprit-sails. Through
• • water-sails English they
known in
it
touji to or are
as
as
generally
in but
sail this of West, the in end of the sixteenth the
not century use, sort was
Compared ships. by of
construction the Western influenced to later Siam vessels
were
attached straighter, and rudders ships
niaochuan,
of these the to other
stems
were
were
traveled
Japan ships that general Chinese outlines, Thus, ship. in of the the outside to can
built vessels Siam the niaochuan niaoctman; shachuan and be divided into
were among
this,
understand
trips.
long When large for
in scale
see we can
we overseas use on a
those ships
Chinese the bowsprit-sails without them and with those vessels
among
in vessels Chinese of prints, illustrations Nagasaki and the portrayed woodblock in. the
drawings vessels. Nagasaki clearly of Siam dock in are
Hirado) Museum, (Matsura Documents Siam Vessel
also
shachuan. There Nanjing
all vessels
that We were not must were
assume
(1769) of for
Meiwa record 6 is There corroborate. should
niaochuan which
a
a we
trading
scarcely
that
coming thereafter there Japan, but shachuan
any as
to came were
is that for this
coming Japan. The large niaochuan started addition, vessels. In to
reason
merchants, official
limited the Japan
who traveled Chinese merchants to to were
overseas
severely restricted. of vessels houses, and the number merchant those twelve was
Nanjing vessels of the bodies
zu" the Shipbuilding "Trsen Sites. the In are
no
Concerning
Siam the vessels of the Siam broadsides yellow, draft and the russet.
are
painted
reddish color. ships in explained:
"Overall the Joken vessels, Nishikawa
a are
vessels niaochuan The other woodwork." applied unfinished the Also, has been oil to
remains
this
origin.
Anyone know who
Dutch it of unclear, be of this may
terms may provenance
translator.
the encouraged with
communicate fit is how to term to trace or 62
painted
deep
in color, India-ink
they draft and from the down
white. As
were a
pure
were
it, Joken bottom "The the of lime, vessels
they coated with oil put thus
and
are
an are
white."
know developed by Just that niaochuan
Fujian, Ming from the
in
as we
were
men
Fujian it
that shipbuilding,
thrived
site of Chinese and this
tradition
era was as a
continued Qing. into the Among
concerning the
the Chinese
the in hentai Ka
reports 'i
on
• • •,,•, •]• (Transformation Ming] [i.e., from [i.e., Civilized Qing]), Barbarian Manchu
to
however, there
ships being mentions of occasion where built.
such One
are on were
written tells of Number Six (1698): Wenzhou vessel from Genroku 11 account
harbor, has Wenzhou and small calling ships there
from there.
not
a many are
large
However, of produced lumber there, like and the conditions and
amounts
are
are
Ningbo• good building thus
ships. the for of
Merchant vessels from constructed
too,
are
there. ship Of had repaired have
coming Wenzhou and will
be
at course, we our soon
to you.
Thus, Ningbo learned that vessels According
built in
Wenzhou. the
to we
were
study aforementioned by Fujian Akira, ships Ming the Matsuura in constructed
were era
pine cedar, of eight and thus and they
after
nine by had be treated
to voyages ocean
or
burning off barnacles the ship's body. insects attached and Guangdong the had vessels
to
durability exceptional 7]-3 ,• they
• because hard word the used (lit., tielimu
term
as a
iron-strength wood) though, indicates. did, This double the
expense.
Eighty-Five Wenzhou Number Vessel (1691) for Genroku also built in 4
was
addition, sixty-two Wenzhou. vessel number (1696) In for Genroku built in 9
was
Danshan, forty-one vessel for Suzhou, number Genroku in vessel number and 10 nine for
J6ky6 (1679) description given Xiamen. in by •1• Matagor6 4 In
•i- five and •,.
a one
I• • (• from Kamaishi others shipwrecked • in who Mutsu China in in the first
were
(1751) shipbuilding of H6reki they of
witnessed, Chinese which read: the "At
year we
large of Xiamen through engaged vessels 1000
in
with trade port
pass over
overseas
Japan. ships site There is also ships land where built." While
built in
a on are were
places ships departed from which Shanghai, Japan--such for Guangdong, and, of
as
surprising Fuzhou--the concerning Nanjing mentioned is that Vessel
note most
course,
Eighty-Three J6ky6 ship Number sailed, for for the which "'As 4:
it vessel
upon we was
twenty-eight ship of number place." last
built this in It
thus learn
We
year. new was a
ships Nagasaki. that ships Naturally, built in occasion also Chinese
underwent
on were
repairs Nagasaki, 11•, N Umegazaki while dock in in and this h• handled south of at
was
ships Compound. there, Chinese the occasion, Chinese moored and if
necessary, were on
ship Japanese and lime workers assisted paid. Chinese them for which side the carpenters
Ordinarily, the did it themselves. ship's "lime members workers" fortified the The
crew
against by applying bottom leaks lime.
Durability. "reports The Years of the Chinese" collected the hentai in of Ka 'i
on
discuss what departed Chinese vessels that Japan from
and what ports
to course
came
followed, they shipmasters
when recently the had Japan, and when route most to come
ship recently itself had made the the
examine how We
most
voyage. can now
over a
period ships changed. of
and model shall introduce several I and
I
years men cases,
probe just ships long like impossible how would could be This used. be do to
to may
incomplete. "reports"
Nanjing remain and because the Vessel Number for One uneven 63
shachuan, probably (1705) fourteenth eleven in
and this H6ei its 2
voyage a was
was
(1704) by Fifty-Four H6ei Taiwan Vessel Number for that time. By 1 contrast,
years
Nagasaki forty-one (1697) and number Genroku in entered the of vessel
10 port
was a as
having Suzhou; thereafter, ship tenth
time, in been built it made its in that
at voyage new
eight by fact twice each in H6ei This is calculation based the that it
1.
years a on
came
trip (1703)- (1699), in did and the Genroku 13, Genroku and make 16 14 12 not
Taiwan and altogether H6ei had it 1, Japan When it
in left
ten to voyages. came
Shanghai
seaped, developed bilge for docked leak its bottom which had in into
at
a
repairs, Shanghai only damage returned then left its rudder. sustain and It to to
to
repairs "although
Shanghai, changed again. rudders, However, sail
and
set were once
ship, rough ship's Shanghai, already in old and the carried the it in bottom
out
on was an
being built, experienced Eight it it encountered leaks." aider
at years sea, was waves
quick leaking already ship." somewhat for and and old This be "was
to
wear an seems
example. toll, have taken its but it is but tare to
one
ships period, earlier, size and those in noted latter half in of the Edo the As grew
trip of these The Japan that made the been fixed size. in
have
to to proper appear names
painstaking ships in examined these have also been chronicled. Akira has Matsuura
from China Among detail vessels that documents and illustrations. the from 34
came
ship (1767) (1860), known the between there Meiwa and Man'ei
4 1
a as
was
•/• ,•, :• Jinquansheng (1802), oldest such Ky6wa and it is the arrived Japan which in 2
broad; wide, large long, it ascertain. and kan kan kan vessel It 24 7 5
name we can was a
When Zhapu British attacked and carried of the had three 111
masts
navy
a crew men.
Opium during day Tenp6 (1842), it War, fourth of the fourtheenth of the the month 13
on
forty destroyed city. Matsuura's
thus had life of that It
port at years. was a some
Chinese that, character in which vessel bore the research also demonstrates in the
cases
ship Jinquansheng, :• (all, altogether) the "quan" it that its in like the
meant
name, was
proffered jointly by built with than
person. money more one 64