SWAZILAND1 .
MINISTRY OF ;a.GRlcULTURE
Bulletin ·No. 18 VELD TYPES OF SWAZILAND
BY J. H. I'ONS
'967 S wtz I 1'1. N 1,'1 ·U'
MINISTRY OF J.GRICULTURE
BULLETIN NO. 18
VELD TYPES OF SWAZIL!..ND
by
J.H. I 1 0NS CONTENTS
PAGE INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
HIGilV'EIJ) TYPES • ••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 (1) Mountain Sourveld ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
(2) Highland Sourveld ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 MIDDLEVELD TYPES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 (3) Moist Tall Gra.ssveld •••••••••••••••••••••••••••·• 3
(4) Tall Grassveld •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3
(5) D~ Tall Grassveld •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 (6) upper Broad-leaved Tree Savanna and Hillside Bush 4
(7) upland Tall Grassveld ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 LOWVELD TYPES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 (8) Lower Broad-leaved Tree Savanna ••••••••••••••••• 5
(9) Aoaoia Savanna •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 (10) Dr,y Acacia Savanna •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 LUBOMBO TYPES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 (11) Mixed Bush and Savanna •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 REFERENCES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Stencil No. 77 of 1967.
INTRODUCTION
This bulletin is intended as a guide to the ecology of Swaziland's main vegetation ~es, with particular reference to their importance and characteristics as sources of grazing for livestock. The system of classification used is based on Acocks (1953), who defines a Veld Type as "a unit of vegetation whose range of variation is small enough to permit the whole of it to have the same farming potentiali ties". In Swaziland this definition is applicable only in a broad sense as local variations in soils and topography frequently have a con siderable bearing on agricultural potential. The terms sweetveld and sourveld denote in effect the length of season of good grazing. Sweetveld remains palatable and retains a fair amount of nutritional value throughout the year, while sourveld becomes unpalatable and low in feed value when the grasses mature in autumn. Very sour veld is useful for about 5 months of the year; moderately sour veld provides 6 to 8 months of good grazing. Swaziland comprises four main geographic regions, namely Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld and Lubombo. The country• s Veld Types roughly fit these regions as shown below. In conducting the survey and preparing this report consider able use has been made of Compton• s "Check List of the Flora of Swaziland" (1966). Soils named in the text are according to Murdoch and Baillie (1966).
HIGHVELD TYPES
The Highveld, which is the westernmost geographic region in Swaziland, comprises hilly to mountainous terrain ranging in altitude from 3,000 to over 6,000 feet. It is the wettest and coolest part of the country. Apart from extensive plantations of exotic trees, the predo minant vegetation ~e is a fairly dense, short, sour to very sour grassland, Subsidiary associations, linked with local topographical features, are described by Compton (1966); he points out that there is no good evidence to suggest that the entire region was once covered by montane forest. Agricultural potential is limited by the topography and the occurrence of boulders and rock outcrops. The pastoral industry therefore plays an important part in the Highveld. The veld is fairly resistant to misuse, but overgrazing and indiscriminate burning have caused damage in places, especially on very steep slopes. Better veld management and the provision of feed for the lean winter months are essential for the foundation of a stable, productive livestock economy in the region. The north-eastern escarpment and mountain ranges of the High veld are wetter, more misty and subject to less frost than the plateaux extending to the south and west. On this basis two Veld Types can be distinguished.
(1)/••••••• - 2-
(1) Mountain Sourvel_i! General description: Mainly a dense, short, very sour grassland. Patches of montane forest occur in sheltered ravines and tree and shrub associations are found amongst boulders. The grass award is not easily destroyed by overgrazing.
Location: Higher and wetter escarpment edges and ~ountain ranges, mainly north of the Usutu River. P~titude: 3,000 to 6,000 ft. Topograpl::,y: Mountainous. Climate: Warm, humid surn~ers and cool, dry winters with light to ~oderate frosts, !.bout 50 to 90 in mean annual rainfall.
~: There are extensive rocky hillsides, but deep red, orange and yellow soils of medium texture (A and N sets) occur on more gentle slopes. The soils are highly acidic. Common grasses: Themeda triandra, Rendlio. al taro, Loudetia ah!plex, Monocymbium cereaiiforme, Pa.spalurn co!J!llersonii. ii.Xonopus oompres aus is invading in some areas. Eragrostia and Sporobolus spp. are common in_overgrazed areas. Common trees and shrubs aoongst boulders: Cephalanthus natalensis, Burchellia bubalina, Rapanea melanophloeos, Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Aloe arborescens, ~reyia sutherlandii, Podocarpus falcatus.
( 2) Highland Sourveld General description: A fairly short, sour grassland which is slightly leas dense than the Mountain Sourvcld. Trees and shrubs occur amongst boulders. Location: Highveld pla.teuux and their riLls, mainly south of the Usushwane River. ill ti tude: 3, 000 tc 5, 000 ft. Topography: Hilly to mountainous. Climate: About 40 to 60 in oean annual rainfall: on average about 20 inches per annum drier than (1). Moderate winter frosts. ~: As for (1). Common grasses: Themeda triandra, Monocymbium ceresiiforme, Rendlia altera, Loudetia sioplex, Hyparrhenia hirta, Tristachya hispida. Eragrostis and Sporobolus spp. invade overgrazed areas. Common trees and shrubs: Burehellia bubalina, Faurea specioaa, Ekebergia pterophylla, Cephalanthus natalensis, Cussonia spicata.
MIDDLEVELD TYPES
The Middleveld is a region mainly of rolling topography with a mean altitude of about 2000 ft. The predominant natural vegetation is Tall ~rassveld with varying nuobers of associated trees and shrubs, but much of this has been disturbed or destroyed by cultivation and overgrazing. Mismanagenent has caused considerable cla.mage, the gross cover being sparser and more easily denuded than that of the Highveld.
Moderate rainfall, good soils and aui~~ble slopes favour intensive farming in large areas. The region's Veld TYPes are generally ill-defined, although marked variations occur in the vegetation.
(3) •••••••• - 3 -
(3) Moist Tall Grcssveld
Gener~l description: Mainly a fairly open, coder~tely sour, tall grassveld. There is a tenc1ency towards shrubbiness and the devel opment of scrub forest in places. Location: Upper and wetter parts of the Iliddleveld and sections of the Middleveld/Highveld escarpment: nearly all north of the Usutu River. l.ltitude: 2,500 to 3,000 ft. Topography: Rolling to undulating valleys and fairly stoep hill and escarpnont slopes. Climate: '\'lam to fairly hot sunners and nild winters with occa sional light frosts. 37 to 45 in mean annual rainfall. Soils: Extensive areas of highly acidic deep friable red loams ana-clay learns (M set). pomoon grasses: Hyparrhenia filipendula, Rendlia altera, Loudetia simplex, Paspalum commersonii, lU.loteropsis semialato., Eragrostis racemosa. Eragrostis spp., Sporobolus spp. and Cynodon dactylon are cocmon in overgrazed areas. Common trees and shrubs: :,cc.cia karroo, Syzygium corda tun, A. ataxacantha, Maesa lanceolata, Vernonia arJpla. Pterocarpus angolensis is frequently found in warm river valleys.
(4) Tall Grassveld General description: :. variable, moderately sour grassveld with tree and shrub savanna in places. Location: Foms o. roughly central belt in the country fran the Koco.ti River southv1ard. i'- large area in the south requires more detailed study. l.ltitude: 2,000 to 2,500 ft. Topography: Rolling to hilly. Climate: Slightly warcer and drier than (3). !.bout 35 in mean a1muo.l rainfe.ll. Soils: Varied, including both M set as in (3) above and 0 set as in (5): rocky land is co;:unon.
Common grass~: HYParrhenia filipendula, Ero.grostis ro.oeoosa, H. dissoluta, Sporobolus oo.pensis, Heteropogon contortus, Cymbopogon excavatus, Brachiaria brizantha. Common trees and shrubs: Euclio. crispa, Dichrosto.chys cinerea.
(5) D~ Tall Grassve~ General description: Mainly a fairly open grassland dotted with large trees. Tall grasses are doninant in leniently grazed areas but shorter species invade with overgrazing. In some areas there is a shrubby savanna with dense bush in places. The grasses are fairly sour. Location: Mainly lower Middleveld slopes in centrel Swaziland. J;}. ti tude: 1, 300 to 2, 000 ft. Topography: Rolling to hilly. Climate: Fairly hot sunmers and oild, elnost frost-free winters. Mean annual rainfall about 30 in. ~: Often greyish, sandy and shallow (0 set).
Coocon/••••• - 4 -
Connon gr::tsses: Hyparrhenia filipendula Md H. dissoluta are nomally do!llnci.nt but ere replaced by l.ristidn congesta ssp. barbicollis, Heteropogon contortus, Pogoncrthria squarrosa., Cyno don .dactylon and Perc tis patens with hec.vy grazing and on fallow lands. Conmon trees end shrubs: Dichrostachys cine roc., ;,co.cia nilotica, Ficus spp., Sclorocarya birrea, Maytenus senegc.lensis, Euclea spp.
(6) Upper Broad~eavod Tree Sc.vanna ~~d Hillside Bush General description: Varies fron an open savanna of lc.rge trees surrounded by cultivated lc.nds to dense hillside bush. The vege tation is pc.rticularly luxuriant in the well-watered Locati vc.lley in the north. The grasses are fairly sour. Location: Occurs in hot lower Middleveld valleys and in broken country along the eastern nargins of the Middleveld.
J~titude: 1,300 to 2,500 ft. Topography: Includes rolling valleys and steep escarpnent slopes. CliiJate: Fairly hot sUIJIJers and cild, aillost frost-free winters. 28 to 45 in mec.n annual r.:J.infall. ~: Slightly acid deep red loans (L set) occur in valleys. Shallow, stony soils are frequent on steep slopes. Corunon grasses: Hyparrhenia dissolute., H. filipendula, Pogonar thria squarrose., Heteropogon contortus, Porotis patens, :~stida congesta ssp. barbicollis, Panicuc naximun, Brachiaria brizc.ntha. Common trees and shrubs: Sclerocarya birrea, Dichrostachys cinerea, Cocbretum spp., Trichilia enotica, :.cacia karroo, Pterocarpus angolensis, Ficus capensis, Terminalia sericec., Cussonia spicata.
(7) Upland Tall G-ras_?~ General description: 1. sour, open grc.ssland apart fron sea ttered Acacias and bush clucps on old termitaria: in sene respects transitional to (2). Loc.::.tion: Upper Ngwempisi valley and an area around G-oedgegun in south-western Swaziland.
l~titude: 3,000 to 3,500 ft. Topoe;rc.phy: Rolling. Climate: Cooler than the rest of the Middlevold. Light v1inter frosts. 30 to 40 in mean ~ual rainfall. Soils: Fairly extensive areas of deep red nedium to light-tex tured M set soils. Common grasses: Tristachya hispida, Hyparrhenia filipendula, Trechypogon spicatus, Eragrostis racenosc., Setaria nigrirostris.
LO'ir'VELD TYPES
Ranging in altitude from a few hundred to about 1500 ft, the Lowveld is the hottest and driest of Swazilc.nd1 s regions. In the east a gently undulating plain extends to the foot of the Lubonbo range, but in the west the topography becomes core broken as one approaches the Middleveld.
The no.tural vegetation is savanna, conpns:mg :..cacias, broad leaved trees and tall grasses. The different co~ponents of the plant community cocpete for moisture, nutrients and light; consequently any
weakening/•••• - 5-
weakening or destruction of the grasses upsets the n~turnl balance between them and the trees and thus causes bush encroachnent.
Except in irrigated areas, lack of moisture limits farming to extensive ranching.
(8) Lower Broad-leaved Tree Savanna General descriptiq!,!;: L savanna of rilainly broad-leaved trees o.nd tall grasses. The veld is slightly' sour. Location: Western Lowveld. i,J. ti tude: 1, 000 to 1, 500 ft. Topoerr£hy: Generally moderate slopes, becoming gentler in the eo. st. Climate: Hot sULmers, mild winters. 25 to 30 in nean !l.lmual rainfall.
~: Very varied. Generally derived from acid parent material such as granite or Ecca beds (sandstone and shale). ·Include two deck sand over clay soils (H set) and ouch shallower, stony soils on the steeper slopes. Common grosses: Panicun maximuo, TheDedn triandra, J.ristida con gesta ssp. barbicollis, Pogonarthria squarrose.. Common trees and shrubs: Combretum guenzii, C. zeyheri, c. apicu latum, C. transvaalense, c. suluense, Sclerocarya birrea, Dichros tachys cinerea, Ficus sycoDorus, Pteroca.rpus rotundifolius, P. angolensis, Terninelia sericea.
(9) ~cacia Save~ General description: 1< tree and shrub savanna varying froo open parkland to dense bush. The grasses ~re sweet,. and this is con sequently good cattle ranching country, but overgrazing rapidly damages the rather sparse sward and causes encroachDent of bush. Location: Eastern Lowveld and gorges through LuboDbo Range. Lltitude: 800 to 1,200 ft. Topography: Gently undulating. Climate: Hot suooers and mild winters vnth occasional light frosts along drainage lines. Semi-arid. 20 to 27 in mean annual rain- fall. Soils: Often fertile.and derived from basic rocks (basalt). Heavy-textured dark reddish (R set), dark brown ( C set) and black (K set) soils are collllllon. In west transition to soils of type (8), with Z set two-deck profiles coDIDon. Common grasses: Themedo. triandra var. tro.chyspathea and Panicun Daximum are normally dominant. i..ristida biparti ta, Urochloa moso.Dbicensis and Eragrostis superba are comoon in heavily grazed areas. CoDIDon trees and shrubs: Acacia nigrescens, Sclerocarya birreo., Dichrostachys cinerea.
(10) Dry •\cacia Savarwa General descrip~: Similar to (9) but slightly wa=er and drier. Dense J.cacia gillettiae thickets occur along dry watercourses. Location: South-ec.stern Lowveld. J,J.titude: 300 to 800 ft. Topography: Gently undulc.ting.
Climate:/•••••• - 6 -
Climate: Siffiil~r to (9). ;.bout 20 in !:lean :.umunl ro.inf::W.l. Soils: Frat:! basalt, with bleak and dllrk broi1Il clays (K and C sets) predoainating over red (R set). Connon grasses o.nd succulents: Thct:1eda triandra., Panicua raaxioUJ:~, Cenchrus ciliaris, .iuoe parvibracteata, Sehioa g:\lpinii. Coonan trees: Acacia. nigre scens, 1.. tortilis, Solerooarya. birrea, J.oacia gillettiae.
LUBOMBO TYPES
The Lubombo range rises steeply froo the Lovtveld and is topped by rolling plateaux. 1. dipslope, deeply sen.t:1cd by river valleys, descends oo:-.stwards to the east.
(11) Mixed Bush and Savanna General description: Extremely variable. 1. number of different formations occur: (a) Western region: Semi-open grassln.nd interspersed with patches of dense bush. Pockots of high forest occur in deep ravines. (b) Eastern region: Tree sn.vanna. Location: Upper slopes n.nci plateaux of the Luboobo aountain range. lutitude: 1,200 to 2,500 ft. Topography: Rolling plateaux with steep slopes on the western cargin.
Climate: SiJ:~ilar to ouch of the Middleveld. 30 to 38 in mean annual rainfall.
~: Fertile oedium to heavy-textured redili.sh soils around Stegi and Nonahasha (L set) and extreoely shallow soils overlying rhyolite rock else~here. Connon grasses: (a) ·rrestern region: Digi tarin. swazilandensis, Theneda triandra, Hyparrhenia filipendula. (b) Eastern region: Thel!ledl\ triandra, Hyparrhe nia spp •. , Bothrioohloa insculpta, CyiJbopogon excavatus, Tristaohy!l. hispida, Cynodon dllctylon. Connon trees and shrubs: (a) Western region: Diospyros dichro phylla, D. lycioides, Scolopia mundii, Nuxia oppositifolia, Erythrina oaffra, Cussonia. spicata, Solerocarya birrea., i.caoia davyi. (b) Eastern region: Coabretun zeyheri, c. gueinz11, Maytenus cy.Josus, M. senegalensis, :.cacia nilotice, 1•• karroo, Gardenia spatulifolia.
REFERENCES
ACOGKS, J .P.H. (1953). Veld Types of South ~·.frica. Botanical Survey Menoir No. 28. Governuent Print";;r, Pretoria. COMPTON, R.H. (1966). ,:.n l.nnota.ted Check List of the Flora of Swaziland. Jl. S. :..rr. Bot., Supplenentsry Vol. Vl.
MURDOCH/ •••• ••. - 7 -
MURDOCH, G. and Bi.ILLIE, I. C. (1966). SwazileJld Soil Sets and Series in l~pho.betical Order. Mimeographed paper.
!.CKNOY/LEDGEJ.IENTS
Grateful acknowledgement is made to Professor R.H. Compton for identifying herbarium specimens, to G. Murdoch for assistance in preparing this bulletin and to E. Murdoch and P. Mavuso for drawing the map. SWAZILAND VEGETATION
Map prepared from information supplied by J. H .I'Ons, Pasture Research Officer, Malkerns Research Station
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