African Conservancies Volume Volume
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African African Conservancies Conservancies Volume Volume Towards Best Practices Andy Austin Andy Photo: Photo: Andy Austin/AWF Andy Photo: The opinions expressed by authors in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of AWF. Published by: African Wildlife Foundation Copyright: © African Wildlife Foundation, 2016: This publication is copyrighted to AWF. It may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education and non-profit purposes without any special permission from the copyright holder provided that the source is appropriately acknowledged. This publication should not be used for resale or commercial purposes without prior written permission of AWF. The views expressed in this publication are the authors and they do not necessarily reflect those of AWF or RNE - the sponsor of this publication. Contributors: E. Tambara, S. Chiles, K. Fitzgerald, A. Pole, B. Jones, J. King, T. Lalampaa, I. Craig, M. Harrison, M. Gerrard, Z. Tefera, S. Collins, L. Goredema, L. Doughty, I. Imoke, S.K.K. Kaunda, M. Saunders, H. Sosovele, A.R. Kajuni, S. Mwandha & J. Makombo Citation: African Wildlife Foundation (2016). African Conservancies Volume: Towards Best Practices. Volume 1 in the Series African Conservancies, African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi Editing, Format, Design: C. Newton, S. Chiles & E. Tambara Photos: African Wildlife Foundation Contact: [email protected] www.awf.org AWF Conservation Centre, Ngong Road, Karen, P.O. Box. 310, 00502, Nairobi, Kenya Produced by: African Wildlife Foundation with support from Royal Netherlands Embassy to Kenya (The Netherlands Ministry for European Affairs and International Cooperation) CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 2 AN OVERVIEW: The Central Role Conservancies Play in Biodiversity Protection in Africa ..................... 3 Conservancies In Africa: Towards Best Practices ..................................................................................... 11 Conservancies in Africa: Best, Promising and Emerging Practices ........................................................... 19 Institutionalized Community Conservancies in Namibia .......................................................................... 39 Community Conservancies in Northern Kenya: The Northern Rangelands Trust Model........................ 49 The Use of Protected Areas as Economic Drivers for Rural Communities in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Community Natural Resources Governance: A Case Study from the Highlands of Ethiopia .................. 64 No Easy Road: An Evaluation of the Makuleke Community Conservation Model .................................. 74 Communal Lands Natural Resource Management Programs in Zimbabwe ............................................. 82 Ecological Viability of Conservancies: A Study of Ol Kinyei Conservancy, Maasai Mara Kenya ......................................................................................................................................................... 96 Review of the Natural Resource Management Programme in Botswana ................................................ 99 The Case of Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania ............................................................................ 116 Malilangwe: A Conservation Project Supported by Philanthropy .......................................................... 126 Savé Valley Conservancy: A Story of Success and Survival ................................................................... 130 The Prospect of Wildlife Conservancies in Uganda................................................................................ 137 FOREWORD Kaddu Sebunya President Conservation in Africa is facing unprecedented governance; and ecological, economic and socio- challenges. While Africa’s protected area network is political viability. extensive, it is not adequate alone to safeguard Africa’s natural heritage and ecosystem services These are the precise topics on which this volume is upon which wildlife and people depend. Wildlife focused. For the purposes of this initiative and in this and habitat outside of protected areas must be volume as a whole the term ‘Conservancies’ is used protected through creative mechanisms, such as loosely in order to be inclusive. conservancies. Conservancies are effective tools for protecting wildlife and habitat, diversifying tourism In production of this volume AWF worked with products and driving financial benefits to various partners across the continent. Many of these landowners. For this reason, the African Wildlife partners have experience in establishing, Foundation worked with an extraordinary group of implementing and managing conservancy practitioners from across the continent to pull programs, research and analysis over the past together this volume on conservancies. decades which has resulted in a body of knowledge that has not been tapped into. This series aims to This African Conservancies Volume is aimed at share successes, failures, trends, and promising and promoting and fostering cross pollination of emerging practices. experiences, expertise and ideas between practitioners in various countries and regions across By engaging in fruitful deliberations, conservation the continent about wildlife conservancies. While partners and communities should be able to build there are various initiatives promoting collaboration best practices that will help to develop and sustain and learning among protected areas, this has not conservancies as a tool for conserving wildlife existed for conservancies. It is for this reason that outside protected areas on community and private the African Wildlife Foundation launched this lands. We trust that this volume will trigger and initiative, which has received great interest from promote a wider engagement of conservancy practitioners. We are confident this volume will be experts and practitioners across the continent and useful to a wide range of practitioners and result in the expansion of effective and well run communities in conservation and policy makers. conservancies across Africa. While there are radical differences among African countries as well as conservancy models, there are common threads which at one point or another all conservancies need to consider: policy frameworks; 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are deeply grateful to many people for their role Thank you to the editorial team, Edwin Tambara, in making this volume happen. We wish to thank all Sarah Chiles, Kathleen H. Fitzgerald and Alistair the authors of individual case studies who have Pole for their work on this volume. We extend our contributed their stories, knowledge and gratitude to all staff at the African Wildlife experiences. Without their commitment, effort and Foundation who have given time and support to this enthusiasm this publication would not have been initiative. possible. We extend the same gratitude to various organizations that allowed the same authors to This work was supported by funding to AWF from commit time and resources to developing articles in Royal Netherlands Embassy to Kenya (The this volume. Netherlands Ministry for European Affairs and International Cooperation) through the ‘Integrated We extend our gratitude to all participants of the Biodiversity Conservation & Sustainable Natural workshop on Conservancies in Africa held on 20 Resources for Humans and Economic Benefits in April 2016 in Nairobi, their engagement in vibrant Kenya’ Project. Thank you. discussions on that day provided significant insight and material which has now been used to build this We trust this information will help advance volume. We thank Gabriella Waugh for taking conservation across Africa and look forward to minutes and capturing all the conversations at this future dialogue and sharing of conservancy best workshop. practices. 2 AN OVERVIEW: THE CENTRAL ROLE CONSERVANCIES PLAY IN BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN AFRICA This is an edited excerpt from a chapter by K. H. Fitzgerald in Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, the Foundation for Conservation.1 K. H. Fitzgerald Introduction Africa’s wildlife and people depend on the long term protection of large landscapes—a mosaic of conservation lands including strictly protected conservation areas, community and private owned conservancies, forest reserves and wildlife corridors. Conservancies are a key piece to the overall conservation puzzle and for this reason AWF compiled this volume of papers on conservancies. AWF was keen to draw on best practices from across Africa so that we and our conservation partners can replicate and utilize these lessons to scale up the development and management of conservancies in Africa. The African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) was founded in 1962 with a mission to work together with the people of Africa to ensure its wildlife and wild lands endure. Habitat Loss Much needed attention is currently being directed at In the past decade, Africa’s growth rates have been the poaching crisis that grips the continent. Africa’s approaching those of Asia. In 2011, seven African iconic wildlife, elephant, rhinoceros and other countries were among the world’s ten fastest- species