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Race Relations file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1992/93 CAROLE COOPER ROBIN HAMILTON HARRY MASHABELA SHAUN MACKAY ELIZABETH SIDIROPOLOUS CLAIRE GORDON-BROWN STUART MURPHY COLETANE MARHKAM Research staff South African Institute of Race relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1993 Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (1 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Braamfontein, Johannesburg. 2001 South Africa Copyright South African Institute of Race Relations 1993 ISSN 0258-7246 PD4/93 ISBN 0-86982-427-9 Members of the media are free to reprint or report information either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the South African Institute of Race Relations is acknowledged. Otherwise, no part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of this Survey wish to thank all those who assisted in producing this volume. We are indebted to all those who provided information, among them various organisations, trade unions, companies, government officials, officials of political parties, members of Parliament, academics and other researchers. We wish to thank the Institute’s production co-ordinator, Mrs Carol McCutcheon, for her work in style editing, liaising with the printers and production. Thanks go to Mrs Connie Matthews, Ms Sarah Zwane and Miss Pinky Makhubu for typing parts of the manuscript and for typesetting the Survey. The Institute’s chief librarian, Mrs Ellen Potter, and the assistant librarian. Miss Tamara Dimant, assisted by. Ms Eunice Halo, Ms Elizabeth Koloko, Mrs Sarah Mohale, Mrs Mildred Monyane, Mr Alfred Nkungu and Ms Prisca Nkungu, obtained much of the material and provided the press clipping service essential for the writing of the Survey. We are grateful to Ms Moira Campbell for co-ordinating the production of the Survey cover. Our appreciation also goes to Mrs Naomi Musiker for her invaluable index. NOTES 1 References to Fast Facts are to a monthly, eight-page publication dealing with current events, file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (2 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM published by the Institute. 2 We decided this year not to use Roman numerals for the preliminary pages and the Synopsis and Update as they are more difficult to read. Instead, we allocated the first 100 pages to the preliminary pages and Synopsis and Update, which is written after the other chapters have gone to press. However, as the Synopsis and Update is shorter than expected, pages 73 to 100 have not been used and have, therefore, been omitted. CONTENTS SYNOPSIS AND UPDATE BUSINESS SECURITY ENVIRONMENT EMPLOYMENT HOUSING AND URBANISATION POPULATION HEALTH AND WELFARE LABOUR RELATIONS LAND AND AGRICULTURE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE THE ECONOMY EDUCATION APPENDIX: LEGISLATION file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (3 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM DETAILED CONTENTS SYNOPSIS AND UPDATE Politics Political Violence Security Constitutional Change Population Environment Housing and Urbanisation Health and Welfare Education Land and Agriculture The Economy and Business Employment Labour Relations BUSINESS African Business Statistics and Structure Successes and Failures Business Organisations file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (4 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Policy Deregulation Finance Constraints on Black Business Official Constraints Unotecial Constraints Informal Sector Statistics Hawkers Spaza Shopowners Stokvels Subsistence Fanners Taverns Taxis Black Consumers Private Sector and Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility European Code American Guidelines Employee Share-Ownership Plans file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (5 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM SECURITY Initiatives Against Political Violence National Peace Accord Dispute Resolution Committees Regional Local New Police Unit Troops in the Townships Crime Statistics Government Initiatives Police Matters Retraining and Restructuring of the Police Inquiries into Police Misconduct Justice Sentencing Policy and the Judiciary Prison Population Reduction and Releases Internal Security Act and Other Matters Affecting Civil Liberties South African Defence Force Scaling Down the Defence Force Conscientious Objection file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (6 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Troops in the Townships Security in the Homelands Bophuthatswana Ciskei KwaZulu Transkei Venda ENVIRONMENT Environmental Damage Population Pressure Land Degradation Afforestation and Deforestation Fertilisers, Insecticides and Pesticides Droughts and Floods Mining Damage to the Coastline Overfishing Water Pollution Air Pollution Waste file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (7 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Nuclear Power Policy Sustainable Development President’s Council Report Government Policy African National Congress Inkatha Freedom Party Pan-Africanist Congress Business Conservation Measures Legislation National Parks and Nature Reserves Elephant Conservation Afforestation Mining Land Recovery Recycling Control of Air Pollution Action Taken Against Offenders Green Organisations EMPLOYMENT file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (8 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Economically Active Population Structure of the Workforce Foreign Workers Migrant Workers and Hostels Mining Unemployment Statistics Regional Disparities Job Creation Skills and Training Skills Shortages Training Training Schemes Apprentices Productivity Income Income Levels Regional Disparities Wages Wage Gap Earnings Per Sector file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (9 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Poverty Regional Dispanties The ‘underclass’ HOUSING AND URBANISATION Urbanisation Statistics Regional Data Durban/Pietermaritzburg Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vereeniging Policy Housing Statistics Supply Stock Shortages Policy Provision and Constraints Informal Housing Cape Town Durban file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (10 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM East London Orange Free State Port Elizabeth Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vereeniging Provision by the Government Formal Housing Government Expenditure Provincial Administrations Private Sector Employer Provision Provision by Farmers Non-Profit Organisations Independent Development Trust South African Housing Trust Urban Foundation Home Ownership Residential Segregation and Desegregation Hostels Statistics Policy file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (11 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Developments Infrastructure Energy Water and Sewerage Refuse Removal Stormwater Drainage Urban Facilities Policy Provision Transport Policy Legislation Roads Taxi Industry Bus and Rail Transport Bus Industry Rail Transport POPULATION Population Statistics Census Population Size file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (12 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Regional Breakdown Urban/Rural Distribution Language Population Growth Population Density Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Emigration and Immigration The ‘brain Drain’ Repatriation Deportations HEALTH AND WELFARE Health Policy Alternative Proposals Legislation Finance Provincial Health Budgets Homelands Budget Medical Aid Schemes Medical Personnel file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (13 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41
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