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New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

New Contree

No. 66, July 2013

A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for
Southern Africa

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

New Contree is an independent peer-reviewed journal indexed by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training. New Contree is a multidisciplinary focussed peer reviewed journal within the Historical and Human Sciences administrated by the School of Basic Sciences, Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University. To accommodate more articles from a wide variety of Historical and Human Sciences disciplines (that especially reflect a fundamental historical approach), this Journal has slightly altered its name from 2008.

Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at in articles and book reviews are those of the authors and are not to be regarded as those of the North-West University or the Editorial Advisory Committee of New Contree. Two editions of New Contree are annually published (July and December), and one special issue annually as from 2012. e annual special issue (published in October as from 2013) mainly caters for research disseminations related to local and/or regional history in especially Southern Africa (covering any aspect of activity and phenomenon analysis within the context of for example urban, rural, social, cultural, health, environmental and political life). Researchers from any institution are encouraged to communicate with the editor and editorial team if they are interested to act as guest editor for a special issue.

Articles appearing in New Contree are abstracted and/or indexed in Index to South African

periodicals, Historical Abstracts, and America: History and Life. e Journal is also listed in e Bowker International Serials Database (New York), e Serials Directory (Birmingham, USA), e International African Bibliography (London) and Ebsco Host.

New Contree, A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa, is mainly

published in English though all the officially accepted languages in South Africa are accommodated in all editions. Abstracts in English only are required.

Notes for contributors

Manuscripts, in any of the official languages, not exceeding 15 pages, typed in Arial font (one and a half line spacing, 12 font) and sent via electronic mail to the editor as an attachment in WORD are welcome. An abstract must also be included in English, irregardless of the language of the manuscript. Contributors are asked to write in a clear and reader-friendly style. Please note: e language of both the abstract and the manuscript must be professionally edited before submitting the final approved manuscript to New Contree. Required proof must be provided in this regard. Also provide six to ten keywords (For more information, see template guideline for manuscript and footnotes on the last pages of this journal).

Approach to article (see additional guidelines and a template style sheet on the last pages of the journal)

e use of informative subheadings is important. No numbering is required. For general style and reference techniques of manuscripts, contributors are recommended to refer to the last pages in any recent copy of New Contree. One free copy of the edition in which a contributor(s)’ article has been published will be sent to the contributor(s). Page fees are

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

charged. As New Contree is an accredited journal, the cost of an article can be recouped from the earnings on research outputs. Authors employed by South African Universities and other Southern African or other national tertiary institutions should approach their institutions on their behalf regarding subsidising their page cost for articles. Authors are not expected to pay for articles themselves.

Editorial Advisory Committee

Prof. Patrick Furlong (Alma College, USA); Prof. Albert Grundlingh (University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape); Prof. Louis Grundlingh (University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark); Prof. Karen Harris (University of Pretoria, Pretoria); Prof. Ackson M Kanduza (Zambian Open University, New Foundland Campus); Prof. Bernard K Mbenga (North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng); Prof. Robert C-H Shell (University of the Western Cape & Commissioner of Truth and Justice for Mauritius); Mr. Nick Southey (University of South Africa, Pretoria).

Layout and Publishing

Editor

Prof. Elize S van Eeden (North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark).

Book Review Editor

Prof. Archie Dick (IT Department, University of Pretoria).

Assistant Control Editor

Prof. Eric J Nealer (North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom).

Layout & Cover Design

Artz Studio: +27 (0)82 553 6463 / +27 (016) 423 5412 / Email: [email protected]

Printers

Bontshi Business Services Pty (Ltd), Wierda Park, Centurion, Pretoria Tel: +27 (0)12 653 7263

Postal address - New Contree

e editorial staff New Contree

School of Basic Sciences North-West University PO Box 1174 Vanderbijlpark 1900

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

Telephone: (016) 910 3469

Email for enquiries or article presentations:

[email protected]

Website address to browse in the New Contree archive for already published volumes and articles:

http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/4969

Subscription fees for 2013

(A subscription form is available on the last page of this journal)

R 300.00 (Individual members - local)
R 400.00 (Local institutions)
R450.00 (Africa)

Overseas subscribers

R700.00 (76$ or 48£)

ISSN Particulars

0379-9867

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

Editorial

I

CONTENTS

Articles

Rafael V e rbuyst

History, historians and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1

Anthony Minnaar

e Graaff-Reinet municipal location: Unemployment and poor relief during the Great Depression of 1929-1933
27 55

Mark Ingle

Counterurbanism and the emergence of a post-productivist economy in South Africa’s arid Karoo region, 1994-2010

Maserole C Kgari-Masondo

e usable past and socio-environmental justice: From Lady Selborne to Ga-Rankuwa
71 97

Kalpana Hiralal

Mapping free Indian migration to Natal through a biographical lens, 1880-1930

C Blignaut

From fund-raising to Freedom Day: e nature of women’s general activities in the Ossewa-Brandwag, 1939-1943
121 151

G Hendrich

“Wees jouself”: Afrikaner kultuurorganisasies in Rhodesië (1934-1980)

III

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

Book reviews

Karel Schoeman Cape lives of the eighteenth century Elizabeth van Heyningen
175

  • 178
  • U de V Pienaar (ed.) A cameo from the past: e prehistory

and early history of the Kruger National Park Barend van der Merwe

Edward-John Bottomley Armblankes

Wessel Visser
180

183

Heather Jacklin & Peter Vale Re-imagining the Social in South

Africa: Critique theory and post-apartheid society

Lisa ompson

New Contree info

Guidelines for New Contree book reviewers New Contree guidelines for writing an article Footnote reference guidelines for writing an article SASHT 2013 Annual Conference, Maritzburg College New Contree subscription for 2013

187 189 191 197 198

A

IV

Editorial

EDITORIAL

In issue 66 of New Contree the reader is exposed to an interesting variety of well-researched articles. We depart from the historically neglected (and to some extent historically disapproved) Truth and Reconciliation Commission reports. Method and limitations in the TRC’s approach to diversity are discussed by the young historian and international scholar Raphael Verbuyst. In his effort to point out how theTRC engaged with the past in a multifaceted way, he consulted several sources, and build his arguments on several existing historical and philosophical perspectives. ough not a complete historiography on the TRC-debate from a historian’s perspective and broader (the award winning impressions of Antjie Krog in Country of My Skull for example are absent as source) the article serves to be considered as part of a debate among historians and the positioning of History in public podiums.

Anthony Minnaar takes the reader back in time to very interesting unemployment and poor relief history during the days of the Great Depression in Graaff-Reinet. If not having been aware of the timeframe in which this history takes place, one surely could have easily wrongly taken the problems of the time to perhaps be contemporary history: a history in which the poor of the poor always appear to be the last in the queue when it comes to employment. Class and race are constructs that can hardly be ignored in a local economic debate like Minnaar’s research.

Having referred to economic issues, Mark Ingle escorts the reader from Graaff-Reinet to the broader arid Karoo region’s post-productivist economy. e dominance of agricultural production eradicated in some sense to pave way for a growing tertiary industry like tourism and recreational farming. Other interesting observations in this change, and why so this changing tide, are looked for in communications technology developments and the emergence of a highly mobile group of professionals, identified as the “creative class” which are living in the country side.

Departing slightly from direct economic matters, Christina KgariMasondo debates forced removals from a socio-environmental perspective. e focus is on the area of removal (namely Lady Selborne) to the location to which people had to move (namely Ga-Rankuwa). To loose a home, a history and a connectedness with what was familiar is seen a far greater loss

1I

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

socio-environmentally and emotionally than the actual loss of land. KgariMasondo also argues that the forced removal process contributed to Africans being apathetic towards the environment. It is wisely claimed that a relocated community should participate in all spheres of decision-making locally to achieve a new sense of “home”.

In what sense forced migration shares some connectedness with free migration may offer an interesting debate. However, Kalpana Hiralal view free Indian migration in Natal by utilising biographical traces of Indians entering the region from the last decades of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. e value of adopting a biographical approach to conduct historical research in migration studies is argued, especially in the absence of official documents.

In many ways Charl Blignaut’s unravelling of women’s socio-cultural and economic activities in the former Ossewa-Brandwag organisation, add value to the broader historiography of women’s history in South Africa. To an extent it also confirms the blunt ignorance of the average Afrikaner-labelled woman of the time in the day-to-day politics, despite their associations with a politically motivated cultural movement like the OB. Another example of the Afrikaner cultural visibility as a protective handle to secure one’s own tradition and political future, is Gustav Hendrich description of Afrikaners in the former Rhodesia (today’s Zimbabwe) since the mid 1930’s up to 1980.

In the book review section Elizabeth van Heyningen critically reviews Karel

Schoeman’s Cape lives of the eighteenth century. On the other side of the

country Barend van der Merwe appraises U de V Pienaar’s A cameo from the

past: e prehistory and early history of the Kruger National Park. e work

of the late Edward-John Bottomley on Armblankes (and translated by Erika de Beer from John’s MA-dissertation) is assessed by Wessel Visser. Lastly an informative reflection is provided by Lisa ompson on Heather Jacklin and

Peter Vale’s Re-imagining the Social in South Africa: Critique theory and post- apartheid society.

e Editorial Advisory Committee decided to allow the publication of a third (special) issue of the New Contree annually. is provides researchers with more opportunities to publish. Please utilise this opportunity and don’t forget to subscribe as member.

I2I

South African T r uth and Reconciliation Commission

History, historians and the South African Truth and
Reconciliation Commission

Rafael Verbuyst

History Department Ghent University

[email protected]

Abstract

Whether or not the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
(TRC) intended to write history, it certainly engaged with the past while historians were virtually absent. is article therefore sets out to take a closer look at the relationship between history, historians and the TRC. An overview of the literature reveals that historians have examined the TRC from a philosophical perspective and analysed its report as a historical narrative. Although some historians praise the TRC, most of them stand critically towards its epistemology, ethics, methodology and content. In the same way, some historians are inspired by the TRC’s alternative way of engaging with the past but others point to the dangers of its stress on a post-apartheid present. Overall, historians seldom explicitly write about or engage with the TRC because they consider it a flawed and even dangerous enterprise. e inaccessibility of the archives also impedes historians from picking up the road map the commission tried to provide. Some historians nevertheless felt inspired by the TRC to launch oral history projects or practice public history. Also, while the combination of history writing and reconciliation is often criticized, some historians claim to have written reconciliation history without violating their historiographical standards. All of this doesn’t lead to a simple conclusion with regards to the impact the TRC had – and still does – on history writing, what it means to be a historian and the concept of history in post-apartheid South Africa. What is clear, however, is that the TRC engaged with the past in varying ways and therefore caused historians to approach it in equally diverging ways. is is reason enough to study the relationship between history, the TRC and historians in greater detail.

Keywords: Truth and Reconciliation Commission; History; Historiography; Public history; Philosophy of history; Historians; History and justice.

1

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

Introduction

My personal observation on historians and the TRC is that by large they were absent. ere may well be reasons for this which in themselves may cast revealing light on the profession.1

Albert Grundlingh is one of the many historians staffing the history departments of the universities in the new South Africa. Like most of his colleagues, professor Grundlingh witnessed the birth of the new nation approximately nineteen years ago. At that time, however, civil war was looming and one of the main vehicles which emerged from the political negotiations was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). e TRC operated between 1995 and 1998 and had the ambitious goal of establishing the truth about the gross human rights violations which took place during apartheid (see Image 1 below).2 Furthermore, through (public) hearings, research, reparation payments and the possibility of individual amnesty, the TRC hoped to reconcile both (mostly black/coloured) victims and (mostly white) perpetrators so that they could move beyond thoughts of vengeance. According to the TRC mandate, understanding the past meant:3

To establish as complete a picture as possible – including the antecedents, circumstances, factors and context of such violence as well as the perspectives of the victims and the motives and perspectives of the persons responsible for the commission of the violations, by conducting investigations and holdings hearings.

To achieve these ambitious goals, the TRC was given a wide range of powers and resources, including the ability to search premises, subpoena witnesses and seize evidence.4 e TRC produced the first five volumes of its report in 1998 and the final version was handed over to President abo Mbeki on March 21st 2003. Meanwhile, theTRC had faced both praise and criticism on an international scale. Indeed, scholars from a wide range of disciplines have

12
E-mail: A Grundlingh (University of Stellenbosch), 31 October 2012. Although the TRC ceased holding hearings in 1998, it went on until 2003 to produce its final report and process all amnesty dossiers.
3

4
“Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 34 of 1995” (available at http://www.justice.gov.za/ legislation/acts/1995-034.pdf, as accessed on 18 June 2013).

P Hayner, Unspeakable truths: T ransitional justice and the challenge of truth commissions (New York, Taylor &

Francis, 2011), pp. 27-28.

2

South African T r uth and Reconciliation Commission

studied the TRC ever since its conception.5 Whether or not the commission managed to reconcile South Africans has become the main question ever since.

Image 1: Members of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Dr. Alex Boraine (second from left), deputy chair; Archbishop Desmond Tutu (centre), chair; and Rev. Bongani Finca (right), commissioner—at the commission’s first hearing, April 1996, East London, S.Af.

Source: Available at <http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/88/137688-004-EC2CD3EB. jpg>, as accessed on 18 June 2013.

is article will revolve around a different topic altogether and examines the relationship between the TRC, history and historians in South Africa. If historians can be defined as researchers of past events, what does it mean for them to be virtually absent in a commission which investigated the period from March 1st 1960 to May 10 1994? Whereas the effects of the post-apartheid era on historians and historiography have been examined extensively, the impact of the TRC on these subjects remains largely unexplored.6 is is regrettable because the South African case could provide insights into the nature of the historical profession in South Africa and beyond. By looking

  • 5
  • For an excellent bibliographical overview of research on the TRC see A Verdoolaege, “e debate on truth and

reconciliation: A survey of literature on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission”, Journal of Language and Politics, 5(1), 2006, pp. 15–35; T Savage, B Schmid et.al, “Truth commissions and transitional justice: A select bibliography on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission debate”, Journal of

Law and Religion, 16(1), 2001, pp. 73-186. See for example H Stolten, History making and present day politics: e meaning of collective memory in South

Africa (Uppsala, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2007).
6

3

New Contree, No. 66 (July 2013)

into commentaries and critiques by historians (or at least from a historian’s or historiographical perspective) on the commission, this article will engage in the kind of reflection Grundlingh promotes.7

e first section will examine the TRC’s history writing exercise by looking into two groups of common critiques. e first set of issues will be more of an epistemological and ethical nature and the second set will revolve more around content and methodology. Section Two will proceed by looking at the TRC from a more philosophical perspective: how does the TRC relate to the past, present and future of South Africa and how does it reflect different ways of engaging with the past? Section ree will then look into the legacy of the TRC by considering three topics: the TRC archives, the impact of the TRC on the historiographical agenda and the nature of the historical profession in South Africa. e closing section of this article will summarize the findings and consider if the TRC has had a significant impact – and still does – on historiography, what it means to be a historian and the concept of history in post-apartheid South Africa.

e TRC’s history writing exercise: A critical evaluation8

e commission never perceived itself as taking on the kind of academic or historical brief which many of its critics have ascribed to it… e furthest thing from the minds of those involved in writing the Report was the need to write an academic history.9

Before criticizing the TRC’s history writing exercise, one needs to note that it never claimed to mirror academic historiography nor wrote its report for the academic community. e report explicitly states that “it is not the Commission’s task to write the history of this country”.10 Furthermore, historian and previous member of the Research Department Janet Cherry

  • 7
  • It should be noted that the bulk of the authors cited in this article are not historians but social-scientists from

a wide range of disciplines commentating on the commission. is is in itself a revealing fact and tells us something about the involvement of historians in the TRC as well as about their attitude towards it. It is the opinion of the author, however, that these critiques are shared by historians in South Africa and beyond or that they are at least applicable to any scholar with a historical perspective.
8

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    YIPPSA Guide Cover-433x297 3/4/09 4:00 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K YIPPSA - Youth In Philanthropy Programme South Africa A PROGRAMME OF INYATHELO: THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCEMENT “Youth have the potential to make significant change in communities. With innovative and creative ideas, we as youth revive the spirit of Ubuntu by tackling social challenges and topical issues the youth philanthropy action guide important to us. Our flexibility allows for making quick decisions that will have an immediate impact. As youth, we bring hope with enthusiasm and energy, offering dynamic solutions to an giving is a given! array of social challenges.” SAMANTHA CASTLE, YIPPSA PROGRAMME COORDINATOR The Youth Philanthropy Action Guide energises youth to become active participants in their own communities by providing support for social ideas or projects that they believe in. the youth philanthropy In this book, you will learn about giving, donors, how to fund-raise, volunteering, accountability, and lots more. Aligned with the national Life Orientation Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards, this is a guide for high school learners and Life Orientation teachers involved in the action guide High School Curriculum from Grades 10 to 12. inspiring a youth culture of In this action guide, you will find lots of practical activities and case studies of youth pulling together to advance the social issues they feel passionate about. It provides a structured programme social responsibility for one year based on the Youth in Philanthropy Programme South Africa (YIPPSA) that uses key learning methods to mobilise youth, raise funds and develop social awareness and leadership skills to contribute to a dynamic and energetic youth philanthropy movement in South Africa.
  • Media Department

    Media Department

    Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Historical Background......................................................................................................... 4 Political Structures............................................................................................................. 10 Other Structures ................................................................................................................ 23 The drafting Process ......................................................................................................... 25 The Final Stage................................................................................................................. 28 Translation......................................................................................................................... 30 Public Participation............................................................................................................ 31 The Media Department...................................................................................................... 48 Submissions ...................................................................................................................... 56 Evaluation Results............................................................................................................
  • Abahlali Basemjondolo, Black Beyond Bolivaria Consciousness and More

    Abahlali Basemjondolo, Black Beyond Bolivaria Consciousness and More

    AUGUST 2013 • www.bolobolo.co.za/it • ISSUE #1 • PRICE: R10 - R20 according to means INCENDIARY TIMES THE PETIT-BOURGEOIS ANARCHIST COUNTER-REVOLUTION YOUR MOTHER WARNED YOU ABOUT in·cen·di·ar·y: (a device or attack) designed to cause fires, e.g., ‘incendiary grenades’ / tending to arouse strife, sedition, etc., e.g., ‘an incendiary speech’ / tending to inflame the senses, e.g., ‘an incendiary extravaganza of music and dance.’ In this issue Walking Featured interview: Reflections on the state of We talk to Biko Mutsaurwa, activism in Cape Town. an anarchist from Uhuru Network in Zimbabwe. We can’t educate our way out of inequality + Writing on: radical What would a truly radical environmentalism, education look like? capitalist realism, Abahlali baseMjondolo, black Beyond Bolivaria consciousness and more. A critical look at the fetishising of South + Creative writing | poetry | Art | Events | Book reviews American socialist leaders Radical/anarchist views by the South African left. from around the world Anarchists: basically just a bunch of wild-eyed, angsty teenagers... A love letter from Walking some anarchists. The bolo bolo collective contemplate the state of political activism in Cape Town in 2013, exploring the attendant class Welcome to the very first edition of Incendiary Times, a joyous labour of love undertaken by and race divisions and asking how best we can move forward. the bolo’bolo collective and collaborators. Before you read any further, it’s only fair to warn you of something: we’re anarchists! In boldly stating this we realise “Comrades!” and down along the sidelines of the away and, after a couple of final aluta that we’re jumping in the deep end; although anarchism march, tirelessly photographing the continua‘s, the buses begin their long has been around for over 160 years now (and much longer, proceedings and stopping now and drive down the highway while the if radical anthropologists are to be believed), it has received The cheap sound then to make important calls.
  • NUCLEAR LOBBY at POZNAN COP-14: SNEAK in THROUGH the BACK DOOR the Threat of Climate Change Has Become Central to the Nuclear Industries Survival Strategy

    NUCLEAR LOBBY at POZNAN COP-14: SNEAK in THROUGH the BACK DOOR the Threat of Climate Change Has Become Central to the Nuclear Industries Survival Strategy

    DECEMBER 18, 2008 | No. 681 NUCLEAR LOBBY AT POZNAN COP-14: SNEAK IN THROUGH THE BACK DOOR The threat of climate change has become central to the nuclear industries survival strategy. Faced with terminal decline from the late 1980's onwards, they seized the opportunity during the climate negotiations that began after the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. NUCLEAR LOBBY AT POZNAN The critical area of Kyoto for the nuclear industry was Article 12 on the COP-14: SNEAK IN THROUGH Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a credit mechanism for THE BACK DOOR 1 industrialized countries where they could finance mitigation projects in FRENCH NUCLEAR INVASION developing countries in return of certified emission reductions credits OF U.S. HITS MAJOR (CERs), to be used to offset their own reduction targets. ROADBLOCKS 3 (681.5911) Jan Vande Putte - After years and to minimize the political stigma of ESKOM CANCELS PWRS: of careful preparation, with highlights at not being part of the solution, it would MAJOR BLOW TO NUCLEAR the Conferences in The Hague and be a mistake to overlook its deeper EXPANSION 4 Bonn, nuclear lobbyists were effectively significance. In recent discussions on defeated in Marrakesh in 2001, with a pro-nuclear strategies to get full FRANCE'S EDF BUILDS NEW leading role of the AOSIS countries (The recognition in the so-called post-Kyoto AND PATCHES UP OLD 6 Alliance Of Small Island States), being 'financial architecture', long commitment EU COMMISSION GOING HIGH highly critical of the nuclear waste and periods of some 15 years are seen as a SPEED FOR DYSFUNCTIONAL plutonium shipments from and to Japan minimum to effectively contribute to the NUCLEAR SAFETY DIRECTIVE through their region as well as by the EU, nuclear industry's financial problems.