Satellites,Satellites, SpaceSpace andand SecuritySecurity Earth Observation Systems and Technolo- gies for civilian - and military - Purposes DI Dr. Norbert Frischauf ÖWF – ALPHA Austria - STP

ITU 04.10.2010Small Satellites Symposium andSpace Workshop & Security Vortrag CZ TU, Prague, 03.03.2015- 1 - Manhattan, 12.09.2001; IKONOS@1m

03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 2 - Cape Canaveral, Pad 39A, 21.04.2005; Quickbird@0,6m

03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 3 - Space has always had a role as “Battle space”: From the early beginnings…

• Beginnings – Science – Reconnaissance • Increased military Utilisation – Navigation (GPS) – Space reconnaissance (esp. ICBMs) – Control of own ICBMs and long range guided missiles (US/USSR) – Communication purposes – (SDI)

03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 4 - … until today (even though this is not made public) • Current Status – Space is an integral part of the US Defence Doctrine – Part of the Strategic Command – “Domination“ is the clear ambition • Roles – Guided missiles control – Early warning – Communication – Navigation – Weather prediction – Reconnaissance/Intelligence

03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 5 - Air and space reconnaissance became really hot in the cold war and Corona set the stage…

• Cold War puts a prime role on reconnaissance - „Bomber/Missile Gap“ • 1954: U-2 Programme (CIA) – U-2 (SC: 25 km, 3000 NM) – Missions behind the iron curtain as of 1956 – 1.5.1960: Shot down of a U-2 (F. Powers) at Sverdlovsk (3 SA-2s) • 1955: US satellite activities are launched – 16.03.1955: General Operational Requirement No. 80 by the US Air Force – ARS  Sentry  Samos  Corona 03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 6 - ... with missions that could be made for a thriller, lasting until today (Improved Crystal)

• Resume of Corona: – 102 out of 145 missions were successful – 860000 photos / 39000 film canisters / 750E6 sqm • Further development of the US EO satellites: – KH-5: Argon (1962–1964; 6/12), m: 1274 kg – KH-6: Lanyard (1963; 1/3), m: 1500 kg – KH-7: Gambit (1963-1967; 36/38), m: 2000 kg, : 45 cm – KH-8: Gambit (1966-1984; 57/60), m: 3000 kg, : 45 / 15 cm – KH-9: Hexagon (1971-1986; 19/20), m: 11400 kg – KH-10: Dorian/MOL (1963-1969; 0; 1 G$) – KH-11: Kennan/Crystal (1976-1988; 9/10), m: 13500 kg – KH-12: Improved Crystal (1990- ;4/4), m: 19600 kg, life time: 10-12 years, : 10 cm 03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 7 - The “civilian“ version of KH-11 is well-known, not so the five “military“ brothers Resolution: More than a buzzword!

Improved Crystal, m: 19600 kg, : 10 cm! 03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 9 - Nowadays everyone of us can obtain “Reconnaissance satellite data“

• IKONOS: – Launch: 24.09.1999, Athena II, Vandenberg – Operator: Space Imaging Inc. (USA) – Design: LM / Raytheon / Kodak – Mass: 726 kg; 1,8 x 1,8 x 1,6 m – Life time: 5-7 years, 900 photos/day – 4 bands, : 1m, 11 x 11 km • Quickbird – Launch: 18.10.2001, Delta II, VB – Operator: DigitalGlobe (USA) – Design: Ball Aerospace – Mass: 950 kg; 3 x 1,6 x 1,6 m – Life time: 5-7 years 03.03.2015– 4 bands, : 61cm,ITU Small 16,5 Satellites x 16,5 Symposium km and Workshop - 10 - Space Law: Between ambitions and reality

• “Outer Space Treaty” of 1967 – To govern the exploration/utilisation of space – Prohibits the occupation of celestial bodies – Bans the stationing of nuclear weapons or WOMD in Earth orbit and beyond – Space is to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes – International liability caused by space objects • Reality – No prohibition to station conventional weapons in EO – No clear distinction between airspace and 03.03.2015space (SDI ITU/ commercial Small Satellites Symposium spaceflight) and Workshop - 11 - Copernicus is an EU EO programme aiming for socio-economic and security benefits

• Copernicus ( Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) – ESA / EC Programme to implement EO data in our daily lives (as of 2014) – Budget: 4.3 G€ for 2014-2020

– EO data shall be used within Grants 1 public projects (policy makers); subsidy 4 Forwards  Prime example: Check-up of Federal farmer´s report EO Agricultural Service Reports on EU agricultural subsidies Entity findings Provider

– 6 Thematic Areas: Forwards 6 Checks subsidy farmer´s • Land Monitoring (land use/cover change, soil, ...) Sends based report back 5 • Emergency Management (emergency response, 2 upon 3 with report humanitarian aid, civil protection, …) certain EO data conditions • Marine Monitoring (MSL, currents, oil spills, …) • Atmosphere Monitoring (observation of the atmosphere, solar radiation (UV), …) • Security (support to intelligence, early warning and crisis management operations) Farmer 04.10.2010• Climate Change (climate system,Space reliable & Security data) Vortrag - 12 - Small is beautiful – BRITE as an Austrian HST to perform high-res EO à la KH-11?

 … Resolution d  1.22    … Wavelength A d … Distance A … Aperture

• Uni-BRITE / BRITE-Austria: • KH-11 Kennan/Crystal: – Aperture: 30 mm – Aperture: 2340 mm – Distance: 800 km – Distance: 300 km – Wavelength: 550 nm – Wavelength: 550 nm   = 17.9 m   = 8.6 cm

Size matters (at least for EO satellites)!- 13 - Seeing  Observing!

“You see but you do not observe.”

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes

03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 14 -