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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01728-3 - The Pregnant Male as Myth and Metaphor in Classical Greek Literature David D. Leitao Index More information

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abortion, 233, 237–38 embryology of, 1, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24–25, Acusilaus, 191, 192, 201 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32–33, 35–36, 51, adoption, 5, 58, 82, 95, 99, 168, 172 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 167, 184, 271–72, Aeschylus, 23, 61, 85, 100, 123, 127 273, 276, 279 Danaids, 44, 45 theory of substance of, 31–33, 49–50 Eumenides, 19, 20, 22, 52–55, 56, Anaximander, 45, 51 167–68 Anaximenes of Lampsacus, 142–43 Semele, 61, 65, 152 Anaximenes of Miletus, 38, 45 Aesop. See dung beetle, Aesop fable about Anonymus Iamblichi, 135 Aether, 43, 46, 192. See also aithēr anthropological approaches, 4–7 Aetius, 26–28, 29, 30, 43, 271, 272, Antiphon the Sophist, 134, 135, 136, 141 278, 279 Aphrodite, 87, 107, 153, 193–94 agriculture as mother of Dionysus, 63, 87 as metaphor for sexual reproduction, as mother of Eros, 191, 193, 194 22, 24, 53, 136, 239–40 birth of, 23, 35, 49, 106, 193, 200 as metaphor for teaching, 134–36, 141, Urania, 47, 49, 193–94 182. See also pedagogy, as planting of Apollo, 57, 68, 117, 168, 169, 199 seeds embryology of, in Aeschylus’s Eumenides, aithēr, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 48, 94, 95, 19, 20, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 167 101, 113, 114, 117, 192. See also Archilochus, 125, 127 Aether Aristophanes, 3, 150, 152 Alcibiades, 183, 210–12, 214–15, 220, Assemblywomen, 1, 7, 16, 145, 146–50, 221–22, 223 152–53, 156–65, 176–77, 181, 219, Alcmaeon, 21, 30, 40, 50, 271, 272, 233, 234 278–79, 280 Banqueters, 102, 126, 127 allegoresis, 49, 60, 78, 79–80, 81, 94, 99, Birds, 47, 98, 130, 180, 192 107, 108–17, 118, 122, 128. See also Clouds, 102–5, 125–27, 128–29, 130, myth, rationalization of 134, 136, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, Amphidromia, 153, 229, 242–43. See also 148, 231, 255, 270 birth rituals; naming, of infant Frogs, 123, 150–51 anal birth, 8, 16, 145, 146–47, 156, Knights, 125, 127, 158, 161, 162, 181 173–76, 180, 181 Lysistrata, 150, 151–52, 153–56, 174–75, Anaxagoras, 19, 26, 44, 109, 113, 116, 178–79, 180–81, 234 190, 274 Peace, 177, 178, 181 cosmology of, 42, 43, 44, 48, 107, 108, as speaker in Plato’s Symposium, 194–99, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 128, 200, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 190, 191 225, 226

301

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01728-3 - The Pregnant Male as Myth and Metaphor in Classical Greek Literature David D. Leitao Index More information

302 Index

Aristophanes (cont.) of virtue, 16, 17, 100, 104, 105, 128, Wealth, 158 139, 140, 141–42, 144, 187, 188, 201, Women at the Thesmophoria, 155 202–5, 207–8, 209–10, 212, 213, 214, Aristophanes of Byzantium, 96 222, 224, 229, 231 Aristotle, 13, 14, 18, 20, 27, 29, 40, 41, birth, grammatical formula for, in 98, 174, 175, 208, 271, 279, 280, epic, 114 281, 282 birth rituals, 169. See also Amphidromia; as “author” of Rhetoric to Alexander, naming, of infant 142–43 blood Generation of Animals, 24–25, 33, 34, menstrual, 20–21, 22–23, 24, 25, 27–28, 35–36, 41, 51, 198, 274–78 33, 36, 52, 53, 271, 273, 277 History of Animals, 154, 198 as metaphor for kinship, 22–23, 55 Arnobius, 95 semen as form of, 23, 30, 55, 273 Artemidorus, 11, 163, 174 Burkert, Walter, 9–10, 14, 80 Asclepius, 58 Burnyeat, Myles, 104, 224, 245, 247 Athena, 52, 98, 122, 151–52, 153, 170, 171, 172 Cadmus, 64, 75–79, 81–83, 84, 91, birth of, 2, 7, 9–10, 15, 21, 54, 55, 66, 171, 172 108–13, 116, 118, 122, 147, 153–56, Caelius Aurelianus, 272–73, 279 165, 166–73, 174–75, 181, 193, Cantabri, 165–66, 173, 181 200, 215 Censorinus, 25, 26–27, 35, 272, 273, Tritogeneia, 110, 112, 113 278, 279 autochthony, 93, 168, 169, 170–71, 172, Chronus, 46, 48, 175 173. See also earth, birth from Chrysippus, 111–13 avian birth, 173–74, 175, 176, 180, 211, Chthonie. See Gaea 213 cicadas, 194, 196–98, 199, 201 citizenship, 7, 10, 13, 16, 58, 59, 67, 81, Bacchylides, 64 84, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100. See also Bachofen, Johann, 4–5, 6, 10 Pericles’ citizenship law balanos (acorn, bolt, or glans penis), 149, cloacal theory of birth, 8, 173–74, 178 160–61 comedy, 64, 65, 66, 100–5, 124–27, 129, Berger, Harry, 267 146–65, 175, 176–81, 211–12 Bettelheim, Bruno, 8, 9 constipation, 16, 147–48, 149, 157, 158, birth 159–61, 162, 163, 181, 219 of inventions, 201 Cornford, Francis, 244, 246 of knowledge, 105, 128, 129, 213, 228, cosmology, masculinist, 15, 36–45, 48, 49, 229, 239, 250, 256, 257 58, 100, 190, 200–1 of laws, 16, 100, 101, 117–18, 186, 188, couvade, 5–6, 15, 88–89, 93, 121, 165–66 201, 203, 209, 222 as metaphor for claiming of of logoi, 185, 187, 188, 201, 202, authorship, 126 205–07, 218, 222, 223 Cratinus masculine vs. feminine “styles” of, 189, Nemesis, 211–12 200–01, 205, 215, 224 Pytine, 102, 124–26, 127, 143 of perception, 249, 250–54 creation, 36, 40, 41, 42–45, 46, 47, 58, of plans, 101, 118–19 114, 116, 119, 122, 174 of poetry, 16, 100, 101–2, 104, 105, of animals, 37–39 120–27, 128, 148, 186, 188, 201, 203, of humans, 37–39, 194–96, 199, 251, 209, 222 274, 275, 276 of political change, 159, 162–63, by means of semen, 23, 46, 48–49, 106 173, 181 by means of thought, 105–8, 113, 116, of technē, 112, 116, 122, 141, 142 117, 192 of thought, 1–2, 16, 17, 100, 102, 104, of plants, 39–40 105, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116–17, creator god, 37, 41–42, 46–49, 58, 100, 122–23, 128, 144, 145, 148, 270 105, 107, 108, 116, 122, 175

Index 303

Cronus, 42, 47, 113–15, 119, 166, 174 Electra, 54–55, 126–27 Ctesilochus, 66 Empedocles, 23, 24, 32, 50, 51, 107, 251, Cybele, 9, 85–88, 95 252, 253, 271, 272, 274–78, 279 ensoulment, of embryo, 3, 18, 29–31, Dean-Jones, Lesley, 224 33–36, 51, 58. See also eschatology defecation, 147–48, 149, 156, 157, 160, epiklēros. See heiress 174, 176–77 Erichthonius, 169–70 demigods, 58, 59, 67–69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 80 Eros, 42, 46, 48, 107, 108, 116, 140, Democritus, 19, 26, 28, 29, 50, 52, 56, 180, 189, 190, 191–92, 193–94, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 252, 253, 199–200, 201, 215, 218, 220, 221, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280 222, 223, 225 Derrida, Jacques, 12, 13, 258 erōs, 183–84, 189, 194, 199, 201, 211, 213, Derveni Papyrus, 2, 42, 46–47, 48–49, 80, 215, 219–20, 223 87, 96, 106, 113–17, 118, 119, 174, eschatology, 18, 20, 34, 43–44, 139, 175, 175, 192 179–80, 212, 213. See also ensoulment, Diodorus Siculus, 44, 61, 65, 78–79, 97–98 of embryo; immortality; rebirth Diogenes of Apollonia, 16–55, 107, 111, Euenus of Paros, 142 136, 273 Euripides, 3, 41, 59, 82, 87, 150, 152, 155, Diogenes of Babylon, 30–31, 110 192, 282 Dione, 63, 87, 193 Andromache, 101–2, 120–22, 123, Dionysus, 57, 63, 94–95, 125 124, 127 birth of, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15–16, 22, Auge, 151–52, 153, 156, 162 54, 58–99, 100, 148, 174, 178, Bacchae, 15, 16, 58, 60, 63, 67, 68, 69, 200, 215 77–78, 80, 81–98 cult of, 67, 76, 79, 84, 85, 180 Chrysippus, 43–44, 45 Dithyrambus, 89, 92 Electra, 54–55, 127 Eiraphiotes, 61, 62 Erechtheus, 170–71, 172 as a mortal, 60, 68, 70, 72, 75, 76–78, Heraclidae, 101, 118–20 79, 87, 96 Ion, 56–57, 168–70, 172, 173 dithyramb, 64–65, 67, 125, 155, 180 Medea, 144 doctors, 149, 158, 159, 173, 219, 220, Melanippe Sophe, 44, 45, 50, 189–91, 200 233, 237, 238, 269, 272, 273 Orestes, 55–56, 127 Dorter, Kenneth, 246 Phoenician Women, 171–72 Dover, Kenneth, 104, 126 Suppliant Women, 102, 124 duBois, Page, 12, 13–14 exposure, of infant, 17, 97, 102, 126, 190, dung beetle, Aesop fable about, 177–79, 240–42, 246 180–81 fathers, 5, 7–8, 9–10, 17, 22–23, 24, 30, Earth. See Gaea 41, 45, 50, 57, 67, 82, 90, 92, 98, 115, earth, birth from, 43, 82–83, 93, 100, 168, 140, 166, 200, 238, 239, 241–43, 169–72, 194, 195–97, 200, 265, 276 246, 247, 253, 259–70, 283. See also economy, Athenian, 158, 159–63, 181 paternity egg, birth from, 47–48, 173, 175, 176, firstborn (god), in Orphic theogonies.See 177–78, 180, 192, 196–97, 201, 211, Protogonos 212, 228. See also wind eggs Freud, Sigmund, 3, 7–8, 9, 10 Egypt myth of, 37, 46, 48, 58, 64, 80, 100, Gaea, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 87, 106, 113, 105–06, 107, 116, 140–41, 174 114, 116, 119, 166–67, 170 religion of, 69–71, 73–74, 76, 78–79, 80 Galen, 241 Eileithyia, 16, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, Ge. See Gaea 153, 156, 157, 168, 173, 219 γεννάω, 53, 185–86, 187–88, 201, 205, Eleatic philosophy, 32, 39, 230, 248, 215, 224, 229, 230, 252, 282, 283, 284 249, 264, 265, 266, 268. See also Great Goddess, 87, 88, 95. See also Cybele; Parmenides Gaea; Hera; Hipta; Rhea

304 Index

Halperin, David, 14, 224 Mansfeld, Jaap, 112 heiress, 56, 82, 84, 98, 168, 171 marriage, 11, 90, 91–92, 93, 147, 163, Hepat. See Hipta 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, Hera, 45, 63, 85, 87, 92, 93–95, 96, 97, 181, 238 98, 119, 167 as metaphor for student-teacher Heracles, 16, 60, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71–73, 74, relationship, 130, 132 75, 76, 95, 98, 119–20, 151 matchmaking, 238 Heracliteanism, 228, 229, 247, 265 intellectual, 104, 130, 131–33, 136, Heraclitus, 51, 229 238–40 Hermippus, 66, 155–56 maternity, 53, 88–89, 122, 155, 164, 165, Herodotus, 3, 15, 58, 59, 60, 63, 67, 68, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191. See also 69, 77, 78, 80–81, 87, 92, 96, 135, mothers 172, 282 matriarchy, 4–5, 16, 147, 148, 150, 163, Hesiod, 2, 21–22, 23, 24, 31, 35, 42, 44, 164–67, 181 45, 47, 49, 53, 68, 69, 86, 101, 106, matrilineal descent, 4, 85, 165, 166, 167, 108, 111, 116, 119, 120, 121, 136, 168, 169, 172, 173, 181, 197, 200 166–67, 170, 173, 186, 191, 192, Melampus, 76, 78 193, 203, 205, 208, 222 Metis, 48, 111, 112, 116, 156, 167, 174, Hippias of Elis, 131, 133 200. See also mētis Hippocrates, 112 mētis (cleverness), 111, 112, 116. See also Hippocratic Corpus, 18, 20, 26, 28, 237 Metis Airs, Waters, Places, 279 Metrodorus of Lampsacus, 3, 109–10, 111, Lex, 134, 136 112, 113, 116–17, 122 Nature of Man, 51 midwifery, 66, 149, 157, 159, 162, 168, On the Nature of the Child, 254 179, 180, 188, 232–33, 234–35, On Regimen, 254 237–38, 240–42, 265, 269 On Seed, 279 intellectual, 17, 103, 104, 128, 129, 131, Hippon, 19, 21, 26–29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 213, 227–43, 244, 245, 247–48, 257, 42, 48, 49, 273, 278 258, 265, 267, 269, 270 Hipta, 86, 87, 95 political, 159, 162–63, 173, 181 Homer, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 45, 63, 66, 86, miscarriage, intellectual, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 122, 186, 128, 138, 144, 145, 255 203, 204, 205, 208, 222, 264, 282 monism, 13, 16, 31, 32, 36, 49–51, 230, Homeric hymns, 61–63, 69 266–67 Homeridae, 96 mothers, 8, 9, 52, 85–87, 189–92, 193, hostage, in myth interpretation, 94, 95–96 194, 199, 200, 215, 237, 238, 239, 265. See also maternity images, in Plato, 187, 208, 214 mules, sterility of, 278 immortality, 35, 184–85, 187, 197, 208–9, myeloencephalogenetic theory of 213, 215. See also reproduction, 21, 22, 26, 29–30, 33, eschatology 34, 278–79, 280 initiation, 9, 58, 59, 140, 180, 255 mysteries, 79, 179, 180 in deme or phratry, 92, 96–97, 98 intellectual, 185, 186, 202, 204, 205, Isocrates, 143–44 207, 208, 215, 250, 255 myth, rationalization of, 15–16, 67, 69, 78, Kerenyi, Karl, 9, 14 81. See also allegoresis Kumarbi, 174 naming, of infant, 92, 169. See also birth Long, Anthony, 248–49 rituals Loraux, Nicole, 12–13, 14 Near East, myth of, 18, 37, 46, 49, Lydia, 77, 81, 87, 88, 89–90 58, 100 Lydias, river in Macedonia, 90, 92 Night, 46, 47, 119, 192, 201 Lysias, 123, 138–39, 140, 141–42, 143, Nous, 41–42, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 144, 212, 233 114, 115, 116, 117, 128

Index 305

nous (mind), 34, 35, 109, 111, 112, as planting of seeds, 134–36, 182, 203, 116, 117, 122 210, 211. See also agriculture, as metaphor for teaching one-seed theory of reproduction, 15, role of nature vs. nurture in, 135 18–21, 24–36, 49, 50, 58, 100, 127, Pender, Elizabeth, 184, 188 167, 184, 189, 190, 236 Penia, as mother of Eros, 200, 221, 223 in tragedy, 52–56, 57 Pericles’ citizenship law, 16, 67, 96, 98, opposites, 37, 51 169. See also citizenship Orestes, 19, 52, 54, 55, 56, 85, Persephone, 23 126–27, 167 as mother of Dionysus, 68–69, 80, 87, Orpheus, 79, 106, 113, 115 95, 96, 99 Orphics, 80 Pherecydes of Syrus, 45, 46, 48 cults of, 180 Philiscus of Miletus, 123, 124, 127 theogonies of, 46–49, 68, 79–80, 87, 95, Philochorus, 68, 75, 87, 196 96, 106, 107–08, 109, 113, 115, 116, Philolaus, 19, 29–30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 49. See 119, 174, 175, 180, 192 also Pythagoreans Osiris, 70, 79. See also Dionysus Pindar, 60–61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, Owen, G. E. L., 244–45 122, 135 Plato, 2, 3, 13–14, 29, 64, 112, 129, 143, Pan, 69–74, 75 144, 146, 151, 181, 282–83 pangenesis, 19, 33, 50, 51, 274–75, 276, Charmides, 204 277, 278, 280. See also two-seed theory Cratylus, 110–11, 112, 113, 116, 117 of reproduction doctrine of recollection, 140, 141, 212, Parmenides, 18, 32–33, 36, 37, 42, 49, 50, 215, 239, 244, 246, 261, 267 51, 58, 106–08, 116, 191–92, 194, First Alcibiades, 210–12, 213, 219, 223 225, 226, 230, 257, 264–65, 266–67, Gorgias, 204 269, 271–73, 279. See also Eleatic Laws, 263, 283 philosophy Meno, 244 parthenogenesis metaphysics, 227, 232, 244–45, 260–61, female, 42, 167, 195, 197 263–64, 266, 267, 269 male, 54, 143, 189, 193, 196, 200, Parmenides, 244, 248 201, 265 Phaedo, 244 paternity, 1, 4, 5, 6, 14, 16, 78, 88, 90, Phaedrus, 13, 34, 117, 139–42, 143, 144, 92, 94, 120, 122, 164–65, 166, 167, 175–76, 179, 180, 212–13, 248, 262 168–69, 171, 172, 173, 254, 268. See Protagoras, 137, 262 also fathers Republic, 16, 164, 187, 188, 196, 221, as metaphor for authorship of ideas, 14, 244, 283 141, 190, 219, 257, 261–62 Sophist, 230, 247, 248, 257, 258, 264, 269 as metaphor for authorship of literary Statesman, 268 work, 7, 14, 122, 126, 127, 142 Symposium, 1–2, 7, 11, 13, 16–17, 117, as metaphor for authorship of 136–38, 139, 143, 145, 176, 182–226, plans, 120 227, 230–31, 243, 246, 247, 269, 270, as metaphor for metaphysical realm, 281, 284 254, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, Theaetetus, 1, 7, 13, 16, 17, 103–4, 128, 265, 269 129–31, 132, 133, 134, 135–36, 139, as metaphor for role of teacher, 14, 17, 145, 183, 213, 227–70 227, 268–69 theory of Forms, 41, 188, 194, 196, 199, patrilineal descent, 7, 54, 119, 167, 168, 207, 212, 220, 221, 223, 225–26, 227, 171, 172, 173, 200, 265 244–47, 248, 254, 255, 258, 259, 263, pedagogy 264, 267, 268–69 as impregnation, 16, 100, 105, 128, 131, theory of knowledge, 182–83, 187, 227, 132, 136–38, 139, 145, 182, 203, 210, 230, 232, 239, 243–47, 260–61, 270 211. See also sex, between males, as theory of love, 183–84, 206–7 pedagogical method Timaeus, 41, 46, 184, 236, 251, 253, 254

306 Index

plenitude, 199, 217, 218, 219, 220–21, elenchus of, 137, 231, 247, 249, 258 222–23, 224, 226 infertility of, 228, 229, 231, 235–36, plesmonē (plenitude). See plenitude 239, 248–49, 257–58, 268, 270 potnia (mistress), 150, 152, 156 as matchmaker, 129–30, 131, 132–33, pre-Socratics, 1, 2, 3, 49–50, 51. See also 136, 238–39 individual thinkers as midwife, 103–5, 129, 131, 213, Prodicus, 3, 68, 80, 129–34, 135–36, 227–43, 244, 245, 246, 247–48, 249, 137–38, 139, 145, 176, 213, 229, 238, 254, 255, 256, 257–58, 265–66, 270 239, 246 as son of Phaenarete, 234, 265 Protagoras, 80, 135, 137, 228, 229, 235, as son of Sophroniscus, 265–68 246, 247, 249, 254, 255, 256, 261–64, as teacher of Plato, 17, 227, 231, 268, 269 247–49, 257–59, 266–69 Protogonos, 47, 48, 106, 108, 116, Socrates the Younger, 268 119, 192 Solon, 117, 118, 186, 203, 204, 205, psychoanalytic approaches, 4, 7–14 208, 222 Pythagoras, 29, 271, 279 Sophists, 1, 2, 3, 16, 17, 80, 94, 100, 104, Pythagoreans, 18, 29, 33, 34, 37, 51, 271. 122, 123, 125, 129, 130, 131, 133, See also Philolaus 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 176, 181, 182, 183, 202, rebirth, 179–81, 197. See also eschatology 203, 204, 205, 208, 210, 211, 212, reclining, as alternative to sexual 213, 214, 218, 226, 227, 229, 231, penetration, 216, 217–19, 220, 221 236, 239, 246, 249, 262, 263, 264, resemblance, familial, 20, 24, 25, 50, 51, 270. See also individual figures 54, 126–27, 172, 253, 259, 268, 269, Sophocles, 65, 67, 68 271, 273, 277 Oedipus Tyrannus, 101, 117–18 Rhea, 85–86, 87, 95 Soranus, 234, 235, 237, 241 Rhetoric to Alexander, 142–43 Sown Men, of Thebes, 82–83, 172 Stesimbrotus, 3, 59–60, 69 Seaford, Richard, 83–84 sun, 7, 13, 40, 41, 48, 49, 195, 251, 260 Sedley, David, 246, 247, 258, 266, Sun, 114, 196, 201, 226 267, 270 seed teaching. See pedagogy in Anaxagoras’s theory of substance, technē (skill), 109, 110, 112, 116, 122, 31–33, 36, 39, 43, 49, 53 123, 124 as metaphor for sexual secretion, 22, 24, Thales, 45 53, 82, 136, 239–40 Theophrastus, 39–40, 43 of wisdom, 134–36, 138, 141, 204, 205, thigh, 9, 22, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 92, 212, 227 93–94, 174 Semele, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64–66, 68–69, 70, τίκτω, 53, 55, 62, 90, 178, 184, 185, 187, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 188, 201, 205–6, 210, 215, 224, 230, 85, 86–87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 252, 284 99, 155 Timotheus, 64–65, 155 sex determination, of embryo, 24–25, Tiresias, 60, 78, 80, 81, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 26–28, 51, 272, 273, 276–77 97, 98, 99 sex, between males, 140, 145, 161–62, tragedy, 42–44, 45, 52–57, 64, 65–66, 175–76, 216–17, 226 77–78, 81–98, 100–3, 147, 149–53, as pedagogical method, 131, 132, 156, 167–72 136–38, 176, 203, 213, 214. See also transvestism, 147, 149, 157 pedagogy, as impregnation twins, birth of, 190, 250, 252, 253–54 penetration in, 215–16, 217 two-seed theory of reproduction, 19–20, Socrates, 128–29, 130, 140, 144, 145, 183, 26, 27, 28, 29, 50, 52, 236, 271, 274, 187, 196, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 276, 277, 278, 280. See also 220, 227, 231, 247, 249, 255, 257, pangenesis 266, 267, 270 in tragedy, 56–57

Index 307

Uranus, 23, 24, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 106, wind eggs, 154, 213, 228, 229, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 166, 167, 230, 256. See also egg, 190, 193, 200 birth from wings, growth of, 175, 176, 180, vaginal lubricant, 20, 26, 27, 28 212, 213 virtue, 123, 130, 135, 136–37, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 176, 182, 186, 201, Xenophanes, 16, 67, 107 202, 208, 210, 213, 222. See also Xenophon, 131–34 birth, of virtue Vlastos, Gregory, 1, 206 Zeitlin, Froma, 165