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Of Hyperides The ‘Nachleben’ of Hyperides Submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of London by Lâszlô Horvath University College London (Department of Greek and Latin) 1997 Abstract of thesis The thesis begins with the examination of extant evidence from the medieval textual tradition, the latest reference in which relates to 16th century Hungary. The thesis focuses on the question of the dramatic changes in Hyperides’ popularity between the second centuries B.C. and AD. First, the problem of the origin of the rhetorical canon is dealt with. Hyperides’ unquestionable place in it reflects the favour of the Hellenistic rhetorical schools. The fact that in lexicographical works, from the beginning of Atticising tendencies up to the Byzantine period, Hyperides’ vocabulary is quite frequently referred to, is partly due to the paradoxon that the orator belongs to the accepted Ten, despite the fact that he uses an ‘impure’ language and therefore he stays in the crossfire of lexicographers. The decisive factor in Hyperides’ ‘Nachleben’ is the Rhodian school of rhetoric. In Molo’s rhetorical system the actual delivery (‘actio’) was the most important element. Logically, his Attic models became the ex-actor Aeschines and the witty and facetious Hyperides. Molo smoothly melted together the inherited Asian and the adopted Attic rhetorical tradition to create something new, which had far reaching influence in first century Rome. The majority of Romans, who seem to respect Hyperides, can also be related to Rhodes in one way or other. Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Caecilius on the other hand are the first representatives of the later dominating school-demand for orators, with a perspicuous ‘lektikos topos’, which can be easily imitated by students. Hyperides’ skill in arrangement determined the decline of his popularity. The reason for the unique and exceptional late appraisal of Hyperides in Ps.Longinus originates from the hatred of the author for Caecilius. In the rhetorical handbooks of the following centuries only the fictitious alter ego o f Hyperides appears, apart from some works, where traces of the Hellenistic/Rhodian rhetorical tradition can be detected. Appendices: 1, Brassicanus’ report; 2, List of lexicographical entries; 3, List of peculiar words; 4, The origin of Hyperides’ most famous speech, the Deliacus. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 IL INTRODUCTION 7 III. PRELUDE: THE LOST MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTOF HYPERIDES 9 IV. HYPERIDES AND THE CANON OF THE TEN ATTIC ORATORS, THEOPHRASTUS ON HYPERIDES? 20 V. WORDS OF HYPERIDES IN GREEK LEXICOGRAPHY 32 A. The Beginnings 34 B. The Hellenistic age 35 C. The era of spreading Atticism 38 D. The period of Atticism as the norm 41 E. Lexicon to the orators 51 F. On the way to Byzantium 53 G. The Byzantine era 59 H. Summary 67 VI. THE RHODIAN SCHOOL OF RHETORIC AND HYPERIDES AS A MODEL FOR IMITATION 69 A. The concrete evidence 69 B. The importance of rhetoric in Rhodes 72 C. The Tre-Molonian* period of Rhodian rhetoric 76 1. Hyperides on Rhodes 77 2. Aeschines, the founder of the school 78 3. Remains of ‘Pre-Molonian’ speeches 79 D. New features in Rhodian eloquence 88 1. Stylistic roots 89 2. Rhetorical ideas of Molo and the Hyperidean style 91 3. Molo and the rhetorical traditions of Rhodes 98 E. Other followers of Hyperides 104 VII. EX RHODIA DISCIPUNA MOLONIS, HYPERIDES’ POPULARITY IN FIRST CENTURY ROME 106 A. Indirect Rhodian rhetorical influence in first century B.C. Rome 106 B. Marcus Antonius 109 C. Marcus Tullius Cicero 115 D. Rutilius Lupus, Gorgias *sui temporis’ in the context of Rhodian rhetorical influence 120 £. M. Valerius Messala Corvinus 125 F. Servius Sulpicius Rufus 130 G. Excursus: M. Licinius Calvus 132 VIII. HYPERIDES ON THE MARGIN OF SCHOOL-INTEREST, DIONYSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS 139 A. Essay on Hyperides? 140 B. Some characteristics of Hyperides* style in Dionysius* view 148 IX. PS.LONGINUS’ UNIQUE APPRAISAL OF HYPERIDES 155 A. Caecilius of ‘Caleacte* 155 B. Ps.Longinus 162 1. Elements of evaluation in Ps.Longinus 168 X. HYPERIDES IN RHETORICAL HANDBOOKS OF THE IMPERIAL PERIOD 171 A. Non-Hermogenian manuals 172 1. Aelius Theon 172 2. The Anonymous Seguerianus 176 3. Apsines 182 a) On the prooemium 183 b) On the epilogue 184 c) Figured speeches 188 B. Hermogenes on Hyperides 190 C. Commentaries on the Corpus Hermogenianum 197 1. The Three-man commentaries on the ‘staseis’ 197 a) Syrianus 198 b) Ps.Sopatros 202 c) Marcellinus 207 2. Anonymous commentary to the Ttepl ehpéaecoç 209 3. Commentaries on the Ttepl iSemv 211 •4. Prolegomena 213 5. Gregory of Corinth on the Tiepl tie865on Seivôxii'coç 216 D. Collections of CT%T|p,axa 218 1. Alexander Numeniu 220 a) Excursus on an alleged Hyperidean quotation 223 2. Ps.Herodian 228 £ . Conclusion 230 XI. APPENDICES 233 1. Brassicanus’ introduction in his edition of Salvianus 234 2. List of lexicographical entries 235 3. iSicûç 'YTiepelÔTiç - ‘peculiarly Hyperides’ 270 a) Alciphro, an admirer of Hyperides? 272 4. The origin of Hyperides’ most famous speech, the Deliacus 274 a) Historical events before the ‘Delian trial’ 276 b) Origin of the Deliacus and the Leto-myth 278 c) Archeological excavation 280 d) Cult in the Sixth century B.C. 282 e) Constructions at Zoster in the fourth century B.C. 288 XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 296 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Zsigmond Ritook, for his encouragement and his conviction that I would be worthy o f my teachers in Budapest, if I came to the centre of classical scholarship. I am deeply indebted to Prof. P.E. Easterling, who was my supervisor in the first two years o f my studies in London. Her supervision, in both academic and human terms created for me the possibility of studying for a Ph.D. at UCL. I am also deeply indebted to Prof. H. Maehler for his insight, generosity and support as my present supervisor, which have enabled me to submit this work. I owe also my best thanks to Prof. J.North, my second supervisor, for his guidance. Nor will I forget the help of Prof. M. Crawford, who at a decisive moment created the opportunity to finish the dissertation in time and took upon himself the exhausting task of correcting my English. I should like to acknowledge the financial and academic support of an ORS Award, the Mellon scholarship at UCL, the Warburg Institute, the Magyar Osztondij Bizottsag, and the Department of Greek in Budapest. The warm-hearted care and support of the Very Rev. Elisabeth and Robert Patkai has surrounded me throughout my stay in London, as has that of my brother and my friends; E.Sepsi, Cs.Lada, L.McGuinness, D.Tzanidaki, M.Juhasz, T.Vajda, T.Kosztolânczy, Cs.Berecz, L.Kristo, M.Toth, A.Juhasz, E.Sipos, Z.Farkas, Gy.Preseka. Since it is not possible to repay what I have received from my teachers and supervisors, both in London and at home, in Hungary - especially fi'om Prof. T.Szepessy, Prof I.Kapitanffy, Prof J.Bollok - I can only try to be able to hand on this 7capaKaTa0f)KT| to my students. I wish, I could say one day Votum Solvi Libens Merito. II. Introduction lectori salutem plurimam ’Evxei)0ev icpôç ’Avxlîiaxpov ’ev Koplvôtp Ôiaxplpovxa, xal paaaviÇ ôjievoç êcj)’ œ xà àTUÔpprpxx xfjç KÔXecoç k^eiKeïv, kni xoaomov fivôptaaxo p.rj5èv Kaxd xfjç îiaxplÔoç eIkeiv , dxjxe Kai xf]v yXo^oai/ ÔiatjxxYcov, Iva |ifi àKCûv XI 7KXpa(l)6éY^T|T0ti, iiexf]A,Xa4e xôv plov. ‘From there he was transferred to Antipatrus who happened to be in Corinth. And after being tortured so that he would reveal the secrets of the city and showing great courage by not uttering anything against his fatherland and biting his tongue off just to avoid telling anything unwillingly, he died.’* Hyperides, the orator, fell silent in 322 B.C. He was not only a major political character in the second half of the fourth century in Athens, but also one of the last representatives of Attic eloquence. This is the point, more or less, where this thesis starts. The ‘Nachleben’ of his oeuvre shows similar vicissitudes to those of his life. We witness a famous, celebrated orator, a successful politician and a sweetheart of women, whose body, because of the decision of the Athenians, had to be smuggled back to Attica by his son in order to be buried somewhere known only to the family. If the sand of Egypt had not covered pieces of papyrus scrolls, which contain the fragments of Hyperides’ six speeches, our knowledge of his style would scarcely exceed the content of lexicographic entries. On the one hand, Hyperides’ popularity is almost equal to that of Demosthenes in the two hundred years before and after the birth of Jesus - which is also reflected in the dating of the papyri; on the other hand, by the end of the third century A D he had become merely an interesting curiosity for intellectuals. At the end of the day he is the only orator, who underwent a complete ‘damnatio memoriae’ in the medieval textual tradition, despite having always been a member of the Ten canonised Attic orators. ’ Phot. BiM 266,496a: the scene of biting off one’s own tongue or cutting out somebody else’s seems to be an old historical topos. Why this happened, that is the question. The present thesis attempts not merely to collect the Hyperidean testimonia, but rather tries to evaluate them and decipher the background of their origin. The study’s genre itself follows the pattern of similar studies on Demosthenes’, Aeschines’ and Plato’s stylistic evaluation, written by Anastasiou, Kindstrand and Walsdorff.
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