Chapter 3: Transportation Network Michiana on the Move Figure 3-1: RoadwayNetwork 3 Transportation Network Social and economic characteristics can influence the demand on the transportation system. More people, more jobs, or more economic successes can result in higher traffic volumes and increased development. The 2045 Transportation Plan analyzes the trends and projections of social and economic characteristics, in order to better understand the future demand on the regional transportation system. The transportation network is more than roads and highways; it includes public transportation, bicycle and arterials, major and minor collectors, and local pedestrian paths and the movement of freight. roads. The transportation network is always It is not just one of these elements, but all of evolving and because of this, it is important to them working together, to create an efficient identify and address changes, challenges, and and effective transportation network for people opportunities that might occur in the future and products to move throughout the region. through the visioning of the transportation Figure 3-1 shows the major roadways within the planning process. MACOG region. National Highway System Roads and Highways The National Highways System (NHS) contains The MACOG region is comprised of over 6,548 roads and highways important to the nation’s miles of roadway, providing connectivity and economy, defense, and mobility and therefore access, both locally and regionally. At its most should be given the highest priority for basic, the roadway network can be separated into improvements and repairs. Within the MACOG three categories: the national highway system, region there is one corridor that is part of the state facilities, and local facilities. Furthermore, Eisenhower Interstate System: I-80/I-90 (Indiana roadways are functionally classified, based Toll Road). This interstate runs through the upon their intended character of service, into northern portion of the region, traveling from interstates, expressways, principal and minor California to New York. Other highways that are 22 Chapter 3: Transportation Network 2045 Transportation Plan part of the NHS include US 6, US 20, US Figure 3-2: Total Daily VMT by County 30, US 31, US 33, SR 2, SR 13, SR 15 and SR 331. Regional State Facilities State highways are generally a mixture of primary and secondary roads intended to provide regional connectivity between the cities and towns within the state. For the MACOG region, SR 2, SR 4, SR 10, SR 14, SR 25, SR 110, SR 120, SR 933 (Lincolnway), US 6, US 20 and US 30 provide east-west connections inside and outside the region. For north-south connection, SR 13, SR 15, SR 17, SR 19, SR 23, SR 331, US 31 and US 33 provide connection inside and outside the region. Local Facilities The Michiana area has an extensive slower rate than the U.S. From 1998 to 2006, network of arterial and collector roadways VMT stayed at a consistent level. Between that provide access and connectivity for a high 2006 and 2014, Marshall County and Kosciusko volume of vehicular traffic. These networks are County saw a slight decrease in VMT. Elkhart extended to other smaller incorporated towns and St. Joseph County showed irregular trends, and cities, accommodating travel demand. In increasing and decreasing VMT significantly total, 35 cities and towns are connected by the between years. However, all of the counties in network within the MACOG region. the region are showing upward mobility in most recent years. Figure 3-2 shows VMT trends for the four counties in the region. Vehicle Miles Traveled The latest regional VMT study shows that St. Vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) is an indicator of Joseph County saw the highest VMT of 8.5 road network usage as it measures the distance million miles travelled within the region. Elkhart in which vehicles travel over a particular length saw the next highest at 4.9 million miles. of time. VMT is a measure used in transportation Marshall County saw the lowest regional VMT at planning for a variety of purposes. It measures 1.7 million miles traveled and Kosciusko saw 2.3 the amount of travel for all vehicles in a million miles. Increases in VMT have an impact geographic region over a given period of time, on the region. The more miles that are traveled typically a one-year period. The Federal Highway on roads means a higher cost of maintenance, Administration has kept records of VMT on a increased traffic and freight congestion, higher monthly basis since 1970. In 2007, the national vehicular air emissions, and a potential for higher level of VMT hit an all-time annual high since the rates of crashes. These factors are all considered start of this record keeping. By 2008, nationwide when planning for future projects in this plan. VMT dropped for the first time since 1980, and continued to flat line due to economic and social The current vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) in our factors. Since 2015 however, VMT has steadily region for 2018 was 17.4 million miles traveled been increasing due to a recovering economy . daily, up from 16.9 million daily miles travelled in 2015. Increases in VMT has an impact on the Until about 1998, all counties in the MACOG network that may include increased traffic and region experienced an increase in VMT at a freight congestion. Chapter 3: Transportation Network 23 Michiana on the Move Figure 3-3: Peak Period Congestion on the NHS: 2007 Figure 3-4: Peak Period Congestion on the NHS: 2040 24 Chapter 3: Transportation Network 2045 Transportation Plan Figure 3-3 shows the recurring congestion caused Elkhart, Kosciusko and Marshall Counties were by volumes of passenger vehicles and trucks property damage only crashes. St. Joseph County that exceed capacity on roadways during peak had a slightly higher percentage of injury and periods. In 2007, the recurring congestion is fatal related crashes with 83 percent of crashes concentrated primarily in major metropolitan reported as property damage only. St. Joseph areas, especially along the east coast. Also County also had the highest number of fatal in 2007, peak period congestion resulted in crashes, 29, in 2018 followed by 18 fatal crashes traffic slowing below posted speed limits on in Elkhart County, 14 in Kosciusko County and 11 11,700 miles of the NHS and created stop-and- in Marshall County. Both Elkhart and Kosciusko go conditions on an additional 6,700 miles. Counties have seen a decline in percentage rates Assuming no changes in network capacity; of fatal crashes compared to the total number of increases in truck and passenger vehicle traffic crashes from 2015 to 2018, while Marshall and St. are forecast to expand in areas of recurring peak- Joseph Counties have seen a steady increase of period congestion to 36% of the NHS in 2040, fatal collisions in that same timeframe. Figure 3-4. This compared with 11% of the NHS in 2007. The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), continued the Highway Safety Safety Improvement Program (HSIP), emphasizing the importance of dedicating funding to increase The region has had a steady crash rate from 2015 safety conditions in the transportation network. to 2018. The largest increase in incidents was This funding is applied to projects that will in St. Joseph County from 8,810 crashes in 2015 significantly reduce traffic fatalities and serious to 9,451 in 2016. However, since that time the injuries. MACOG utilizes the State crash data county’s accident rates have dropped, having through the Automated Reporting Information 9,092 in 2018. As a whole, the region reflected Exchange System (ARIES). Through geographic a similar trend, increasing from 20,443 total information system applications, MACOG maps crashes in 2015 to 21,506 in 2016. Like St. Joseph and analyze the location of crashes in order to County though, the region then began to see effectively determine which segments of roadway a decrease in the rate of collisions to 20,767 in would most benefit from safety enhancements. 2018. MACOG continually strives to improve the safety of the transportation system within the region in Every crash is recorded as either property order to reverse increasing crash rates. damage only, fatal crashes, and injury crashes. The large majority of crashes tend to be property damage only crashes, resulting in no fatalities Asset Management or injuries. In 2018, 86 percent of crashes in Asset management provides local public agencies a method Figure 3-5: Number of Crashes by County from 2015-2018 for compiling important information about their assets in order to be able to formulate quality management strategies for current and future periods. According to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), “Asset management is a strategic and systematic process of operating, maintaining, and improving physical assets, with a focus on engineering and economic analysis based upon quality information, to identify a structured sequence of Chapter 3: Transportation Network 25 Michiana on the Move Figure 3-6: MACOG Region Bridge Ratings maintenance, preservation, repair, rehabilitation, becoming a tool for cost effective practices. and replacement actions that will achieve and INDOT estimates that $1 spent on pavement sustain a desired state of good repair over the preservation can save $6 to $14 on future repairs. lifecycle of the assets at minimum practicable cost.” (23 U.S.C. 101(a)(2), MAP-21 § 1103) In 2016, INDOT introduced the Community Crossing Matching Grant. With this grant, the The transportation network is a critical state began to require asset management as a infrastructure asset for the region and local part of communities planning process in order to public agencies. Preservation and maintenance receive monies from this grant. Since that time are key for ensuring that the network remains MACOG has trained and developed strategies safe for travel, efficient, and reliable.