26 Britton Street Clerkenwell, London

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Ref: 117430.01 July 2017

wessexarchaeology

26 Britton Street Clerkenwell, London

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Prepared for: The Cloud and Compass Ltd 26 Britton Street Clerkenwell London EC1M 5UB

Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology 69 College Road Maidstone ME15 6SX

www.wessexarch.co.uk

August 2017

117430.01

© Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2017, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (England & Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) 26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Quality Assurance

Project Code 117430 Accession Client Code Ref. Planning Ordnance Survey 531643, 181980 Application (OS) national grid Ref. reference (NGR)

Versio Status* Prepared by Checked and Approver’s Signature Date n Approved By v01 I TP MK File: \\192.168.2.5\wessex\TENDERS\T23516\_Re V1.docx V02 I/E TP MW

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* I = Internal Draft; E = External Draft; F = Final

DISCLAIMER

THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE.

26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

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Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents

Summary ...... iv Acknowledgements ...... vi

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 The Site ...... 1 1.3 Development proposals ...... 1 1.4 Scope of document ...... 2 1.5 Aims ...... 2

2 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 2 2.1 Introduction ...... 2 2.2 Designated heritage assets ...... 2 2.3 National Planning Policy Framework ...... 3 2.4 Local planning policy ...... 4 2.5 Supplementary planning guidance ...... 4

3 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 3.1 Introduction ...... 4 3.2 Study Area ...... 4 3.3 Sources ...... 4 3.4 Site visit ...... 5 3.5 Assessment criteria- Significance ...... 5 3.6 Setting assessment ...... 6 3.7 Assumptions and limitations ...... 7 3.8 Copyright ...... 7

4 BASELINE RESOURCE ...... 8 4.1 Introduction ...... 8 4.2 Designated heritage assets ...... 8 Site ...... 8 Study Area ...... 8 4.3 Locally listed heritage assets ...... 9 4.4 Previous studies ...... 9 Site ...... 9 Study Area ...... 9

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4.5 Archaeological Priority Areas ...... 9 4.6 Archaeological and historical context ...... 9 Prehistoric (970,000 BC – AD 43) ...... 10 Romano-British (AD 43 – 410) ...... 10 Anglo-Saxon (AD 410 – 1066) ...... 11 Medieval (AD 1066 – 1500) ...... 11 Inner Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA79)13 Outer Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA67)14 Charterhouse Precinct (WA04) ...... 14 Post-medieval (AD 1500 – 1800) ...... 15 19th Century (AD 1800 – 1900) and modern ...... 18 Undated ...... 19 Historic Map Regression ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.7 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts ...... 20

5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS ...... 20 5.1 Introduction ...... 20 5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource ...... 20 5.3 Statement of potential impact ...... 24 Designated heritage assets ...... 24 Archaeological remains ...... 24

6 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- NON-PHYSICAL EFFECTS ...... 24 6.1 Introduction ...... 24 6.2 Scoping exercise ...... 24 6.3 Mountford House (LLB01) ...... 25 The asset and its setting ...... 25 Contribution of the setting to the significance of the asset ...... 25 Potential effects of the proposed development ...... 26

7 CONCLUSIONS ...... 26 7.1 General ...... 26 Designated heritage assets- physical impacts ...... 26 Archaeological remains ...... 26 Settings of heritage assets ...... 27 7.2 Recommendations ...... 27 Designated heritage assets- physical impacts ...... 27 Archaeological remains ...... 27

8 REFERENCES ...... 29 8.1 Bibliography ...... 29 8.2 Historic Environment Records ...... 30 8.3 Cartographic and documentary sources ...... 30 8.4 Online resources ...... 30

9 APPENDICES ...... 31 9.1 Appendix 1: Terminology ...... 31 9.2 Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework ...... 32 9.3 Appendix 3: Gazetteer ...... 36 9.4 Appendix 4: Existing and proposed plans ...... 105 ii WA Project No. 117430.01

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Tables Table 1: Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets ...... 6 Table 2: Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site ...... 22

Figures Figure 1: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Records dated from the Palaeolithic to medieval period based on GLHER Figure 2: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Records dated from the post-medieval period to Modern period based on GLHER Figure 3: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Priority Areas based on GLHER Figure 4: Site, Study Area, Designated Heritage Assets and Locally Listed Buildings based on NHLE and GLHER Figure 5: Historic mapping 1658-1873 Figure 6: Historic mapping 1939-2009

Plates Plate 1: View from the northwest corner of the Site facing southeast Plate 2: View from the western boundary of the Site facing east

Front Cover 26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London

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26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

26 Britton Street Clerkenwell, London

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Summary Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Dan Douglas of Cloud and Compass Ltd to prepare an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of land at 26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London, centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 531643, 181980. This study is intended to support an application for an extension to the existing property. This will include a basement extension and an extension to the rear section of the property.

The aims of this study were to assess the known and potential heritage resource within the site and the surrounding area, and to assess the likely impacts of the development proposals on this resource.

The effect of the development proposals on the historic environment resource will be a material consideration in the determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.

This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to medieval, post-medieval, 19th century and modern periods. The Site is situated within the former medieval priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem with an abundance of medieval occupation evidence revealed from excavations close to the site. The medieval Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte and the Charterhouse Precinct established for Carthusian monks are also located within the Study Area.

Following the Dissolution Act by Henry VIII in 1540 the three religious centres were sold to private benefactors. The priory of St John passed through several hands during the post-medieval period though its continued use as housing is well attested in the archaeological record with excavations just east of the site finding remains of either post-medieval buildings or evidence of the re-use of medieval buildings. Historic mapping from the post-medieval period also indicates that the site has since at least AD1658 been occupied by a residential dwelling. A graveyard had been established 15m southeast of the Site in 1751 and is recorded as covering a quarter acre of land. Based on available information there is no indication that the burial ground had extended into the site. The burial ground was closed in 1851 by royal decree and transformed into a public garden.

Historic mapping from the 19th and 20th centuries continue to show the presence of a structure within the site. The 1939-1945 bomb damage map indicates the both Mountford House and front façade of 26 Britton Street were damaged during the Blitz and both underwent post-war redevelopment. However, the rear elevation of 26 Britton shows evidence of post-war repair works as evident by the presence of modern concrete plinths above the windows (Plate 2). This suggests a greater level of impact may have occurred to the property than what is recorded on the bomb damage map. The damaged caused to Mountford house could also have damaged 26 Britton Street, however the extent of the damage is unknown.

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A low to moderate potential has been identified for the prehistoric. Superficial deposits of Hackney Gravel known for containing Palaeolithic material has been recorded within the site. There is some potential for the recovery of prehistoric finds within the Site however this will be dependent on the depth of excavation for the basement extension and the depths of the Hackney gravel within the Site.

A low potential has been assigned to the Anglo-Saxon period. A Saxon settlement and cemetery may have once existed 120m south of the site. The site was outside Anglo-Saxon London and is thought to have been open land.

Due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation, the presence, location and significance of any buried heritage assets within the site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information As such it is likely that additional archaeological investigations may be required by the archaeological advisor for Islington Borough Council. This may take the form of an archaeological watching brief.

The proposed development will involve the construction a new enclosed staircase that may utilise the south elevation brickwork of Mountford House, a Locally Listed Building. If this requires the use of the brickwork a design solution will need to be made to ensure that as little damage as possible is done to the historic brickwork of Mountford House.

The proposed development is anticipated to have a neutral impact on the setting of the Mountford House. No further heritage assets within the wider landscape will be affected by the proposed development.

The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further assessment and/or archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by Dan Douglas of Cloud and Compass Ltd, and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to him in this regard. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank the Greater London Historic Environment Record for supplying the historic environment data.

The report was researched and compiled by Tom Piggott, with illustrations prepared by Tom Piggott and Andrew Souter. Marie Kelleher managed the project on behalf of Wessex Archaeology.

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Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Dan Douglas of Cloud and Compass Ltd (the Client), to prepare an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of land at 26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London (hereafter ‘the Site’, Figure 1), centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 531643, 181980.

1.1.2 This study will support a planning application for a proposed basement extension and first floor extension to the rear section of 26 Britton Street.

1.2 The Site 1.2.1 The Site comprises an irregular parcel of land of approximately 128m² located to the south of centre of Clerkenwell, some 368m northeast of the centre of Holborn,910m south of St Paul’s Cathedral and 1.1km south of the River Thames.

1.2.2 The Site is currently occupied by 26 Britton Street, a one-bay, five-storey high building with a basement. The proposed location for the new extension is within rear atrium area of the property.

1.2.3 The Site is bordered to the north by Mountford House a Locally Listed Building, to the west by the 24 Britton Street currently used offices, to the east by 52 Britton Street and to the south by 27 Britton Street used for office space and residential purposes.

1.2.4 The Site is situated within a relatively flat area of land at an elevation of approximately 22 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). Local topography falls gently to the south towards the River Thames.

1.2.5 The underlying bedrock geology throughout the Site is mapped as London Clay Formation- Clay, Silt and Sand with superficial deposits of Hackney Gravel Member- Sand and Gravel (British Geological Survey, Geology of Britain Viewer).

1.3 Development proposals 1.3.1 A design and access statement has been produced which included draft design proposals and drawings. The design and access statement indicates that the Proposed Development will comprise of, the extension of the rear section of the building to first floor level, the expansion of the basement, the installation of a glass atrium and the removal of the current staircase to be relocated to the rear of the building to be situated adjacent to the glass atrium. The works will have a footprint of 9.5m by 4.5m and extend to a depth of 3.25m.

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1.4 Scope of document 1.4.1 This assessment was requested by the Client in order to determine, as far as is possible from existing information, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment resource within the Site and its environs, and to provide an initial assessment of the potential impact of development on the heritage assets that embody that significance.

1.4.2 The Historic Environment, as defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012): Annex 2, comprises:

‘all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’

1.4.3 NPPF Annex 2 defines a Heritage Asset as:

‘a building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’

1.5 Aims 1.5.1 The specific aims of this assessment are to:

outline the known and potential heritage assets within the Site based on a review of existing information within a defined study area;
assess the significance of known and potential heritage assets through weighted consideration of their valued components;
assess the potential impact of development or other land changes on the significance of the heritage assets and their setting; and
make recommendations for strategies to mitigate potential adverse impacts arising from the proposed development.

2 PLANNING BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.

2.1.2 The following section summarises the main components of the national and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of the historic environment within the planning process. Further detail is presented in Appendix 2.

2.2 Designated heritage assets 2.2.1 Designated heritage assets are defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:

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‘World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated under the relevant legislation.’

2.2.2 Designation can be defined as:

‘The recognition of particular heritage value(s) of a significant place by giving it formal status under law or policy intended to sustain those values’ (English Heritage 2008, p.71).

2.2.3 Statutory protection is provided to certain classes of designated heritage asset under the following legislation:

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990;
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and
Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 2.2.4 Further information regarding heritage designations is provided in Appendix 2.

2.3 National Planning Policy Framework 2.3.1 National Planning Policy Framework Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment sets out the principal national guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of heritage assets within the planning process.

2.3.2 The aim of NPPF Section 12 is to ensure that Local Planning Authorities, developers and owners of heritage assets adopt a consistent and holistic approach to their conservation and to reduce complexity in planning policy relating to proposals that affect them.

2.3.3 To summarise, government guidance provides a framework which:

recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource;
requires applicants to provide proportionate information on the significance of heritage assets affected by the proposals and an impact assessment of the proposed development on that significance;
takes into account the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and their setting;
places weight on the conservation of designated heritage assets, in line with their significance; and
requires developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. 2.3.4 A selection of excerpts from NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment is presented in Appendix 2.

2.3.5 On 6 March 2014 the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) launched the Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) web-based resource. The resource provides additional guidance intended to accompany the NPPF. It includes a section entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (ID: 18a), which expands upon NPPF Section 12.

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2.4 Local planning policy 2.4.1 The Site is situated within the administrative boundaries of Islington Borough Council which adopted the Islington Borough Council: Core Strategy in 2011.

2.4.2 The Core Strategy forms the basis of the development plan for the district and sets targets for the provision of new housing and employment for a period up to 2025, as well as setting out general policies in relation to provision of facilities, transport, and protection of natural and historic features.

2.4.3 Local planning policies that relate to the historic environment and may be relevant to the proposed development are presented in Appendix 2.

2.5 Supplementary planning guidance 2.5.1 Islington Borough Council have produced Conservation Area Design Guidelines for each Conservation Area within the Borough, and a number of supplementary planning documents (SPDs), including the Islington Borough Council Urban Design Guide SPD, Design & Conservation Guide No.10-Listed Buildings, Design & Conservation Guide No.12-Non-designated heritage assets. Within SPD No.12, guidelines were prepared in relation to the treatment of Locally Listed Buildings.

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The methodology employed during this assessment was based upon relevant professional guidance, including the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2014).

3.2 Study Area 3.2.1 Due to the density of the archaeological resource within the City of London, a 250m Study Area surrounding the Site has been considered for the purposes of this assessment. The recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area was considered in order to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource within the Site.

3.3 Sources 3.3.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were consulted. These comprised:

The National Heritage List for England (NHLE), which is the only official and up to date database of all nationally designated heritage assets;
The Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER), comprising a database of recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the county;
National heritage datasets including the Archaeological Data Service (ADS), Heritage Gateway, OASIS, PastScape and the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) Excavation Index;
Historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps held at the London Metropolitan Archives; and
Relevant primary and secondary sources held at the London Metropolitan Archives and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Both published and unpublished 4 WA Project No. 117430.01

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archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the vicinity of the Site were studied. 3.3.2 Sources consulted during the preparation of this assessment are listed in Section 8.

3.4 Site visit 3.4.1 The Site was visited on the 11th July 2017. Weather conditions were dry and clear. A fieldwork record comprising digital photography is held in the project archive.

3.4.2 The aim of the Site visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any prior impacts not evident from secondary sources. The Site visit also sought to ascertain if the Site contained any previously unidentified features of archaeological, architectural or historic interest. No further features of archaeological, architectural or historic interest were observed during the Site visit.

3.4.3 A key objective of the Site visit was the gathering of observations upon which to assess the potential for the development proposals to affect the settings of heritage assets (see Section 3.6).

3.5 Assessment criteria- Significance 3.5.1 Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:

‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’

3.5.2 Current national guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is based on criteria provided by English Heritage (now Historic England) in Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2008). Within this document, significance is weighed by consideration of the potential for the asset to demonstrate the following value criteria:

Evidential value Deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity;
Historical value Deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative;
Aesthetic value Deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; and
Communal value Deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects. 3.5.3 This assessment was also informed by the advice published by Historic England in the document entitled Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 (2015a).

3.5.4 The relative significance of heritage assets was determined in general accordance with the schema laid out below in Table 1.

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Table 1: Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets

Significance Categories World Heritage Sites (including nominated sites) Very High Assets of recognised international importance Assets that contribute to international research objectives Scheduled Monuments Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings Grade II Listed Buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations High Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens Registered Battlefields Non-designated assets of national importance Assets that contribute to national research agendas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens Moderate Conservation Areas Assets that contribute to regional research objectives Locally listed buildings Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual Low associations Assets with importance to local interest groups Sites, features, structures or landscapes with little or no Negligible archaeological, architectural or historical interest The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available Unknown evidence 3.6 Setting assessment 3.6.1 Annex 2 of the NPPF defines the setting of a heritage asset as:

‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’

3.6.2 The aim of the setting assessment, presented in Section 6, was to explore the potential effects of the proposed development on the settings of designated and non-designated heritage assets situated within the wider context of the Site.

3.6.3 The setting assessment was guided by the recommendations outlined in The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning. Note 3: (Historic England, 2015b). The aforementioned guidance advocates a systematic and staged approach to the assessment of the effects of development on the settings of heritage assets.

3.6.4 Step 1 of the approach is ‘identifying the heritage assets affected and their settings’.

3.6.5 This initial step of the setting assessment has been carried out by undertaking a Scoping Exercise, the results of which are presented in Section 6.2.

3.6.6 The potential for the proposed development to affect the settings of the heritage assets included in the Scoping Exercise was then assessed via the application of professional judgement, informed by observations made during the Site visit.

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3.6.7 Where it could be confidently determined that a heritage asset and its setting would not be affected by the development proposals, no further assessment was undertaken.

3.6.8 Where it could be anticipated that the proposed development may have the potential to alter the setting of a heritage asset, these assets were scoped in for further detailed assessment. These heritage assets were assessed on a case by case basis, in accordance with Steps 2 and 3 of the process outlined below.

3.6.9 Step 2 requires consideration of ‘whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s)’. This stage of the assessment should first address the key attributes of the heritage asset itself and then consider:

the physical surroundings of the asset, including its relationship with other heritage assets;
the way the asset is appreciated; and
the asset’s associations and patterns of use. 3.6.10 Step 3 is ‘Assessing the effect of the proposed development on the significance of the asset(s)’. This stage of the assessment addresses the key attributes of the proposed development, such as its:

Location and siting;
Form and appearance;
Additional effects; and
Permanence. 3.6.11 Step 4 is to explore opportunities for ‘maximising enhancement and minimising harm’, while Step 5 is to ‘make and document the decision and monitor outcomes’. For the purposes of this assessment, only Steps 1-3 of the process have been followed with elements of Step 4, where appropriate.

3.7 Assumptions and limitations 3.7.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

3.7.2 The records held by the GLHER are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

3.8 Copyright 3.8.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which Wessex Archaeology are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non- transferable by Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the

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Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

4 BASELINE RESOURCE

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides a summary of the recorded historic environment within the Study Area, compiled from the sources summarised above and detailed in the references section of this report (Section 8). The aim is to identify the known and potential components of the historic environment (heritage assets) that could be affected by the proposed development.

4.1.2 All heritage assets identified within the Study Area are listed in Appendix 3. The NHLE and HER entries are assigned a unique number within the text and given a WA prefix for ease of reference.

4.2 Designated heritage assets Site 4.2.1 The Site is situated within the Clerkenwell Conservation Area. The Conservation Area was established due to the historic buildings which lie within the area which have a date range from the Norman times to the 19th century.

Study Area 4.2.2 Designated heritage assets within the Study Area comprise:

One Scheduled Monument;

SM01, Benedictine nunnery of St Mary Clerkenwell 210m to the north of the Site. Three Grade I Listed Buildings;

LB01, St Johns Gate 115m to the east of the Site.
LB02, Priory Church of St John of Jerusalem 220m to the north of the Site.
LB03, Clerk’s Well and Chamber/Enclosure in basement of number 16 240m to the northwest of the Site. One Grade II* Listed Building;

LB68 Clerkenwell Conference Centre 200m to the northwest of the Site.

64 Grade II Listed Buildings;

LB04-67, comprising a variety of structures dating from the 14th-19th centuries and includes funerary monuments and tombs, houses, public houses, a gatehouse, former buildings of the priory of St John of Jerusalem, former buildings of the Charterhouse Precinct and Carthusian monastery, an underground station, bollards, gas street lamps, two telephone boxes and a pump.

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Hat and Feathers Conservation Area, which is located to the 240m east of the Site and coves the area of the borough which saw considerable development during the 18th and 19th centuries.

4.2.3 There are no World Heritage Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields within the Study Area.

4.2.4 Designated heritage assets located within the Study Area are depicted in Figure 5.

4.3 Locally listed heritage assets 4.3.1 Islington Borough Council has produced a list of Locally Listed Buildings that add to the character of the borough, with a total of 28 Locally Listed Building within the Study Area. Information pertaining to locally planning policies for Locally Listed Buildings can be found in the Conservation Area Guidelines No.12- Non-Designated Heritage Assets and Register of Locally Listed Buildings and Shopfronts (April 2010).

4.4 Previous studies Site 4.4.1 No record of any previous intrusive archaeological investigation within the Site has been identified during the preparation of this assessment.

Study Area 4.4.2 The GLHER contains entries pertaining to a large number of investigations which have been carried out within the Study Area. Where relevant, the results of these investigations are discussed in further detail in Section 4.5.

4.4.3 Previous archaeological investigations carried out within the Study Area are illustrated in Figure 1-3.

4.5 Archaeological Priority Areas 4.5.1 A total of three Archaeological Priority Areas (APA) are situated within the Study Area (Figure 4). These comprise:

• City of London Archaeological Priority Area

• Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area

• London Suburbs Archaeological Priority Area

4.5.2 Islington Borough Council and Historic England are set to review the Archaeological Priority Areas in 2018 where a tier based system will be introduced based on their archaeological importance and potential; with tier 1 the highest and tier 4 the lowest.

4.6 Archaeological and historical context 4.6.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources listed above. The likelihood of as yet unrecorded archaeological remains within the Site is informed by the consideration of the known heritage assets within the Study Area, in conjunction with the geology and topography of the area.

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4.6.2 Records obtained from the NHLE, GLHER and other sources are listed in Appendix 3 and illustrated in Figures 1-5.

Prehistoric (970,000 BC – AD 43) 4.6.3 Four Palaeolithic find spots have been recorded within the Study Area. A pointed handaxe was found near Sessions House 130m to the north of the Site (WA01). The partial remains of an antler axe were found 175m to the northwest of the Site (WA02). A second Palaeolithic handaxe was recovered from within a band of Hackney gravel located 170m to the northwest of the Site (WA03). During an archaeological investigation at Preachers Court the tip of a pointed Acheulian type handaxe had been recovered from a medieval dump layer (WA04).

4.6.4 The remains of an Iron Age ditch were identified during an archaeological investigation at Clerkenwell Close 240m to the northwest of the Site (WA05). The ditch was found to have been heavily truncated by later occupation at the site. What survived included the partial remains of a linear feature 5m long and 2m wide surviving to a depth of 0.65-0.70m, though it is thought that is may once have been 1.5m deep. Iron Age pottery sherds were recovered from the fill of the ditch.

4.6.5 115m to the north of the Site is the suspected line of an Iron Age trackway used later during the Romano-British period (WA07).

4.6.6 The lack of evidence for the prehistoric period may not be a good representation of past human activity within the area. The proximity of the Site to the River Thames, the general topography of the area and the local geology would have made a good location for either seasonal or permanent occupation. It is likely that much of the prehistoric evidence that may once have existed within the Study Area has been heavily truncated by later activity from the medieval periods onwards.

Romano-British (AD 43 – 410) 4.6.7 Shortly after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43, the main settlement of London (Londinium) was established on the north side of the Thames circa 800m to the south of the Site. The Thames was utilised as a convenient highway for water transport with a series of Roman roads established across Britain from London. The first settlement of London had been destroyed by Boudicca in AD60, however was soon rebuilt and became the official centre of government for the province of Britain (Britannia).

4.6.8 Very little is known about the surrounding area of the Site during this period. The Site is thought to lie close to Roman road which is believed to have followed the line of Clerkenwell Road 115m (WA06) to the northwest of the Site and is thought to have been part of an earlier Iron Trackway (WA07: Margery 1967:57). No archaeological evidence for the road has been recorded within the Study Area and its exact location is still unknown.

4.6.9 The remains of a Roman ground surface were found during an excavation within the grounds of St Johns Priory 60m to the northeast of Site (WA08). No further information is known in relation to the ground surface and whether it was part of a roman road or building.

4.6.10 A possible Romano-British settlement was discovered 75m to the southeast of the Site (WA09). A possible field boundary or drainage ditch was found in the northern part of the site orientated northeast to southwest. It was found in close proximity to two other ditches which had been heavily truncated by medieval quarry pits. The features were interpreted

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as evidence for exploitation of the land and may have been part of a field system of a settlement or single farm (MOLA 1994).

Anglo-Saxon (AD 410 – 1066) 4.6.11 Following the withdrawal of the Roman army Britain, in the early 5th century the whole south-east of the country fell into an extended period of social-economic decline with various Anglo-Saxon kings vying for power (MOLA 2000:172). The walled city of Roman London was apparently abandoned in the 5th century with the Thames region occupied by small isolated rural settlements. There is also no direct evidence for a local dynasty in the area before it became a province of the East Saxons in the late 6th century (Cowie and Blackmore 2008).

4.6.12 In AD601 Pope Gregory appointed Augustine as archbishop to the southern Englishman, and chose London as his primary seat. In AD604 Augustine ordained Mellitus as bishop to the East Saxons, and with Aethelbert’s permission, the East Saxon king, established the church of St Paul the Apostle in London. The settlement of London soon grew in importance during the Anglo-Saxon period and changed hands on several occasions by not only Saxon kings vying for control but also by Viking invaders who held the city intermittently from the 10th to 11th centuries.

4.6.13 Only two records for the Anglo-Saxon period have been recorded within the Study Area. Tentative evidence for a possible early Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery was found 120m to the south of the Site (WA10). This included earrings made from a late 6th or 7th century Byzantine marriage disc found at Cowcross Street in 1879 and is now held in the British Museum. A possible Anglo-Saxon well was recorded to have existed between Clerkenwell and Holborn 230m to the northeast of the Site (WA11). The well was known as Clerks Well and to which the area derives its name.

Medieval (AD 1066 – 1500) 4.6.14 Clerkenwell is not specifically noted in the Domesday Book of 1086. The first known documentary reference to it is in a grant by Ralph de Brecit of the tithes (taxes to church) of Clerkenwell to his religious foundation in Essex in AD1122. During the medieval period the site laid outside the main settlement of London though economic and social development during the period saw the expansion of the city to the north (MOLA 2000:212). The growing importance of London is shown by the concentration of religious houses and royal palaces established in and around the city, with three known religious centres located within the Study Area (see below).

4.6.15 An archaeological excavation 245m to the northwest of the Site found the remains of medieval buildings (WA05). The walls of three substantial medieval buildings thought to have been tenements were recorded with two of the walls constructed from coursed stone blocks. A cess pit associated with the tenements blocks was also found along with a possible medieval kiln.

4.6.16 A well, believed to date to the medieval period was found 175m to the south of the Site (WA12). The well is said to have been between the garden of The Hospitallers & Smithfield Bar. The well had been supplied by a stream located around 70-77 Cowcross Street (WA128).

4.6.17 A couple of medieval roads have been recorded within the Study Area. Saffron Hill located 250m to the southwest of the Site originates from the medieval period when it was known as Golde Lane and is thought to have been built circa AD1200 (WA16). St John Street ran

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from West Smithfield to Islington and was one of the main thoroughfares during the medieval period for the area (WA20).

4.6.18 The remains of a medieval kiln were recorded 130m to the southwest of the Site (WA18). A three-arched structure with 30 openings containing tiles and pottery thought to be medieval in date was found on the bank of the fleet during excavations for the Metropolitan Railway near Farringdon Station. The structure measured 5m by 3m and was made from tile. 40m north of WA18 during the same episode of excavation a collection of domestic implements dated to the medieval period were found (WA19). This collection included knives, spoons and other domestic utensils with wood, ivory and carved bone hafts.

4.6.19 An archaeological evaluation was conducted within the grounds of a church located 200m to the south of the Site (WA21). The evaluation consisted of a total of two trenches. The remains of a 16th century vault and 16th century brass and lead coffin plates were found.

4.6.20 210m to the northwest of the Site is the recorded location of a medieval sundial (WA29). The sundial had originally stood at the gate of St Johns Priory but was relocated after the Dissolution of the monastery.

4.6.21 A 14th century iron crossbow-bolt head was supposedly found during the excavation of the Holborn tube line 150m to the southwest of the Site (WA59).

4.6.22 A small trial pit investigation was undertaken 205m to the south of the Site (WA60). Loose brick rubble was observed to 2.4m below the ground surface, overlying two separate layers of waterlogged clay. The evidence suggested that the buildings debris had been deposited in an old water course, likely a pond.

4.6.23 210m to the north of the Site is the former site of the nunnery of St Mary de Fonte (WA69). The nunnery at St Mary was founded shortly after the adjacent Hospitaller priory of St John by the same man, Jordan de Bricet, the lord of Clerkenwell manor (Temple 2008). The nunnery stood north of the priory, in a field next to Clerk’s well with the boundaries of the precinct approximately to Farringdon Lane, Clerkenwell Green, St James Walk and Bowling Green Lane. A stone church dedicated to St Mary was built circa AD1160 and was the first major structure within the precinct and was later adjoined by a chapter-house, where Bricet and his wife were later buried. The layout of the inner core of the precinct was formalised in the 12th and 13th centuries when the church was enlarged and a cloister and other stone-built ranges were erected in the northern area (ibid). Among the new buildings was the construction of a gatehouse, facing the Green, and north of the church with a series of tenements located just outside the southern limits of the gatehouse one of which is documented to have been named Le Stone House (WA56). The original position of the gatehouse is still visible today by the narrowing of the road 225m to the north of the Site (WA57). In addition to this a watching brief undertaken within the area found the remains of large stone walls thought to have been part of the gatehouse (WA74).

4.6.24 Due to the historic nature of the precinct, developments in the boundary of the nunnery have been closely accompanied by archaeological investigations. The remains of a medieval chalk wall were recorded in the basement of 6 Clerkenwell Close in the southern portion of the precinct, 250m to the north of the Site (WA13). Within the same building, an area of masonry 0.75m wide and 1.7m high was exposed in the southeast corner of the basement and was found to be on the same alignment as the western wall of the former precinct gatehouse (WA65). An evaluation in 1995 found several pits of late medieval date cut into medieval soil horizons (WA72).

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Inner Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA79) 4.6.25 In AD1144, Jordan de Bricet bequeathed part of his land for the construction of a priory, the Priory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (WA67). The earliest structure mentioned in documentary sources is dated to circa 1163, when the precinct wall is mentioned as ‘the wall of the curia of the Hospital of Jerusalem’ (Sloane and Malcom, 2004). The exact line of the walls remains uncertain though it is thought to straddle the current road network in the area (WA23). By the late 12th century the priory would have consisted of the church, dwellings for the prior, brethren, chaplains and visitors, storage and service buildings, a granary and possible a rudimentary hospice or infirmary hall. The original church had been situated on the location of the existing St John Clerkenwell parish church 220m to the north of the Site (WA51). Remains of a crypt associated with the church were found during an archaeological watching brief in 1989 (WA73).

4.6.26 While there is no archaeological evidence for the subdivision of the inner precinct (WA77) and the outer precinct (WA67) this is thought to have occurred in the late 12th century (ibid, 63). The outer precinct itself may have functioned in a similar way to other monastic outer courts consisting of unclosed land owned by the priory and used for its benefit. There is also believed to have been some form of initial gatehouse where the current St Johns Gate is located, 180m to the northeast of the Site (WA22). This would have allowed access into the priory from St John’s Lane.

4.6.27 The earlier layout of the inner precinct has been reconstructed from documentary sources and recent investigations undertaken within the priory grounds (Sloane and Malcolm, 2004) with the location of many key buildings noted by the GLHER. This includes the dormitory for the secular priests (WA33), the armoury (WA34), north range (WA35), the Great Court (WA36), counting house (WA42), the crypt of the church of St John (WA43), a chapel (WA44), the vestry (WA45), Docwras Chapel (WA46), the Great Stair (WA47), the distillery (WA48), Yeoman Dorter (WA49), the kitchen (WA50), a burial ground to the west of the priory chapel (WA52), Bell tower (WA53), the Hall (WA54) and part of the inner precinct priory wall (WA77) and the western gate (WA76).

4.6.28 Development within the grounds of the priory have been accompanied by archaeological investigations. While these investigations have typically taken the form of small scale evaluations and watching briefs, five have been larger excavations. An inspection on works during the refurbishment of 49-52 St Johns Square 200m to the north of the Site found surviving chalk and ragstone walls (WA41). This was followed by a small trial trench evaluation which only found remains dated after the dissolution of the priory (WA55).

4.6.29 Evidence of several medieval buildings were found at 41-47 St Johns Square 220m to the north of the Site (WA31). Four trial pits were excavated prior to the removal of the floor in the grand priory church (WA64). The trial pits found evidence of one of the former crypts and moulded stone. An additional northern range of a crypt and what is thought to have been priory apartments were recorded 10m north of WA64 (WA73). Evidence of medieval quarrying pre-dating the main development of the Inner Precinct have been noted 250m (WA39) and 215m (WA14) north of the Site. In addition, the remains of a several tenements were found at WA39. An evaluation completed 180m to the north of the Site which found a possible dumping area for medieval rubbish alongside the possible remains of the post-dissolution ‘plommerhouse’ (WA68). Medieval inhumation burials were found 190m to the northeast of the Site (WA30) when archaeologists were called to the 2 Albemarle Way after contractors digging underpinning holes in the basement had uncovered human remains from within the cloister area.

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Outer Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA67) 4.6.30 The Site lies within the outer precinct of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA67). Several buildings located within the Outer Precinct have been recorded within WA67. The House of the Balif of Eagle stood on the west side of St Johns Lane near Eagle court 170m to the southeast of the Site (WA37). The location of a medieval stables block is noted 100m to the south of the Site (WA38).

4.6.31 Development within the Outer Precinct that impacted below ground has been subject to an archaeological investigation. Of the 10 investigations carried out all but one has found medieval remains. Investigations close to the limits of the inner precinct and within the southern section of the Outer Precinct have located chalk and ragstone walls from either former tenement blocks or buildings associated with the Order of St John (WA75, WA100, WA62, WA63, WA40, WA38, and WA08). Evidence of medieval quarrying pre-dating the establishment of the priory has been found 80m to the east of the Site (WA09) and 180m to the southeast of the Site (WA40). Two wells were found at WA26, 55m to the southeast of the Site and at WA27, 160m to the northeast of the Site. The remains of a medieval floor surface and 17th century well were recorded in the basement of 55 Clerkenwell Road 130m to the north of the Site (WA75). A medieval demolition layer was identified 90m to the southeast of the Site (WA66).

4.6.32 An archaeological evaluation and excavation was completed on land located within the southern limits of the outer precinct 60m to the south of the Site (WA70). Six buildings were identified which were all connected but were thought to have been constructed at different times. Each building had chalk block footings laid in course mortar with the upper sections of the walls consisting of dressed chalk blocks with ragstone facings (London Archaeologist 1990). The earliest buildings formed the centre of the complex and based on documentary sources is thought to date to the 14th century and could have belonged to one of the Knights Hospitaller. The remaining buildings consisted of four penthouses, a storeroom and part of a gatehouse into the precinct. A series of medieval graves that were dated to the 13th and 14th centuries were discovered in the western area of the excavation area.

Charterhouse Precinct (WA04) 4.6.33 The London Charter House was founded at Smithfield, 230m to the northeast of the Site in 1371 by Sir Walter Manny and Bishop Michael Northburgh of London (Cockburn 1969). The land had originally been granted to Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1348 to be used a cemetery for victims who died during the Black Death with their believed a total of 20,000 individuals buried in the grounds of the cemetery (WA71) during its use with a chapel thought to have been established at WA17 and later altered into a private chapel (WA32). Following the granting of land in AD1371 a Carthusian monastery was established on the former cemetery site. The monastery had been split into two main areas, the Great Cloister and the Little Cloister. The Great Cloister contained the main chapel and hermitage as well as 25 monks who each had they own small holding and garden. The Little Cloister consisted of a wash-house court and buildings to house laymen.

4.6.34 Provision for a water supply to Charterhouse was made in AD1430 (WA15). John Feriby and his wife Margery granted Charterhouse Priory a spring and a portion of land to make a conduit across the land to help supply water to the monastery. Following developments within the precinct the water supply line underwent re-development with a new line added which ran parallel to the old one but lead to the main conduit and water-house in the centre of the precinct (WA24). The cistern then descended the supply pipe which was divided beneath into branches that served the priory which are shown jutting of the main water-house running east west (WA81).

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4.6.35 Several archaeological investigations have been carried out within the former grounds of the precinct. From 1992 until 1997 monitoring of geotechnical test pits occurred across the precinct which found evidence of small gravel extraction pits thought to pre-date the construction of the precinct circa 12th to 13th century. A former boundary ditch of the black death burial ground was located near Spital Croft. The remains of two possible service or temporary accommodation buildings from the initial foundation of the monastery were recorded with external footings of chalk and mortar identified. Partial remains of several ancillary buildings constructed when the Precinct was used as an Elizabethan mansion were found butted up against the former Precinct wall. The remains of a possible Brewhouse associated with the Charterhouse Carthusian Monastery were identified on the west side of the Precinct (WA78).

4.6.36 Some of the buildings located in the Great Cloister of the Charterhouse Priory were later used by members of the Bassano Family who were Italian entertainers at court during the late medieval period (WA25). Buildings used by the family include the Priors cell, private chapel and a number cells. Henry VIII allowed the Bassano family continued use of the area following the Dissolution of the priory.

4.6.37 An archaeological investigation was carried out at Nos. 52-54 St John Street on the western boundary of the Precinct (WA78). While evidence of heavy truncation caused by the construction of modern basements was found, several medieval and later medieval rubbish pits were identified. Medieval pottery dated to AD1350-1550 was recovered from the pits which broadly matched the pottery recovered from investigations within the Precinct.

4.6.38 A small archaeological evaluation and watching brief were carried out in the northern limits of the Precinct (WA103). The evaluation was undertaken to try to ascertain if the site was within the bounds of the Pardon Churchyard of the Carthusian monastery. No burials remains were encountered. Late medieval rubbish pits were identified.

Post-medieval (AD 1500 – 1800) 4.6.39 Following the passing of the Dissolution of Monasteries Act by Henry VIII St Johns Priory, Charterhouse Priory and the Nunnery of St Mary De Fonte were all acquired by the Crown. Parts of the Inner Precinct were granted to John Dudley, Lord De Lisle, though Henry VIII added a clause stating the Hospital buildings of the Order were not to be demolished. Following Henry VIII’s death in 1547 Dudley gave the land to Henry’s only son Edward VI, who in 1548 granted it to his elder sister Mary. In 1549, Edward VI ordered that the church and bell tower be undermined and exploded with gunpowder. Some effort was made to restore the priory under Mary I but this was put to an abrupt stop when Elizabeth I acquired the throne in 1558. The priory was then used by Elizabeth’s Master of Revels Edmund Tylney for storage and stage practice. James I granted the buildings to Lord Aubigny who later granted it to Joseph Hall in the 1623. Following this, it was later brought by a church commission to become the parish church of St John Clerkenwell. The remaining former Hospitaler buildings were pit to mundane use. In the 18th century a grass area to the east of the church which had been previously a burial ground was made into a public garden (WA110).

4.6.40 The Nunnery of St Mary De Fonte was one of the last nunneries to be supressed by King Henry VIII and when it did close in 1541 the king granted a pension to all the nuns for their continued work. The nunnery was granted to the Duke of Norfolk who adapted the buildings into a grand Elizabethan mansion.

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Precinct have been found in the southern, eastern and central areas of the Precinct. Within the southern area, remains found include post-medieval buildings footings possibly of the former gatehouse and a bakery (WA70), Tudor cellars within former medieval buildings (WA86), a 17th century domestic structure (WA66) and a number of additional buildings, cess pits and a well (WA102). Remains found dated to the post-medieval period within the centre of the former Outer Precinct include the remains of a 16th century layer of made ground (WA62), several pits filled with domestic rubbish (WA61), re-use of medieval buildings including the construction of two cellars dated to the 16th century (WA98) and the remnants of post-medieval buildings thought to be 17th to 18th century in date (WA93). An excavation in 1978 at 120 Clerkenwell Road 185m to the north of the Site found the remains of a post-medieval ditch (WA84). The ditch was aligned east to west and post-medieval pottery, tiles and clay pipe were recovered from its fill. Post- medieval brick foundations were recorded 90m to the northwest of the Site on the western boundary of the former Outer Precinct (WA113).

4.6.42 The former Inner Precinct of St Johns Priory also saw continued use. The majority of the buildings were maintained by royal decree instigated by Henry VIII and some restoration work was carried out by Mary Queen of Scots during the 16th century. A post-medieval dump layer was found in the eastern limits of the outer precinct (WA94). This may relate to the destruction of several key buildings by Edward VI with rubble identified in the dump. An archaeological watching brief within the centre of the former Inner Precinct recorded evidence of additional post-medieval dump layers (WA106). A post-medieval terraced house has been recorded 205m to the north of the Site in the Inner Precinct (WA116). Floor surfaces of tile, clay and brick along with a wooden platform were recorded on the northwest corner of the Inner Precinct (WA115). The remains are thought to be related to the construction of a new gatehouse into the Elizabethan mansion constructed in the Inner Precinct.

4.6.43 The dissolution of the Charterhouse Precinct occurred in 1537. The priory at first attempted to resist the seizure which lead to the Prior John Houghton being hanged, drawn and quartered and 10 monks were sent to Newgate Prison where they starved to death. The entire site stood dormant for several years with the only occupant’s members of the Bassano family who were local tenants of the former monk’s cells (WA85). The entire site was eventually brought by Sir Edward North who transformed the priory into a grand mansion. The mansion was fashioned in the Elizabethan style and re-used the building material from the Charterhouse with the majority of the Carthusian monastery buildings demolished in the process (WA108). A gatehouse granting access into the mansion is thought to have been located at WA107, 235m to the northeast of the Site. The property was eventually acquired by Thomas Howards who, following an attempt to wed Mary Queen of Scots, was put under house arrest and set about using his time to embellish the property. On May 1611 the property came into the hands of Thomas Sutton who on his death endowed a hospital on the site of Charterhouse and the establishment of Almhouses.

4.6.44 Several archaeological investigations have found evidence of post-medieval occupation within the former Charterhouse Precinct. An archaeological evaluation was conducted in the former main section of the precinct that once featured the Great and Inner Cloisters (WA108). A truncated mortar chalk wall dated to the 16th century was found within the basement of one of the current buildings and were thought to relate to the Tudor rebuilding of Charterhouse boundary wall. A large dump of post-medieval material dated to the 18th century was identified in a watching brief 230m to the northeast of the Site within the grounds of the former Black Death cemetery (WA105).

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4.6.45 Post-medieval building remains have been recorded at several locations within the Study Area. A wall comprising of chalk block and Tudor bricks was recorded and may have been part of the post-medieval buildings constructed after the priory was demolished in the 16th century. Two later red brick built cess pits were also identified that relate to the use of the site in the late medieval period as tenements. Chalk rubble and the remains of a Tudor boundary wall were recorded at Charterhouse Mews 245m to the east of the Site (WA95). The south wall of a post-medieval building and a section of its internal brickearth floor surface were record at 6-9 Brislet Street 150m to the east of the Site (WA98). The truncated remains of a 17th century brick wall foundations and an 18th century cellar were evident 235m to the southwest of the Site (WA99). An early post-medieval wall foundation, cut into dumped deposits dated to the 17th century were found 60m to the northeast of the Site (WA100).

4.6.46 The HER records what is an ‘odd house’ 240m to the northeast of the Site (WA89). The house featured trap doors, secret hiding places and escape routes. The house is thought to have been possibly used by highwaymen.

4.6.47 Three post-medieval drains have been recorded in the Study Area. The remains of a post- medieval drain were found 45m to the east of the Site (WA91). A second drain was found at 88 St John Street 200m to the northeast of the Site accompanied by a possible 17th century horticultural soil horizon (WA96). The remains of an 18th century culvert were found 240m to the southwest of the Site (WA109).

4.6.48 Three bowling greens have been recorded on the Ogliby map of 1677 130m to the northwest of the Site (WA82).

4.6.49 Several post-medieval terraced houses have been recorded within the Study Area. These are located at 18 Cowcross Street 155m to the southeast of the Site (WA87), 7 Cowcross Street 165m to the southeast of the Site (WA83), 6 Cowcross Street (WA92) 180m to the southeast of the Site and 8 Cowcross Street 185m to the southeast of the Site (WA101).

4.6.50 A post-medieval dump layer was recorded during an archaeological watching brief at 4-5 Albermarle Way 195m to the northeast of the Site (WA94). The dump layer was found to overlay the level of the 13th century cloister of the order of St John’s headquarters. An 18th century brick wall was also found positioned on the line of the cloister walk.

4.6.51 Post-medieval remains were found at 11-14 Kirby Street 230m to the southwest of the Site (WA97). Two areas of the site were evaluated. To the north, a stream, probably a former tributary of the River Fleet had been infilled during the 17th century with several post-medieval jugs and the partial remains of two articulated dog skeletons recovered from the former stream. A truncated 18th century wall foundation had also been recorded. The evaluation was followed by a watching brief that found an infilled pond 7.5m wide that had deliberately been backfilled prior to the modern construction of 11-14 Kirby Street which had occurred in the 18th century.

4.6.52 An archaeological evaluation and follow-up watching brief were conducted at Great Sutton Street in 2006 (WA103). Evidence of early post-medieval activity consisted of garden features and rubbish pits. Two of the earlier pits were brick lined and in one instance brick and timber lined. The garden features were found to run parallel to each other and related to the former use of the site as a later manor house. The manor house itself is thought to have been removed during the re-organisation of the area during the 18th century and is evident on the 1682 Morgan’s Map of London to the east of the Site (Figure 5B). The partial remains of an east-west chalk wall were recorded in the southeast corner of the site which had been heavily truncated by 18th century rubbish pits.

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4.6.53 Several post-medieval burial grounds have been recorded within the Study Area. A post- medieval burial ground was recorded 210m to the south of the Site (WA88). The burial ground is thought to have been an additional burial area associated with a former church located north of the burial ground. There was some suggestion that this burial ground was used for the workhouse along with a second burial ground located closer to the workhouse 210m to the south of the Site (WA90). The site along with the church was lost to the Great Northern Goods Depot. 250m to the south of the Site is the former site of a post-medieval burial ground. The burial ground was found in 1614 and was used to bury residents of the nearby almhouses located to the south of the graveyard within the former Outer Precinct of St John (WA111). The graveyard was partially covered in 19th century by urban expansion. The remains of St John’s churchyard were recorded 230m to the northeast of the Site (WA104). A narrow strip measuring 267 square meters had been used during the post-medieval period. The churchyard had been closed off by an iron gate.

4.6.54 St Johns Garden located 15m to the south of the Site originally was an 18th century burial ground (WA112). A quarter of an acre of (0.1 hectares) land had been given for this purpose by John Mitchell in 1751 in order to supplement the churchyard off St John Street and was mainly used for the burial of the poor. Remains of the burial grounds wall that was added to the grounds sometime in the 18th or 19th century remains on the western and southern boundaries of the garden. The burial ground soon became a waste ground for domestic rubbish and in 1851 by royal decree was closed. The churchyard was eventually turned into a public garden in 1867 with a plaque commemorating the event placed in the grounds. The plaque stated the grounds have received for 100 years the bodies of the Christian dead and was dedicated as a garden for the quiet enjoyment of the living. The park is thought to have been extended further east following the demolition of houses on Benjamin Street in the early 20th century. There appears to be no indication that the burial ground had extended into the Site.

4.6.55 200m to the south of the Site is the recorded location of St. Sepulchres Workhouse (WA114). The workhouse had been established in 1727 and by 1729 the workhouse was reported to have a master and mistress, and 119 inmates made up of 14 men, 56 women, 19 girls and 25 boys. The workhouse is thought to have been extended in 1777 following a Parliamentary Act to accommodate 279 individuals.

19th Century (AD 1800 – 1900) and modern 4.6.56 Several 19th century terraced houses have been recorded within the Study Area. Nine Jerusalem Passage 230m to the north of the Site is two-storey terrace house rebuilt in the 20th century (WA117). Three terraced houses have been recorded 210m to the north of the Site (WA118-121). The façade of 16 Clerkenwell Green that was a 19th century tenement has been recorded in the same location (WA122).

4.6.57 A basement overlying 19th century fuel tanks were found during a watching brief at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill 235m to the southwest of the Site (WA123). The fuel tanks were brick lined and constructed of red brick and black bull-nosed brick. The fuel tanks themselves were made from white glazed bricks.

4.6.58 Former ground associated with the nunnery of St Mary de Fonte was adapted to be used as a 19th century burial ground 210m to the north of the Site (WA124). In 1867, Clerkenwell House of Detention was blown up by the Fenenian Conspiracy in attempt to free the people inside. The burial ground was established to bury the victims of the attack. The grounds were later interred as a public garden in 1890 enclosed by railings.

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4.6.59 Clerkenwell Green was established as public land in the 19th century and is located 240m to the north of the Site. The green was located between St Johns Priory and St Mary’s Nunnery and has a long running history of being the supposed meeting place of several riots that have occurred in London. This includes the Spa Fields Riot of 1816 and the Clerkenwell Riot of 1832. A Sessions House was established on the green by the early 19th century which served the nearby prisons before being used during the 20th century as the London Masonic Centre.

4.6.60 140m to the west of the Ste is known location of a former building demolished during a Zeppelin Raid during World War I (WA126). The building had been destroyed in what was considered one of the most successful raids on London with more than half a million pounds of damage caused.

Undated 4.6.61 A single record has been recorded within the Study Area as undated. Monitoring of the excavation of several test pits was undertaken at Farringdon Station 185m to the south of the Site (WA129). Tile and animal bone were recorded in the two of the test pits but were found to be undiagnostic.

Historic Map Regression 4.6.62 The Clerkenwell area was included within numerous historic cartographic surveys, or depictions produced during the late 16th to early 19th century (Figure 5A-E). While there are at varying levels of detail and show very little information, they do confirm that the Site has been developed since at least 1658. Britton Street itself was laid out between 1718 and 1724, replacing gardens and small houses on the backlands of Turnmill Street and St Johns Lane (Temple 2008). Following on from the establishment of Britton Street the Site was part of a coaches yard established on Turnmill Street from 1724 until sometime in the early 19th century (Figure 5C-D) when it was replaced with the original five-storey, two- room deep plan with side passage and staircase which was the typical design style of the street (Figure 5E)(ibid). The property appears to have been extended in the First Edition 1873 map to the rear of the Site and central courtyard area identified by the blank square in the centre of the Site was added (Figure 5F). This could reflect the changes commercial character of Britton Street which had except from seven buildings were used for commercial uses. More space may have been required which resulted in the extension to the rear of the property. A Distillery had also been constructed immediately west of the Site.

4.6.63 The 1934 Ordnance Survey map shows no change to the Site or surrounding area (Figure 6A).

4.6.64 Figure 6B records the damage caused to the Site and Study Area during World War II. Mountford (adjacent to the Site) had been severely damage to the point that it could not repaired. A faint purple line shown on the map across the front façade of 26 Britton Street also indicates that the level of damage caused to front of building was considered ‘damaged beyond repair’ with signs of post-war redevelopment to the front façade visible upon the Site visit. The concrete lintels above the windows and the concrete slab laid over the former ground level entrance to the basement would have been added during the redevelopment works. However, concrete lintels are also present on the rear elevation of the property which may suggest that some damage had occurred to the rear of the property which was not recorded on the bomb damage map. There is also no record of what type of high explosive device caused the damage to Mountford House with the possibility that it could have had a greater impact on 26 Britton Street than recorded.

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Some minor damage had also been caused to the Distillery to the rear of the property, while several other buildings in the Study Area had also been severely damaged.

4.6.65 In the late 1970’s the distillery to the rear of the property had been demolished. At the same time, Mountford House is thought to have seen some development works with the front façade of the office block to the distillery incorporated into the front façade of Mountford House. By 1988, several of the buildings on the eastern end of Benjamin street had been removed to make way for a new expansion to St Johns Garden while on Albion Street a large number of properties were demolished to make way for large irregular shaped buildings currently used as offices (Figure 6D).

4.7 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts 4.7.1 It is anticipated that, as the Site has been previously built upon, truncation is expected to archaeological remains that may be present within the Site. It is possible that the bomb damage sustained to the adjacent property and to the front and rear elevations of 26 Britton Street may have impacted upon the Site however at present the extent of any damage is unknown.

4.7.2 Due to the nature of the development and the level of excavation that may be required for the construction of the basement extension, there could be potential for prehistoric remains to survive. The Site is recorded as containing superficial deposits of Hackney gravel that are known for containing Palaeolithic remains although the depths of the Hackney gravel within the Site is not known and no geotechnical investigations have been completed within the Site. Historic boreholes surveys undertaken to the approximately 75m east of the Site at 4-8 St Johns Square have encountered gravel layers at 3.4m below ground level with ground level recorded at 13.23m aOD (TQ38SW1961) while gravel deposits were encountered 6m below ground level during the construction of the Metropolitan Railway 60m to the southwest of the Site (TQ38SW2065). The proposed development is expected to require 3.25m of excavation below ground level. Dependent upon the depth of the archaeological horizon at the Site the excavation of the basement has the potential to impact upon archaeological remains.

5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 This section provides an initial assessment of the potential effects of the proposed development in relation to elements of the historic environment resource that may be subject to physical impacts.

5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource 5.2.1 The following table (Table 2) presents a summary of the known and potential elements of the historic environment resource within the Site and its vicinity, which could be physically affected by the development proposals, based on the information presented in Section 4.

5.2.2 Entries in the table are assigned a ‘Potential’ rating, which represents a measure of probability. This has been determined via the application of professional judgement, informed by the evidence presented in the preceding sections of this assessment. ‘Potential’ is expressed on a four point scale, assigned in accordance with the following criteria:

High Situations where heritage assets are known or strongly suspected to be present within the Site or its vicinity and which are likely to be well preserved.

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Moderate Includes cases where there are grounds for believing that heritage assets may be present, but for which conclusive evidence is not currently available. This category is also applied in situations in which heritage assets are likely to be present, but also where their state of preservation may have been compromised.
Low Circumstances where the available information indicates that heritage assets are unlikely to be present, or that their state of preservation is liable to be severely compromised.
Unknown Cases where currently available information does not provide sufficient evidence on which to provide an informed assessment with regard to the potential for heritage assets to be present. 5.2.3 The relative ‘Significance’ of known and potential heritage assets included in Table 2 has been determined in accordance with the criteria set out in Section 3.5.

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Table 2: Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site

Potential Period and description Significance Previous impacts

The Site is situated with the former Outer Precinct of the Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem with medieval occupation remains found throughout Medieval the area. Medieval quarry pits which are thought to pre-date the Priory have also been High found 80m to the east of the Site. Two further ecclesiastical centres, The Charterhouse Precinct and the Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte are also located within the Study Area. An abundance of post-medieval activity has been found within close proximity to the Site. This is evident of the continued use of the outer precinct after the priory was dissolved by Henry VIII. The remains of post-medieval garden features were found 80m to the east of the Site that are thought to be associated with Berkley House a post-medieval townhouse constructed just west of the Site. Mapping from the post- medieval period indicates that the Site was part of a coach yard from 1762. Post-medieval Moderate

A burial ground had been established 15m to the southwest of the Site that was later High converted into a public garden. The burial ground covered a total area of a quarter of Construction of an acre and a boundary wall demarking the grounds is still evident on the western and various properties southern limits. Based on the documentary sources there appears to be no indication within the Site and that the burial ground extended into the Site. the damage caused The 1819 Horwood Map shows the Site was occupied by an irregular shaped building to 26 Britton Street th during the Blitz th that had been extended in 1873. Several houses dated to the 19 century have been 19 century Low recorded within the Study Area, while a few short-term cemeteries were established to the south and north of the Site.

Based on the 1939-1945 bomb damage map, the front façade of the building had been damage beyond repair with post-war redevelopment evident. The rear of the building also signs shows of post-war redevelopment which have not been recorded on the Modern Low/negligible map. Remains related to the damage caused to the property during the Blitz and redevelopment works to the property may survive within the Site.

The remains of a possible Romano-British settlement were found 75m to the southeast of the Site. The line of a possible Romano-British road is recorded 115m to the north of Moderate Romano-British Moderate the Site. The remains of a Roman ground surface were also recorded 60m to the northeast of the Site.

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Several residual Palaeolithic hand axes have been recovered from the area within deposits of Hackney Gravel. The remains of an Iron Age ditch were found in Clerkenwell Close 240m northeast of the Site and an Iron Age trackway is recorded 115m to the north of the Site. Low/Moderate Prehistoric Moderate

The Site has been mapped as containing superficial deposits of Hackney Gravel, which are known for the recovering of Palaeolithic material. Therefore, there is some potential for the recovering of Palaeolithic remains from the Site. Only two records exist for the Anglo-Saxon period within the Study Area. A possible Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery are thought to have existed 120m south of the Site and an Anglo-Saxon well 230m northeast of the Site. Anglo-Saxon London is Low Anglo-Saxon Moderate thought to exist further southeast of the Site with the area likely open land during the period.

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5.3 Statement of potential impact Designated heritage assets 5.3.1 Mountford House, 25 Britton Street (LLB01) is a Locally Listed Building attached to 26 Britton Street. The development proposals will see the construction of a new glass atrium to bring the rear of no.26 and the relocation and construction of a new enclosed staircase to the rear of the property. This staircase will be situated against Mountford House.

5.3.2 No further designated heritage assets would be physically affected by the implementation of the proposed development. The potential effects of the proposed development on the settings of designated heritage assets is explored in Section 6.

Archaeological remains 5.3.3 The construction of the proposed development is anticipated to entail the following sources of ground disturbance and excavations:

Preliminary site investigation works;
Excavation for the basement extension. 5.3.4 The aforementioned works have the potential to result in the damage to or loss of any buried archaeological features which may be present within their footprint. This could in turn result in a total or partial loss of significance of these heritage assets.

5.3.5 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation.

5.3.6 The most destructive elements of the development proposals in terms of below ground archaeology (should any such remains be present within the Site) would be likely to be associated with the excavation for the extension of the basement level. This is anticipated to reach a likely depth of approximately 3.25m to make the basement extension the same depth as the existing basement.

5.3.7 The current foundations of the building may not support the first-floor extension, new staircase and glass atrium and as such may require the excavation/piling of new foundations that may impact below the proposed depth of the basement extension. Depending on the depth, this could impact on potential archaeological remains which may lie within the Site.

6 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- NON-PHYSICAL EFFECTS

6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 This section presents an assessment of the potential effects of the proposed development in relation to the settings of heritage assets.

6.2 Scoping exercise 6.2.1 The Site visit determined that, due to the level of development within the vicinity of the Site and similarity between the overall height of the properties surrounding the Site, visibility outside the immediate bounds of the Site is restricted in all directions. 24 Britton Street and 27 Britton located to the west and south of the Site also block any views to Locally Listed or Listed Buildings located to the south of the Site. The Locally Listed Building Mountford House (LLB01),to which 26 Britton Street is attached, does share visibility with the Site and has been scooped in for further assessment below.

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6.3 Mountford House (LLB01) The asset and its setting 6.3.1 Mountford House is a three-storey building constructed from red brick and buff stone, built in the Jacobean style. The building is recorded as having been part of the original Booths Distillery constructed to the rear of the property. The original building was demolished following bomb damage and was rebuilt in 1974-7 as part of the former redevelopment of the distillery. Based on documentary sources during the reconstruction of Mountford House the façade of the distillery office buildings was dismantled and incorporated to the front of Mountford House. A passageway provides access to No 24. Britton Street. The use of pediments and the frieze on the top floor and arches on the ground floor are an unusual design characteristic to the area.

6.3.2 Four friezes run along the third floor section of the principal elevation that appear to depict medieval life possible as a mark of the former use of the area during the period. The first frieze appears to show farmers in the fields while the third includes a farmer and livestock. The second frieze depicts a medieval knight and its horse in barding while the third looks to have religious connotations. The final frieze shows workmen unloading sacks and barrels possibly a mark to Booths distillery.

6.3.3 The setting of the asset is considered to be “the surrounding in which the asset can be experienced”. The setting of Mountford House includes its street frontage onto Britton Street and the first half of Briset Street which shares visibility with the asset.

Contribution of the setting to the significance of the asset 6.3.4 Mountford House derives its significance from its architectural value. The use of red brick with buffed stone is uncommon in the area with the majority of building constructed from stock London brick. The arches and pediments are also a unique architectural quality of the heritage asset and are also unique to the area. The property derives its evidential value from the architectural Jacobean style of building. The Jacobean style had been revitalised in England from the late 1820’s onwards but it typically associated with manorial estates set within a rural environment. The property is one of a handful of such buildings constructed during the Jacobian revival in urban areas. The aesthetic value of the property is derived from the frieze located on the third floor. The frieze was designed by E.W Mountford and appears to depict past use of the land likely during the medieval period with the second frieze depicting what appears to be a medieval knight and the first and third frieze farmers with livestock. The asset also has historic value with the front façade having been part of the original distillery building that had been constructed in the 19th century.

6.3.5 The setting of the asset contributes some significance to the asset. The building would have been designed to be appreciated from the street frontage of Britton Street with the frontage purposely moved and installed during the redevelopment of the building as a heyday to the former Booths distillery that the building was part of. The buildings surrounding the property also add to the architectural value of the property through the stark difference in building material uses help exemplify the unique qualities of Mountford House.

6.3.6 The use of red brick, stone decoration on the third floor cannot be experienced by the individual unless they have prior knowledge of the history and architectural style of the buildings and make an effort to connect with the visual elements of the building not visible from the ground floor.

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Potential effects of the proposed development 6.3.7 The proposed development will see the erection of a new glass atrium, new staircase and first floor extension to the existing extension to the rear of the 25 Britton Street, with the construction of the staircase requiring jointing with the fabric of Mountford House. The proposed development will be to the rear of the property and not within the setting of the asset and therefore will have no impact on the setting and therefore the significance of the asset.

7 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 General 7.1.1 The effect of the development proposals on the known and potential heritage resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding cultural heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.

Designated heritage assets- physical impacts 7.1.2 The development proposals have the potential to impact on the Locally Listed Building Mountford House. The construction of the enclosed staircase to the rear of the property may utilise the south elevation brickwork of Mountford House.

Archaeological remains 7.1.3 This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the Site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to medieval, post-medieval, 19th century and modern periods. The Site is situated within the former grounds of the Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. Numerous excavations have been undertaken within the priory’s grounds which have found evidence of medieval occupation in close proximity to the Site. The Charterhouse Precinct and the Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte are also located within the Study Area.

7.1.4 All three religious centres were dissolved for the passing of the Dissolution Act by Henry VIII. St Johns priory was split between various holders before passing back to the crown and re-use of the former medieval buildings associated with the priory during the post- medieval period is evident to the south and east of the Site. A post-medieval Elizabethan townhouse had been built east of the Site with remains of its garden features found during an excavation 75m east of the Site. The Charterhouse Priory was sold to Sir Edward North who demolished its former buildings and constructed a large Elizabethan style grand mansion that was later used as a hospital and almhouses. Historic mapping from the post-medieval period indicated that the Site has been built on by various buildings since at least 1658 and featured within a coach’s yard located on Turnmill Street since the middle of the 18th century. A post-medieval burial ground later used as a public garden was established 15m to the southeast of the Site in 1751 and was used untill 1851. Based on documentary records there is no indication that the burial ground had extended into the Site.

7.1.5 Historic mapping from the 19th century shows the Site was occupied by a single possible residential building. The 1819 Horwood map of London shows the property was located first on the front of Britton Street before relocating away from the street front by 1873. Several 19th century terraced houses have been recorded in the Study Area along with the remains of 19th century fuel tanks and two 19th century burial grounds.

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7.1.6 The bomb damage map dated 1939-1945 shows 26 Britton Street had been damaged during the Blitz. The front façade is marked as damaged beyond repair with sings of post- war redevelopment works to the front façade visible. However, there are indications that the rear of the building may also have been damaged during the Blitz. The level of damage caused to Mountford House which is located adjacent to the property could have also impacted onto 26 Britton Street. Remains related to the redevelopment works to 26 Britton may be present within the Site.

7.1.7 A moderate potential has been assigned to the Romano-British period. The remains of a possible Romano-British settlement were recorded 75m to the southeast of the Site. The remains of Roman ground surface were also found 60m to the northeast of the Site with the possible line of Roman road recorded 115m to the north of the Site.

7.1.8 A low to moderate potential has been assigned to the prehistoric period. Residual Palaeolithic hand axes have been recovered within the Study Area in deposits of Hackney Gravel, while an Iron Age ditch and trackway are recorded to the north of the Site. The Site itself is recorded as containing deposits of Hackney Gravel which are known to contain Palaeolithic finds. There is some potential that Palaeolithic remains may be encountered within the basement extension however this will be dependent on the level of Hackney gravels in the Site and the level of excavation required for the basement extension.

7.1.9 A low potential has been assigned to the Anglo-Saxon period. Only two records exist for the Anglo-Saxon period within the Study Area. A well, known as Clerks Well was located to the north of the Site and the remains of a possible Anglo-Saxon and cemetery were found to the south of the Site.

7.1.10 However, due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation within the Site, the potential for and significance of any such remains could not be accurately assessed on the basis of the available evidence.

7.1.11 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features as a result of the implementation of the development proposals would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation, in accordance with national and local planning policy.

Settings of heritage assets 7.1.12 The setting of the Mountford House located immediately north of the Site is anticipated to not be affected by the proposed development.

7.2 Recommendations Designated heritage assets- physical impacts 7.2.1 The construction of the enclosed staircase may require the use of the south elevation of the brickwork. This will need to be confirmed during the technical phase of the project. If it does, a design solution will need to be made to ensure as little damage is caused to the historic brickwork of Mountford House.

Archaeological remains 7.2.2 The presence, location and significance of any buried archaeological remains within the Site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional investigations may be required by archaeological advisor for Islington Borough Council. This may take the form of an archaeological evaluation in its first instance. 27 WA Project No. 117430.01

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7.2.3 The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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8 REFERENCES

8.1 Bibliography Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46. Bailey, K 1989. ‘The Middle Saxons’, in S Basset, The Origins of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, pp 108-122. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014 (revised 2017). Standards and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Available at: http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/cifa Cockburn, J S 1968. 'Religious Houses: House of Carthusian monks', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth Century, ed. J S Cockburn, H P F King and K G T McDonnell (London, 1969), pp. 159-169. Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 2012. National Planning Policy Framework. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications /national-planning-policy-framework--2 English Heritage, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. Available at: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/conservation- principles-sustainable-management-historic-environment/ Historic England, 2015a. Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa2- managing-significance-in-decision-taking/ Historic England, 2015b. The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3. Available at: http://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage- assets/ Islington Borough Council, 2002. Islington Borough Council 2002: Clerkenwell Green (CA01), Charterhouse Square (CA09), Hat and Feathers (CA26) Conservation Area Design Guidelines. Available at: https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/designandconservation/conservationareas Islington Borough Council, 2011. Islington Borough Council: Core Strategy. Available at: https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/pol_corestrat

London Archaeologist. 1990. Recent Excavations at St. John's Priory, in Cowcross Street, EC1. Volume 6 Number 7. Margery, I 1967. Roman Roads in Britain. Phoenix House: London MOLA, 2000. The Archaeology of Greater London: An assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London. Lavenham Press: London. Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents

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Sloane B and Malcolm G 2004. Excavations at the priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London. MOLAS: London. Temple , P. Clerkenwell Close Area: Introduction; St Mary’s Nunnery Site, in Temple P (eds) Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell, pp. 28- 39.Available at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp28-39

8.2 Historic Environment Records Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) London Metropolitan Archives

8.3 Cartographic and documentary sources 1658 Faithome and Newcourt Map of London 1682 Morgan’s Map of London 1762 John Rocque Map of London 1878 John Carry Map of London 1819 Horwood map of London First Edition 1873 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map Revised Edition 1934 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map 1939-1945 Bomb Damage Map of London 1966 Ordnance Survey Map of London 1988 Ordnance Survey Map of London 2009 Ordnance Survey Map of London

8.4 Online resources http://opendomesday.org/ http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ http://www.old-maps.co.uk/index.html http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ http://oasis.ac.uk/england/ http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk/

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9 APPENDICES

9.1 Appendix 1: Terminology Glossary The terminology used in this assessment follows definitions contained within Annex 2 of NPPF:

There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, Archaeological evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets interest with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

Conservation (for The process of maintaining and managing change to a heritage asset in a way that sustains heritage policy) and, where appropriate, enhances its significance.

World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Designated heritage Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated assets under the relevant legislation. A building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage asset Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing). All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places Historic environment through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.

Historic environment Information services that seek to provide access to comprehensive and dynamic resources record relating to the historic environment of a defined geographic area for public benefit and use.

The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may Setting of a heritage change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive asset or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral. The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. Significance (for That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not heritage policy) only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

Value An aspect of worth or importance

Chronology Where referred to in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

Prehistoric Historic Romano- Palaeolithic 970,000 – 9500 BC AD 43 – 410 British Early Post- 9500 – 8500 BC Saxon AD 410 – 1066 glacial Mesolithic 8500 – 4000 BC Medieval AD 1066 – 1500 Post- Neolithic 4000 – 2400 BC AD 1500 – 1800 medieval Bronze Age 2400 – 700 BC 19th Century AD 1800 – 1899

Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Modern 1900 – present day

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9.2 Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework

Designated Heritage Assets

Designation Associated Overview Legislation World Heritage - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribes World Heritage Sites Sites for their Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) – cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. England protects its World Heritage Sites and their settings, including any buffer zones or equivalent, through the statutory designation process and through the planning system. The National Planning Policy Framework sets out detailed policies for the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment, including World Heritage Sites, through both plan-making and decision-taking. Scheduled Ancient Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, the Secretary of State (DCMS) can schedule any site which appears to Monuments and Monuments and be of national importance because of its historic, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest. The historic town centres of Areas of Archaeological Canterbury, Chester, Exeter, Hereford and York have been designated as Archaeological Areas of Importance under Part II of the Ancient Archaeological Areas Act 1979 Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Additional controls are placed upon works affecting Scheduled Monuments and Areas of Importance Archaeological Importance under the Act. The consent of the Secretary of State (DCMS), as advised by Historic England, is required for certain works affecting Scheduled Monuments. Listed Buildings Planning (Listed In England, under Section 1 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the Secretary of State is required to Buildings and compile lists of buildings of special architectural or historic interest, on advice from English Heritage/Historic England. Works affecting Conservation Listed Buildings are subject to additional planning controls administered by Local Planning Authorities. Historic England is a statutory Areas) Act 1990 consultee in certain works affecting Listed Buildings. Under certain circumstances, Listed Building Consent is required for works affecting Listed Buildings. Conservation Planning (Listed A Conservation Area is an area which has been designated because of its special architectural or historic interest, the character or Areas Buildings and appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. In most cases, Conservation Areas are designated by Local Planning Conservation Authorities. Section 72 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 requires authorities to have regard to the Areas) Act 1990 fact that there is a Conservation Area when exercising any of their functions under the Planning Acts and to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas. Although a locally administered designation, Conservation Areas may nevertheless be of national importance and significant developments within a Conservation Area are referred to Historic England. Registered Parks National The Register of Parks and Gardens was established under the National Heritage Act 1983. The Battlefields Register was established in and Gardens and Heritage Act 1995. Both Registers are administered by Historic England. These designations are non-statutory but are, nevertheless, material Registered 1983 considerations in the planning process. Historic England and The Garden’s Trust (formerly known as The Garden History Society) are Battlefields statutory consultees in works affecting Registered Parks and Gardens Protected Wreck Protection of The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 allows the Secretary of State to designate a restricted area around a wreck to prevent uncontrolled Sites Wrecks Act interference. These statutorily protected areas are likely to contain the remains of a vessel, or its contents, which are of historical, artistic or 1973 archaeological importance.

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National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment

Para. 128 In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. Para.129 Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. Para. 132 When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. Para. 135 The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. Para. 137 Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably Para. 139 Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. Para. 141 Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.

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Local Planning Policy

Islington Borough Council Core Strategy adopted February 2011 https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/pol_corestrat

Policy ref. Title Scope Policy CS 9 Protecting and High quality architecture and urban design are key to enhancing and protecting Islington’s built environment, making it safer and more enhancing inclusive. Islington’s built A. The borough’s unique character will be protected by preserving the historic urban fabric and promoting a perimeter block approach, and and historic other traditional street patterns in new developments, such as mews. The aim is for new buildings to be sympathetic in scale and environment appearance and to be complementary to the local identity. B. The historic significance of Islington’s unique heritage assets and historic environment will be conserved and enhanced whether designated or not. These assets in Islington include individual buildings and monuments, parks and gardens, conservation areas, views, public spaces and archaeology. Active management of conservation areas will continue, through a programme of proactive initiatives for the conservation-led regeneration of historic areas, and potential designation of new conservation areas. Archaeological Priority Areas will continue to be defined on the proposals map to assist in the management of these historic assets. C. Where areas of Islington suffer from poor layout, opportunities will be taken to redesign them by reintroducing traditional street patterns and integrating new buildings into surviving fragments of historic fabric. Reconfiguration based on streets and a perimeter block approach will be a key requirement for new developments, in particular housing estate renewal. D. All development will need to be based on coherent street frontages and new buildings need to fit into the existing context of facades. Housing developments should not isolate their residents from the surrounding area in 'gated' communities. E. New buildings and developments need to be based on a human scale and efficiently use the site area, which could mean some high density developments. High densities can be achieved through high quality design without the need for tall buildings. Tall buildings (above 30m high) are generally inappropriate to Islington's predominantly medium to low level character, therefore proposals for new tall buildings will not be supported. Parts of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell key area may contain some sites that could be suitable for tall buildings, this will be explored in more detail as part of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell Area Action Plan. F. New homes need to provide dual-aspect units with clear distinction between a public side and a quieter private side with bedrooms. G. High quality contemporary design can respond to this challenge as well as traditional architecture. Innovative design is welcomed, but pastiche will not be acceptable. The council will establish new advisory mechanisms to ensure the highest standards of architecture and environmental design. H. The Development Management Policies and other documents will provide further policies in relation to urban design and heritage. Detailed guidance on urban design in Islington is provided in the Islington Urban Design Guide (IUDG) Supplementary Planning Document.

Development Management Policy Document (adopted July 2013) https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/development-management-policies

Policy ref. Title Scope Policy Heritage B. Conservation areas DM2.3 i) The council will require that alterations to existing buildings in conservation areas conserve or enhance their significance. Similarly, new

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Development Management Policy Document (adopted July 2013) https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/development-management-policies

Policy ref. Title Scope developments within Islington’s conservation areas and their settings are required to be of high quality contextual design so that they conserve or enhance a conservation area’s significance. Harm to the significance of a conservation area will not be permitted unless there is a clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to the significance of a conservation area will be strongly resisted. ii) The council will require the retention of all buildings and structures which make a positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. The appropriate repair and re-use of such buildings will be encouraged. The significance of a conservation area can be substantially harmed over time by the cumulative impact arising from the demolition of buildings which may individually make a limited positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. Consequently, the loss of a building which makes a positive contribution to a conservation area will frequently constitute substantial harm to the significance of the conservation area. iii) The council will resist the loss of spaces, street patterns, views, vistas, uses, trees, and landscapes which contribute to the significance of a conservation area. iv) The council will use its statutory powers to ensure that buildings and spaces within conservation areas that are at risk from neglect or decay are appropriately maintained and repaired. v) Planning applications are required to include a Heritage Statement which demonstrates a clear understanding of the significance

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9.3 Appendix 3: Gazetteer

WA no. MonUID Name Description Period Easting Northing POINTED HANDAXE THAT WAS FOUND IN 1883 "NEAR THE SESSION HOUSE" (NOT LOCATED) BY G F CLERKENWELL ROAD, [NEAR LAWRENCE WA01 MLO11076 SESSIONS HOUSE] AND WAS ACQUIRED BY W G SMITH. Palaeolithic 531605 182105 STAG'S HORN HOE, RECEIVED BY MOL IN 1914. WYMER DESCRIBES IT AS A TYPICAL PERFORATED ANTLER WA02 MLO11079 ST JOHN'S SQUARE AXE. Palaeolithic 531655 182155 A palaeolithic handaxe was discovered close to Sessions Clerkenwell Green (No 22) [Old House in 1887 (event unknown). It was found within the Sessions House], Clerkenwell, Islington Hackney WA03 MLO103522 {Palaeolithic handaxe} Gravel complex. Palaeolithic 531520 182110 An archaeological excavation was conducted in 1998 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code PRR98. Preacher's Court, Islington, EC1, The tip of a pointed biface of Acheulian type was found MLO74221 {Palaeolithic axe} residual in a medieval dump layer. Palaeolithic 531850 182012 An archaeological excavation was conducted during May and June 1998 at Preacher's Court, Charterhouse by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. In December 1998, a watching brief was carried out on the construction of an additional building, to the immediate south-east of the excavated area. Site code PRR98. Prior evaluation comprising test pits in and around the site took place in 1992 and 1997 (site code PCC92, ELO4250). Small gravel extraction pits pre-dating the Charterhouse foundation were recorded. These were backfilled in the late 12th and 13th centuries, after which the site became open land. A boundary ditch of ‘Spital Croft’, acquired in 1349 for a chapel and burial ground for Black Death victims, was recorded. This silted up and was backfilled in the late 14th century. The remains of two possible service buildings or temporary accommodation from the initial foundation of the Carthusian Charterhouse monastery were recorded, with external wall footings of chalk and mortar that may have supported a half-timber superstructure. These buildings went out of use and the Preacher's Court, Charterhouse, ground was raised prior to the construction of a two room WA04 ELO4328 Islington, EC1: Excavation building that may have been part of a range bisecting the Multi-period 36 WA Project No. 117430.01

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outer. Court of the monastery, potentially barns, storehouses or stables. These appear to have been contemporary with the earliest precinct wall of around 1480. Two phases of alterations in brick appear to date to the reuse of the structures from the mid-16th century as ancillary buildings to Lord North’s mansion, situated immediately southeast. In addition a new range of service buildings were constructed in brick against the precinct wall to the north after the Dissolution. These were converted in the early 17th century into accommodation for the resident Brothers of Sutton's Hospital. *Natural sand and gravel survived

This garden is a part of the site of a burial ground dating back to 1349, when Sir Walter de Manny purchased from St Bartholomew's Hospital 13 acres of land, known as the Spittle Croft, for the burial of those who died in the plague of that Chaterhouse Square, Islington, time. In 20 years, 50,000 bodies were interred there. In 1371 {Spitalcroft, later New Church Haw, the Carthusian Monastery was built upon part of it. MLO70872 medieval cemetery} Charterhouse square covers 1.25 acres. Medieval 531946 182025

This is the site of an Elizabethan townhouse created from 1545 from the remains of the Charterhouse Carthusian Chaterhouse Square, Islington, monastery. {Elizabethan townhouse, Sutton's It was purchased in 1611 by Thomas Sutton, who created a MLO74228 Hospital and School} secular hospital and school on the estate. Post-medieval 531921 182037 Extensive quarrying of natural gravels dating to the 12th and 13th century was recorded across large parts of the Charterhouse Square to Great Sutton Charterhouse and Spitalcroft areas. Quarry pits were Street, Islington, {12th to 13th century frequently reused as rubbish pits or filled with dumped MLO75755 quarry and rubbish pitting} material. Medieval 531965 181933

Charterhouse Square, Islington, {site of This is the possible site of a Brewhouse associated with MLO56724 medieval monastic Brewhouse} Chaterhouse Carthusian monastery. Medieval to Post-medieval 531885 181964 This is the precinct area of the medieval monastery of Great Sutton Street , Goswell Road, St Charterhouse, which belonged to the Carthusians. It was John Street, Charterhouse Street, established MLO99169 {medieval Charterhouse precinct} in 1371, and closed in 1537. Medieval to Post-medieval 531928 182090

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Extensive quarrying of natural gravels dating to the 12th and 13th century was recorded across large parts of the Charterhouse Square to Great Sutton Charterhouse and Spitalcroft areas. Quarry pits were Street, Islington, {12th to 13th century frequently reused as rubbish pits or filled with dumped MLO75755 quarry and rubbish pitting} material. Medieval 532041 182053 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1984 SITE CODE ENG84 FOUND SUB- CIRCULAR PIT OR DITCHCONTAINING IRON AGE POTTERY. SEE ALSO 080491, 080437. LATER DESCRIBED AS ABADLY TRUNCATED DITCH, 5M LONG JUST UNDER 2M WIDE CLERKENWELL CLO (ENGINEERS WITH A SLOT ALONG THEBOTTOM. SURVIVING DEPTH MLO316 CAR PARK ) 65-70 CM, POSSILY ONCE 1-1.5M DEEP Iron Age 531495 182165

EXCAVATION BY R ELLIS FOR Department of Greater London Archaeology 1984 (SITE CODE ENG84) FOUND MLO388 CLERKENWELL CLO POSSIBLEMEDIEVAL KILN. SEE ALSO 080358, 080437 Medieval 531495 182165 CESS PIT FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH POSSIBLE TENEMENT BUILDINGS ON Department of Greater London Archaeology EXCAVATION OF ENGINEERS CAR PARK IN MLO57359 CLERKENWELL CLO 1984 (SITE CODE ENG84) Medieval 531495 182165

EXCAVATIONS BY THE Department of Greater London Archaeology IN THE ENGINEERS CAR PARK IN 1984 (ENG84) UNCOVEREDTHE WALLS OF THREE SUBSTANTIAL MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS, PROBABLY TENEMENTS. TWO WERE MADE OF COURSED STONE MLO57369 CLERKENWELL CLO BLOCKS. Medieval 531495 182165

EXCAVATION BY R ELLIS FOR Department of Greater London Archaeology (SITE CODE ENG84) FOUND A POST MEDIEVALHEARTH CONSTRUCTED FROM TILES, ALSO MANY RUBBISH PITS. SEE ALSO 08043716001,002, 080491, MLO16043 CLERKENWELL CLO 080358 FOR OTHER FINDS ON SITE. Post-medieval 531495 182165 Clerkenwell Close (Nos 8-13) and Clerkenwell Green (Nos 33-36) [Engineers' Car Park], London EXCAVATIONS BY THE Department of Greater London WA05 ELO3242 EC1: Excavation Archaeology IN THE ENGINEERS CAR PARK IN 1984 Multi-period

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MLO24965 THEOBALDS RD 529830 181380 SUSPECTED LINE OF THE SILCHESTER - COLCHESTER WA06 MLO24965 THEOBALDS RD ROAD Romano-British 531400 182050 MLO329 CLERKENWELL RD 531400 182050 SUSPECTED LINE OF ROMAN ROAD AND POSSIBLE WA07 MLO329 CLERKENWELL RD IRON AGE TRACKWAY Romano-British 532950 182550 Excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990; site code BAD90. A Roman ground surface with pottery was recorded. See 08043629 and 082305 for other finds MLO24750 6-9 BRISET ST associated with St. John's Priory Romano-British 531685 182015 Excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1990; site code BAD90. A deep ditch aligned N-S was recorded. This was 1.5-2.3m wide and 1.4m deep and was possibly a storm drain related to St. John's Priory. Evidence of demolition activity within the life of the priory was also recorded. See MLO39873 6-9 BRISET ST 082304-5 for other finds from the site. Medieval 531685 182015 Archaeological excavations by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 6-9 Briset Street and 12-13 St John's Square, EC1 from December 1989 to May 1990. The site is just outside the southern corner of the inner precinct of the Priory of St John. Following the excavation of a trench to the south-east in 1989 (site code BAD89, ELO14229) demolition of the party wall to 14-17 St John's Square allowed an area 7.5m x 3.0m to be excavated adjacent to its foundations, with a larger area (10.0m x 3.5m) subsequently opened to the west. Two 16th-century brick wall foundations running east- west across the trench and joined by a north-south Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St John's party wall formed the footings of two buildings, corresponding Square (Nos 12-13) Islington EC1: the 17th century map evidence. The north wall was Excavation (Event - founded on two courses of faced freestone blocks, obtained WA08 ELO2723 Intervention) from the demolition of part of the priory. Multi-period

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Cut features dated to the Roman period were found through excavation by the Museum of London Archaeology Service, April-July 1994; site code ABP 94 (following earlier excavations on part of the site under site code JAN 90). These features cut the natural gravel. A possible field boundary or drainage ditch was found in the northern part of the site, oriented northeast-southwest. It was in close proximity to two other ditch fragments, both heavily truncated. A number of irregular linear cuts of uncertain function were found to the east. The ditches may have been agricultural trenches. These features were cut by a number of quarry pits. To the south was a narrow north-south aligned trench or gully, cut by a large quarry. The features were interpreted as evidence of exploitation of the land for a variety of purposes including agriculture and gravel extraction. The ditches may have been part of the field system of a settlement or single farm. The concentration of finds and Albion Place (No 1-7), EC2 {Roman features in the north of the site suggests the presence of a MLO60784 agriculture/gravel extraction} settlement in this area.. Romano-British 531715 181965 Archaeological excavation by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 1-7 Albion Place, Clerkenwell, London characterised by garden features, including bedding trenches, shallow rubbish pits, and dumps of soil, and brick lined cesspits. In the 17th century garden walls and part of the rear of the south-wing of a building identified as Berkeley House were constructed. These walls contained a large amount of earlier building material, including medieval moulded stone, terra-cottas and 16th century moulded bricks. From the mid-18th century onwards the site was occupied by a number of tenements, and brick lined pits produced a number of large late finds groups. EC1, in 1994, following an earlier phase of excavation in 1990 (site code JAN90, ELO3745 and ELO14462). The site is within the outer precinct of the medieval Priory of St Albion Place (No 1-7), London EC1: John of Jerusalem. The earliest recorded remains cut WA09 ELO2633 Excavation (Event - Intervention) the natural gravels and were largely confined to the northern Multi-period

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part of the site: they comprised ditches, quarry pits, and some possible agricultural trenches of Roman date. The gravels were also cut by a number of large medieval quarry pits together with a number of broadly contemporary rubbish pits. The early post medieval remains were

MLO60786 1-7 ALBION PLACE Medieval 531715 181965 MLO60787 1-7 ALBION PLACE Medieval 531715 181965 MLO60788 1-7 ALBION PLACE Excavation by I. Grainger for Museum of London Archaeology Medieval 531715 181965 MLO60791 1-7 ALBION PLACE Service, April-July 1994; site code ABP 94 (following earlier Medieval 531715 181965 excavations on part of the site under site code JAN 90). MLO60792 1-7 ALBION PLACE Medieval 531715 181965 Numerous quarry pits were dated to AD 1150-1350, indicating MLO60793 1-7 ALBION PLACE that Medieval 531715 181965 the quarrying was contemporary with St John's Priory and MLO60794 1-7 ALBION PLACE Medieval 531715 181965 suggesting that they were associated with building work in its MLO60795 1-7 ALBION PLACE precincts. Their distribution and size suggested the presence Post-medieval 531715 181965 MLO60796 1-7 ALBION PLACE of a boundary, though no physical evidence of it survived Post-medieval 531715 181965

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Four 18th century tenements were recorded during excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990 (site code JAN90). A number of 18th century Delft tiles were recovered. Excavations by I Grainger for the Museum Of London Archaeology Service, April-July 1994 (site code ABP94) found more of the tenements that replaced Berkeley Albion Place (Nos 1-7), EC1 {18th House. One contained a deliberate, possibly ritual, burial of a MLO25951 century tenements} pottery jar alongside the foundations. Post-medieval 531695 181955 NUMBER C15-17TH WALL FOOTINGS & A BRICK GARDEROBE BELONGING TO BERKELEY HOUSE WERE RECORDED DURING EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology IN 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90). EXCAVATION BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL-JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP94) FOUND MORE GARDEROBES AND/OR CESS PITS MLO55869 14 ST JOHNS LA ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE. Post-medieval SEVERAL RUBBISH PITS CUT INTO THE NATURAL GRAVEL WERE FOUND IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90). THEY CONTAINED SEVERAL DOMESTIC ANIMAL BURIALS, INCLUDING A HORSE. EXCAVATIONS BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL-JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP94) FOUND MORE RUBBISH PITS MLO55870 14 ST JOHNS LA CONTEMPORARY WITH BERKELEY HOUSE. Medieval 531695 181955 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE JAN90) RECORDED EVIDENCE OF AN EARLY 16th century BUILDING, PROBABLY PART OF THE MANSION OF SIR THOMAS DOWCRA, PRIOR OF THE ORDER OF ST JOHN 1501-1527. A LARGE NUMBER OF EARLY 16th century BRICKS WERE FOUND. ON THE SAME SITE, REMAINS OF BERKELEY HOUSE AND 18th century TENEMENTS WERE ALSO FOUND (SEE RECORDS 082299& MLO28417 1-7 ALBION PLACE 082302). Post-medieval 531695 181955

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Tentative evidence for Early Saxon settlement and cemetery Turnmill Street and Cow Cross Street in area, including earrings made from a late 6th or 7th century {Possible Site of Early Saxon Byzantine marriage disk found at Cow Cross Street in 1879 WA10 MLO99342 Settlement} and now in the British Museum Anglo-Saxon 531611 181849 SAID TO BE BETWEEN CLERKENWELL AND HOLBORN WA11 MLO341 CLERKENWELL AND POSSIBLY NEAR THE FLEET RIVER. Anglo-Saxon 531454 182127 SAID TO BE 'BETWEEN THE GARDEN OF THE HOSPITALLERS & SMITHFIELD BAR. AT THE BOUNDARY OF THE CITY'. THIS IS PROBABLY THE WELL THAT WAS FOUND AT 81, COWCROSS STREET. IT WAS SUPPLIED BY A STREAM FROM AROUND 70 - 77 COWCROSS WA12 MLO11082 81 COWCROSS STREET STREET. Medieval 531655 181855

CHALK & TILE WALL SEEN IN MR OLIVER'S BASEMENT WA13 MLO11092 6 CLERKENWELL CLOSE AT 6 CLERKENWELL CLOSE. IT IS PROBABLY MEDIEVAL. Medieval 531515 182195

Watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe and Robert Cowie for Museum of London Archaeology Service, July 1997 - February 1998; site code JEP97. Quarry pits were cut into the natural gravels. No dating evidence was present but these are likely to have been earlier than C12th. These quarry pits were observed in underpinning holes. Periods recorded under this MLO75224 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 site code: undated (084989) post-medieval (084990-1). Medieval 531629 182175 An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at Jerusalem Passage, EC1 in 1997. Underpinning works within the inner precinct of St John's Priory were monitored. A wall comprising chalk blocks and Tudor bricks was recorded: it may have been part Jerusalem Passage (Nos 9-10), London of the post-medieval building constructed after the WA14 ELO3750 EC1 (Event - Intervention) priory was demolished. Post-medieval

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Watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe and Robert Cowie for Museum of London Archaeology Service, July 1997 - February 1998; site code JEP97. A chalk structure which had been demolished prior to the construction of 16th century buildings may have been of late C15th - 16th century date. The foundations of three buildings recorded in the basement may have been matched to documentary sources. The foundations formed part of three buildings to the N and W of the Great Hall of the mansion of Sir Edmund Tilney. The foundations indicate that one of the buildings was at least 9m wide. A second building was separated by a passage and represented by a series of chalk and ragstone foundations later rebuilt in brick. MLO75225 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 Periods recorded under this site code: undated (084989) post- Post-medieval 531629 182175 MLO75225 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 medieval (084990-1). Post-medieval 531629 182175

A red brick-built cesspit extended 0.2m below the present basement floor. Another late 17th century-18th century cesspit or well was recorded and consisted of a circular chamber connected to a drain. Several additional post-medieval brick structures (probably cess pits) were recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO75226 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 undated Post-medieval 531629 182175 MLO75226 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 (084989) post-medieval (084990-1). Post-medieval 531629 182175

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PROVISION FOR A CHARTERHOUSE WATER SUPPLY WAS MADE IN 1430. JOHN FERIBY & HIS WIFE MARGERY GRANTED CHARTERHOUSE A SPRING & A PORTION OF LAND TO MAKE A CONDUIT ACROSS THE LAND, UNDER THE ROAD & INTO THE MONASTERY THE SPRINGS WERE SITUATED AT OVERMEAD. FROM THE HIGHWAY, THE CONDUIT PASSED (BY ARRANGEMENT) THROUGH LAND BELONGING TO ST JOHNS PRIORY & ST MARYS. THE PLAN OF THE CONDUIT WAS SHOWN IN DETAIL ON THE WATERWORKS ROLL, WHICH ALSO HAD WRITTEN NOTATIONS. IT ALSO SHOWED PART OF THE LINE OF THE ST MARY & ST JOHN CONDUITS. ITBEGAN AT THE WELLS, CONNECTED TO THE FIRST "RECEYT" BY A GUTTER OF STONE & THEN CONTINUED IN LEAD PIPES. DUE TO THE FACT THAT ST MARYS & ST JOHNS HAD ALREDY USED THE CLOSER SPRINGS, CHARTERHOUSE HAD TO GO FUTHER NORTH FOR ITS WATER. AFTER USE IN THE PRIORY, THE WATER TRAVELLED OUT TO BE USED BY WA15 MLO17748 BARNSBURY TAVERNS BEYOND THE GATE. Medieval 531800 182000

IN 1200 GOLDE LANE WAS PRESENT, IT LATER BECAME WA16 MLO17850 SAFFRON HILL FIELD LANE, SAFFRON ROAD & NOW SAFFRON HILL. Medieval 531470 181650 ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED AS A PLAGUE CEMETERY BY SIR WALTER MANNY, WITH ACHAPEL, LATER A HERMITAGE, WHICH BECAME THE NUCLEUS FOR WA17 MLO1516 CHARTERHOUSE SQ CHARTERHOUSE Medieval 531855 181905

A THREE ARCHED STRUCTURE WITH 30 OPENINGS CONTAINING TILES ETC, THOUGH TO BE A MEDIEVAL TILE KILN, WAS FOUND ON THE BANK OF THE FLEET DURING EXCAVTIONS FOR THE METROPOLITAN RAILWAY, NEAR FARINGDON STATION. THE KILN MEASURED 16 X 10 FT & WAS MADE OF TILES. IT PRODUCED TILES WITH DECORATIONS SUCH AS THE FLEUR-DE-LYS & DOUBLE WA18 MLO16254 FARRINGDON RD HEADED EAGLE. Medieval 531505 181905

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KNIVES, SPOONS AND OTHER DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS FOUND IN THE RIVER FLEET 1855-6 WITH MAKERS MARK INLAID INTO THE BLADES IN BRASS. KNIVES WITH WA19 MLO1665 FARRINGDON RD IVORY, WOOD & CARVED BONE HAFTS (ONE OF EACH). Medieval 531455 182005 WA20 MLO22990 ST JOHN ST ROAD FROM WEST SMITHFIELD TO ISLINGTON Medieval 531450 183150

EXCAVATION BY HADAS IN 1975. TW& TRENCHES WERE OPENED NEAR THE EAST END OF THE CHURCH. AN 16TH CENTURY VAULT & FINELY ENGRAVED 16TH CENTURY WA21 MLO18059 HOLBORN BRASS & LEADCOFFIN PLATES WERE FOUND. Medieval 531705 181805 THERE IS A CHAMBER THAT WAS ORIGINALLY A MLO57367 ST JOHNS LA GARDEROBE IN ST JOHNS GATEHOUSE 531730 182050 THERE ARE TURRETS ON TOP OF THE NORTH & SOUTH WA22 MLO57368 ST JOHNS LA WINGS OF ST JOHNS GATEHOUSE Medieval

THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN WAS PROBABLY ROUGHLY RECTANGULAR. STARTING AT ST JOHNS GATEHOUSE & RUNNING EAST TO ST JOHNS ST THEN NORTH ALMOST TO THE CORNER OF AYLESBURY ST WHERE IT TURNED WEST TO CLERKENWELL GREEN.THE PRECINCT WALLS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE RELEVANT SMR MAPSHEETS. THESE HAVEBEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP WHICH SHOWS THE COURSE QUITE ACCURATELY. THE WALLS CONSIST OF AN INNER AND OUTER PRECINCT, THE FOUR GRID REFERENCES GIVEN ARE FOR THE OUTER PRECINCT. MLO43571 ST JOHNS ST 531750 181845 THREE MLO43571 ST JOHNS ST CORNERS OF THE INNER PRECINCT ARE FORMED 531720 181850 BYTHE OUTER WALL. THE OTHER CORNER OF THE MLO43571 ST JOHNS ST 531705 182260 INNER WA23 MLO43571 ST JOHNS ST PRECINCT IS AT TQ 31675 82040E. Medieval 531500 182055

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THIS WAS THE NAME OF THE PIPE THAT RAN FROM THE WHITE CONDUIT TO THE CONDUIT HOUSE IN CHARTERHOUSE. AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE "RECEYT UNDER THE HEDGE" IT WIDENED & ALSO RAN PARALLEL TO FIRST ST JOHNS CONDUIT & THEN THE NUNS CONDUIT, UNTIL IT PASSED UNDER THE WA24 MLO45799 PENTON ST HIGHWAY, &RAN PAST PARDON CHAPEL. Medieval 531130 183150 SOME OF THE GREAT CLOISTER OF CHARTER HOUSE PRIORY (GLHER REF 080409) WAS USED BY THE BASSANOFAMILY - ITALIAN ENTERTAINERS AT COURT. BUILDINGS IDENTIFIED AS BEING IN USE ARE THE PRIORS CELL,THE PRIORS PRIVATE CHAPEL & A NUMBER OF CELLS. HENRY VIII HAD ALLOWED THEM THE USE OF THIS AREA AFTER TAKING OVERTHE WA25 MLO19690 CHARTERHOUSE SQ MONASTERY AT THE DISSOLUTION. Medieval 531805 181805 Watching brief undertaken by B Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Feb'95; site code SJG95. The surfaces of the medieval St Johns Lane were found, made of rammed gravel and building material. Periods recorded under same site MLO66095 ST JOHNS LA code: medieval (083359-61), post-medieval (083362-3) Medieval 531725 182030 A watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service adjacent to Priory House, St John's Gate EC1, in 1995. Three trenches dug by the London Electricity Board in St John's Lane and Briset Street, just south of the 16th-century gate-house, were investigated. A robbed-out medieval wall with garden soil to its west was revealed in one trench. To its east, and also recorded in another trench, were gravel road surfaces representing medieval and later St John's Lane. In a third trench a brick wall and ELO4541 ST JOHNS LA associated post-medieval deposits were recorded. Medieval

Watching brief undertaken by B Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Feb'95; site code SJG95. A medieval 'agricultural soil' was found. Periods recorded under same site WA26 MLO66096 ST JOHNS LA code: medieval (083359-61), post-medieval (083362-3) Medieval 531725 182030

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Watching brief undertaken by B Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Feb'95; site code SJG95. A N-S wall was found, thought to be the E side of the garden of the sub- priory of St John Clerkenwell. Periods recorded under same site MLO66097 ST JOHNS LA code: medieval (083359-61), post-medieval (083362-3) 531734 182032

Watching brief undertaken by B Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Feb'95; site code SJG95. Further post-medieval road surfaces for St Johns Lane were found. Periods recorded under same site code: medieval (083359-61), post-medieval MLO66098 ST JOHNS LA (083362-3) 531730 182030

Watching brief undertaken by B Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Feb'95; site code SJG95. A post-medieval brick structure aligned N-S was observed. Periods recorded under same site code: medieval (083359-61), post-medieval MLO66099 ST JOHNS LA (083362-3) 531734 182032 BARREL LINED WELL FOUND IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90), FINDSINCLUDED A C15TH CERAMIC WATERING CAN. THE SITE LIES WITHIN THE OUTERPRECINCT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. LATER FINDS ON SITE INCLUDED EVIDENCE OF 16th century OCCUPATION ASSOCIATED WITH WA27 MLO28748 14 ST JOHNS LA BERKELEY HOUSE (SEE 082299). Medieval 531695 181955

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EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE SJL90) RECORDED FRAGMENTS OF MEDIEVALWALL FOOTINGS WHICH HAD BEEN ROBBED OUT, WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF STJOHNS PRIORY. A LARGE NUMBER OF C14TH-17TH PITS FILLED WITH DOMESTIC RUBBISHWERE RECORDED. FINDS INCLUDED TILE, POTTERY TWO DOG SKELETONS & A C15TH WA28 MLO30266 6-7 ST JOHNS LA GOLDRING. Medieval 531765 181945 THE SUNDIAL ORIGINALLY STOOD AT THE GATE OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY. AFTER THE DISSOLUTION IT WAS INSCRIBED 'NON ALITER PEREO SPECIES QUAM WA29 MLO364 CLERKENWELL CLO FUTILIS UMBRA'. Medieval 531535 182175

EXCAVATIONS BY K PITT FOR THE Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE ALB89) RECORDED TWO SKELETONS, THOUGHT TO BE BURIALS FROM WITHIN THE CLOISTER AREA. The extent of cemetery soil indicated that similar deposits elsewhere in the area should be MLO38558 2 ALBERMARLE WAY expected. Medieval 531715 182145

Excavation undertaken by K Pitt for the Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1989; site code ALB89. A number of undated pits and cess pits were found. Periods recorded under same site code: medieval (08043623) historic undated WA30 MLO65915 2 ALBEMARLE WAY (083317-8) undated 531715 182135

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A small watching brief at Albemarle Way, EC1 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1989, after contractors digging underpinning holes in the basement for refurbishment of the standing building had uncovered human remains. Natural gravels and brickearth, and possible agriculturally worked soils, were succeeded by soils into which two inhumation burials were inserted. One was surrounded by a coffin stain, and a medieval shroud pin was recovered from the other. The site was within the inner precinct of the priory of St John Clerkenwell. At least one rubbish pit was also found, probably of medieval date. The burials and pits were truncated by the 18th-century brick cellar of the Albemarle Way, (no 2), Islington, standing building. London EC1: Watching Brief (Event - *natural brickearth was recorded at a maximum of c.13.50m ELO2661 Intervention) OD* Multi-period EVIDENCE OF MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS, PRESUMED TO BE PART OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, WASRECORDED IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London WA31 MLO38571 42-47 ST JOHNS SQ Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE JON89) Medieval 531685 182185

THIS WAS THE CEMETRY CHAPEL AT CHARTERHOUSE, POSS ON THE SITE OF THE ORIGINAL PLAGUE CHAPEL WA32 MLO44586 CHARTERHOUSE SQ (See MLO38504). IT WAS CONSECRATED IN 1471. Medieval 531855 181905 THE "PRISTS DORTER" OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IS MENTIONED IN THE DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE THE DORMITORY OF THE SECULAR PRIESTS ATTATCHED TO THE PRIORY, THAN THAT OF THE WA33 MLO43926 ST JOHNS SQ KNIGHTS THEMSELVES. Medieval 531665 182155

THE ARMOURY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IS MENTIONED IN WA34 MLO43935 ST JOHNS SQ THE DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. Medieval 531665 182155

THE NORTH RANGE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY CONSISTED OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS & STRUCTURES. IT IS MENTIONED IN THE DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. THE BUILDINGS WERE TO THE NORTH OF THE CHOIR OF THE WA35 MLO43936 ST JOHNS SQ CHURCH. Medieval 531665 182155 50 WA Project No. 117430.01

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THE GREAT COURT & LITTLE COURT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY LAY TO THE SOUTH OF THE SUB-PRIORS MANSION, WA36 MLO44372 ST JOHNS SQ ACCORDING TO A SURVEY OF 1546. Medieval 531665 182155

THE HOUSE OF THE BAILIFF OF EAGLE, ONE OF THE FOUR SENIOR OFFICERS OF THEENGLISH LANGUE, STOOD IN THE OUTER PRECINCT, ON THE WEST SIDE OF ST WA37 MLO44376 ST JOHNS LA JOHNS LANEAR EAGLE COURT. Medieval 531755 181955

THE STABLES OF ELY HOUSE STOOD SOME DISTANCE WA38 MLO46412 ELY PLACE TO THE NORTH OF THE CLOISTER. Medieval 531680 181900 SITE EVALUATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology WITHIN INNER MONASTIC PRECINCT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY(SITE CODE ASS90) FOUND THE FOOTINGS OF A MEDIEVAL CELLAR POSSIBLY REBUILTC 1500 WITH BRICK VAULTING. PITS CUT INTO LARGE AREAS OF GARDEN SOIL WITHC14TH MATERIAL. FOR LATER FINDS SEE 082199. NATURAL SANDS & GRAVELS WEREFOUND AT 15-15.SO M OD. EIGHTEEN PIECES OF CARVED SANDSTONE WERE RECOVEREDALONG WITH A GROUP WA39 MLO53374 8-15 AYLESBURY ST OF C13TH KINGSTON WARE POTTERY. Medieval 531685 182225

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Archaeological evaluation by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in the basement of two buildings at 159-173 St John Street and 8-15 Aylesbury Street EC1, in 1990. The site is located in the northern corner of the inner precinct of St John's Priory. Eight trenches recorded late-17th or 18th century and later structural remains (some incorporating reused medieval fabric), evidence of gravel quarrying and later medieval pits and garden soils. In the trench in the southernmost part of the site, close to Jerusalem Passage, Tudor walls of brick and reused green sandstone and chalk were immediately beneath the slab of the modern basement. These were part of a cellar with untruncated natural deposits surviving immediately to the north. A small fragment of brick vaulting remained, indicating that they still stood almost to their full height. Traces of a later flagstone floor were set on material containing probably 17th-century artefacts. What seemed to be natural Aylesbury Street (Nos 8-15) and St sand was found beneath. The cellar was largely filled with John Street (Nos 159-173), Islington, mortar fragments in tip lines showing that it was EC1: Evaluation systematically filled in after the vaulting had been removed. ELO2695 (Evaluation) *natural sand at c.15.0mOD* Multi-period SITE EVALUATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE ASS90) FOUND SERIES OF TENEMENTSALONG STREET FRONTAGES WITH MUCH REUSED MEDIEVAL MASONRY IN THEIR WALLFOOTINGS, FROM ST JOHNS PRIORY (SEE 080436 ESP. 08043613). EVIDENCE OFVARIOUS TRADES INCLUDING MLO22771 8-15 AYLESBURY ST TAILORING/HABERDASHERY. Post-medieval 531685 182225

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EXC BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE COW89 - FOLLOWING EARLIER TRIAL WORK COW88) FOUND MANY FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRIORY OF THE HOSPITALLER KNIGHTS OF ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM - EARLY MED GRAVEL QUARRYING, A RANGE OF CHALK-WALLED BUILDINGS, ASSOCIATED RUBBISH PITS, LINED CESS PITS, WELLS ETC. FOUR OR FIVE INHUMATIONS WERE FOUND IN "GARDENS" BEHIND THE BUILDINGS. ONE BUILDING WAS POSSIBLY A TOWER BASE OF THE GATEWAY INTO THE OUTER PRECINCT. WA40 MLO53375 COWCROSS ST FOR Post Medieval FINDS SEE 082201 Medieval 531745 181885 INSPECTION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1986 DURING REFURBISHMENT RECORDED PLAN & ELEVATION OFCHALK & RAGSTONE WALLS THOUGHT TO BE REMAINS OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, IN PLACESSURVIVING TO 2.10M ABOVE THE LEVEL OF MODERN BASEMENT FLOORS, INCORPORATEDINTO WALLS OF LATER LISTED BUILDING (SEE 212766). ARCHITECTURAL FEATURESOBSERVED INCLUDED AN ARCHED DOORWAY WITH CHAMFERED JAMBS & A PARTIALLYBLOCKED RECESSED WINDOW & A WALL WITH SOME CHEQUERBOARD DECORATION. TWO CAENSTONE BLOCKS USED AS INFILL IN ONE WALL SUGGESTED ITS CONSTRUCTION POST-DATED DEMOLITION SEEN ELSEWHERE IN THE PRIORY (POSSIBLY DURING THE WA41 MLO55061 49-52 ST JOHNS SQ PEASANTSREVOLT OF 1381). Medieval 531645 182175 THE COUNTING HOUSE IS MENTIONED IN THE 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, TAKEN ON THE DISSOLUTION WA42 MLO56111 ST JOHNS SQ OF THE PRIORY. Medieval 531665 182155

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THE CRYPT OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHNS PRIORY WAS ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS BUILT ON THE SITE. IN ONE OF ITS INTERIOR WALLS, FRAGMENTS OF THE ORIGINAL ROUND NAVE CAN BE SEEN. ORIGINALLY THE NAVE OF THE CRYPT WAS OF PLAIN NORMAN CHARACTER, BUT AN EXTENSION ADDED IN THE 13TH CENTURY IS MORE DECORATIVE. IN THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES, THE CRYPT WAS USED AS A MORTUARY WITH AT LEAST 325 BODIES BURIED THERE. THESE WERE LATER REMOVED WA43 MLO56790 ST JOHNS SQ IN 1894. Medieval 531715 182165

A CHAPEL ON THE SOUTH OF THE CRYPT OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. IT IS SHORTER THAN IT COULD BE, SO THAT THERE COULD BE A SMALL BURIAL AREA WA44 MLO57041 ST JOHNS SQ BEHIND THE WESTERN WALL. (MLO56818) Medieval 531715 182165

THE VESTRY OF ST JOHNS CHURCH WAS PROBABLY WA45 MLO56666 ST JOHNS SQ BUILT C1500 BY PRIOR DOCWRA. Medieval 531715 182165

DOCWRAS CHAPEL WAS ATTACHED ONTO THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHN IN THE EARLY 16TH WA46 MLO56668 ST JOHNS SQ CENTURY, NEXT TO THE VESTRY. Medieval 531715 182165 THE GREAT STAIR WAS MENTIONED IN THE 1546 WA47 MLO56676 ST JOHNS SQ SURVEY Medieval 531665 182155

THE "STILLYTORNES" OR DISTILLERY IS MENTIONED IN WA48 MLO56677 ST JOHNS SQ THE 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY Medieval 531665 182155

THE YEOMANS DORTER IS MENTIONED AS BEING IN THE NORTH RANGE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IN THE 1546 WA49 MLO56678 ST JOHNS SQ SURVEY. Medieval 531665 182155 THE KITCHEN & ALSO THE PARLOUR ARE MENTIONED IN THE 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNSPRIORY. THE PARLOUR WA50 MLO56682 ST JOHNS SQ WAS 28 FOOT LONG. Medieval 531665 182155

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THE PRIORS CHAPEL IS ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE CRYPT OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. IT WAS WA51 MLO56716 ST JOHNS SQ BUILT BY PRIOR JOSEPH DE CHAUNCY BEFORE 1280 Medieval 531715 182165

BURIAL AREA TO THE WEST OF THE CHAPEL OF ST JOHN ALMONER. AN EXCAVATION IN THE 1930S TO EXAMINE THE WALLS OF THE CHAPEL DISCOVERED THREE MEDIEVAL INTERMENTS. ONE OF THE SKELETONS WAS WITHOUT A HEAD & SO IT HAS BEEN SPECULATED THAT THIS IS THE BODY OF GRAND PRIOR JOHN St John's Square, Clerkenwell LANGSTRUTHER, WHO WAS BEHEADED BY EDWARD IV WA52 MLO56717 {Medieval burial ground} AFTER THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY IN 1471. Medieval 531715 182165

THE BELL TOWER OF ST JOHNS CHURCH WAS AT THE NORTH WEST CORNER OF THE SQUARE NAVE, THE ONLY DESCRIPTION OF THIS BELL TOWER COMES FROM STOWE WHO SAID ITWAS A "MOST CURIOUS PIECE OF WORKMANSHIP, GRAVEN, GILT & ENAMALLED TO THE GREAT BEAUTIFYING OF THE CITY OF LONDON". THERE IS A DOCUMENT IN THE CATHEDRAL LIBRARY IN CANTERBURY THAT MAY SHOW THAT THE TOWER WAS BUILT BY PRIOR DOCWRA. IT SHOWS THAT A WILLIAM MASSETT BEQUEATHED $3 TO THE BUILDING OF A NEW STEEPLE AT THE PRIORY, IN 1501. THIS COULD, HOWEVER HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE IMPROVEMENTS UNDERTAKEN AT THE TIME. ACCORDING TO FINCHAM, MUCH OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE TOWER STILL REMAIN BELOW WA53 MLO56719 ST JOHNS SQ GROUND. Medieval 531715 182165

THE HALL IS MENTIONED AS BEING IN THE NORTH WA54 MLO56720 ST JOHNS SQ RANGE IN THE 1546 SURVEY. Medieval 531665 182155

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PRIORY OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM AT CLERKENWELL WAS THE HEAD HOUSE OF THE HOSPITAL OF ST JOHN IN ENGLAND, FOUNDED C 1148. SACKED & MOST OF BUILDINGS BURNT IN PEASANTS REVOLT 1381, BUT SOON REBUILT. LATER ADDITIONS UNDER PRIOR DOWCRA. AT THE DISSOLUTION THE BUILDINGS WERE GRANTED TO JOHN DUDLEY, LATER DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. UNDER EDWARD VI THE NAVE & GREAT TOWER OF THE CHURCH WERE BLOWN UP BY THE DUKE OF SOMERSET TO PROVIDE BUILDING MATERIAL FOR HIS HOUSE IN THE STRAND. REMAINS INCLUDE PARTS OF CHURCH (SEE 080336 11) & GATEHOUSE (SEE 080436 20); SOME STONE WALLS INCLUDING A POSSIBLY C14TH DOORWAY ARE INCORPORATED IN 49-50 ST JOHNS SQ (SEE 08043622 & 212766). ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM COW89 INDICATED DOMESTIC OCCUPATION, THE PLANT REMAINS INCLUDING WATERLOGGED AND MINERALISED FRUIT PIPS AND CHARRED CEREALS AND WA55 MLO57203 ST JOHNS SQ PULSES. Medieval 531665 182155

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Trial trenching in July and August 1986 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in the cellar of 49-52 St John's Square EC1. Contractors' shafts in St John's Square were also monitored. No medieval surfaces survived within the building (thought to have been originally part of the priory of St John Clerkenwell). The floors for the most part overlay natural sands and gravels, but in three of the basement rooms they sealed truncated chalk features of unknown function which probably date from after the Dissolution. In previous investigations chalk and ragstone walls, perhaps part of the undercroft of conventual buildings, were located, in places surviving to a height of 2.1m above the modern basement floors. Numerous architectural features were observed in the walls, the infill of one of which included two reused Caen stone blocks, suggesting that its construction followed demolition elsewhere in the precinct: conceivably the sacking of the priory during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The exact relationship between the St John's Square (Nos 49-52), London walls and the contemporary ground surface could ELO4548 EC1: Evaluation (Event - Intervention) not be established. Multi-period Archaeological excavations in 1989 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 42-46 St John’s Square, located in the inner precinct of the Priory of the order of St John of Jerusalem, established in the early 1140s. The investigations revealed a doorway and later light well in the north wall of the crypt of the church of the priory and associated basements; both were blocked, and the light well overlay the very fragmentary remains of a building of medieval date, possibly part of the prior's apartments. Near the north wall of the later 14th-century nave was located a lay cemetery from which 13 skeletons were recovered from a very clear sequence of grave cuts of 14th- to probably 16th-century date. Beneath the cemetery were the remnants of an earlier church wall, which in turn cut through a ditch left by the robbing of the 12th-century round nave. In the area of the 17th-century mansion of the earls of Aylesbury floor surfaces of tile, clay and brick were located, along with the remains of joists from a wooden platform; a gateway was St John's Square (Nos 42-46), London recorded leading into a gravelled yard surface with ELO3759 EC1: Excavation (Event - Intervention) wheel ruts at the point of entry. The mansion reused many of Multi-period 57 WA Project No. 117430.01

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the priory walls. A small amount of prehistoric or Roman and medieval pottery was recovered, but the bulk of the assemblage was post-medieval.

REFURBISHMENT OF STANDING BUILDINGS IN 1986 GAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL NEAR THE SITE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, & ALSO TO RECORD ANY WALLS ASSOCIATED WITH IT. TRIAL TRENCHING BY THE Department of Greater London Archaeology TO A MAXIMUM OFO.8 M BELOW THE MODERN BASEMENT FLOORS SHOWED NO MEDIEVAL SURFACES SURVIVING WITHIN THE BUILDING. MOST FLOORS OVERLAY NATURAL SANDS & GRAVELS, BUT IN THREE OF THE BASEMENT ROOMS, THE FLOOR SEALED TRUNCATED CHALK FEATURES OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION. SALT GLAZED STONEWARE FROM THE CONSTRUCTION CUT OF ONE CHALK FEATURE MLO19269 49-52 ST JOHNS SQ SUGGESTED POST REFORMATION DATE. Post-medieval 531705 182205

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SITE OF THE MANSION OF SIR MAURICE BERKELEY, STANDARD BEARER TO HENRY VIII, ON A SITE WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF ST JOHN'S PRIORY. EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1986 (SITE CODE BRI86), RECORDED A 16th century SPINE WALL ALIGNED NORTH-SOUTH. EXTENSIVE 16th century-17th century STRUCTURES WERE FOUND AT 1-7 ALBION PLACE (SITE CODE JAN90), OVERLYING AN EARLIER BUILDING THOUGHT TO BE PRIOR DOCWRA'S MANSION (SEE 08043628). FURTHER EXCAVATIONS AT 1-7 ALBION PLACE BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL-JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP 94), FOUND REMAINS OF THE SOUTH WING OF THE HOUSE, PROBABLY PART OF THE DOMESTIC RANGE, POSSIBLY A KITCHEN. THE BUILDING WAS THOROUGHLY DEMOLISHED IN THE 18th MLO25948 BRISET ST century Post-medieval 531720 182000 THERE WERE A NUMBER OF TENEMENTS AT CLERKENWELL PRIORY. ONE WAS CALLED "LE STONE HOUSE" & WA56 MLO57316 CLERKENWELL CLO WAS IN THE OUTER COURTYARD. Medieval 531495 182165 THE PRESENCE OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY GATE IS INDICATED BY A NARROWING OF THE ROAD AT THIS POINT. AN ILAU EXCAVATION AT 54 & 55 CLERKENWELL CLOSE RECORDED LARGE MEDIEVAL STONE WALLS (08043716001 - 004) THAT ARE POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED. THE POSITION OF THE GATEWAY HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP MLO57342 54-55 CLERKENWELL CLO WHICH SHOWS THE LOCATION QUITE ACCURATELY. Clerkenwell Close (Nos 54-55), Clerkenwell, Islington: Excavations An excavation was undertaken by the Inner London WA57 ELO16784 (Backlog Report) Archaeology Unit at 54-55 Clerkenwell Close. Medieval 531545 182165

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PART OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY PRECINCT WALL THAT WAS FOUND EAST OF CLERKS WELLIN 1924 & THEN AGAIN IN AN ILAU EXCAVATION IN 1982. IT SEEMS TO WA58 MLO57356 14-16 FARRINGDON RD HAVE BEEN REFACED IN THE 16TH CENTURY. Medieval 531450 182130 MRS BAILY EXHIBITED A 14TH C ? IRON CROSSBOW- BOLTHEAD OF UNUSUAL DESIGN THOUGHT TO BE AN INCENDIARY WEAPON, FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS FOR WA59 MLO5829 HOLBORN THE PNEUMATIC TUBE AT HOLBORN IN APRIL 1869. Medieval 531550 181850

Observation of trial pit in the unbasemented part of the site by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1986 revealed two layers of clay which had been waterlogged at some time. These were packed with medieval building debris, and appeared to have filled an old watercourse, pond or gravel pit. MLO61079 78-85 COWCROSS ST No Roman levels survived. A trial pit evaluation in 1986 at Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology. Site code not known. Loose brick rubble was observed to 2.4m below the ground surface, overlying clays apparently previously waterlogged. These contained Cowcross Street (Nos 78-85), Islington, medieval building debris and may have been the London EC1: Trial Pit Evaluation (Event backfill of a quarry or pond, extending in excess of 4.0m WA60 ELO9745 - Intervention) below ground level. Natural deposits were not seen. Medieval 531730 181835

Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Dumped deposits containing pottery dating to between 1270- 1500 were seen in one test pit. Otherwise no material which can be dated to the lifetime of the Priory was observed. No features were seen which might represent tenements or other structures in the outer precinct. Periods recorded under this WA61 MLO73461 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 site code: medieval (084580), post-medieval (084581-2). Medieval 531655 182005

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An archaeological watching brief in 1998 at 13-16 Britton Street and 70-75 Turnmill Street by Museum of London Archaeology Service during groundworks for the redevelopment of the site: 21 test pits were observed. Some Roman pottery was recovered from post-medieval deposits. The site is in the area formerly enclosed by the outer precinct of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller). The slow development of the outer precinct in the medieval period was reflected by the few finds of this date: dumped deposits containing pottery of 1270-1500 were seen in one test pit. Post-medieval dumped deposits and Britton Street (13-16) and Turnmill pit fills mostly of 17th century date were recorded. Street (70-75), London, EC1: Watching No finds of 18th century or later date, and the area was Brief (Event - probably gardens until Red Lion Street (now Britton ELO2842 Intervention) Street) was laid out in the early 18th century. Multi-period Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Dumped deposits of 17th century date were recorded. No structural features were recorded or any material of 18th century or later date. The area was probably still gardens until the laying out of Red Lion St (now Britton St) in the early 18th century. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (084580), MLO73462 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 post-medieval (084581-2). Post-medieval 531655 182005

Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Pit fills, mostly of 17th century date were recorded. One pit on Turnmill St side of the site contained material of 16th century date. No structural features were recorded or any material of 18th century or later date. The area was probably still gardens until the laying out of Red Lion St (now Britton St) in the early 18th century. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval MLO73464 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 (084580), post-medieval (084581-2). Post-medieval 531655 182005

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Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. Brickwork of possible late C15th-16th century date was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval/post-medieval MLO74038 6-9 BRISET ST EC1 (084747-9). Multi-period 531685 182025 A watching brief in 1999 by Museum of London Archaeology Service on geotechnical pits at 6-9 Briset Street & 12- 13 St John's Square, London EC1. Four test pits were monitored during the investigation of foundations and subsurface structural remains. The highest survival of archaeological deposits occurred at 16.25m OD. Brickwork of possible late 15th-16th century date was recorded along with post-medieval made ground. A number of clay pipes of possible 17th century date were recovered. Test pit 1 showed post-medieval made ground and given the presence of clay tobacco pipes, may be associated with 17th century Badger Yard. Test Pits 2 and 3 showed a high degree of modern truncation suggesting that the remaining islands of brickwork were relatively modern. Test Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St John's Pit 4 appeared to locate the corner of a previously unrecorded Square (Nos 12-13), Clerkenwell, EC1: structure, with brickwork almost certainly of Tudor Watching Brief on (late 15th-16th century) date, possibly contemporary with the ELO4577 Geotechnical Pits (Event - Intervention) priory's Great Barn. Multi-period

Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. A quantity of clay pipe of possible 17th century date was recovered. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval/post-medieval MLO74040 6-9 BRISET ST (084747-9). Post-medieval 531685 182015

Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. Post-medieval "made ground" was recorded. Periods recorded under this site WA62 MLO74039 6-9 BRISET ST code: medieval/post-medieval (084747-9).

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Evaluation by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1999 fd an easy-west wall faced with ragstone interpreted as the remains of the south wall of a building which was located just outside the inner precinct of the Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem and suggested that it was built not long after the foundation of the priory in 1144. Park of the internal MLO74178 6-9 BRISET ST CLERKENWELL brickearth floor survived. Medieval 531685 182025

Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916- 7). Museum of London Archaeology Service, 89-97 ST JOHN ST: EXCAVATION/WATCHING BRIEF (GLSMR recording form). MLO75020 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 SLO75199. Medieval 531755 182045

Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A C14th worked soil horizon was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO75021 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7) Medieval 531755 182045

Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A medieval ditch oriented SW-NE that bisected the site is interpreted as a boundary marker or drainage channel associated with the parva venalla or 'little lane' that is referred to in late medieval documents describing the holdings of St Johns Priory. This lane is known subsequently as Pissing Alley. Periods recorded under this WA63 MLO75022 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Medieval 531755 182045

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Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A number of buildings with masonry foundations were constructed in the E part of the site in the early post-medieval period. One of the buildings was cellared and is thought to have been a high-status tenement built when the outer court of St John's Priory was sub-divided and leased to wealthy tenants. One of the buildings was modified in the 16th century by the addition of a brick-built cellar. In the 16th century a new building with brick foundations was constructed in the centre of the site fronting onto Pissing Alley (SMR ref. 084915). It was fitted with fireplace mouldings that were probably salvaged from the Priory of St John. The building was subsequently modified by the addition of a cellar and was further modified and extended in succeeding centuries. It was demolished at the end of the 19th century. In the 17th century and 18th century, the medieval buildings in the E part of the site were replaced by a terrace of brick buildings with cellars fronting on St John St. Periods recorded under this site MLO75023 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Post-medieval 531755 182045

Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A chalk lined cess pit was recorded, associated with early post-medieval high status tenements (SMR ref. 084916). Periods recorded under this MLO75024 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Post-medieval 531755 182045

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An excavation and watching brief by the Museum of London Archaeology Service at 89-97 St John Street EC1 in was constructed in the centre of the site. It was fitted with fireplace mouldings that were probably salvaged from the priory. The building was subsequently modified by the addition of a cellar and was further modified until its destruction in the 19th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries the medieval buildings in the east part of the site were replaced by a terrace of brick buildings with cellars, fronting onto St John Street. *Natural gravels at 16.20mOD, brickearth at 16.50mOD* September to December 1999, following an evaluation in 1998 (ELO252). The principal area of investigation was c.17m x 7m located between the deep modern basement in the northern part of the site and a standing wall along the Passing Alley frontage. The watching brief monitored the mechanical excavation of underpinning holes and Victorian basements along the St John Street and Passing Alley frontages of the site. The removal of the floor of the large Victorian basement in the north part of the site was also monitored, with no archaeological remains observed. The earliest archaeological deposit was a leached soil horizon dated provisionally to the 13th century, into which a curvi-linear enclosure ditch was dug; the enclosure was sealed by a worked soil horizon dated to the 14th century. A medieval ditch oriented south-west to north-east that bisected the site is interpreted as a boundary marker or drainage channel associated with the 'little lane' that is referred to in late medieval documents describing the holdings of the priory of St John. This lane was known subsequently as Pissing Alley. A number of buildings with masonry foundations were constructed in the east part of the site in the early post-medieval period. One of the buildings was cellared, and another was supplied with a chalk- St John Street (Nos 89-97), London lined cesspit. One of these buildings was modified EC1: Excavation and Watching Brief in the 16th century by the addition of a brick-built cellar. In the ELO4472 (Event - Intervention) 16th century a new building with brick foundations Multi-period

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Four trial pits were excavated by the Museum of London Archaeology Service before the removal of an old floor from the crypt and its replacement by a more permeable version. The central knave of the crypt was founded directly onto natural gravels without foundations. This may explain a ledge around the base of the knave wall as spread footings, an alternative explanation to an attractive theory that the ledge acted as a bench in an early form of chapter house. The south bay of the church was shown to be built over dark fill and this may relate to an expansion in the twelfth century from a smaller Norman The Grand Priory Church of St John of Church. The south wall of the church cut through this fill. No MLO75757 Jerusalem features earlier than the medieval period were encountered. An Archaeological watching brief was carried out by Museum of London Archaeology Service at The Grand Priory Church of the Order of St John, St John's Square, Clerkenwell, EC1, between the 18th July and 1st August 2000. The main work to be carried out was the removal and replacement of the crypt floor. Four trial pits were excavated before work on relaying the floor; these established that the work would not unduly disturb archaeological remains. The removal of the old floor was monitored and loose moulded stone recorded. The central nave of the crypt was constructed directly onto natural gravels without foundations. This may explain a ledge around the base of the nave wall as spread footings, an alternative explanation to a theory that the ledge acted as a bench in an early form of chapter house. The south bay of the church was shown to be built over dark St John's Square, [Grand Priory Church fill and this may relate to an expansion in the 12th century of St John of Jerusalem], Clerkenwell, from a smaller Norman church. The south wall of the EC1: Watching church cut through this fill. No features earlier than the WA64 ELO255 Brief (Event - Intervention) medieval period were encountered. Medieval 531695 182165

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An exposure of masonry 750mm wide and 1.7m high was examined. It was of irregular sized rough-hewn chalk and ragstone blocks, set in a yellow sandy lime mortar with reused roof tile. It is on the same line as the western wall of the gatehouse of St MLO76275 6 Clerkenwell Close, Islington Mary's Nunnery Clerkenwell. The natural was gravel. Medieval 531510 182178 Work on refurbishment of the cellar at 6 Clerkenwell Close, a grade 2 listed 18th century building, was monitored by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2002. The work included lowering the floor level and uncovering masonry previously panelled over. An area of masonry 750mm wide and 1.7m high (from 16.19m OD, where it rested on natural gravels) was recorded. It was of irregular sized rough-hewn chalk and ragstone blocks, set in a yellow sandy lime mortar with reused roof tile. It is on the Clerkenwell Close (No 6), Islington, same line as the western wall of the gatehouse of St London EC1: Watching Brief (Event - Mary's Nunnery Clerkenwell. *natural gravel was recorded at ELO804 Intervention) 16.19m OD*. Multi-period The cellared building on the site (at 6 Clerkenwell Close) is a WA65 MLO77016 6 Clerkenwell Close, Islington grade 2 listed 18th century building. Post-medieval 531510 182178 A Medieval soil horizon was observed during an archaeological watching brief at the rear of 10 Eagle Court carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2004. The site Eagle Court (No. 8, 10-11A), was located in the vicinity of the former outer precinct of the Clerkenwell EC1 {Medieval soil Medieval priory of St John of Jerusalem, but no evidence of MLO97899 horizon} medieval structures was found. Medieval 531716 181899

Eagle Court (Nos 8, 10-11A), An archaeological watching brief by the Museum of London Farringdon, London EC1: Archaeology Service at numbers 8, 10 and 11a Eagle Court in WA66 ELO6131 Watching Brief 2004, during groundworks Multi-period

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A Post Medieval settlement layer, consisting of a demolition layer and garden soil was observed during an archaeological watching brief at the rear of 10 Eagle Court carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2004. The demolition layer extended approximately 4m south of the rear of the buildings fronting Eagle court. A distinctive edge to the deposit running parallel to the buildings may conform to the outline of the south walls of previous property boundaries fronting Eagle Court. A sherd of a 17th century tin glazed ware charger dish was found in the demolition layer, supporting the presence of domestic premises in the vicinity from the late 16th century onwards. The demolition cut truncated earlier garden type soil deposits which survived along the southern two metres of the site. An Essex glazed redware jar was retrieved Eagle Court (8, 10-11A), Clerkenwell from MLO98398 (Post Medieval settlement layer) this layer, dating from 1580 to 1800. Post-medieval 531716 181900

Aylesbury Street to Cowcross Street, This is the site of the outer precinct of the former priory of the Turnmill Street to St John Street, Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell. It was founded {precinct of the Priory of the Hospital St in 1144 by Jordan de Bricet and his wife Muriel de Munteni. It WA67 MLO99170 John of Jerusalem} was dissolved in 1540. Medieval 531662 182032

An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt and a car park to the rear. Test pits 2 and 4, which lie within the north west zone of the inner precinct of the medieval priory of St John appear to have been an open area of dumping an pitting in the early medieval Clerkenwell Road, Nos 96-100, period. WA68 MLO68971 Islington, {early medieval quarry pits} Test pit 3 also fell in an area of early medieval quarrying. Medieval 531610 182132

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Evaluation undertaken by Ken Pitt for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Nov-Dec'96; site code TCR96. Early medieval pits were recorded in an area thought to lie within the NW zone of the precinct of the medieval priory of St John. Late medieval domestic rubbish pits were also found. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (083743-5), post- medieval MLO68974 96-100 CLERKENWELL RD EC1 (083746). Medieval 531613 182133 An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 at 96- 100 Clerkenwell Road, by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt and a car park to the rear. Test pit 1 showed modern truncation down to London Clay. Test pits 2 and 4, within the north west zone of the inner precinct of the medieval priory of St John appear to have been an open area of dumping and pitting. In Test pit 2 was evidence for a late medieval building or structure, possibly that documented post-Dissolution as the 'Plommerhouse' perhaps previously used for lead storage and working. This building appears to have been demolished, at the earliest, during the late 17th century. Test pit 3 was in an area Clerkenwell Road (Nos 96-100), of early medieval quarrying. Late medieval Islington, EC1: domestic rubbish pits were also found, possibly within the ELO4683 Evaluation area of the Little Court. An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt and a car park to the rear. By the late medieval period a building or structure, possibly the Plommerhouse, had been constructed in the area of test pits 2 and 4. This building appears to have been demolished, at Clerkenwell Road, Nos 96-100, the earliest, during the late 17th century. Islington, {site of medieval *natural sand and gravel found between 14.27m and 15.23m MLO68975 Plommerhouse structure} OD* Medieval 531602 182131

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Area Between Bowling Green Lane, This is the site of the precinct of St Mary de Fonte, a nunnery Farringdon Lane, Clerkenwell Green, St of Augustinian Cannonesses. It was founded by Jordan de James' Walk {precinct of Nunnery of St Briset on 14 acres of land adjacent to the Clerk's Well in 1154. WA69 MLO99172 Mary de Fonte} It was suppressed in 1539. Medieval 531452 182239 A number of Medieval quarrying pits were found during an excavation by Museum of London Department of Urban Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and September 1989. The pits were found in the west of the site and contained sandy fills but no significant domestic rubbish. They are thought to have been made during quarrying for natural sand and Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's gravels but were filled in when structures were built nearby. Lane/Eagle Court/Britton Pottery Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, EC1 within the pits could be dated to between the mid-12th century MLO103091 {Medieval Quarry Pits} and mid-14th century Medieval 531679 181879

Medieval graves were found during an excavation by Museum of London Department of Urban Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and September 1989. Six graves were excavated in the western area of the site although only three contained bone fragments. The paucity of bone fragments was due to the acidity of the gravel and the remains that were found were articulated but very corroded. The graves were found in an area that was not thought to be a cemetery although it is possible that the Priory cemetery extended into the site but went out of use when buildings were Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's constructed to the east and the western part became gardens. Lane/Eagle Court/Britton Pottery Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, EC1 fragments in the graves could be dated to between the late WA70 MLO103048 {Medieval Graves} 13th and early 14th centuries Medieval 531679 181879

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Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and September 1989. The buildings were probably associated with St John's Priory and occupied an area in the south of the Priory site. Six buildings were identified which were all connected but are thought to have been constructed at different times. They all had footings of chalk blocks laid in coarse mortar while the upper sections of the walls were constructed from dressed chalk blocks with ragstone facing for the outer walls. There might have been earlier wooden buildings at the same site since remains of carbonised beams were found underneath two of the stone structures although the beams may have been used for scaffolding. The earliest building forms the centre of the complex and consists of a room measuring 5m by 14m which was divided by a partition. Documentary sources suggest that this building may have belonged to a Knight during the 14th century. The building was later altered extensively, a tiled oven was constructed and fragments of German quernstone fragments were found which suggests that bread production was taking place. The building to the east may have initially formed part of the precinct boundary wall but was later adapted to become an enclosed building that may have been used as a storeroom and contained four penthouses which were 4.0m wide and 6.5m long. The eastern most building that was uncovered had survived in a better condition than the other excavated buildings and measured 9.0m by 6.5m. It is possible that it formed part of a gatehouse on the western side of St John's Lane with a similar structure on the eastern side. Two further buildings were found connected to the western side of the earliest building. One had been heavily truncated by basements and had an unusual apsidal bulge in the western wall while the other had been robbed out after demolition but may have been used as a basement. Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's Some of the buildings appear to have fallen into disrepair Lane/Eagle Court/Britton before the Dissolution and it is unclear whether those that Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, EC1 continued to be maintained were occupied or merely used for MLO103068 {Medieval Buildings} storage purposes Medieval 531764 181909

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An excavation was carried out at the site of St John's Priory on Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology between June and September 1989, prior to redevelopment. Site code COW89. This followed evaluation at the site under site code COW88 (ELO14228). The excavated area was at the south end of the outer precinct, and at the corner of St John's Lane and Peter's Lane found a number of Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's buildings, cess pits and a well that were associated with the Lane/Eagle Court/Britton Medieval Priory. A number of graves were also Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, uncovered which may pre date the Priory buildings. The ELO9744 EC1: Excavation (Event - Intervention) remains of a Tudor building were also identified. Medieval This medieval cemetery was established for the burial of plague victims in late 1348 or early 1349 by Sir Walter Manny, on land leased from St Bartholomew's Hospital. It remained in Chaterhouse Square, Islington, use until the majority of the site was occupied by the {Spitalcroft, later New Church Haw, Carthusian MLO70872 medieval cemetery} Chapterhouse monastery. Medieval 531924 181914

This is the location of the Pardon Cemetery, a 14th to 17th century cemetery initially established by the Bishop Ralph de Land Between Clerkenwell Road and Stratford for the burial of victims of the Black Death as a result Great Sutton Street, Islington {medieval of overcrowding in the City cemeteries. It continued in use for WA71 MLO43978 Pardon Cemetery} the burial of fellons. Medieval 531879 182178

Evaluation by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Aug. 1995; site code CKG95. Pits of probable late mediaeval date were found. These cut into mediaeval soil horizons which indicated an open area. Periods recorded under WA72 MLO64955 37A CLERKENWELL GREEN same site code: post-mediaeval (083292). Medieval 531515 182165

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The Museum of London Archaeology Service undertook an evaluation in August 1995 in a yard to the east of the rear of 37a Clerkenwell Green, EC1 (the Marx Memorial Library) prior to the construction of an extension to the Library. The site is located within the precinct of the medieval nunnery of St Mary Clerkenwell. Two test pits were excavated. Natural gravels (possibly untruncated) were Clerkenwell Green (no 37A) [The Marx overlain by probable medieval soils cut by a late 14th or Memorial Library], London EC1: 15th-century pit and another feature of c.17th or 18th-century ELO3012 Evaluation (Evaluation) date. Multi-period 531515 182165

Evaluation by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Aug. 1995; site code CKG95. Pits of post-mediaeval date were found. These cut into mediaeval soil horizons which indicated an open area. Later post-mediaeval intrusions were also noted (19th-20th century). Periods recorded under same MLO64958 37A CLERKENWELL GREEN site code: post-mediaeval (083292). Post-medieval 531514 182165 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED A MEDIEVAL BUILDINGTHOUGHT TO BE PART OF THE PRIORS APARTMENTS, WHICH IS KNOWN TO HAVE BEENSITUATED IN MLO43852 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PRIORY PRECINCT. Medieval 531655 182175 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED PART OF THE C13TH NORTHWALL OF THE CHURCH CRYPT OF ST MLO57075 47-49 ST JOHN SQ JOHNS PRIORY

EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED MANY INHUMATIONS FROM THEC14TH-16TH LAY CEMETERY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, ASSOCIATED WITH THE C14TH MLO55851 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ NAVEOF THE CHURCH (SEE 08043611009).

St John Square (Nos 47-49), An excavation in 1989 by the Department of Greater London Clerkenwell, Islington: Archaeology was carried out at 47-49 St John WA73 ELO16781 Excavation Square. Medieval 531667 182167

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THE PRESENCE OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY GATE IS INDICATED BY A NARROWING OF THE ROAD AT THIS POINT. AN ILAU EXCAVATION AT 54 & 55 CLERKENWELL CLOSE RECORDED LARGE MEDIEVAL STONE WALLS (08043716001 - 004) THAT ARE POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED. THE POSITION OF THE GATEWAY HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP MLO62823 54 CLERKENWELL CLO WHICH SHOWS THE LOCATION QUITE ACCURATELY.

Clerkenwell Close (No 54), Clerkenwell, A watching brief was a undertaken by Museum of London Islington: Watching Brief (Backlog Archaeology Service in October 1994 at 54 Clerkenwell WA74 ELO16783 Report) Close. Medieval 531536 182186 SITE EVALUATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE GIN90) RECORDED THE BASE OF A BARRELWELL (PROBABLY TUDOR), CONSISTING OF TWO COMPLETE WATERLOGGED BARRELS, THEIRJOINTSREINFORCED WITH RE-USED FRAGMENTS OF CAEN STONE. ALSO FOUND WERE C17GARDEN SOILS & RUBBISH PITS. THE SITE LIES WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF STJOHNS PRIORY (SEE 080436). The barrels were dated to between AD1539 MLO25952 55 CLERKENWELL RD and AD1576 by dendrochronology An archaeological evaluation by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990 in the basement of the now demolished Booths Gin factory which stood on the corner of Clerkenwell Road and Britton Street, EC1. The site is within the area of the outer precinct of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem, founded c.1140. Five trenches c.3.0m x 3.0m revealed only substantial depths of concrete or natural grey-brown clay excavated to a depth of c.0.7m below the floor slab. A trench c.15.0m x 4.5m at the south-eastern edge of the site contained 17th-century garden soils and rubbish pits. Although some residual later-medieval pottery was recovered, the only early feature was the base of a Tudor barrel-well, comprising two complete waterlogged barrels, their joints reinforced with reused fragments of Caen stone. This was cut Clerkenwell Road (no 55), Islington, into layers of sandy silt 0.5m thick (containing very few WA75 ELO3377 London EC1: Evaluation (Evaluation) artefacts) over natural sands and gravels. Multi-period 531572 182055

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THE WESTERN POSTERN GATE IN THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF ST JOHN STOODNEAR THIS POINT, WA76 MLO56662 AYLESBURY ST ACCORDING TO THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. Medieval 531655 182175 ACCORDING TO THE ORDNANCE SURVEY THERE IS A PART OF THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF ST WA77 MLO56661 CLERKENWELL GREEN JOHN BETWEEN THESE TWO POINTS Multi-period 531625 182105 The site was badly truncated by modern basements, and deposits which did survive suggested medieval and later rubbish pitting and gravel-quarrying. Pottery types were broadly similar to those recorded elsewhere in the priory precinct, and were apparently Tudor in date with the exception of sherds from St John Street, Nos 52 & 54, Islington, beneath a chalk wall, which are earlier and include a body {medieval and later rubbish and sherd MLO24788 quarrying pits and wall} of Coarse Border ware dated to around 1350-1550.

St John Street (no’s 52 & 54), Islington, An archaeological watching brief at 52 & 54 St John Street in London, EC1: Watching Brief (Event - 1988 by the Museum of London's Department of WA78 ELO3757 Intervention) Greater London Archaeology. Site code JOH88. Multi-period 531834 181979 According to reconstructed documentary evidence, the inner precinct existed within the north-east top quadrant of the overall outer precinct. This area contained the Priory buildings including a church, cloister, great hall and great chamber. St John's was one of the last monastic houses to be dissolved under St John's Square, Clerkenwell {Inner Henry VIII, in March 1540, and aside from the church, which Precinct containing St John's was Priory/Priory of the hospital of St John reduced to a fraction of its size, the inner precinct survived WA79 MLO107458 of Jerusalem} remarkably intact. Medieval to Post-medieval 531681 182143

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One trench was excavated by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. The made ground consisted of the general makeup layers that along with a number of pits yielded a number of pieces of thirteenth century stonework presumably dumped during the Dissolution. Some of the stones appear to derive from at least two doors and other parts of a thirteenth century building. Another carved stone was a fragment from a polygonal oriel window dating to the reign of Henry VIII. No features MLO75739 St John's Square earlier than medieval were encountered. In February 2000 the Museum of London Archaeology Service undertook an archaeological excavation prior to the construction of two lift pits at 42-48 St John's Square, London, EC1. This followed test pits on 14 pile locations monitored by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1998. The lift pit excavation covered an area of 7.0m x 3.0m and c.1.8m deep from ground level. Recovered from the general make-up (dated to the 16th to 19th centuries) and from a number of pits were pieces of 13th century stonework presumably dumped during the Dissolution. Some of the stones appear to derive from at least St John's Square (Nos 42-48), two doors and other parts of a 13th century Clerkenwell, London EC1: Excavation building. Another carved stone was a fragment from a (Event - Intervention) polygonal oriel window dating to the reign of Henry VIII. No ELO239 SMR Administrator, features earlier than medieval were encountered.

The general make up and dumping layers recorded on the site date from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These deposits form MLO77030 St John's Square levelling and construction debris which are of limited potential. Medieval 531669 182180 This is the site of Charterhouse, a Carthusian monastery also known as the House of the Salutation of the Virgin Mary. It was constructed from 1371 and was dissolved in 1537 having been in existence for less than 170 years. The buildings Clerkenwell and Goswell Roads, consisted Islington {site medieval Charterhouse of a large Great Cloister composed of individual cells, as well WA80 MLO23473 Carthusian monastery} as an little cloister and washouse court for laymen. Medieval 531850 182014

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The Waterworks Roll has a lot to say about this important building that regulated the water supply to the entire monastery. The conduit house was called 'age' and stood in the middle of the great cloister. The upper half of the building was a square lead cistern into which the home pipe discharged itself. The cistern descended the supply pipe which was divided beneath into branches that served the priory. The conduit house had two doors: one at ground level in the south to allow access to the pipes; and the other in the upper storey’s east face (reached by a ladder) for access to the cistern. The building was octagonal with panels in its lower half and timbers in the upper half. The roof was pyramidal with incurved sides (NB possibly same as listed building). The base of a water conduit associated with the Carthusian monastery at Charterhouse and probably with the conduit house described above was visible as a cropmark on aerial photographs taken in 1997. A symmetrical pattern of eight sub-rectangular marks positioned around a central mark were visible on the law of St Bartholomew's Medical College. The approximate dimension estimated from the photographs from known lengths was an overall diameter of 30 feet. (1) This is the site of a cistern from which two pipes issued. The second issued from the southeast corner of the cistern& passed out of the monastery through the gatehouse. It changes from blue to brown on the waterworks roll, implying that this is a waste pipe. It continues through a suspiral to a building called ‘egypte the fleshe kitchen’. Another pipe led from the garden of cell B, past the Frater, Priors cell and Little Cloister. It exits the Little Cloister from a doorway in the south wall. It goes down the west walk of the Little Cloister& could possibly be the brick guttering found in excavations there. After it has left the little cloister, it goes to the building labelled ‘egypte’. ( See 080405/19 for more details). The waterworks roll says ‘this pipe goeth out of the back of the cell next to the priors garden ?ft to the end of the Charterhouse Square, Islington, frater all along without the wall & so through the little cloister WA81 MLO46151 {medieval water supply system} by the buttery to the fleysche kitchen, upon a lofte into a Medieval 531970 182048 77 WA Project No. 117430.01

26 Britton Street, Clerkenwell London Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment cistern & out of this pipe it goeth to egypte at the end…’ the rest is illegible. From the base of the Conduit House four pipes issued. The west, north and east pipes went straight to the cells on those sides of the Great Cloister, flowing into the cells and the gardens attached to them. There may even have been a tap in each cell. The south pipe from the Conduit House at Charterhouse went to the south walk of the Great Cloister. This was the walk with the communal buildings on it. When it reached the walk it split in two to serve the various buildings. This split occurred after it had reached the monks lavatory, where some of its water was used. When the south pipe split in two at the lavatory, one pipe went eastwards, past the chapterhouse, the sacrists cell, the laundry and cells Z& Y. It is then shown on open ground to the south & presently splits into two branches. Both branches end in taps, but one has two taps in the laundry & the ‘sacrists washing place’. The other tap has no label on the waterworks roll. The westwards branch of the south pipe went past the Sacrists cell and bent and sent off a branch to Cell A (the Priors Cell)& the Gabled Frater. It then bent southwest, with a branch to the buttery tap. The pipe continued southwest to a large circular tank beyond the little cloister. This was the brew house. This pipe issued from the Brew House and then turned southwards to an oblong structure. This was placed north/south. It is possibly a cistern. From here, two pipes issued. The first pipe from the cistern is coloured brown on the waterworks roll. This usually implies waste water. It continues to a suspiral. The waterworks roll says ‘the pipe goes out of the cistern by the kitchen doors& supplies elmys & the heartis horne’. These were the taverns outside the priory walls. Excavations during the removal of the floor of the great hall after bomb damage in 1944 discovered this watercourse. It was identified as one shown on the waterworks roll. This left the south alley of the Great Cloister near the southwest angle, 78 WA Project No. 117430.01

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swerved southwards and then running parallel to, and alongside the wall of cell A and to the south of the frater.

THREE BOWLING GREENS ARE MARKED ON OGILBY WA82 MLO11094 BOWLING GREEN LANE MAP OF 1677. Post-medieval 531505 182005 WA83 MLO13879 7* COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-medieval 531752 181857 EXCAVATION BY ILAU 1978 (SITE CODE CLRG 78) FOUND AN UNDATEABLE PIT, ORPOSSIBLY A SHALLOW EASTWEST DITCH. POST MEDIEVAL POT, TILE & CLAY PIPESWERE MLO16274 120 CLERKENWELL RD FOUND.

Clerkenwell Road (No 120), An excavation by the Inner London Archaeology Unit in 1978 Clerkenwell, Islington: Excavations was carried out at 120 Clerkenwell Road. WA84 ELO16780 (Backlog Report) Undated features and post medieval finds were recovered. Post-medieval 531545 182105

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THE GREAT & LITTLE CLOISTER, CHURCH, CHAPTER HOUSE, WASHOUSE COURT & THE PRIORS NEW CELL WERE ALL SOLD TO SIR EDWARD NORTH IN 1542. HE DESTROYED MUCH OFTHE PRIORY & CONVERTED THE REMNANTS INTO A TOWN HOUSE. HE DESTROYED THE LITTLE CLOISTER & MADE THE CHURCH HIS DINING HALL. IN 1553 HE SOLD THE HOUSE TO JOHN DUDLEY. IT IS MENTIONED IN THE DOCUMENTS AS A MANSION OR CAPITAL MESSUAGE. IT WAS ALSO HELD BY THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, BUT RETURNED TO THE THRONE AFTER HIS EXECUTION. THE MANSION LATER BECAME THE BASIS OF THE SCHOOL THAT WAS FOUNDED IN C1611. THE GREAT HALL WAS A PART OF THIS MANOR HOUSE, BUILT OUT OF MATERIAL FROM THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS WA85 MLO17753 CHARTERHOUSE SQ C1550 & BUILT PARTLY ON THE SITE OF THE CHURCH Post-medieval 531805 181805

EXC BY Department of Greater London Archaeology (SITE CODE COW89 - FOLLOWING EARLIER TRIAL WORK COW88) ON SITE OF PART OF ST JOHNS PRIORY (SEE 080436 21) FOUND LATER USES OF DISINTEGRATING MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION OF CELLARS IN TUDOR PERIOD & 17th century REDEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTER PRECINCT INTO SMALLER PLOTS WITH CONSTRUCTION OF BRICK TENEMENTS. WALLS FLOORS CELLAR & WA86 MLO22774 COWCROSS ST RUBBISH PITS WERE FOUND. Post-medieval 531745 181885 WA87 MLO24151 18 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-medieval 531706 181857

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ADDITIONAL BURIAL GROUND OF ST SEPULCHRES (POSSIBLY THE WORKHOUSE ?) SHOWNON A-Z REGENCY LONDON MAP, SITE NOW RAILWAY LINES NORTH OF CHARTERHOUSE ST. This is also mentioned in Holmes's study of London burial grounds. She notes that there were two burial grounds, one for the church and one for the workhouse. The workhouse site was the larger and both WA88 MLO25713 67-77REAROF CHARTERHOUSE ST had been lost to the Great Northern Goods Depot Post-medieval 531725 181785 ODD HOUSE WITH SECRET HIDING PLACES, TRAP- DOORS, ESCAPE ROUTES ETC THAT WASA RENDEZVOUS FOR HIGHWAYMEN, WITH EXTENSIVE WA89 MLO408 FARRINGDON ST STATION RANGES OF STABLING AT THE BACK] Post-medieval 531800 182150

BURIAL GROUND SURROUNDING ST SEPULCHRES WA90 MLO55698 COWCROSS ST (SOUTH OF ) WORKHOUSE, SITE NOW RAILWAY LINE Post-medieval 531645 181775

A WATCHING BRIEF WAS CARRIED OUT BY GORDON MALCOLM/BRUNO BARBER (SITECODE BIT 91) ON 27/3/91. TWO SEWER TRENCHES WERE EXCAVATED IN A TEST PIT IN THE BASEMENT OF THE STANDING STRUCTURE. MLO57923 45 BRITTON ST FURTHER WORK EXPECTED A watching brief by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 45 Britton Street EC1 in February 1991, during the excavation of underpinning holes and other minor groundworks. Site code BIT91. The northern edge of the site had been disturbed by the insertion of a modern drain. On the southern edge of the site was a post-medieval drain built of soft red unfrogged bricks, filled with what was probably domestic waste or cess. The drain was constructed in the backfill of a possible large domestic waste pit. On the eastern edge of the Britton Street (No 45), Islington, London site was a brick wall possibly contemporary with the drain WA91 ELO9694 EC1: Watching Brief (Backlog Report) standing to a height of 0.75m. Post-medieval 531685 181962 WA92 MLO5824 6 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-medieval 531756 181858

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A watching brief by D Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 (site code BSI93). A Medieval and Post Medieval garden soil build up was found, cut by insertion of 16th century garden wall of Berkeley House (SMR 082299) to east. The wall was rebuilt before C.1700, present MLO59657 48 BRITTON ST EC1 building erected c.1719. See also SMR 082554-555. A watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 at Britton Street, London EC1. Groundworks in advance of the construction of an extension to the present building were monitored: foundation trenches were excavated around three sides of the perimeter of the site and a number of pier base holes were located within the interior of the site. Natural gravels were overlain by medieval and post-medieval garden soil accumulation and 18th century and later rubble dumps associated with the construction and use of the present building. At the east end of the site a rubble-founded brick wall forming the modern property boundary was interpreted as the remains of the garden wall of Berkeley Britton Street (No 48), Islington, EC1: House (dating from the 16th century); it had been rebuilt ELO9695 Watching Brief (Event - Intervention) before the construction of the present building. Watching brief by D Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 (site code BSI93). 19th century cess pits and a drain were found. See also SMR 082554 and MLO59659 48 BRITTON ST EC1 082555 A watching brief by D Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 (site code BSI93). A 19th century WA93 MLO59660 48 BRITTON ST EC1 drain and cess pits were found. See also SMR 082553-554. Watching brief by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, March 1992; site code AME92. A post- Mediaeval dump lay above the level of the 13th century cloister of the order of St. John's headquarters. Periods recorded under same WA94 MLO63072 4-5 ALBEMARLE WAY ST JOHN'S SQ, site code: post-Mediaeval (082904). Post-medieval 531725 182135

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A watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 4-5 Albemarle Way EC1, in 1992. Above the level of the 13th-century cloister of the Priory of the Order of St John lay a post-medieval dump as well as a (possibly Albemarle Way (nos 4-5), London EC1: 18th century) brick wall positioned on the line of the cloister ELO2670 Watching Brief (Event - Intervention) walk Watching brief by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, March 1992; site code AME92. A post- Mediaeval dump lay above the level of the 13th century cloister of the order of St. John's headquarters. Periods recorded under same MLO63073 4-5 ALBEMARLE WAY ST JOHN'S SQ, site code: post-Mediaeval (082904). Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. A brick arched drain cutting through a pit fill (SMR ref: 083404) and running E-W into Charterhouse was MLO66235 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS found. Periods recorded on site: Post-medieval (083402-4) Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. Chalk rubble and brick footings of what was thought to be the original ?Tudor boundary wall to the Charterhouse were found. Periods recorded on site: Post- MLO66236 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS medieval (083402-4)

Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. The area appeared to have been largely pitted in the post-medieval period for sand and gravel extraction. Some 17th century or 18th century pottery was noted but not WA95 MLO66237 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS retained. Periods recorded on site: Post-medieval (083402-4) Post-medieval 531875 181935 Watching brief undertaken by Chris Jarrett for PCA, Feb'1998; site code JRD98. A ceramic drain relating to the standing building was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO71739 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 post-medieval (084196-9).

88 ST JOHN ST EC1 (Event - WA96 ELO3760 Intervention) There is no description for this event Post-medieval 531755 182085

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The construction cut for the external wall of the standing building (SMR ref: 212762) was observed in test pit 1. Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval MLO71740 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 (084196-9).

Demolition debris and make up layers were recorded in the test pit sections. The earliest of these was dated to the 18th century by pottery. Periods recorded under this MLO71741 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 site code: post-medieval (084196-9). A possible horticultural soil was recorded and dated to the 17th century by the pottery and a c.1640- 1660 clay tobacco pipe. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO71742 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 post-medieval (084196-9). Archaeological evaluation and watching brief at 11-14 Kirby Street by Museum of London Archaeology Service in October-November 1998. Two areas of the site were evaluated between modern ground beams. To the north a stream, probably a tributary of the River Fleet infilled in the 17th century, was recorded. Several post-medieval jugs were recovered along with the partial skeletons of two dogs from the uppermost fill. A truncated 18th-century wall foundation was recorded. In the south-eastern area a broadly contemporary infilled pond was located, a minimum of 7.5m wide and deliberately backfilled prior to building construction. The watching brief focused on the south-western corner of the site, not covered by the evaluation. Waterlain silts were again present, indicating another in what may be a series of ponds or flooded quarry pits around the stream. Also recovered from this area were disarticulated human bones, mainly long bones from legs and arms, ribs and pelvis. These represent several different bodies and were clearly redeposited from elsewhere and appeared to have been reburied during WA97 MLO73631 11-14 KIRBY ST EC1 building work, probably in the 19th century. Post-medieval 531435 181835

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Evaluation and watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe for Museum of London Archaeology Service, October- November 1998; site code KBY98. Several disarticulated human bones were recovered from around modern/Victorian foundations. It is thought that these did not originate from the site and were redeposited during previous construction work. MLO73634 11-14 KIRBY ST EC1 Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval undated 531435 181835 Archaeological evaluation and watching brief at 11-14 Kirby Street by Museum of London Archaeology Service in October- November 1998. Two areas of the site were evaluated between modern ground beams. To the north a stream, probably a tributary of the River Fleet infilled in the 17th century, was recorded. Several post-medieval jugs were recovered along with the partial skeletons of two dogs from the uppermost fill. A truncated 18th-century wall foundation was recorded. In the south-eastern area a broadly contemporary infilled pond was located, a minimum of 7.5m wide and deliberately backfilled prior to building construction. The watching brief focused on the south-western corner of the site, not covered by the evaluation. Waterlain silts were again present, indicating another in what may be a series of ponds or flooded quarry pits around the stream. Also recovered from this area were disarticulated human bones, mainly long bones from legs and Kirby Street (Nos 11-14), Camden, arms, ribs and pelvis. These represent several different London EC1: Evaluation and Watching bodies and were clearly redeposited from elsewhere and Brief (Event - appeared to have been reburied during building work, ELO3768 Intervention) probably in the 19th century. Multi-period 531435 181835 MLO73632 11-14 KIRBY ST EC1 MLO73633 11-14 KIRBY ST EC1 Evaluation by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1999 fd a pair of brick built cellars of mid C17 date with north walls built of ashlar poss from LC14/EC15 Great Barn of the nearby Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem. The cellar entrances were flanked by chamfered brick buttresses prob forming decorative porch. Cellars infilled in mid C18 and new buildings constructed on top and sequence of brick lined WA98 MLO74179 6-9 BRISET ST CLERKENWELL cess pits also built adjacent. Post-medieval 531685 182025

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Excavation by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 6-9 Briset Street and to the rear of 12-13 St John's Square in August and September 1999. The work was within the area of the Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem; the site was partly excavated in 1989/90 under the site code BAD89. Three trenches were excavated prior to proposed basement construction. Above the natural gravel a ragstone- faced wall was revealed, identified as the south wall of a building situated just outside the south-west corner of the inner precinct of the medieval priory, and possibly built not long after its foundation in 1144. Part of its internal brickearth floor surface or make-up was recorded. To the north of the wall a pair of brick cellars, dated to 1600-60, survived almost in their entirety. They were entered through gaps in their north wall, much of which was constructed from ashlar masonry, possibly reused from the Great Barn of the Priory, which replaced the earlier building (represented by the ragstone wall) in the late- 14th or early-15th century. The cellar entrances were flanked Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St John's by chamfered brick buttresses, which probably formed a Square (Nos 12-13), Clerkenwell, EC1: decorative porch. In the mid-18th century the cellars were Evaluation (Event - infilled and new buildings constructed. A sequence of brick- ELO9722 Intervention) lined cesspits was located, unusually, outside the front doors

Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Waterlogged dump deposits, probably from the backfilling of a pond or stream, were recorded and cut by 17th century foundations (SMR ref. 084972). Periods recorded WA99 MLO75186 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 under this site code: post-medieval (084972-5). Post-medieval 531455 181805

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An evaluation and watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill, London, EC1 in 2000. Four evaluation pits were excavated on the site, and two engineering trial pits were monitored under watching brief conditions. Waterlogged dump deposits, probably from the backfilling of a pond or stream, were cut by truncated 17th century brick wall foundations, which were in turn sealed by further dumps. One of the foundations was constructed on a raft of sawn timbers placed over driven timber piles. Backfill dumps around the footing contained clay pipe of the mid to late 17th century. 18th or 19th century cellars were found fronting onto 119-124 Saffron Hill. Several disarticulated human bones were recovered from a backfilled 18th or 19th Kirby Street (Nos 6-10) and Saffron Hill century cellar in evaluation Trench 4. It is thought that these (Nos 119-124), Camden, EC1: did not originate from the site and were redeposited at the ELO3798 Evaluation and Watching time of backfilling of the cellar. Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Truncated 17th century brick wall foundations were recorded constructed on a raft of sawn timbers placed over driven timber piles. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO75187 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 post-medieval (084972-5).

Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. 18th century or 19th century cellars were found to the E of the site fronting onto Saffron Hill. Periods recorded MLO75188 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 under this site code: post-medieval (084972-5).

Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Several disarticulated human bones were found within the backfill of a 18th century or 19th century cellar (SMR ref. 084974). It is thought that these did not originate from the site and were redeposited within the backfill. Periods recorded MLO75189 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 under this site code: post-medieval (084972-5).

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The lowest deposit of watching brief trench 1 revealed a greyish brown clayey silt dump. It contained CBM, seafodd remains and fragments of the same green sandstone building material as used in the construction of the later foundation. Pottery is dated from the mid to late 17th century, mainly from MLO76271 1-2 ST John's Path, Clerkenwell Surrey-Hampshire border whiteware with clear gaze. Post-medieval 531640 182040

On top of the dump and the foundation trench lay the 19th century wall, surviving. It seems to have used the older wall as a foundation to build upon and instead was constructed from red brick in English cross courses. The trench for this wall cut through a dump as well and much of the pottery reflected a late 18th to 19th century date, including teapot in pearlware and MLO77023 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell sherds of delftware. 19th century 531640 182040 An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell EC1, in June-July 2002, monitoring three trenches for underpinning. This followed the archaeological monitoring of geotechnical test pits (ELO14463). In the south-eastern edge of the site was an early post- medieval wall foundation, cut into dumped deposits of similar age (17th century). A 19th century brick feature was also found, which appeared to be a flue for an industrial structure beyond the limits of the site. Natural St John's Path (Nos 1-2), Clerkenwell, deposits were not London EC1: Watching Brief (Event - observed, and the highest survival of archaeological remains ELO800 Intervention) occurred at 15.53mOD. Multi-period Along the southern and western walls of 2 St John's Path lay a trench built foundation, that overlay the dump level. It cut the dump deposit, running underneath the surviving wall at a slight angle to it. It was composed of rough courses of rough greens sandstone blocks, some of which appear sawn and therefore probably re-used. The backfill contained CBM and degraded wood although whether this relates to the destruction of the WA100 MLO77022 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell former building is as yet untenable.

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Trench 3 produced remains of a flue structure made from dark red asymmetrical bricks. It was constructed in a cut filled with compact orange sand. The inside of the structure had a 10mm thick mortar render. Modern pitting and construction of the present pathway had heavily truncated the structure. This mortar was heavily scorched on one side indicating that hot MLO77024 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell gas/liquids had passed down it. WA101 MLO7724 8 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-medieval 531750 181856

A cellar, cess pits and a well dating to the Tudor period were Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's found during an excavation by Museum of London Lane/Eagle Court/Britton Department Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, EC1 of Urban Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and MLO103076 {Tudor Cellar and cess Pits} September 1989. An excavation was carried out at the site of St John's Priory on Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology between June and September 1989, prior to redevelopment. Site code COW89. This followed evaluation at the site under site code COW88 (ELO14228). The excavated area was at the south end of the outer precinct, and at the corner of St John's Lane and Peter's Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St John's Lane found a number of buildings, cess pits and a well that Lane/Eagle Court/Britton were associated with the Medieval Priory. A number of graves Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, were also uncovered which may pre date the Priory buildings. WA102 ELO9744 EC1: Excavation (Event - Intervention) The remains of a Tudor building were also identified. Post-medieval 531761 181905

Gravel and brickearth quarrying pits dating to before the 16th century were recorded. These were backfilled and sealed with Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) and made ground during the 16th to 19th centuries. Brick buildings 30A, Clerkenwell, {post medieval were constructed in the early 19th century and later MLO74049 quarrying and structures} demolished. Post-medieval 531815 182152 Evidence of late post medieval (18th/19th century) rubbish pits were evidence across the trench and the area monitored by watching brief. Several of these were truncated by the later commercial buildings that once occupied the site. Evidence of earlier post medieval activity consisted of garden features and rubbish pits. Two of the earlier pits were brick lined and in one Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) and instance brick and timber lined. The garden features were 30A, Clerkenwell, {post medieval pits parallel to each other and were associated to the Carthusian WA103 MLO99152 and soils} monastery or the later manor house. Post-medieval 531808 182156 89 WA Project No. 117430.01

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An archaeological evaluation and a follow-up watching brief were conducted at Great Sutton Street in 2006 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSN06. An evaluation of the site in response to a planning application in 1999 (to determine if the site lay within the documented Pardon Churchyard once belonging to the Carthusian monastery) had been inconclusive. In May and June 2006 an area to the south and east of the first evaluation was therefore investigated. Evidence of 18th/19th century rubbish pits was recorded. Several of these were truncated by the later 19th century Zion chapel and commercial buildings that once occupied the site. Evidence of earlier post medieval activity consisted of garden features and rubbish pits. Two of the earlier pits were brick lined and in one instance brick and timber lined. The garden features were parallel to each other and were associated with the Carthusian monastery or the later manor house. The partial remains of an east-west aligned chalk wall were recorded in the south-eastern corner Great Sutton Street (29 1/2 and 30A), of the evaluation trench. This wall was truncated by Clerkenwell, EC1: Evaluation and 18th/19th century pits and may be the boundary of the Watching Brief (Event - 'Pardon Churchyard', or associated with the Pardon Chapel ELO7709 Intervention) or a previously unknown structure. Multi-period 531816 182150

An archaeological evaluation and a follow up watching brief were conducted in 2006 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSN06. Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) and This is the site of a Zion chapel marked on late 19th century 30A, Clerkenwell, {site of late 19th maps. Excavation showed that footings for this building MLO99151 century Zion Chapel} truncated earlier deposits. 19th Century 531816 182150

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An archaeological evaluation was conducted at Great Sutton Street in 1999 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSU99. One trench was 8.00m x 5.90m at ground level, reduced to 3.85m x 2.15m at its maximum depth of 3.40m. The other trench was 3.90m x 2.90m, with a maximum depth of 2.70m. Natural gravel was cut by pits for the removal of the gravel and brickearth, which were backfilled in the late 16th century with general waste material. They were sealed by made ground, of 17th to early 19th century date, upon which brick buildings were constructed in the early 19th century and were demolished, probably in the late 19th Great Sutton Street (29&1/2 and 30A), century, when some of their demolition material was used to Islington, EC1: Evaluation (Event - level the site. No evidence was found for the Pardon ELO8518 Intervention) Churchyard or Black Death burials documented in the vicinity. The remains of St John's Churchyard lie between the church and St John Street, a narrow strip measuring about 320 square yards in extent. It is closed and paved with tiles and tombstones. It was laid out by the Metropolitan Public St John's Street, Clerkenwell {St John's Gardens WA104 MLO102542 churchyard} Association. Post-medieval 531724 182179

A watching brief was carried out in 2008 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service on the excavation of new drainage runs during ground works associated with redevelopment of the property. Site code CKX08. Archaeological deposits consisting of potential dump/levelling layers and a possible pit of unknown function was recorded in section in the area affected by the excavations. Natural ground comprising bands of sand and gravel was observed at Clerkenwell Road, No 76-78, Islington, a {post medieval levelling layers and maximum height of 13.77m OD. The highest survival of WA105 MLO99135 possible pit} archaeological deposits occurred at around 13.9m OD. Post-medieval 531790 182128

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A watching brief was carried out in 2008 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service on the excavation of new drainage runs during ground works associated with redevelopment of the property. Archaeological deposits consisting of potential dump/levelling layers and a possible pit of unknown function was recorded in section in the area affected by the excavations. A single sherd of pottery Clerkenwell Road (Nos 76-78), recovered has been dated to 1750-1780. The highest Islington, London EC1: Watching Brief survival of archaeological deposits occurred at around 13.90m ELO8290 (Event - Intervention) OD. An archaeological watching brief carried out by A.Telfer on behalf of Museum of London Archaeology Service between the 29th June and 2nd July 2004. The site lies within the precinct of the Grand Priory of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. No evidence relating to the Priory was recorded. The work revealed post-medieval layers that appeared to relate to an earlier phase of road construction, predominantly in the form of levelling/make-up. Natural MLO97903 St John's Square, Clerkenwell deposits were not reached. An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service in June and July 2004 at St John's Square. Resurfacing works were monitored, along with four test pits; one was located in the northern area of the square, to the north of Clerkenwell Road, the remaining three were to the south. The site lies within the precinct of the Grand Priory of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. No evidence relating to the Priory was recorded. The work revealed post-medieval layers that appeared to relate to an St John's Square, Clerkenwell, London earlier phase of road construction, predominantly in EC1: Watching Brief (Event - the form of levelling/make-up. Natural deposits were not WA106 ELO6381 Intervention) reached. Post-medieval 531675 182120 This is the site of an Elizabethan townhouse created from 1545 from the remains of the Charterhouse Carthusian Chaterhouse Square, Islington, monastery. {Elizabethan townhouse, Sutton's It was purchased in 1611 by Thomas Sutton, who created a WA107 MLO74228 Hospital and School} secular hospital and school on the estate. Post-medieval 532052 182102

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A 16th century wall dating to the Tudor period was recorded during an evaluation in 1988 and 1989. This was thought to be St John Street, Nos 94-100, Islington, part of a post-Dissolution rebuilding of the Chaterhouse MLO24789 {Tudor wall} boundary wall. An archaeological evaluation was conducted in 1988 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 94-100 St John Street. Site code STJ88. 11 test pits were dug in the basement of the building. A truncated mortared chalk wall datable by pottery, tile and brick fragments to the 16th century was revealed below the concrete slab. A large part of the fabric was probably reused medieval building material. It is likely that the remains represent part of a Tudor rebuilding of the St John Street (Nos 94-100), Islington, Charterhouse boundary wall. Further excavation took place in WA108 ELO4634 EC1: Evaluation (Evaluation) 1989 under site code STJ89 (see ELO14233). Post-medieval 531800 182081 An 18th-19th century culvert was identified during a watching brief at 106-9 Saffron Hill by Pre-Construct Archaeology in 2011. The culvert was a brick structure aligned north-south and 11 course of brick were visible. An area of 19th century finds Saffron Hill (Nos 106-109), Holborn, including ceramic building material, ceramics, animal bone MLO103543 Camden {Post Medieval culvert} and oyster shell was also recovered. A watching brief was carried out at 106-109 Saffron Hill, London EC1 between the 1st and 3rd February 2011 by Pre-Construct Archaeology. The investigations comprised the monitoring of six geotechnical trial pits and one borehole. The only features found were an 18th-19th century culvert and a small area of disturbance which contained 19th century artefacts. A narrow (1.50m) strip of Saffron Hill (Nos 106-109), London disturbed ground containing 19th century material was EC1: Watching Brief (Event - observed between the back of the basement and the rear wall WA109 ELO11847 Intervention) of the building. Post-medieval 531435 181861

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The Priory of St John of Jerusalem was founded in 1144 by the Knights Hospitallers, on land given by a Suffolk man who had property in Clerkenwell. The Priory once had a 6-acre site within which there was an inner precinct reached through a gatehouse, which remains, now a museum. Jerusalem Passage was the site of the postern gate of the Priory, demolished in 1780. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Priory was used for other purposes including a private chapel and library for the Earls of Aylesbury. It was restored in the early 18th century and used as a second parish church of St John's. In 1931 the modern Order of St John acquired it as their Priory Church; the English Order had been refounded in 1831 and given a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria. It established St John's Jerusalem Passage/St John Street [St Ambulance in 1871 and in 1874 had acquired St John's Gate John's Church Garden], Clerkenwell, as Islington, EC1 {18th century public their headquarters. Their purpose was to assist pilgrims to the WA110 MLO104440 garden} Holy places in Jerusalem. Post-medieval 531727 182183

This was the original graveyard used for burials for residents of the almshouse, founded in 1614. The ground was partially covered by the 1828-1830 construction of the present Pensioners' Court and other buildings. Some of the open space within Pensioners' Court and to the west are all that remain of this Clerkenwell Road [Old Charterhouse site. It was replaced with the New Charterhouse Burial Graveyard] Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1 Ground MLO70873 {17th century graveyard} (MLO70874) to the north, now called the Master's Garden. 531854 182076 This site was set aside as a replacement for the Old Clerkenwell Road (New Charterhouse Charterhouse Graveyard (MLO70873) upon the construction Graveyard) Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1 of the WA111 MLO70874 {19th century burial ground} Pensioners' Court in 1828-30. multi-period 531854 182076 St John's Garden is the former Benjamin Street burial ground Benjamin Street/Britten Street [St of the Church of St John Clerkenwell, the quarter acre of land John's Gardens] Clerkenwell, Islington, having been given for the purpose by John Mitchell in 1751 in EC1 {18th century burial ground, 19th order to supplement the churchyard off St John Street, a WA112 MLO25723 century park} fragment of which remains as St John's Church Garden Post-medieval 531632 181933

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Turnmill Street (No 66), Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1 {post medieval pit, A post medieval dump deposit, pit and brick foundations were MLO104892 foundations and deposit} observed during a watching brief at 66 Turnmill Street in 2010 A watching brief was carried out at 66 Turnmill Street by Museum of London Archaeology between the 28th January and the 5th February 2010. A pit cutting natural gravel and a grey-brown silt deposit were observed, both of which were post-medieval in date. Yellow stock brick foundations along the western limit of Turnmill Street (No. 66), Clerkenwell, the yard area were seen to cut deep into the Islington, EC1: Watching Brief (Event - natural gravel. No other archaeological remains were WA113 ELO11457 Intervention) observed. Post-medieval 531536 182013 Built in 1727, the St. Sepulchres-Within workhouse on Chick Lane was an ‘H’ shaped brick building. In October 1729, the workhouse was reported to have a master and mistress as well as 119 inmates made up of: 14 men, 56 women (mostly old and infirm), 19 girls and 25 boys. In 1777 a parliamentary report recorded that a St. Sepulchres workhouse (probably St. Sepulchres-Within) could accommodate up to 279 individuals. This ability to house additional inmates suggests that the workhouse had been extended by 1777. However, at this present time the record for funding a rebuild of this scale is not available. In 1798, a local act (38 Geo.3.c.34) was proposed to further extend the workhouse due to the workhouse being too small and ‘ruinous’ to be acceptable accommodation. The Act was Farringdon Road, Islington, London, passed in 1806 (Act 46.Geo.3.c.16) to raise the funds to WA114 MLO107269 EC1M 6HA (18th Century) {Workhouse} rebuild the workhouse. Post-medieval 531664 181734 SITE OF THE 17th century MANSION OF THE EARLS OF AYLESBURY WITHIN THE PRECINCT OFST JOHNS PRIORY. EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED FLOORSURFACES OF TILE, CLAY & BRICK ALON WITH THE REMAINS OF JOISTS FROM AWOODEN PLATFORM. A GATEWAY WAS FOUND WITH A GRAVELLED YARD SURFACE OUTSIDEWITH WHEEL RUTS IN IT LEADING TO THE GATEWAY. THE MANSION RE-USED MANYEARLIER MEDIEVAL WALLS WA115 MLO25949 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ FROM THE PRIORY Post-medieval 531667 182167

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A post medieval terraced houses which has been altered in WA116 MLO36418 15 CLERKENWELL GREEN the 20th century Post-medieval 531564 182128 10 Jerusalem Passage is an 18th century terraced house, surrounded by listed buildings of the same date (MLO's 86163, 86376 & 86740). The building is visible on the 1st edition OS WA117 MLO11900 10 JERUSALEM PASSAGE Map 19th Century 531634 182182

9 Jerusalem Passage is part of a longer terrace of listed 19th WA118 MLO11487 9 JERUSALEM PASSAGE century houses. It is shown on the 1st edition OS Map 19th Century 531636 182179 3 STOREY TERRACED HOUSES - TOP 2 STOREYS TAKEN OFF & ONLY 1 REBUILT. FURTHER REBUILDING WORK IN 1986 REPLACED A NICE REGENCY PILLARED SHOP FRONT WITH A MODERN IMITATION. First listed 29/9/1972, grade WA119 MLO5955 15-17 CLERKENWELL GREEN 2, ref 74/39. Not included in new list dated 30/9/1994. 19th Century 531557 182127 3 STOREY TERRACED HOUSES - TOP 2 STOREYS TAKEN OFF & ONLY 1 REBUILT. De-listed; see 212502 for WA120 MLO31865 16 CLERKENWELL GREEN details. 19th Century 531557 182127

A 19th century terraced house, part of a larger terrace, this is WA121 MLO31866 17 CLERKENWELL GREEN one of a number which has been altered. 19th Century 531553 182123 Only the façade of the 19th century house at 16 Clerkenwell WA122 MLO56237 16 CLERKENWELL GREEN Green still survives. 19th Century 531554 182130

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19th century basements overlying associated possible fuel tanks were found during a watching brief at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2001. Basements in this area were found to be cut into the natural brickearth. Fuel tanks were observed beneath a concrete basement. The tanks were brick lined and constructed of redbrick and black Bull-nosed brick. The internal faces of the tank were rendered with a pitch like substance. The tank was sealed by a decayed raft of timber under later basement slab. Later white, glazed brick tanks observed in the north and east of the site were present beneath the slab of the former building. These were Kirby Street (Nos 6-10)/Saffron Hill cut into the London clays. The majority of the tanks were left (Nos 119-124), EC1 {19th century fuel in MLO75733 tanks/basements} situ, backfilled with modern rubble and made ground. An archaeological watching brief was carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service during basement demolition at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill, in 2001. Three areas were monitored: 19th century and later remains were encountered. 19th century basements overlying associated possible fuel tanks constructed of red brick and black Bull-nosed brick were found. The internal faces of the tank were rendered with a pitch-like substance. The tank was sealed by a decayed raft of timber under the later basement slab. Later Kirby Street (Nos 6-10) and Saffron Hill white-glazed brick tanks were observed in the north and east (Nos 199-124), of the site beneath the slab of the former building. WA123 ELO233 London EC1: Watching brief These were cut into the London Clay. 19th Century 531442 181819

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St James Clerkenwell Churchyard sits on the site of the twelfth century Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte, which was run by Augustinian canonesses. The Nunnery was dissolved in 1539 and its church converted into the Clerkenwell parish church of St James, which it remains today. The old church was rebuilt in 1625 and again in 1788-92. The 200 Islington Protestants martyred at Smithfield in the 1550s during the Reformation are among those buried here. It was also the burial place of the victims of the explosion in 1867 when the Clerkenwell House of Detention was blown up by the Fenian Conspiracy to release their people inside. In 1890, after it was closed for burials, the churchyard was laid out as a public garden, enclosed by St. James Walk/Aylesbury nineteenth century railings. In 1987 part of the medieval Street/Clerkenwell Close [St James's cloisters from the former twelfth century nunnery were Churchyard] Clerkenwell, Islington excavated in WA124 MLO106860 {19th century churchyard} the churchyard garden. 19th Century 531533 182202

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Not strictly speaking a village green, Clerkenwell Green was open space between St John's Priory and St Mary's Nunnery and was once the centre of the village. In the 17th century houses of the nobility and the wealthy were built here and the Green was planted with trees, which later blew down in 1796. By the C18th there was a pound, pillory and watch house here, with a turnstile at the entrance of Clerkenwell Close. Clerkenwell is so called after the Clerks' Well, which was rediscovered in 1924 and is now within an office block in Farringdon Road. The parish clerks of London were said to have performed mystery plays here each year. Nearby is Clerkenwell's parish church of St James (q.v.). Clerkenwell became a meeting place for radicals after the Spa Fields Riots of 1816 and the Clerkenwell Riot of 1832. A meeting by the London Patriotic Club in 1887 at the start of a march to Trafalgar Square ended with the deaths of two people as crowds were dispersed by police. From 1872-92 No. 37a Clerkenwell Green was the headquarters of the London Patriotic Society. The house was built in 1738 as the Welsh Charity School; from 1892-1922 it was used by Twentieth Century Press and Lenin used an office here in 1902-3 and edited the socialist paper. It is now the Marx Memorial Library, which was founded in 1933. The 1779-82 Middlesex Sessions House was built on the Green to serve Clerkenwell Green [Clerkenwell Green], nearby prisons and was used as such until 1920, the building WA125 MLO104352 Islington, EC1 {public open land} now the London Masonic Centre. 19th century 531501 182098

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The site of a destructive hit by a zeppelin raid on September 8th 1915. A plaque on the site says "These premises were totally destroyed by a zeppelin raid during the First World War on September 8th 1915. Rebuilt 1917" John Phillips - Governing Director. This was the most successful zeppelin raid on London in the entire war and caused more than half a million pounds worth of damage, almost all of it from the one Farringdon Road, (No 61), Clerkenwell, zeppelin, the L13, which managed to bomb central London. Islington {World War One zeppelin This single raid caused more than half the material damage WA126 MLO105267 bomb site} caused by all the raids against Britain in 1915. Modern 531481 181899

THIS BROOK IS LOWER DOWN THE HILL TOWARDS THE FLEET RIVER, SO IT MAY WELL HAVE COME FROM THE WA127 MLO11090 70-77 COWCROSS STREET FAGGES WELL, RATHER THAN LEADING TO IT. undated 531685 181835 Monitoring of test pits undertaken by Museum of London Archaeology Service staff, 1992; site code XRC92 (test pits TP43, TP44). Two test pits were excavated and both went into alluvial deposits laid down by the River Fleet. The deposits were slightly organic in composition, containing plant debris and charcoal in occasional peaty lenses. Tile, animal bone, decayed FARRINGDON STATION (BRITISH greensand, pot sherds and flint nodules were found. No WA128 MLO67032 RAIL ) further periods recorded on this site. undated 531615 181815

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Designated Heritage Assets

LB List Entry Name Grade Easting Northing SM01 1002003 Benedictine nunnery of St Mary, Clerkenwell Scheduled Monument 531517 182233 LB01 1208827 ST JOHN'S GATE I 531723 182049 LB02 1208840 PRIORY CHURCH OF ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM I 531698 182165 LB03 1298055 CLERK'S WELL AND CHAMBER/ENCLOSURE IN BASEMENT OF NUMBER 16 I 531452 182134 LB04 1025127 PUMP IN PREACHER'S COURT, THE CHARTERHOUSE II 531874 182020 LB05 1078338 25 AND 27, FARRINGDON ROAD II 531510 181768 LB06 1187189 89, CHARTERHOUSE STREET (See details for further address information) II 531809 181821 LB07 1195444 2, ALBEMARLE WAY II 531710 182135 LB08 1195482 30, 31 AND 32, BRITTON STREET II 531655 181953 LB09 1195483 56 AND ATTACHED RAILINGS II 531631 182028 LB10 1195526 NUMBERS 22 AND ATTACHED RAILINGS II 531871 181898 LB11 1195528 PENSIONERS' COURT AND STABLE COURT, THE CHARTERHOUSE II 531861 182045 LB12 1195544 54, CLERKENWELL CLOSE II 531536 182186 LB13 1195545 CORNWELL HOUSE II 531540 182100 LB14 1195546 THE CROWN TAVERN PUBLIC HOUSE II 531546 182182 EASTERNMOST OF TWO K2 TELEPHONE KIOSKS TO THE CENTRE OF LB15 1195547 CLERKENWELL GREEN II 531565 182162 LB16 1195549 70 AND 72, CLERKENWELL ROAD II 531810 182132 LB17 1195570 9-13, COWCROSS STREET II 531729 181854 LB18 1195646 12, JERUSALEM PASSAGE II 531630 182191 LB19 1195728 3 AND 5, ST JOHN STREET II 531787 181829 LB20 1195729 24, ST JOHN STREET II 531822 181871 LB21 1195730 69, 71 AND 73, ST JOHN STREET II 531785 181987 LB22 1195731 78, ST JOHN STREET II 531809 182030

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LB23 1195742 36 AND 36A, ST JOHN'S SQUARE II 531700 182131 LB24 1195743 49 AND 50, ST JOHN'S SQUARE II 531641 182169 LB25 1204945 No. 28 Britton Street II 531642 181962 LB26 1204955 48, BRITTON STREET II 531671 181966 LB27 1204981 59 AND ATTACHED RAILINGS II 531620 182042 LB28 1206699 LAMP IN PENSIONER'S COURT, THE CHARTERHOUSE II 531861 182070 LB29 1207649 11, JERUSALEM PASSAGE II 531632 182187 LB30 1207655 BOLLARD AT THE SOUTH END OF JERUSALEM PASSAGE II 531652 182169 LB31 1207772 53, CLERKENWELL CLOSE II 531533 182193 LB32 1207827 29, CLERKENWELL GREEN II 531467 182130 LB33 1207936 49-53, CLERKENWELL ROAD II 531607 182082 LB34 1208567 THE CASTLE PUBLIC HOUSE II 531628 181853 LB35 1208594 16, ST JOHN STREET II 531812 181853 LB36 1208605 26, ST JOHN STREET II 531824 181880 LB37 1208737 THE WHITE BEAR PUBLIC HOUSE II 531792 181961 LB38 1208750 80, ST JOHN STREET II 531808 182033 LB39 1208755 86, ST JOHN STREET II 531800 182047 LB40 1208756 88, ST JOHN STREET II 531798 182055 LB41 1208834 27, ST JOHN'S SQUARE II 531734 182060 LB42 1208835 47 AND 48, ST JOHN'S SQUARE II 531658 182170 LB43 1208838 52, ST JOHN'S SQUARE II 531629 182159 LB44 1208847 COLLEGE FOR THE DISTRIBUTIVE TRADES II 531721 181932 LB45 1253084 51-53, CHARTERHOUSE STREET II 531637 181734 LB46 1279541 MARX MEMORIAL LIBRARY II 531512 182154 LB47 1280941 55, BRITTON STREET II 531636 182021 K2 TELEPHONE KIOSK AT SOUTH WEST CORNER OF NUMBER 120A AND 122 LB48 1292592 CLERKENWELL GREEN II 531490 182081 LB49 1292621 18 AND 20, FARRINGDON LANE II 531448 182145

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LB50 1292998 72, ST JOHN STREET II 531812 182012 LB51 1293083 22, ST JOHN STREET II 531816 181866 LB52 1293085 THE HOPE PUBLIC HOUSE II 531773 181803 LB53 1293088 14-16, COWCROSS STREET II 531714 181856 LB54 1297966 82 AND 84, ST JOHN STREET II 531803 182039 LB55 1297969 K2 TELEPHONE KIOSK AT JUNCTION WITH ALBEMARLE WAY II 531705 182122 LB56 1298004 18 AND 20, ST JOHN STREET II 531814 181861 LB57 1298005 34 AND 36, ST JOHN STREET II 531826 181913 LB58 1298006 8, JERUSALEM PASSAGE II 531640 182177 LB59 1298046 26 AND 27, COWCROSS STREET II 531663 181855 LB60 1298047 FARRINGDON LONDON REGIONAL TRANSPORT UNDERGROUND STATION II 531584 181844 LB61 1298070 6, CLERKENWELL CLOSE II 531513 182182 WESTERNMOST OF TWO K2 TELEPHONE KIOSKS TO THE CENTRE OF LB62 1298073 CLERKENWELL GREEN II 531559 182157 LB63 1298117 54 AND ATTACHED RAILINGS II 531639 182017 LB64 1360787 12-14A, CLERKENWELL GREEN II 531575 182139 LB65 1375616 67-77, CHARTERHOUSE STREET EC1 II 531730 181773 LB66 1391806 79-83, CHARTERHOUSE STREET II 531758 181789 LB67 1419034 Bacon Smokehouse II 531848 181954 LB68 1298072 CLERKENWELL CONFERENCE CENTRE II* 531500 182101

Locally Listed Building

LLB Name easting northing LLB01 25 Britton Street 531633 181982 LLB02 92 Turnmill Street 531596 181913 LLB03 30 Cowcress Street 531650 181854 LLB04 8 Cowcrress Street 531752 181848 103 WA Project No. 117430.01

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LLB05 6 Cowcrress Street 531756 181859 LLB06 5 Cowcrress Street 531761 181845 LLB07 4 Cowcrress Street 531768 181840 LLB08 2 Cowcrress Street 531778 181833 LLB09 1 St Johns Lane 531771 181917 LLB10 10 Eagles Court 531690 181931 LLB11 47 St John Street 531789 181971 LLB12 36 St Johns Lane 531779 181968 LLB14 27 St Johns Lane 531764 181988 LLB13 26 St Johns Lane 531746 182030 LLB15 30 St Johns lane 531750 182020 LLB16 64 Clerkenwell Road 531826 182133 LLB17 66 Clerkenwell Road 531817 182130 LLB18 68 Clerkenwell Road 531803 182128 LLB19 118 Clerkenwell Road 531781 182124 LLB20 116 St John Street 531779 182137 LLB21 120 St John Street 531726 182121 LLB22 122 St John Street 531777 182145 LLB23 126 St John Street 531776 182151 LLB24 128 St John Street 531771 182160 LLB25 130 St John Street 531779 182131 LLB26 30 Great Sutton Street 531780 182161 LLB28 32Great Sutton Street 531796 182164 LLB27 31 Great Sutton Street 531786 182163

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9.4 Appendix 4: Existing and proposed plans

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LTD RESERVED

No Room / area description ALL RIGHTS ALL

01 Fixed frameless double glazed window ARCHITECTS 02 Exposed or painted brickwork walls STREET SALTYKOV. 03 Rendered wall finish LACEY + LACEY 04 New stair enclosure to match No25 Britton Street SALTYKOV + 7AE 05 New solid sloped and flat staircase roof construction COPYRIGHT RIDGMOUNT

06 'Cristall'-style glass windows to atrium and rear wall LACEY 7 LONDON WC1E 0525 7255 (0)20 +44 www.laceysaltykov.com [email protected] 2 © © 017 09 Ledge and staircase at the rear (separate private owner) 10 Double metal access doors - main entrance No's 21-25 Britton Street 11 Roof terrace access doors - glazed in aluminium frames

12 Mansard roof AA

RL RL 13 Masonry wall upstand parapet walls 12 +15.400 +15.400 No 27 Britton Street 14 Existing dormer windows in the mansard roof REVISION No's 21-25 Britton Street 15 First floor extension at No27 Britton St 13 13 No 27 Britton Street 04 13 16 Roof extension at No27 Britton St A1 17 Indicative extent of the extended basement FFL 1:50 01 11 +12.800 18 Indicative positions of the adjacent properties' windows 19 Indicative positions of new steps from the courtyard 19/07/17 14 16 18 20 Glass balustrade 21 Brickwork wall FFL FFL ELEVATIONS +12.800 +12.800 1235-A-GA-EL-11 REAR STREET LONDON STREET

FFL AND +9.700

06 02 BRITTON

FFL FFL FRONT 26 +9.700 +9.700

FFL PROPOSED +6.570

02

FFL FFL +6.570 +6.570

18 02 04 NAME NO

FFL 15 18 +3.300 PROJECT DRWG DRWG SCALE SIZE DATE

FFL FFL +3.300 +3.300

00 FFL +0.000 01 10 03 11

FFL FFL PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION APPLICATION PLANNING 20 SUBMISSION APPLICATION PLANNING +0.000 +0.000 22 14/10/16 28/06/17 DATE DESCRIPTION 19/07/17 21 A A REV

33 FFL -3.050

17 19 44

FFL FFL -3.050 -3.050 ONLY AND SHOULD BE BE SHOULD AND ONLY 55 FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE THE OF AN EXTENSION FOR M M EXTENSION APPROXIMATE SUCH DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR FOR THAT THAN OTHER PURPOSE ANY FOR FOR ANY FOR DOCUMENT DRAWING DOCUMENT 1 FRONT ELEVATION 2 REAR ELEVATION 0 1 2 3 4 5 M SCALE: 1:50 SCALE: 1:50 SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE OR RESPONSIBLE LIABLE BE NOT SHALL LTD ARCHITECTS SALTYKOV IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL SHALL CLIENT THE WHILE PROVIDED. AND PREPARED ORIGINALLY WAS IT + ANY USE OF THIS OF USE ANY KEY / NOTES / KEY WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS DESIGNS THE REPRODUCE TO ENTITLED BE NOT SHALL CLIENT THE WORKS, THIS IN CONTAINED ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE AREAS AND LEVELS DIMENSIONS, ALL LACEY FOR WHICH VERIFIED ON SITE. SITE. ON VERIFIED THIS SCALE NOT DO BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS COPY AND UTILISE TO ENTITLED BE SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY 26 3335 OUTLINE 09 A A No's No 27 21-25 Britton Britton Street Street 27 11085 10255 12 12 27 -3.050 FFL 03 B B

EXTENT OF THE EXISTING BASEMENT 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 13 03 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor new floor area open route 02 atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at the staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 01 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description / of existing frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing portion double equipment access building above at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard 31 10 separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure -3.200 FFL (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only)

03 09

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-20 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17 SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY F-A -0.330 3335 OUTLINE -0.150 F-C 05 04 A A No's No 27 21-25 Britton 28 Britton Street Street 11085 10255 28 06 07 +/-0.000 FFL B B 29 29 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 09 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor new floor 02 area open route atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at the staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 01 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description / of existing frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing portion double equipment access building above 10 at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard 29 31 separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only)

03 09

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED GROUND FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-30 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17 SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY 3335 OUTLINE A A No's No 01 27 21-25 Britton Britton Street Street 11085 10255 +3.300 FFL 13 B B 12 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 29 29 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor 32 new floor 02 area open route atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at 9415 the staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear approx to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for 30 outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description / of existing 14 frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing 11 portion double equipment access building above at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure 31 (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only) 30

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED FIRST FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-31 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17 SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY 3335 OUTLINE A A No's No 27 21-25 Britton Britton Street Street 11085 10255 +6.570 FFL 01 17 B B 2400 approx 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 29 29 29 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor new floor 02 area open route atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at the staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description 15 / of existing frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing portion double equipment access building above at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard 31 separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only)

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED SECOND FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-32 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17 SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY 3335 OUTLINE A A No's No 27 21-25 Britton Britton Street Street 11085 10255 13 +6.570 FFL 01 17 B B 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 29 29 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor new floor 02 area open route atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at the staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description 15 / of existing frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing portion double equipment access building above at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only)

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED THIRD FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-33 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17 SC-11 SC-12 EL-11 1 2 3 1

NOTIONAL Ax Ax

5135 SITE 1760 3375 B R I T T O N S T R E E T BOUNDARY 3335 OUTLINE A A +12.650 RL 19 No's No 21 20 27 21-25 Britton Britton Street Street 11085 10255 01 +12.800 FFL 13 18 18 B B 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 No 3800 15 29 29 Brick wall 'Crittall'-style New flat roof Lobby Sliding New 'Crittall'-style Pantry New Bicycle Protected corridor Glazed Main WC New relocated Open-plan office Room / approx / mezzanine multi-storey entrance shower / / doors storage area - 'shopfront' wall area access coffee station to the description glass glass window room double emergency corridor new floor 02 area open route atrium and emergency aproximately doors (furniture layout suspended atrium with / or from the window and escape to storage main and lobby the at the 16 staircase stair entrance rear brackets staircase level rear to wall mezzanine indicative with the connecting at door for outside at the 1st floor the wall the 11015 only) rear roof rear hanging all floors 0 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 No Primary Internal Mechanical Approx Reception Connected Storage Flat and Extended Masonry Notionally Aluminium framed double Fixed Roof Dormer Existing Room / terrace full 1 extent area courtyard windows meeting in window openings sloping wall upstand heigt mansard roof profile flat area the meeting and with description 15 / of existing frameless low electrical solid roof room adjacent in removed raised pitch NOTIONAL the rooms 2 parapet undercroft existing portion double equipment access building above at with the walls above SITE flexible mansard of rear glazed the (approximate doors portion at 3 the BOUNDARY new area this are the mansard separating unit level roof enlarged existing above stair enclosure (dark extent roof existing Cx 4 dormers OUTLINE partition grey) C only)

stair N 5 M C SC-12 SC-11 EL-11 1 2 3 2

© 2017 COPYRIGHT LACEY + SALTYKOV. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED KEY / NOTES REV DATE DESCRIPTION 26 BRITTON STREET LONDON LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD ALL DIMENSIONS, LEVELS AND AREAS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY AND SHOULD BE 14/10/16 PRE-APPLICATION SUBMISSION PROJECT REVISION VERIFIED ON SITE. A 28/06/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION 7 RIDGMOUNT STREET DRWG NAME PROPOSED FOURTH FLOOR PLAN LONDON DO NOT SCALE THIS DRAWING A 19/07/17 PLANNING APPLICATION SUBMISSION WC1E 7AE LACEY + SALTYKOV ARCHITECTS LTD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THAT FOR DRWG NO 1235-A-GA-PL-34 +44 (0)20 7255 0525 WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY PREPARED AND PROVIDED. WHILE THE CLIENT SHALL A www.laceysaltykov.com BE ENTITLED TO UTILISE AND COPY THIS DOCUMENT FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE [email protected] WORKS, THE CLIENT SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SCALE 1:50 CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR ANY SUCH EXTENSION SIZE A2

DATE 19/07/17