32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell London Borough of Islington

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Ref: 201010.1 January 2018

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Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity no. 287786 (England & Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) Disclaimer The material contained in this report was designed as an integral part of a report to an individual client and was prepared solely for the benefit of that client. The material contained in this report does not necessarily stand on its own and is not intended to nor should it be relied upon by any third party. To the fullest extent permitted by law Wessex Archaeology will not be liable by reason of breach of contract negligence or otherwise for any loss or damage (whether direct indirect or consequential) occasioned to any person acting or omitting to act or refraining from acting in reliance upon the material contained in this report arising from or connected with any error or omission in the material contained in the report. Loss or damage as referred to above shall be deemed to include, but is not limited to, any loss of profits or anticipated profits damage to reputation or goodwill loss of business or anticipated business damages costs expenses incurred or payable to any third party (in all cases whether direct indirect or consequential) or any other direct indirect or consequential loss or damage. Document Information Document title 32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Document subtitle Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Document reference 201010.1

Client name Peter Morris Architects Address 465C Hornsey Road Unit 2 London

Site location Clerkenwell County London Borough of Islington National grid reference 531657 181950 Statutory designations Grade II Listed Building Planning authority London Borough of Islington

WA project code(s) 201010 Project management by Marie Kelleher Document compiled by Thomas Piggott Graphics by Thomas Piggott/Andrew Souter

Quality Assurance Issue and date Status Author Approved by 1 08/01/18 Internal TP MK 2 15/01/18 Internal/External TP MW 3 26/01/18 Internal/External TP MK

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents Summary ...... iii Acknowledgements ...... iv 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 The Site ...... 1 1.3 Development proposals ...... 1 1.4 Scope of document ...... 2 1.5 Aims ...... 2 2 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 2 2.1 Introduction ...... 2 2.2 Designated heritage assets ...... 3 2.3 National Planning Policy Framework ...... 3 2.4 Local planning policy ...... 4 3 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 3.1 Introduction ...... 4 3.2 Study Area ...... 4 3.3 Sources ...... 4 3.4 Site visit ...... 5 3.5 Assessment criteria – Significance...... 5 3.6 Assumptions and limitations...... 7 3.7 Copyright ...... 7 4 BASELINE RESOURCE ...... 8 4.1 Introduction ...... 8 4.2 Previous studies ...... 8 4.3 Archaeological Priority Areas ...... 8 4.4 Archaeological and historical context ...... 8 4.5 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts ...... 19 5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS ...... 19 5.1 Introduction ...... 19 5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource ...... 19 5.3 Statement of potential impact ...... 21 6 CONCLUSIONS ...... 21 6.1 General ...... 21 6.2 Recommendations ...... 22 REFERENCES ...... 24 Bibliography ...... 24 Online resources ...... 26 APPENDICES ...... 27 Appendix 1: Terminology ...... 27 Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework ...... 28 Appendix 3: Gazetteer ...... 32

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Figures Figure 1: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Records dating from the Palaeolithic to Medieval periods based on GLHER. Figure 2: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Records dating from the Post-medieval to Modern periods based on GLHER. Figure 3: Site, Study Area and Archaeological Priority Areas based on GLHER Figure 4: Historic mapping 1658-1873 Figure 5: Historic mapping 1934-2009

Plates Plate 1 View of the current basement area, facing southwest Plate 2 View of the rear room, facing southwest Plate 3 South elevation of 32 Britton Street showing the modern walkway in the background, facing northwest Plate 4 South and west elevation of 32 Britton Street, facing northeast Plate 5 Rear wall of 32 Britton Street, facing east Plate 6 Current path running to the rear of 32 Britton Street, facing north

Tables Table 1 Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets Table 2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site

Front cover 32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington

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Summary Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Peter Morris Architects to prepare an Archaeological- Desk-Based Assessment of land at 32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London, centred on National Grid Reference 531657, 181950. This study is intended to support a planning application for the refurbishment of 32 Britton Street and excavation of a new basement.

The aims of this study were to assess the known and potential heritage resource within the site and the surrounding area, and to assess the likely impacts of the development proposals on this resource. This document includes a consideration of effects to below ground heritage assets and excludes any consideration of the Listed Building and surrounding built heritage. These elements are to be assessed within a separate document prepared by Beacon Planning.

The effect of the development proposals on the historic environment resource will be a material consideration in the determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.

This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to the medieval, post-medieval and 19th century periods. The site lies within the Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area that contains three medieval religious complexes: The Priory Order of St John of Jerusalem, Charterhouse Precinct and the Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte. The site itself is situated within the Outer Precinct of St Johns Priory with investigations in close proximity to the site identifying finds and remains of medieval date that relate to the occupation and use of the Priory during the medieval period.

Although the Priory was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1536, with its land either sold off to private individuals or bequeathed to supporters of Henry VIII, the former grounds saw continued use during the post-medieval period. Britton Street, formerly known as Red Lion Street, was established by the lawyer Simon Mitchel between 1718 and 1723 with 32 Britton Street constructed between 1720 and 1723 by the carpenter George Greaves. Simon Mitchel had also been responsible for the development of a number of streets and residential developments within the Clerkenwell area. In 1751, a quarter acre of land located 10m to the southwest of 32 Britton Street was granted by John Mitchel to be used as a burial ground. The limits of the burial ground are thought to be marked by the current standing wall located to the southwest of the site which once divided the cemetery from the back gardens of the adjoining properties.

While Britton Street had originally been occupied by wealthy families by 1841 this had changed with almost every building on the street used for commercial purposes as either shops or workshops. Between 1819 and 1873 a new building had been constructed in the western section of the site that may have been used for industrial purposes or residential use. Remains associated with its construction may be present within the footprint of the location for the new basement extension.

A low to moderate potential has been assigned to the prehistoric period. Four Palaeolithic flint tools have been recovered within 250m of the site and the site has been mapped as containing Hackney Gravel deposits which have been known to contain Palaeolithic finds. Based on the known depth of the deposits from historic borehole records these are not expected to be impacted by the proposed development.

A low potential has been assigned to the Anglo-Saxon period. Tentative evidence of a possible Anglo-Saxon settlement was found 115m south of the Site however the record for the discovery provides very little information as to why it is thought to be a settlement.

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A low potential has been assigned to the modern period. Ordnance Survey Mapping shows that the building in the western section of the site had been extended off its east elevation sometime between 1934 and 1966. A walkway had also been added during the modern period between the main house and building to the rear of the property. Neither of the two developments that have occurred within the site during the modern period are thought to have impacted on the location of the basement extension.

Due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation, the presence, location and significance of any buried heritage assets within the site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional archaeological investigations may be required by the archaeological advisor for Islington Borough Council.

The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further assessment and/or archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

Acknowledgements This project was commissioned by Peter Morris Architects, and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to Peter Morris in this regard. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank Greater London Historic Environment Record for supplying the Historic Environment Record data.

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32 Britton Street Clerkenwell London Borough of Islington

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Peter Morris Architects (the Client), to prepare an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of land at 32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London (hereafter ‘the Site’, Fig. 1), centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 531657, 181950.

1.1.2 This study will support a planning application for the redevelopment of 32 Britton Street which will involve a basement extension. 32 Britton Street is a Grade II Listed Building. This document includes a consideration of effects to below ground heritage assets and excludes any consideration of the Listed Building and surrounding built heritage. This is to be assessed within a separate document prepared by Beacon Planning.

1.2 The Site 1.2.1 The Site comprises a rectangular parcel of land of approximately 96m² situated near the southern end of Britton Street, some 90m to the northeast of Farringdon Station, 680m southeast of the centre of Clerkenwell and 1.15km north of the River Thames.

1.2.2 The Site is occupied by 32 Britton Street, a four-storey terraced house that was designated a Grade II Listed Building in 1972 along with the adjoining 30 and 31 Britton Street.

1.2.3 The Site is bound to the north by 31 Britton Street, to the west and south by St John’s Gardens and to the east by Britton Street. A path runs along the western boundary providing access to 24 Britton Street (Plate 6).

1.2.4 The Site is situated within a relatively flat area of land at an elevation of approximately 22 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). Local topography falls gently to the south towards the River Thames.

1.2.5 The underlying bedrock geology throughout the Site is mapped as London Clay Formation- Clay, Silt and Sand with superficial deposits of Hackney Gravel Member- Sand and Gravel (British Geological Survey, Geology of Britain Viewer).

1.3 Development proposals 1.3.1 Finalised development proposals were unavailable at the time of writing. Drawings provided by the client indicate that the proposed development will comprise the excavation of a new basement area under the rear part of the existing property. The finished floor level of the new basement area would be approximately 1.2m below the existing floor level. The proposed development will also involve refurbishments works to the current internal areas of 32 Britton Street which will be discussed in a separate document to be prepared by Beacon Planning. 1 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, Jan 2018

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1.4 Scope of document 1.4.1 This assessment was requested by the Client in order to determine, as far as is possible from existing information, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment resource within the Site and its environs, and to provide an initial assessment of the potential impact of development on the heritage assets that embody that significance.

1.4.2 The Historic Environment, as defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012): Annex 2, comprises:

‘all aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’

1.4.3 NPPF Annex 2 defines a Heritage Asset as:

‘a building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’

1.5 Aims 1.5.1 The specific aims of this assessment are to:

outline the known and potential heritage assets within the Site based on a review of existing information within a defined study area;

assess the significance of known and potential heritage assets through weighted consideration of their valued components;

assess the potential impact of development or other land changes on the significance of the heritage assets; and

make recommendations for strategies to mitigate potential adverse impacts arising from the proposed development.

1.5.2 No assessment on the settings of heritage assets will be undertaken in conjunction with the production of this desk-based assessment. An assessment of the effects to the listed building will be provided by Beacon Planning.

2 PLANNING BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.

2.1.2 The following section summarises the main components of the national and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of the historic environment within the planning process. Further detail is presented in Appendix 2.

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2.2 Designated heritage assets 2.2.1 Designated heritage assets are defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:

‘World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated under the relevant legislation.’

2.2.2 Designation can be defined as:

‘The recognition of particular heritage value(s) of a significant place by giving it formal status under law or policy intended to sustain those values’ (English Heritage 2008, p.71).

2.2.3 Statutory protection is provided to certain classes of designated heritage asset under the following legislation:

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990;

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; and

Protection of Wrecks Act 1973

2.2.4 Further information regarding heritage designations is provided in Appendix 2.

2.3 National Planning Policy Framework 2.3.1 National Planning Policy Framework Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment sets out the principal national guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of heritage assets within the planning process.

2.3.2 The aim of NPPF Section 12 is to ensure that Local Planning Authorities, developers and owners of heritage assets adopt a consistent and holistic approach to their conservation and to reduce complexity in planning policy relating to proposals that affect them.

2.3.3 To summarise, government policy provides a framework which:

recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource;

requires applicants to provide proportionate information on the significance of heritage assets affected by the proposals and an impact assessment of the proposed development on that significance;

takes into account the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and their setting;

places weight on the conservation of designated heritage assets, in line with their significance; and

requires developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible.

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2.3.4 A selection of excerpts from NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment is presented in Appendix 2.

2.3.5 On 6 March 2014 the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) launched the Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) web-based resource. The resource provides additional guidance intended to accompany the NPPF. It includes a section entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (ID: 18a), which expands upon NPPF Section 12.

2.4 Local planning policy 2.4.1 The Site is situated within the administrative boundaries of Islington Borough Council which adopted the Islington Borough Council: Core Strategy in 2011.

2.4.2 The Core Strategy forms the basis of the development plan for the district and sets targets for the provision of new housing and employment for a period up to 2025, as well as setting out general policies in relation to provision of facilities, transport, and protection of natural and historic features. The Core Strategy was also created in conjunction with the London Plan which was adopted in 2016.

2.4.3 Local planning policies that relate to the historic environment and may be relevant to the proposed development are presented in Appendix 2.

2.5 Supplementary planning guidance 2.5.1 Islington Borough Council has produced Conservation Area Design Guidelines for each Conservation Area within the Borough, and a number of supplementary planning documents (SPDs), including the Islington Borough Council Urban Design Guide SPD, Design & Conservation Guide No.10-Listed Buildings, Design & Conservation Guide No.12-Non-designated heritage assets. Within SPD No.12, guidelines were prepared in relation to the treatment of Locally Listed Buildings.

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The methodology employed during this assessment was based upon relevant professional guidance, including the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2014).

3.2 Study Area 3.2.1 A Study Area was established within a 250m radius of the Site boundary. The recorded historic environment resource within the Study Area was considered in order to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential resource within the Site.

3.3 Sources 3.3.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were consulted. These comprised:

The National Heritage List for England (NHLE), which is the only official and up to date database of all nationally designated heritage assets;

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The Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER), comprising a database of recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the county;

National heritage datasets including the Archaeological Data Service (ADS), Heritage Gateway, OASIS, PastScape and the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) Excavation Index;

Historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps held at the London Metropolitan Archives; and

Relevant primary and secondary sources held at the London Metropolitan Archives and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Both published and unpublished archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the vicinity of the Site were studied.

3.3.2 Sources consulted during the preparation of this assessment are listed in Section 8.

3.4 Site visit 3.4.1 The Site was visited on the 3rd January 2018. Weather conditions were dry and overcast. A fieldwork record comprising digital photography is held in the project archive.

3.4.2 The aim of the Site visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any prior impacts not evident from secondary sources. The Site visit also sought to ascertain if the Site contained any previously unidentified features of archaeological, architectural or historic interest.

3.4.3 No unidentified features of archaeological, architectural or historic interest were identified during the Site visit.

3.5 Assessment criteria – Significance 3.5.1 Significance (for heritage policy) is defined in NPPF Annex 2 as:

‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’

3.5.2 Current national guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is based on criteria provided by English Heritage (now Historic England) in Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2008). Within this document, significance is weighed by consideration of the potential for the asset to demonstrate the following value criteria:

Evidential value Deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity;

Historical value Deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative;

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Aesthetic value Deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; and

Communal value Deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects.

3.5.3 This assessment was also informed by the advice published by Historic England in the document entitled Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 (2015a).

3.5.4 The relative significance of heritage assets was determined in general accordance with the schema laid out below in Table 1.

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Table 1 Generic schema for classifying the significance of heritage assets Significance Categories World Heritage Sites (including nominated sites) Very High Assets of recognised international importance Assets that contribute to international research objectives Scheduled Monuments Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings Grade II Listed Buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations High Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens Registered Battlefields Non-designated assets of national importance Assets that contribute to national research agendas Grade II Listed Buildings Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens Moderate Conservation Areas Assets that contribute to regional research objectives Locally listed buildings Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor contextual Low associations Assets with importance to local interest groups Sites, features, structures or landscapes with little or no archaeological, Negligible architectural or historical interest The importance of the asset has not been ascertained from available Unknown evidence

3.6 Assumptions and limitations 3.6.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

3.6.2 The records held by the GLHER are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

3.7 Copyright 3.7.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (eg, Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which Wessex Archaeology are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non-transferable by Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

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4 BASELINE RESOURCE

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides a summary of the recorded historic environment within the Study Area, compiled from the sources summarised above and detailed in the references section of this report (Section 8). The aim is to identify the known and potential components of the historic environment (heritage assets) that could be affected by the proposed development.

4.1.2 All heritage assets identified within the Study Area are listed in Appendix 3. The NHLE and HER entries are assigned a unique number within the text and given a WA prefix for ease of reference.

4.2 Previous studies Site 4.2.1 No record of any previous intrusive archaeological investigation within the Site has been identified during the preparation of this assessment.

Study Area 4.2.2 The GLHER contains entries pertaining to a large number of investigations within the Study Area. These are mainly concentrated within the limits of the former Precinct of St John and the former Charterhouse Precinct which form part of the Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area. Several investigations outside of the two Precincts have also occurred related to the construction for Crossrail. Numerous non-intrusive surveys have also been conducted on properties within the Study Area and include Desk-Based Assessments and Historic Buildings Records.

4.2.3 Where relevant, the results of these investigations are discussed in further detail in Section 4.5.

4.2.4 Previous archaeological investigations carried out within the Study Area are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

4.3 Archaeological Priority Areas 4.3.1 A total of three Archaeological Priority Areas (APA) are situated within the Study Area (Figure 3). These comprise:

• Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area, within which the Site is located;

• City of London Archaeological Priority Area, located 220m to the south of the Site; and

• London Suburbs Archaeological Priority Area located 195m to the west of the Site.

4.3.2 Islington Borough Council and Historic England are currently reviewing the Archaeological Priority Areas. A tier based system will be introduced based on their archaeological importance and potential; with tier 1 the highest and tier 4 the lowest.

4.4 Archaeological and historical context 4.4.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources listed above. The

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likelihood of as yet unrecorded archaeological remains within the Site is informed by the consideration of the known heritage assets within the Study Area, in conjunction with the geology and topography of the area.

4.4.2 Records obtained from the NHLE, GLHER and other sources are listed in Appendix 3 and illustrated in Figures 1–2.

Prehistoric (970,000 BC–AD 43) 4.4.3 Four Palaeolithic find spots have been recorded within the Study Area. A pointed handaxe was found near Sessions House 130m to the north of the Site (WA01). The partial remains of an antler axe were found 175m to the northwest of the Site (WA02). A second Palaeolithic handaxe was recovered from within a band of Hackney gravel located 170m to the northwest of the Site (WA03). During an archaeological investigation at Preachers Court the tip of a pointed Acheulian type handaxe had been recovered from a medieval dump layer (WA09).

4.4.4 The Romano-British road recorded 165m to the north of the Site is believed to have been located on a former prehistoric trackway that may have been used during the Iron Age (Margery 1973) (WA06).

4.4.5 The proximity of the Site to the River Thames, the general topography of the area and the local geology may have made this area a favourable location for either seasonal or permanent occupation.

Romano-British (AD 43 – 410) 4.4.6 Shortly after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43, the main settlement of London (Londinium) was established on the north side of the Thames and was located approximately 650m to the south of the Site (MOLA 2000:127). The Thames was utilised as a convenient highway for water transport while London became a major convergence point for several major Roman roads. The first settlement of London was destroyed during Queen Boudicca’s revolt in AD60 and was rebuilt in AD61. After its reconstruction London became the main political and administrative centre for the province of Britain. It was however abandoned following the withdrawal of Rome from Britain and movement of its inhabitants outside of the city during the 5th century.

4.4.7 A Roman road is thought to have run 115m to the north of the Site (WA06). The roads position was theorised by Ivan Margery who had published Roman Roads in Britain in 1973 (1973). However, its existence has been questioned as no physical remains of the road have been found during archaeological investigations along its presumed route.

4.4.8 Two Romano-British burials have been found within the Study Area. The remains of a possible burial was found 245m to the southeast of the Site however it is not known whether the remains were from an inhumation or cremation burial (WA04). A second burial was found 230m to the southeast of the Site (WA05). The remains had been interred within a coffin positioned on an east-west alignment and had been buried with an assortment of pottery and coins. No further information is known about the pottery or coins as the find pre-dates the use of accurate recording techniques.

4.4.9 The remains of a Roman ground surface and several sherds of Roman pottery were found during an excavation within the grounds of St Johns Priory 65m to the northeast of Site (WA111). No further information is known in relation to the ground surface and whether it was part of a roman road or building.

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4.4.10 A possible Romano-British settlement was discovered 70m to the southeast of the Site (WA46). A field boundary or drainage ditch was found in the northern part of the site orientated northeast to southwest. It was found in close proximity to two other ditches which had been heavily truncated by medieval quarry pits. The features were interpreted as evidence for exploitation of the land and may have been part of a field system of a settlement or single farm (MOLA 1994).

Anglo-Saxon (AD 410–1066) 4.4.11 Following the withdrawal of the Roman Empire from Britain in the 5th century the south- east of the country fell into an extended period of social and economic decline and London was abandoned by the native population. Over the following centuries various Saxon kings began vying for power and control of the southeast. By the middle of the 6th century much of the south-east came under control of the East Saxons and a new settlement known as Ludenwic was established in the area of present day Covent Garden outside the original Roman city walls (Cowie and Blackmore 2008).

4.4.12 In AD601 Pope Gregory chose Augustine, a Prior of a monastery in Rome, to lead a mission to Britain to Christianise the Anglo-Saxon population in Southern Britain and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury (MOLA 2000:173). Following Augustine’s appointment to England in AD604 he ordained an individual known as Mellitus as bishop to the East Saxons. Having been granted permission by Aethelbert, the East Saxon king at the time, Miletus established the church of St Paul the Apostle in Ludenwic. The original city of London was eventually resettled in the 9th century following continued assault by Viking invaders and need for more defensive settlements. The name of the settlement was changed to Ludenburgh and the settlement of Ludenwic was abandoned. Over the next two centuries Ludenburgh continually changed hands between the Anglo-Saxon and Danes until the whole of England was conquered by Cnut who was crowned King of England on November 30th 1016. Cnut was the step-father of later King Edward the Confessor.

4.4.13 Tentative evidence for a possible early Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery was found 110m to the south of the Site (WA08). This included earrings made from a late 6th or 7th century Byzantine marriage disc found at Cowcross Street in 1879 and is now held in the British Museum. No further information is known about the settlement.

Medieval (AD 1066–1500) 4.4.14 Clerkenwell is not specifically noted in the Domesday Book of 1086. The first known documentary reference to it is in a grant by Ralph de Brecit of the tithes (taxes to church) of Clerkenwell to his religious foundation in Essex in AD1122. During the medieval period the Site laid outside the main settlement of London though economic and social development during the period saw the expansion of the city to the north (MOLA 2000:212). The growing importance of London is shown by the concentration of religious houses and royal palaces established in and around the city, with three known religious centres located within the Study Area (see below).

4.4.15 210m to the north of the Site is the former site of the nunnery of St Mary de Fonte (WA55). The nunnery at St Mary was founded shortly after the founding of the adjacent Hospitaller priory of St John by the same man, Jordan de Bricet, the lord of Clerkenwell manor (Temple 2008). The nunnery stood north of the priory, in a field next to Clerk’s well with the boundaries of the precinct approximately to Farringdon Lane, Clerkenwell Green, St James Walk and Bowling Green Lane. A stone church dedicated to St Mary was built circa AD1160 and was the first major structure within the precinct and was later adjoined by a chapter-house, where Bricet and his wife were later buried. The layout of the inner 10 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, Jan 2018

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core of the precinct was formalised in the 12th and 13th centuries when the church was enlarged and a cloister and other stone-built ranges were erected in the northern area (ibid). Among the new buildings was the construction of a gatehouse, facing the Green, and north of the church with a series of tenements located just outside the southern limits of the gatehouse one of which is documented to have been named Le Stone House. The original position of the gatehouse is still visible today by the narrowing of the road 225m to the north of the Site (WA59). Several medieval buildings were found during an investigation near the southern boundary of the nunnery 245m to the north of the Site (WA42).

4.4.16 Farringdon Road is a former medieval trackway that ran from Smithfield Market located 250m to the southwest of the Site northwest towards the centre of Clerkenwell located 870m to the northwest of the Site (WA13). St Johns Street is also a former medieval trackway that ran from West Smithfield to Islington (WA26).

4.4.17 Several investigations carried out within the Study Area have found evidence of medieval occupation. An archaeological evaluation was conducted at the Farmiloe Building located 200m to the east of the Site (WA15). The evaluation revealed a series of 13th-14th century rubbish dumps, pits, a possible hearth, a wall and a cess pit. The remains may have been associated with the use of Charterhouse Precinct. An excavation was undertaken near the eastern end of a former church located 175m to the south of the Site (WA16). The remains of a medieval vault and lead coffin plates were found. A three-arched structure believed to be a tile kiln was identified 165m to the west of the Site (WA25). The kiln measured 4.8m long and 3m wide and included within the walls of the kiln were Fleur-de- Lys and double headed eagle decorated tiles. A former watercourse which had been backfilled with medieval building debris was uncovered at 75-85 Cowcross Street 110m to the south of the Site (WA45).

4.4.18 Two records relate to medieval findspots. A possible 14th century crossbow-bolthead was found in 1869 125m to the southwest of the Site (WA44). A collection of knives, spoons and other domestic implements were found 230m to the northwest of the Site (WA48).

Inner Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA10) 4.4.19 In AD1144, Jordan de Bricet bequeathed part of his land for the construction of a priory, the Priory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (WA11). The earliest structure mentioned in documentary sources is dated to circa 1163, when the precinct wall is mentioned as ‘the wall of the curia of the Hospital of Jerusalem’ (Sloane and Malcom, 2004). The exact line of the walls remains uncertain though it is thought to straddle the current road network in the area (WA60). By the late 12th century the priory would have consisted of the main church, dwellings for the prior, brethren, chaplains and visitors, storage and service buildings, a granary and possible a rudimentary hospice or infirmary hall. The original church had been situated on the location of the existing St John Clerkenwell parish church located approximately 255m to the north of the Site. Remains of a crypt associated with the church were found during an archaeological watching brief in 1989 (WA58).

4.4.20 While there is no archaeological evidence for the subdivision of the Inner Precinct (WA10) and the Outer Precinct (WA11) this is thought to have occurred in the late 12th century (ibid, 63). The Outer Precinct itself would have functioned in a similar way to other monastic outer courts consisting of unenclosed land owned by the priory and used for its benefit. There is also believed to have been some form of initial gatehouse where the current St Johns Gate is located, 120m to the northeast of the Site (WA43). This would have allowed access into the priory from St John’s Lane.

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4.4.21 The earlier layout of the Inner Precinct has been reconstructed from documentary sources and recent investigations undertaken within the priory grounds (Sloane and Malcolm, 2004). Many key buildings have been recorded on the GLHER. This includes the Grand Priory Church (WA21), dormitory for the secular priests (WA19), the armoury (WA51), north range (WA27), the Great Court (WA29), counting house (WA33), the crypt of the church of St John (WA34), a chapel (WA35), the vestry (WA37), Docwras Chapel (WA38), the Great Stair (WA53), the distillery (WA20), Yeoman Dorter (WA39), the kitchen (WA40), a burial ground to the west of the priory chapel (WA41), the Hall (WA47) and part of the inner precinct priory wall (WA113) and the western gate (WA36).

4.4.22 Development within the grounds of the Priory has been accompanied by archaeological investigations and brief summaries of these works are discussed below. An inspection on works during the refurbishment of 49-52 St Johns Square 220m to the north of the Site found surviving chalk and ragstone walls (WA32). This was followed by a small trial trench evaluation which only found remains dated after the dissolution of the priory (WA90). Skeletons of two individuals were also found during an excavation directly south of the church (WA114). Evidence of several medieval buildings were found at 41-47 St Johns Square 230m to the north of the Site (WA22). Four trial pits were excavated prior to the removal of the floor in the grand priory church (WA21). The trial pits found evidence of one of the former crypts and moulded stone. The northern wall of the former crypt was also found 10m to the north of WA21 during an excavation at 47-49 St John Square (WA58). An evaluation completed 180m to the north of the Site which found a possible dumping area for medieval rubbish alongside the possible remains of the post-dissolution ‘plommerhouse’ (WA54). Medieval inhumation burials were found 200m to the northeast of the Site (WA114) when archaeologists were called to the 2 Albemarle Way after contractors digging underpinning holes in the basement had uncovered human remains from within the cloister area. Remains of the medieval priory apartments were found 220m to the north of the Site (WA63).

Outer Precinct of the Priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA11) 4.4.23 The Site lies within the Outer Precinct of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (WA11). Several key medieval buildings located within the Outer Precinct have been recorded. The House of the Balif of Eagle stood on the west side of St Johns Lane near Eagle Court 90m to the southeast of the Site (WA30). The Balif of Eagle was one of the four main crosses of the Order. The location of a medieval stable block is noted 55m to the south of the Site (WA31).

4.4.24 Development within the Outer Precinct that impacted below ground has been subject to an archaeological investigation. Investigations close to the limits of the inner precinct and within the southern section of the Outer Precinct have located chalk and ragstone walls from either former tenement blocks or buildings associated with the Order of St John (WA109, WA114, WA108, WA52, and WA112). Evidence of medieval quarrying pre- dating the establishment of the priory has been found 50m to the east of the Site (WA46) and 90m to the southeast of the Site (WA52). The remains of a medieval floor surface and 17th century well were recorded in the basement of 55 Clerkenwell Road 135m to the north of the Site (WA110) while a medieval demolition layer was identified 75m to the southeast of the Site (WA109). The remains of a robbed out medieval wall had also been found 95m to the east of the Site (WA50).

4.4.25 Three wells have been found within the Outer Precinct. These are located 100m to the northeast of the Site (WA18), 95m to the south of the Site (WA23) and 35m to the northeast of the Site (WA46).

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4.4.26 An archaeological evaluation and excavation was completed on land located within the southern limits of the outer precinct 110m to the south of the Site (WA57). Six buildings were identified which were all connected but are thought to have been constructed at different times. Each building had chalk block footings laid in course mortar with the upper sections of the walls consisting of dressed chalk blocks with ragstone facings (London Archaeologist 1990). The earliest buildings formed the centre of the complex and based on documentary sources is thought to date to the 14th century and could have belonged to one of the Knights Hospitaller. The remaining buildings consisted of four penthouses, a storeroom and part of a gatehouse into the Precinct. A series of medieval graves that were dated to the 13th and 14th centuries were also discovered in the western area of the excavation area.

Charterhouse Precinct (WA09) 4.4.27 The London Charter House was founded at Smithfield, 200m to the northeast of the Site in 1371 by Sir Walter Manny and Bishop Michael Northburgh of London (Cockburn 1969). The land had originally been granted to Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1348 to be used as a cemetery for victims who died during the Black Death. A total of 20,000 individuals are thought to be buried in the grounds of the cemetery (WA65). A chapel had been established associated with the cemetery 190m to the southeast of the Site (WA24) that was expanded and altered for private use (WA28). In addition to the plague cemetery a second plot of land had been purchased to be used as a pardon cemetery (WA63). Disarticulated human remains were encountered 240m to the southeast of the Site during an archaeological watching brief at 23-28 Charterhouse Square that had been interred within the plague cemetery (WA105). Following the granting of land in AD1371 a Carthusian monastery was established on the former cemetery site (WA56). The monastery had been split into two main areas, the Great Cloister and the Little Cloister. The Great Cloister contained the main chapel and hermitage as well as 25 monks who each had they own small holding and garden. The Little Cloister consisted of a wash- house court and buildings to house laymen.

4.4.28 Provision for a water supply to Charterhouse was made in AD1430 (WA12). John Feriby and his wife Margery granted Charterhouse Priory a spring and a portion of land to make a conduit across the land to help supply water to the monastery (WA14, WA17 and WA61). Following developments within the precinct the water supply line underwent re- development with a new line added which ran parallel to the old one but led to the main conduit and water-house in the centre of the precinct (WA17). The cistern then descended the supply pipe which was divided beneath into branches that served the priory which are shown jutting off the main water-house running east west (WA62).

4.4.29 Several archaeological investigations have been carried out within the former grounds of the precinct. From 1992 until 1997 monitoring of geotechnical test pits occurred across the precinct which found evidence of small gravel extraction pits thought to pre-date the construction of the precinct circa 12th to 13th century. A former boundary ditch of the black death burial ground was located near Spital Croft while the remains of two possible service or temporary accommodation buildings from the initial foundation of the monastery were recorded with external footings of chalk and mortar identified.

4.4.30 Some of the buildings located in the Great Cloister of the Charterhouse Priory were later used by members of the Bassano Family who were Italian entertainers at court during the late medieval period (WA49). Buildings used by the family include the Priors cell and a private chapel. Henry VIII allowed the Bassano family continued use of the area following the Dissolution of the Charterhouse Priory.

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4.4.31 An archaeological investigation was carried out at Nos. 52-54 St John Street on the western boundary of the Precinct (WA121). While evidence of heavy truncation caused by the construction of modern basements was found, several medieval and later medieval rubbish pits were identified. Medieval pottery dated to AD1350-1550 was recovered from the pits which broadly matched the pottery recovered from investigations within the Precinct. The remains of a possible Brewhouse associated with the Charterhouse Carthusian Monastery were also identified.

4.4.32 A small archaeological evaluation and watching brief were carried out in the northern limits of the Precinct 250m to the northeast of the Site (WA117). The evaluation was undertaken to try to ascertain if the site was within the bounds of the pardon churchyard of the Carthusian monastery. No burial remains were encountered. Late medieval rubbish pits were identified.

Post-medieval (AD 1500–1800) 4.4.33 Following the passing of the Dissolution of Monasteries Act by Henry VIII St Johns Priory (WA10-11), Charterhouse Priory (WA09) and the Nunnery of St Mary De Fonte (WA55) were all acquired by the Crown. The Church of St Johns Priory and much of the former land was granted to John Dudley, Lord De Lisle. Other areas of the priory were also granted to friends of Henry VIII including Sir Maurice Berkeley, standard bearer to Henry VIII who constructed a mansion within the Inner Precinct (WA90). Following Henry VIII’s death in 1547 Dudley gave the land to Henry’s only son Edward VI, who in 1548 granted it to his elder sister Mary. In 1549, Edward VI ordered that the church and bell tower located in the Inner Precinct be undermined and exploded with gunpowder. Some effort was made to restore the priory under Mary I but this was put to an abrupt stop when Elizabeth I acquired the throne in 1558. The Priory gatehouse was then used by Elizabeth’s Master of Revels Edmund Tylney for storage and stage practice. James I later granted the surviving buildings to Lord Aubigny who later granted the surviving buildings to Joseph Hall in 1623. Following this, the Priory Church a church commission to become the parish church of St John of Clerkenwell. The remaining former Hospitaller buildings were put to mundane use. A burial ground was established to the east of the main church by the church commission that was later altered and extended into a public garden in the 18th century (WA70 and WA94).

4.4.34 The Nunnery of St Mary De Fonte was one of the last nunneries to be supressed by King Henry VIII and when it did close in 1541 the king granted a pension to all the nuns for their continued work. The nunnery was granted to the Duke of Norfolk who adapted the buildings into a grand mansion.

4.4.35 The continued use of the former St Johns Priory is well attested in the archaeological record. Post-medieval remains related to occupation within the Outer Precinct have been found in the southern, eastern and central areas of the Precinct. Within the southern area, remains found include post-medieval building footings possibly of the former gatehouse and a bakery (WA57), Tudor cellars within former medieval buildings (WA82 and WA74), a 17th century domestic structure a number of additional buildings, cess pits and a well (WA110). At the corner of St John’s Lane, a series of post-medieval cess pits were recorded (WA79). At 13-16 Britton Street 60m to the northeast of the Site several dumped deposits and pits containing 17th century pottery were found (WA116). At 6-9 Brislet Street a pair of brick built cellars of mid-17th century were noted during an evaluation (WA92). In the northeast corner of the former Outer Precinct an excavation in 1978 at 120 Clerkenwell Road 195m to the north of the Site found the remains of a post-medieval ditch (WA80). The ditch was aligned east to west and post-medieval pottery, tiles and clay pipe were recovered from its fill. At 4-5 Albemarle Way 200m to the northeast of the Site a

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post-medieval dump layer was recorded during a watching brief (WA88). Post-medieval garden soil and a dump layer thought to be associated with destruction of several buildings by Edward VI’s demolition of the precinct were noted 40m to the northeast of the Site (WA87).

4.4.36 The 17th century mansion of the Earl of Aylesbury who had purchased a portion of the Inner Precinct grounds was located 200m to the north of the Site (WA93). During an excavation on the site of the mansion, remains of its floor surfaces were recorded along with deposits of tile, clay and brick that were left behind after its demolition. Remains of the former gateway into the property were also recorded that had been built into the medieval walls of the priory.

4.4.37 A post-medieval terraced house has been recorded 190m to the north of the Site in the Inner Precinct (WA93). Floor surfaces of tile, clay and brick along with a wooden platform were also recorded at the same location and are thought to be related to the construction of a new gatehouse into the Elizabethan mansion constructed in the Inner Precinct.

4.4.38 The dissolution of the Charterhouse Precinct occurred in 1537. The priory at first attempted to resist the seizure which lead to the Prior John Houghton being hanged, drawn and quartered and 10 monks were sent to Newgate Prison where they starved to death. The entire site stood dormant for several years with the only occupant’s members of the Bassano family who were local tenants of the former monk’s cells. The entire site was eventually brought by Sir Edward North who transformed the priory into a grand mansion. The mansion was fashioned in the Elizabethan style and re-used the building material from the Charterhouse with the majority of the Carthusian monastery buildings demolished in the process (WA72). Part of a Tudor wall associated with the manor was found 180m to the northeast of the Site (WA121). A gatehouse granting access into the mansion is thought to have been located at WA68, 235m to the northeast of the Site. Partial remains of several ancillary buildings constructed when the Precinct was used as an Elizabethan mansion were also found butted up against the former Precinct wall (WA120).

4.4.39 The property was eventually acquired by Thomas Howard who, following an attempt to wed Mary Queen of Scots, was put under house arrest and set about using his time to embellish the property. In May 1611, the property came into the hands of Thomas Sutton who on his death endowed a hospital on the site of Charterhouse and the establishment of Almhouses. The original graveyard for the almhouses was located directly north of the main site and had been used from the construction of the initial almhouses up to the middle of the 19th century when it was replaced by a new site and partially covered by a new building known as Pensioners Court (WA118).

4.4.40 The road surface of the Charterhouse Square located in the southern section of the former precinct 235m to the southeast of the Site had been granted Grade II listed building status in 1972 but was revoked in 1994 (WA66).

4.4.41 Several archaeological investigations have found evidence of post-medieval occupation within the former Charterhouse Precinct. An archaeological evaluation was conducted in the former main section of the precinct that once featured the Great and Inner Cloisters (WA72). A truncated mortar chalk wall dated to the 16th century was found within the basement of one of the current buildings and were thought to relate to the Tudor rebuilding of Charterhouse boundary wall (WA89). A large dump of post-medieval material dated to the 17th century was identified in a watching brief 230m to the northeast of the

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Site within the grounds of the former Black Death cemetery (WA117). A watching brief at 23-28 Charterhouse Square recorded an 18th century cess pit (WA105).

4.4.42 Britton Street had been built between 1718 and 1724 and had originally been called Red Lion Street after a tavern that had been located at the north end of the street known as The Red Lion (London County Council 2008). Britton Street was established by the Lawyer Simon Mitchell who had also been responsible for the redevelopment of the church of St Johns Priory and the development of Spitalfields. Nos. 31 and 32 Britton Street had been built by the carpenter George Greaves between 1720 and 1723 and like the majority of the smaller houses on the street did not have basements (ibid). At its inception, Britton Street had been occupied by a number of tradesman of varying occupation and by the middle of the 18th century became the centre of the clock and watch industry in London with at least six watchmakers documented as having their premises on Britton Street.

4.4.43 St John’s Gardens is a small public ornamental garden which borders the Site to the west and south (WA73). The Garden is the former burial ground of the Church of St John Clerkenwell and was established in 1751 after John Mitchel bequeathed a quarter acre of land to the church in order to supplement the churches burial grounds. The original size of the burial ground can be seen on Figure 4F. Three plaques have been set onto the west facing side of the garden wall which acted as the boundary between the burial ground and the gardens of houses that backed onto the burial ground and still survives today approximately 5m to the southeast of the western boundary of the Site (visible in Plate 6). The burial ground which had been mainly used for the burial of the poor was closed in 1854 by order of the Queen under the Burial Act of 1853 (see 4.4.51).

4.4.44 Built in 1727, St Sepulchres Workhouse was an H shaped brick building that was located 175m to the south of the Site (WA67). The workhouse is documented to have housed 119 inmates consisting of 14 men, 56 women, 19 girls and 25 boys. The workhouse is thought to have been extended in 1777 when a Parliamentary report states the workhouse could accommodate 279 individuals. The workhouse was demolished in the 1860’s to make way for Smithfield Market and Farringdon Station. The workhouse had two burial grounds established within close proximity to the workhouse. The first burial ground was located directly north of the workhouse 165m to the south of the Site (WA84) and the second northeast of the Site 180m to the south of the Site (WA75).

4.4.45 Several post-medieval terraced houses have been recorded within the Study Area. These include, 6-8 Cowcross Street (WA69, WA78, WA86) located 130m to the south and 18 Cowcross Street located 100m to the south of the Site (WA83).

4.4.46 The remains of post-medieval sewer drains were found 25m to the east of the Site (WA85).

4.4.47 The HER records what is an ‘odd house’ 235m to the northeast of the Site (WA76). The house featured trap doors, secret hiding places and escape routes. The house is thought to have been possibly used by highwaymen.

4.4.48 An evaluation was conducted at 6-10 Kirby Street 240m to the southwest of the Site (WA77). The evaluation recorded a series of 17th century foundations had been cut into a backfilled pond. All except one of the foundations identified had been constructed from brick. The foundation constructed from wood was positioned on a raft of sawn timbers placed over driven timber piles. The foundations had been sealed by a post-medieval dump layer that was found to contain several disarticulated human bones. Another

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watching brief was conducted 40m to the north of WA77 that found the remains of a tributary of the River Fleet that had been infilled with 17th century material (WA116).

4.4.49 Three bowling greens are marked on the Ogliby Map of 1677, 165m to the northwest of the Site (WA91).

19th Century (AD 1800–1900) and Modern (AD 1900 – Present) 4.4.50 By 1841, Red Lion Street (Britton Street) had become wholly commercial with more than fifty trade and industries present on the street with only seven residential properties (London County Council 2008). By the 1850’s the area was thickly populated with many inhabitants working in the jewellery, watchmaking and allied trades such as engraving, and many of the people worked from home. A review of the area in the 1970’s found that many of the families were living in small cramped rooms of the properties in very poor conditions. In 1871, proposals were put forward by the Metropolitan Board of Works for the demolition of a number of buildings on the northern end of the Red Lion Street for the construction of a new road names Clerkenwell Road and acquisition of the properties occurred between 1873 up to 1877. The increasing poverty and crowding of the area led to setting up of missions and poor schools such as the Lamb and Flag Ragged School established in No.13 Britton Street. By the 1920’s new warehouses and factories were created in former workshops and houses.

4.4.51 After the closure of St Johns burial ground it began to be used as a rubbish tip by the workshops that ran along the surrounding streets and by families that lived in the area (WA73). Following a petition by the Holborn District Medical Officer the grounds were eventually turned into an ornamental garden in 1885 (London County Council 2008). The gardens were designed by J Forsyth Johnson, honorary landscape gardener to the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association. The gardens were later extended in the 1950’s and 1960’s after several houses were demolished on Benjamin and Britton Street. An additional section was later granted in the 1970’s by the architects YRM who had established their office on the former site of Booth’s distillery.

4.4.52 A number of 19th century houses have been recorded within the northern part of the Study Area. 9 and 10 Jerusalem Passage are part of a longer terrace of houses located 230m to the north of the Site that are first evident on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map (WA95 and WA96). 15-17 Clerkenwell Green located 200m to the north of the Site are also 19th century terrace houses (WA98-WA100). The façade of 16 Clerkenwell Green is the only part of the terrace which survives (WA102).

4.4.53 A series of buildings were constructed by Charles Bell 170m to the east of the Site (WA97). The three buildings include a warehouse, stables and offices and flats. Charles was commissioned by ER Parker who was a provisions merchant. All three buildings were converted into offices in the 20th century.

4.4.54 A watching brief was carried out on 6-10 Kirby Street and Nos 199-124 Saffron Hill 230m to the west of the Site (WA101). Three individual areas were monitored and a series of 19th century basements were identified along within 20th century fuel tanks. Disarticulated human bones were also encountered directly north of WA101 during an archaeological watching brief (WA116).

4.4.55 Clerkenwell Green was established as public land in the 19th century and is located 190m to the north of the Site (WA106). The green was located between St Johns Priory and St Mary’s Nunnery and has a long running history of being the supposed meeting place of several riots that have occurred in London. This includes the Spa Fields Riot of 1816 and

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the Clerkenwell Riot of 1832. A Sessions House was established on the green by the early 19th century which served the nearby prisons before being used during the 20th century as the London Masonic Centre.

4.4.56 The remains of a modern building were identified at 18-21 Charterhouse Square 240m to the east of the Site (WA103).

4.4.57 140m to the west of the Ste is known location of a former building demolished during a Zeppelin Raid during World War I (WA104). The building had been destroyed in what was considered one of the most successful raids on London with more than half a million pounds of damage caused.

Undated and Negative 4.4.58 A number of undated cess pits were found during an archaeological excavation within the Inner Precinct of St Johns Priory 205m to the northeast of the Site (WA114).

4.4.59 The known location of an undated brook has been recorded 110m to the south of the Site (WA121) along with its potential watercourse that had previously ran under Farringdon Station but was blocked up presumably during the construction of the station (WA122).

4.4.60 Three archaeological investigations conducted within the Study Area have produced negative results (WA123-125). A negative investigation is an investigation that has not revealed any archaeological evidence. These have been included to identify areas which are or have become archaeological sterile. The closest of the three was a geotechnical evaluation carried out at Farringdon Station 85m to the southwest of the Site (WA125).

Historic Map Regression 4.4.61 The Clerkenwell area was included within numerous historic cartographic surveys, or depictions produced during the late 16th and 19th century. Whilst these are at varying levels of detail and providing varying levels of information, they can confirm that the Site had been developed since at least 1658. Until the construction of the Red Lion Street circa 1718-1724 the Site was occupied by either gardens, coaches yard or small houses that were located on the backlands of Turnmill Street and St John’s Lane (Figure 4A-4C).

4.4.62 Sometime between 1819 and 1873 the garden associated with 32 Britton Street had been built upon. A new square structure had been constructed within the western section of the Site while a larger rectangular building was built in the remaining space up to the limits of St Johns burial ground (Figure 4E-F). The extension within the Site was presumably a result of a need for additional space by the occupants with its use unclear.

4.4.63 32 Britton Street was not the only property to have new extensions built with all but five of the properties along Britton Street having their former gardens developed on. The only properties that still maintained a garden area were No. 54-59 Britton Street. Land to the northwest of the Site was acquired in 1840 for the construction of a new Distillery by the Booth family. The Booth family had originally moved to London as wine merchants in 1569 but by 1840 had moved into the distillery business initially concerned within the creation of gin (London Archaeology 2008).

4.4.64 The 1934 Ordnance Survey map shows no changes to the Site or surrounding area (Figure 5A). Figure 5B records the damage done to the Clerkenwell during World War II. The Site fortunately was spared from any damage though 33-36 Britton Street had been severely damaged during the Blitz while the houses north of 26 Britton Street which included Montford House were also severely damaged. The replacement of the front of

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the property during the 20th century could have been a result of blast damage however this cannot be confirmed. 33-36 Britton Street were demolished following the damage with the land incorporated into St Johns Gardens (Figure 5C). The building that occupied the western section of the Site was expanded between 1934 and 1966 bringing it closer to the western wall of the main house. Booth’s distillery moved from its site behind Britton Street north to Clerkenwell Road in the 1950’s and remained abandoned until the 1970’s (London County Council 2008). The distillery was subsequently acquired by YRM Architects who constructed their main office at the site. Mountford House had also been remodelled at the same time incorporating the former façade of the distillery main office into its front elevation (Figure 5D).

Sometime during the 20th century a walkway was constructed between the main house (32 Britton Street) and the building in the western section of the Site. The walkway that joins the two buildings together can be seen in the background (Plate 3).

4.5 Assessment of archaeological survival and previous impacts 4.5.1 It is possible that some damage or removal may have occurred to archaeological remains during the construction of the foundations for 32 Britton Street as the development works are to be undertaken within the footprint of the existing buildings.

4.5.2 The Site is recorded as containing superficial deposits of Hackney gravel that, within the surrounding area have been found to contain Palaeolithic remains. Historic boreholes surveys undertaken approximately 75m to the east of the Site at 4-8 St Johns Square have encountered gravel layers at 3.4m below ground level with ground level recorded at 13.23m aOD (TQ38SW1961) while gravel deposits were encountered 6m below ground level during the construction of the Metropolitan Railway 60m to the southwest of the Site (TQ38SW2065). Pre-existing ground level of the path to the south of the Site has been mapped at approximately 15.5m aOD which based on client drawings is of similar height to the approximate finished floor level of the basement extension. Therefore, the proposed development is expected not to impact onto the gravel deposits.

5 POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS- PHYSICAL EFFECTS

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 This section provides an initial assessment of the potential effects of the proposed development in relation to elements of the historic environment resource that may be subject to physical impacts.

5.2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource 5.2.1 The following table (Table 2) presents a summary of the known and potential elements of the historic environment resource within the Site and its vicinity, which could be physically affected by the development proposals, based on the information presented in Section 4.

5.2.2 Entries in the table are assigned a ‘Potential’ rating, which represents a measure of probability. This has been determined via the application of professional judgement, informed by the evidence presented in the preceding sections of this assessment. ‘Potential’ is expressed on a four point scale, assigned in accordance with the following criteria:

High Situations where heritage assets are known or strongly suspected to be present within the Site or its vicinity and which are likely to be well preserved.

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Moderate Includes cases where there are grounds for believing that heritage assets may be present, but for which conclusive evidence is not currently available. This category is also applied in situations in which heritage assets are likely to be present, but also where their state of preservation may have been compromised.

Low Circumstances where the available information indicates that heritage assets are unlikely to be present, or that their state of preservation is liable to be severely compromised.

Unknown Cases where currently available information does not provide sufficient evidence on which to provide an informed assessment with regard to the potential for heritage assets to be present.

5.2.3 The relative ‘Significance’ of known and potential heritage assets included in Table 2 has been determined in accordance with the criteria set out in Section 3.5.

Table 2 Summary of known and potential historic environment resource within the Site

Potential Period and description Significance The Site is situated with the former Outer Precinct of the Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem with medieval occupation remains found throughout the area. Medieval quarry pits which are thought to pre-date the Priory have also been found 80m Medieval to the east of the Site. Two further ecclesiastical centres, High The Charterhouse Precinct and the Nunnery of St Mary de Fonte are also located within the Study Area. The boundaries of all three religious complexes make up the boundary for the Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area. An abundance of post-medieval activity has been found within close proximity to the Site. This is evident of the continued use of the outer precinct after the priory was dissolved by Henry VIII. The remains of post-medieval garden features were found 80m to the east of the Site that are thought to be associated with Berkley House a High post-medieval townhouse constructed just west of the Site. Mapping from the post-medieval period indicates Post-medieval that the Site was part of a coach yard from 1762. Moderate

A burial ground had been established 10m to the southwest of the Site that was later converted into a public garden. The burial ground covered a total area of a quarter of an acre and a boundary wall demarking the grounds is still evident. Based on the cartographic sources there appears to be no indication that the burial ground extended into the Site. The 1819 Horwood Map shows the Site was occupied by an irregular shaped building that had been extended in 1873. Several houses dated to the 19th century have 19th century Low been recorded within the Study Area, while a few short- term cemeteries were established to in the surrounding study area The remains of a possible Romano-British settlement were found 65m to the southeast of the Site. The line of a possible Romano-British road is recorded 115m to the Moderate Romano-British north of the Site. The remains of a Roman ground surface Moderate were also recorded 60m to the northeast of the Site while two burials were also identified to the southeast of the Site in Spitalfield Market.

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Four Palaeolithic handaxes have been recovered within the Study Area while a prehistoric trackway is believed to have been located 115m to the north of the Site. The Site Low/Moderate Prehistoric has been mapped as containing Hackney Gravels, but Moderate based on the design proposals and known depth of the deposits are not likely to be impacted by the proposed development. A possible Anglo-Saxon settlement was found 115m to Anglo-Saxon the south of the Site. Anglo-Saxon London was located Moderate further south of the Site. Based on the 1939-1945 bomb damage produced for the Low area, 32 Britton Street had not been damaged during the Blitz. Sometime between 1939 and 1966 the building Modern located to the rear of the main house within the Site Negligible underwent extension to its east elevation and a walkway was added between the main house and the rear building.

5.3 Statement of potential impact Archaeological remains 5.3.1 The construction of the proposed development is anticipated to entail the following sources of ground disturbance and excavations:

Preliminary site investigation works; and

Excavation for the basement extension

5.3.2 The excavation of the basement extension has the potential to result in the damage to or loss of any buried archaeological features which may be present within their footprint. This could in turn result in a total or partial loss of significance of these heritage assets.

5.3.3 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation.

6 CONCLUSIONS

6.1 General 6.1.1 The effect of the development proposals on the known and potential heritage resource will be a material consideration in determination of the planning application. This study has identified no overriding cultural heritage constraints which are likely to prohibit development.

Archaeological remains 6.1.2 This assessment has established that there is an archaeological interest within the Site. This is defined as the potential for the presence of buried archaeological remains, in particular relating to medieval, post-medieval and 19th century periods. The Site is situated in the former grounds of the Priory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and numerous excavations have been carried out within close proximity to the Site that have found remains of medieval occupation and activity related to the use of the Priory. Two further ecclesiastical complexes are located in the Study Area attesting to the importance of the area during the medieval period. The boundaries of the three complexes form the limits of the Clerkenwell Archaeological Priority Area.

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6.1.3 Following the Dissolution Act passed by Henry VIII all three religious complexes were sold off or granted to individuals close to Henry and the archaeological record continues to show that occupation within the former ground of the Priory of St John continued well into the post-medieval period. 32 Britton Street had been constructed between 1720 and 1723 by the carpenter George Greaves after Britton Street, formerly known as Red Lion Street, had been established by the lawyer Simon Mitchel. In 1751, 10m to the southwest of the Site a burial ground was established with the limits marked by the current standing wall directly southwest of the property.

6.1.4 Historic mapping indicates that the Site was originally occupied only by the existing house. A second building located to the west of the main house had been constructed between 1819 and 1873. This was likely a result of the social and economic changes that had occurred on Britton Street with documentary sources dated to 1841 indicating that the majority of Britton Street had been altered for industrial use. Two large irregular shaped buildings were also constructed on the western boundary of the Site.

6.1.5 A moderate potential has been assigned to the Romano-British period. The remains of a possible Romano-British settlement were found 65m to the northeast of the Site while a possible Roman road ran 115m to the north of the Site on an east to west alignment.

6.1.6 A low to moderate potential has been assigned to the prehistoric period. Residual Palaeolithic hand axes have been recovered within the Study Area in deposits of Hackney Gravel, while an Iron Age ditch and trackway are recorded to the north of the Site. The Site has also been mapped as containing Hackney Gravel Deposits. Based on the current depths of the proposed scheme these deposits will not be impacted by the development.

6.1.7 A low potential has been assigned to the Anglo-Saxon period as the only recorded Anglo- Saxon discovery within 250m of the Site is a possible Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery 110m to the north of the Site. However very little is known about the discovery to fully conclude that is in fact the site of a settlement.

6.1.8 A low potential has also been assigned to the modern period. 33-35 Britton Street were completely destroyed during the Blitz however there is no record of 32 Britton Street being damaged. The building to the rear of the main house is shown to have been extended between 1934 and 1966 though this is not thought to have impacted upon the location of the basement extension.

6.1.9 However, due to a lack of previous archaeological investigation within the Site, the potential for and significance of any such remains could not be accurately assessed on the basis of the available evidence.

6.1.10 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features as a result of the implementation of the development proposals would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation, in accordance with national and local planning policy.

6.2 Recommendations Archaeological remains 6.2.1 The presence, location and significance of any buried archaeological remains within the Site cannot currently be confirmed on the basis of the available information. As such it is likely that additional investigations may be required by the archaeological advisor for Islington Borough Council. This may take the form of an archaeological evaluation in the first instance, which could be addressed as a condition of planning permission. 22 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, Jan 2018

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6.2.2 The need for, scale, scope and nature of any further archaeological works should be agreed through consultation with the statutory authorities.

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REFERENCES

Bibliography Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk /ukpga/1979/46.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standards and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Available at: http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/ifa

Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 2012. National Planning Policy Framework. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning- policy-framework--2

English Heritage, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. Available at: https://www.historicengland.org.uk /images-books/publications/conservation-principles-sustainable-management-historic- environment/

Historic England, 2015a. Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa2-managing-significance-in- decision-taking/

Historic England, 2015b. The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3. Available at: http://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage-assets/

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Available at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents

Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/33

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46. Bailey, K 1989. ‘The Middle Saxons’, in S Basset, The Origins of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, pp 108- 122. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014 (revised 2017). Standards and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Available at: http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/cifa Cockburn, J S 1968. 'Religious Houses: House of Carthusian monks', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth Century, ed. J S Cockburn, H P F King and K G T McDonnell (London, 1969), pp. 159-169. Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 2012. National Planning Policy Framework. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning- policy-framework--2 English Heritage, 2008. Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. Available at:

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https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/conservation-principles- sustainable-management-historic-environment/ Historic England, 2015a. Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2. Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa2-managing-significance-in- decision-taking/ Historic England, 2015b. The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3. Available at: http://historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage-assets/ Islington Borough Council, 2002. Islington Borough Council 2002: Clerkenwell Green (CA01), Charterhouse Square (CA09), Hat and Feathers (CA26) Conservation Area Design Guidelines. Available at: https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/designandconservation/conservationareas Islington Borough Council, 2011. Islington Borough Council: Core Strategy. Available at: https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/pol_corestrat London Archaeologist. 1990. Recent Excavations at St. John's Priory, in Cowcross Street, EC1. Volume 6 Number 7. London County Council 2008. Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell. Available at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46 Margery, I 1967. Roman Roads in Britain. Phoenix House: London MOLA, 2000. The Archaeology of Greater London: An assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London. Lavenham Press: London. Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents Sloane B and Malcolm G 2004. Excavations at the priory of the Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London. MOLAS: London. Temple, P. Clerkenwell Close Area: Introduction; St Mary’s Nunnery Site, in Temple P (eds) Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell, pp. 28-39.Available at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp28-39

Historic Environment Records Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) London Metropolitan Archives

Cartographic and documentary sources 1658 Faithorne and Newcourt Map of London 1682 Morgan’s Map of London 1762 John Rocque Map of London 1878 John Carry Map of London 1819 Horwood map of London First Edition 1873 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map Revised Edition 1934 Ordnance Survey 25-inch map

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1939-1945 Bomb Damage Map of London 1966 Ordnance Survey Map of London 1988 Ordnance Survey Map of London 2009 Ordnance Survey Map of London

Online resources http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ http://www.biab.ac.uk/ http://opendomesday.org/ http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk/

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Terminology Glossary The terminology used in this assessment follows definitions contained within Annex 2 of NPPF:

Archaeological interest There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them. Conservation The process of maintaining and managing change to a heritage asset in a way that sustains (for heritage policy) and, where appropriate, enhances its significance. Designated heritage World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, assets Registered Park and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation Areas designated under the relevant legislation. Heritage asset A building monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing). Historic environment All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora. Historic environment Information services that seek to provide access to comprehensive and dynamic resources record relating to the historic environment of a defined geographic area for public benefit and use. Setting of a heritage The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may asset change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral. Significance The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. (for heritage policy) That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting. Value An aspect of worth or importance

Chronology Where referred to in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

Prehistoric Historic Palaeolithic 970,000–9500 BC Romano-British AD 43–410 Early Post-glacial 9500–8500 BC Saxon AD 410–1066 Mesolithic 8500–4000 BC Medieval AD 1066–1500 Neolithic 4000–2400 BC Post-medieval AD 1500–1800 Bronze Age 2400–700 BC 19th century AD 1800–1899 Iron Age 700 BC–AD 43 Modern 1900–present day

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Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework Designated Heritage Assets

Designation Associated Legislation Overview World Heritage - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribes World Heritage Sites Sites for their Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) – cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. England protects its World Heritage Sites and their settings, including any buffer zones or equivalent, through the statutory designation process and through the planning system. The National Planning Policy Framework sets out detailed policies for the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment, including World Heritage Sites, through both plan-making and decision-taking. Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, the Secretary of State (DCMS) can schedule any site which Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act appears to be of national importance because of its historic, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest. The historic Areas of 1979 town centres of Canterbury, Chester, Exeter, Hereford and York have been designated as Archaeological Areas of Importance under Archaeological Part II of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Additional controls are placed upon works affecting Scheduled Importance Monuments and Areas of Archaeological Importance under the Act. The consent of the Secretary of State (DCMS), as advised by Historic England, is required for certain works affecting Scheduled Monuments. Listed Buildings Planning (Listed In England, under Section 1 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, the Secretary of State is required to Buildings and compile lists of buildings of special architectural or historic interest, on advice from English Heritage/Historic England. Works affecting Conservation Areas) Act Listed Buildings are subject to additional planning controls administered by Local Planning Authorities. Historic England is a statutory 1990 consultee in certain works affecting Listed Buildings. Under certain circumstances, Listed Building Consent is required for works affecting Listed Buildings. Conservation Planning (Listed A Conservation Area is an area which has been designated because of its special architectural or historic interest, the character or Areas Buildings and appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. In most cases, Conservation Areas are designated by Local Planning Conservation Areas) Act Authorities. Section 72 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 requires authorities to have regard to 1990 the fact that there is a Conservation Area when exercising any of their functions under the Planning Acts and to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas. Although a locally administered designation, Conservation Areas may nevertheless be of national importance and significant developments within a Conservation Area are referred to Historic England. Registered Parks National Heritage Act The Register of Parks and Gardens was established under the National Heritage Act 1983. The Battlefields Register was established and Gardens and 1983 in 1995. Both Registers are administered by Historic England. These designations are non-statutory but are, nevertheless, material Registered considerations in the planning process. Historic England and The Garden’s Trust (formerly known as The Garden History Society) Battlefields are statutory consultees in works affecting Registered Parks and Gardens Protected Wreck Protection of Wrecks Act The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 allows the Secretary of State to designate a restricted area around a wreck to prevent Sites 1973 uncontrolled interference. These statutorily protected areas are likely to contain the remains of a vessel, or its contents, which are of historical, artistic or archaeological importance.

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National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment Para. 128 In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. Para.129 Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. Para. 132 When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. Para. 135 The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. Para. 137 Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably Para. 139 Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. Para. 141 Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.

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Local Planning Policy

Islington Borough Council Core Strategy adopted February 2011 https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/pol_corestrat

Policy ref. Title Scope Policy CS 9 Protecting and High quality architecture and urban design are key to enhancing and protecting Islington’s built environment, making it safer and more enhancing inclusive. Islington’s built A. The borough’s unique character will be protected by preserving the historic urban fabric and promoting a perimeter block approach, and and historic other traditional street patterns in new developments, such as mews. The aim is for new buildings to be sympathetic in scale and environment appearance and to be complementary to the local identity. B. The historic significance of Islington’s unique heritage assets and historic environment will be conserved and enhanced whether designated or not. These assets in Islington include individual buildings and monuments, parks and gardens, conservation areas, views, public spaces and archaeology. Active management of conservation areas will continue, through a programme of proactive initiatives for the conservation-led regeneration of historic areas, and potential designation of new conservation areas. Archaeological Priority Areas will continue to be defined on the proposals map to assist in the management of these historic assets. C. Where areas of Islington suffer from poor layout, opportunities will be taken to redesign them by reintroducing traditional street patterns and integrating new buildings into surviving fragments of historic fabric. Reconfiguration based on streets and a perimeter block approach will be a key requirement for new developments, in particular housing estate renewal. D. All development will need to be based on coherent street frontages and new buildings need to fit into the existing context of facades. Housing developments should not isolate their residents from the surrounding area in 'gated' communities. E. New buildings and developments need to be based on a human scale and efficiently use the site area, which could mean some high density developments. High densities can be achieved through high quality design without the need for tall buildings. Tall buildings (above 30m high) are generally inappropriate to Islington's predominantly medium to low level character, therefore proposals for new tall buildings will not be supported. Parts of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell key area may contain some sites that could be suitable for tall buildings, this will be explored in more detail as part of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell Area Action Plan. F. New homes need to provide dual-aspect units with clear distinction between a public side and a quieter private side with bedrooms. G. High quality contemporary design can respond to this challenge as well as traditional architecture. Innovative design is welcomed, but pastiche will not be acceptable. The council will establish new advisory mechanisms to ensure the highest standards of architecture and environmental design. H. The Development Management Policies and other documents will provide further policies in relation to urban design and heritage. Detailed guidance on urban design in Islington is provided in the Islington Urban Design Guide (IUDG) Supplementary Planning Document.

Development Management Policy Document (adopted July 2013) https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/development-management-policies

Policy ref. Title Scope Policy Heritage B. Conservation areas

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Development Management Policy Document (adopted July 2013) https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/planningpol/local_dev_frame/development-management-policies

Policy ref. Title Scope DM2.3 i) The council will require that alterations to existing buildings in conservation areas conserve or enhance their significance. Similarly, new developments within Islington’s conservation areas and their settings are required to be of high quality contextual design so that they conserve or enhance a conservation area’s significance. Harm to the significance of a conservation area will not be permitted unless there is a clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to the significance of a conservation area will be strongly resisted. ii) The council will require the retention of all buildings and structures which make a positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. The appropriate repair and re-use of such buildings will be encouraged. The significance of a conservation area can be substantially harmed over time by the cumulative impact arising from the demolition of buildings which may individually make a limited positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. Consequently, the loss of a building which makes a positive contribution to a conservation area will frequently constitute substantial harm to the significance of the conservation area. iii) The council will resist the loss of spaces, street patterns, views, vistas, uses, trees, and landscapes which contribute to the significance of a conservation area. iv) The council will use its statutory powers to ensure that buildings and spaces within conservation areas that are at risk from neglect or decay are appropriately maintained and repaired. v) Planning applications are required to include a Heritage Statement which demonstrates a clear understanding of the significance

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Appendix 3: Gazetteer

WA. no EvUID Name Description Period Easting Northing POINTED HANDAXE THAT WAS FOUND IN 1883 "NEAR THE CLERKENWELL ROAD, [NEAR SESSION HOUSE" (NOT LOCATED) BY G F LAWRENCE WA01 MLO11076 SESSIONS HOUSE] AND WAS ACQUIRED BY W G SMITH. Palaeolithic 531605 182105 STAG'S HORN HOE, RECEIVED BY MOL IN 1914. WYMER WA02 MLO11079 ST JOHN'S SQUARE DESCRIBES IT AS A TYPICAL PERFORATED ANTLER AXE. Palaeolithic 531655 182155 Clerkenwell Green (No 22) [Old A Palaeolithic handaxe was discovered close to Sessions House in Sessions House], Clerkenwell, 1887 (event unknown). It was found within the Hackney WA03 MLO103522 Islington {Palaeolithic handaxe} Gravel complex. Palaeolithic 531520 182110 Whether inhumation or cremation, not specified. Observation J E WA04 MLO1588 WEST SMITHFIELD EC1 Price c.1866 Romano-British 531805 181745 BURIAL,E-W,IN COFFIN LAID ON"BRANCHES" SET ON LONDON CLAY.POTTERY,COINS ETCPOSS WA05 MLO18528 WEST SMITHFIELD EC1 ASSOCIATED.C.1865. Romano-British 531775 181755 WA06 MLO24965 THEOBALDS RD SUSPECTED LINE OF THE SILCHESTER - COLCHESTER ROAD Romano-British 530615 181715 SUSPECTED LINE OF ROMAN ROAD AND POSSIBLE IRON AGE WA07 MLO329 CLERKENWELL RD TRACKWAY Romano-British 532181 182273 Tentative evidence for Early Saxon settlement and cemetery in area, Turnmill Street and Cow Cross including earrings made from a late 6th or 7th century Street {Possible Site of Early Byzantine marriage disk found at Cow Cross Street in 1879 and now WA08 MLO99342 Saxon Settlement} in the British Museum Anglo-Saxon 531611 181849 Great Sutton Street , Goswell Road, St John Street, This is the precinct area of the medieval monastery of Charterhouse, Charterhouse Street, {medieval which belonged to the Carthusians. It was established MLO99169 Charterhouse precinct} in 1371, and closed in 1537. Multi-period 531928 182090 An archaeological excavation was conducted in 1998 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code PRR98. Preacher's Court, Islington, EC1, The tip of a pointed biface of Acheulian type was found residual in a MLO74221 {Palaeolithic axe} medieval dump layer. Palaeolithic 531850 182012

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An archaeological excavation was conducted during May and June 1998 at Preacher's Court, Charterhouse by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. In December 1998, a watching brief was carried out on the construction of an additional building, to the immediate south-east of the excavated area. Site code PRR98. Prior evaluation comprising test pits in and around the site took place in 1992 and 1997 (site code PCC92, ELO4250). Small gravel extraction pits pre-dating the Charterhouse foundation were recorded. These were backfilled in the late 12th and 13th centuries, after which the site became open land. A boundary ditch of ‘Spital Croft’, acquired in 1349 for a chapel and burial ground for Black Death victims, was recorded. This silted up and was backfilled in the late 14th century. The remains of two possible service buildings or temporary accommodation from the initial foundation of the Carthusian Charterhouse monastery were recorded, with external wall footings of chalk and mortar that may have supported a half-timber superstructure. These buildings went out of use and the ground was raised prior to the construction of a two room building that may have been part of a range bisecting the outer. court of the monastery, potentially barns, storehouses or stables. These appear to have been contemporary with the earliest precinct wall of around 1480. Two phases of alterations in brick appear to date to the reuse of the structures from the mid-16th century as ancillary buildings to Lord North’s mansion, situated immediately southeast. In addition a new range of service buildings were constructed in brick against the precinct wall to the north after the Dissolution. These were converted in the early 17th Preacher's Court, Charterhouse, century into accommodation for the resident Brothers of Sutton's ELO4328 Islington, EC1: Excavation Hospital. *Natural sand and gravel survived Multi-period This garden is a part of the site of a burial ground dating back to 1349, when Sir Walter de Manny purchased from St Bartholomew's Hospital 13 acres of land, known as the Spittle Croft, for the burial of those who died in the plague of that Chaterhouse Square, Islington, time. In 20 years, 50,000 bodies were interred there. In 1371 the {Spitalcroft, later New Church Carthusian Monastery was built upon part of it. MLO70872 Haw, medieval cemetery} Charterhouse square covers 1.25 acres. Medieval Charterhouse Square to Great Extensive quarrying of natural gravels dating to the 12th and 13th Sutton Street, Islington, {12th to century was recorded across large parts of the 13th century quarry and rubbish Charterhouse and Spitalcroft areas. Quarry pits were frequently MLO75755 pitting} reused as rubbish pits or filled with dumped material. Medieval

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Charterhouse Square, Islington, {site of medieval monastic This is the possible site of a brewhouse associated with Chaterhouse Medieval to WA09 MLO56724 brewhouse} Carthusian monastery. Post-medieval 531885 181964 According to reconstructed documentary evidence, the inner precinct existed within the north-east top quadrant of the overall outer precinct. This area contained the Priory buildings including a church, cloister, great hall and great chamber. St John's St John's Square, Clerkenwell was one of the last monastic houses to be dissolved under Henry {Inner Precinct containing St VIII, in March 1540, and aside from the church, which was John's Priory/Priory of the hospital reduced to a fraction of its size, the inner precinct survived Medieval to MLO107458 of St John of Jerusalem} remarkably intact. Post-medieval One trench was excavated by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. The made ground consisted of the general makeup layers that along with a number of pits yielded a number of pieces of thirteenth century stonework presumably dumped during the Dissolution. Some of the stones appear to derive from at least two doors and other parts of a thirteenth century building. Another carved stone was a fragment from a polygonal oriel window dating to the reign of Henry VIII. No features Medieval to MLO75739 St John's Square earlier than medieval were encountered. Post-medieval In February 2000 the Museum of London Archaeology Service undertook an archaeological excavation prior to the construction of two lift pits at 42-48 St John's Square, London, EC1. This followed test pits on 14 pile locations monitored by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1998. The lift pit excavation covered an area of 7.0m x 3.0m and c.1.8m deep from ground level. Recovered from the general make-up (dated to the 16th to 19th centuries) and from a number of pits were pieces of 13th century stonework presumably dumped during the Dissolution. Some of the stones appear to derive from at least two St John's Square (Nos 42-48), doors and other parts of a 13th century Clerkenwell, London EC1: building. Another carved stone was a fragment from a polygonal oriel Excavation (Event - Intervention) window dating to the reign of Henry VIII. No Medieval to 531669 182180 ELO239 SMR Administrator, features earlier than medieval were encountered. Post-medieval The general make up and dumping layers recorded on the site date from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These deposits form Medieval to WA10 MLO77030 St John's Square levelling and construction debris which are of limited potential. Post-medieval

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Aylesbury Street to Cowcross This is the site of the outer precinct of the former priory of the Street, Turnmill Street to St John Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell. It was founded Street, {precinct of the Priory of the in 1144 by Jordan de Bricet and his wife Muriel de Munteni. It was WA11 MLO99170 Hospital St John of Jerusalem} dissolved in 1540. Multi-period 531662 182032 PROVISION FOR A CHARTERHOUSE WATER SUPPLY WAS MADE IN 1430. JOHN FERIBY & HIS WIFE MARGERY GRANTED CHARTERHOUSE A SPRING & A PORTION OF LAND TO MAKE A CONDUIT ACROSS THE LAND, UNDER THE ROAD & INTO THE MONASTERY THE SPRINGS WERE SITUATED AT OVERMEAD. FROM THE HIGHWAY, THE CONDUIT PASSED (BY ARRANGEMENT) THROUGH LAND BELONGING TO ST JOHNS PRIORY & ST MARYS. THE PLAN OF THE CONDUIT WAS SHOWN IN DETAIL ON THE WATERWORKS ROLL, WHICH ALSO HAD WRITTEN NOTATIONS. IT ALSO SHOWED PART OF THE LINE OF THE ST MARY & ST JOHN CONDUITS. ITBEGAN AT THE WELLS, CONNECTED TO THE FIRST "RECEYT" BY A GUTTER OF STONE & THEN CONTINUED IN LEAD PIPES. DUE TO THE FACT THAT ST MARYS & ST JOHNS HAD ALREDY USED THE CLOSER SPRINGS, CHARTERHOUSE HAD TO Cloudesley Street, Barnsbury, GO FUTHER NORTH FOR ITS WATER. AFTER USE IN THE Islington N1 {late medieval PRIORY, THE WATER TRAVELLED OUT TO BE USED BY WA12 MLO17748 conduit} TAVERNS BEYOND THE GATE. Medieval 531300 183700 IN AGAS & ALSO ROCQUE THE ROAD IS SHOWN UNMARKED & MLO24967 FARRINGDON RD TO THE WEST OF THE RIVERFLEET. Medieval 531600 181700 IN AGAS & ALSO ROCQUE THE ROAD IS SHOWN UNMARKED & WA13 MLO24967 FARRINGDON RD TO THE WEST OF THE RIVERFLEET. Medieval 531200 182400 THIS WAS THE NAME OF THE PIPE THAT RAN FROM THE WHITE CONDUIT TO THE CONDUIT HOUSE IN CHARTERHOUSE. AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE "RECEYT UNDER THE HEDGE" IT WIDENED & ALSO RAN PARALLEL TO FIRST ST JOHNS CONDUIT & THEN THE NUNS CONDUIT, UNTIL IT PASSED UNDER THE HIGHWAY, & WA14 MLO45799 PENTON ST RAN PAST PARDON CHAPEL. Medieval 531130 183150 An evaluation was undertaken at the Farmiloe Building, 28-36 St John Street between the 5th-21st January 2015 by Museum of London Archaeology. The evaluation comprised four trial trenches. St John Street (Nos 28-36) The evaluation revealed a series of 13th-14th century dumps, [Farmiloe Building], Clerkenwell, medieval features including pits, a possible hearth, a wall and a cess WA15 ELO15817 Islington, EC1: Evaluation pit. There was also post medieval activity in the form of brick drains, a Medieval 531848 181912

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brick culvert and a brick cellar. The latest feature was a 19th century courtyard. EXCAVATION BY HADAS IN 1975. TW& TRENCHES WERE OPENED NEAR THE EAST END OF THE CHURCH. AN 16TH CENTURY VAULT & FINELY ENGRAVED 16TH CENTURY BRASS WA16 MLO18059 HOLBORN & LEADCOFFIN PLATES WERE FOUND. Medieval 531705 181805 THIS WAS THE NAME OF THE PIPE THAT RAN FROM THE WHITE CONDUIT TO THE CONDUIT HOUSE IN CHARTERHOUSE. AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE "RECEYT UNDER THE HEDGE" IT WIDENED & ALSO RAN PARALLEL TO FIRST ST JOHNS CONDUIT & THEN THE NUNS CONDUIT, UNTIL IT PASSED UNDER THE HIGHWAY, & WA17 MLO45799 PENTON ST RAN PAST PARDON CHAPEL. Medieval 531130 183150 BARREL LINED WELL FOUND IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90), FINDSINCLUDED A C15TH CERAMIC WATERING CAN. THE SITE LIES WITHIN THE OUTERPRECINCT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. LATER FINDS ON SITE INCLUDED EVIDENCE OF 16th century OCCUPATION ASSOCIATED WITH WA18 MLO66095 ST JOHNS LA BERKELEY HOUSE (SEE 082299). Medieval 531725 182030 THE "PRISTS DORTER" OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IS MENTIONED IN THE DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE THE DORMITORY OF THE SECULAR PRIESTS ATTATCHED TO THE PRIORY, THAN THAT OF THE WA19 MLO43926 ST JOHNS SQ KNIGHTS THEMSELVES. Medieval 531618 182159 THE "STILLYTORNES" OR DISTILLERY IS MENTIONED IN THE WA20 MLO56677 ST JOHNS SQ 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY Medieval 531660 182196 Four trial pits were excavated by the Museum of London Archaeology Service before the removal of an old floor from the crypt and its replacement by a more permeable version. The central knave of the crypt was founded directly onto natural gravels without foundations. This may explain a ledge around the base of the knave wall as spread footings, an alternative explanation to an attractive theory that the ledge acted as a bench in an early form of chapter house. The south bay of the church was shown to be built over dark fill and this may relate to an expansion in the twelfth century from a smaller WA21 The Grand Priory Church of St Norman Church. The south wall of the church cut through this fill. No MLO75757 John of Jerusalem features earlier than the medieval period were encountered. Medieval 531695 182165

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An Archaeological watching brief was carried out by Museum of London Archaeology Service at The Grand Priory Church of the Order of St John, St John's Square, Clerkenwell, EC1, between the 18th July and 1st August 2000. The main work to be carried out was the removal and replacement of the crypt floor. Four trial pits were excavated before work on relaying the floor; these established that the work would not unduly disturb archaeological remains. The removal of the old floor was monitored and loose moulded stone recorded. The central nave of the crypt was constructed directly onto natural gravels without foundations. This may explain a ledge around the base of the nave wall as spread footings, an alternative explanation to a theory that the ledge acted as a bench in an early form of chapter house. The south bay of the church was shown to be St John's Square, [Grand Priory built over dark fill and this may relate to an expansion in the 12th Church of St John of Jerusalem], century from a smaller Norman church. The south wall of the church Clerkenwell, EC1: Watching cut through this fill. No features earlier than the medieval period were ELO255 Brief (Event - Intervention) encountered. Medieval 531695 182165 EVIDENCE OF MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS, PRESUMED TO BE PART OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, WASRECORDED IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 WA22 MLO38571 42-47 ST JOHNS SQ (SITE CODE JON89) Medieval 531685 182185 SAID TO BE 'BETWEEN THE GARDEN OF THE HOSPITALLERS & SMITHFIELD BAR. AT THE BOUNDARY OF THE CITY'. THIS IS PROBABLY THE WELL THAT WAS FOUND AT 81, COWCROSS STREET. IT WAS SUPPLIED BY A WA23 MLO11082 81 COWCROSS STREET STREAM FROM AROUND 70 - 77 COWCROSS STREET. Medieval 531655 181855 ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED AS A PLAGUE CEMETERY BY SIR WALTER MANNY, WITH ACHAPEL, LATER A HERMITAGE, WHICH BECAME THE NUCLEUS FOR WA24 MLO1516 CHARTERHOUSE SQ CHARTERHOUSE Medieval 531855 181905 A THREE ARCHED STRUCTURE WITH 30 OPENINGS CONTAINING TILES ETC, THOUGH TO BE A MEDIEVAL TILE KILN, WAS FOUND ON THE BANK OF THE FLEET DURING EXCAVTIONS FOR THE METROPOLITAN RAILWAY, NEAR FARINGDON STATION. THE KILN MEASURED 16 X 10 FT & WAS MADE OF TILES. IT PRODUCED TILES WITH DECORATIONS SUCH AS THE FLEUR-DE-LYS & DOUBLE WA25 MLO16254 FARRINGDON RD HEADED EAGLE. Medieval 531505 181905 WA26 MLO22990 ST JOHN ST ROAD FROM WEST SMITHFIELD TO ISLINGTON Medieval 531450 183150

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

THE NORTH RANGE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY CONSISTED OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS & STRUCTURES. IT IS MENTIONED IN THE DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. THE BUILDINGS WERE TO THE NORTH OF THE CHOIR OF THE WA27 MLO43936 ST JOHNS SQ CHURCH. Medieval 531690 182144 THIS WAS THE CEMETRY CHAPEL AT CHARTERHOUSE, POSS ON THE SITE OF THE ORIGINAL PLAGUE CHAPEL WA28 MLO44586 CHARTERHOUSE SQ (See MLO38504). IT WAS CONSECRATED IN 1471. Medieval 531855 181905 THE GREAT COURT & LITTLE COURT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY LAY TO THE SOUTH OF THE SUB-PRIORS MANSION, WA29 MLO44372 ST JOHNS SQ ACCORDING TO A SURVEY OF 1546. Medieval 531652 182135 THE HOUSE OF THE BAILIFF OF EAGLE, ONE OF THE FOUR SENIOR OFFICERS OF THEENGLISH LANGUE, STOOD IN THE OUTER PRECINCT, ON THE WEST SIDE OF ST JOHNS WA30 MLO44376 ST JOHNS LA LANEAR EAGLE COURT. Medieval 531755 181955 THE STABLES OF ELY HOUSE STOOD SOME DISTANCE TO THE WA31 MLO46412 ELY PLACE NORTH OF THE CLOISTER. Medieval 531680 181900 INSPECTION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1986 DURING REFURBISHMENT RECORDED PLAN & ELEVATION OFCHALK & RAGSTONE WALLS THOUGHT TO BE REMAINS OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, IN PLACESSURVIVING TO 2.10M ABOVE THE LEVEL OF MODERN BASEMENT FLOORS, INCORPORATEDINTO WALLS OF LATER LISTED BUILDING (SEE 212766). ARCHITECTURAL FEATURESOBSERVED INCLUDED AN ARCHED DOORWAY WITH CHAMFERED JAMBS & A PARTIALLYBLOCKED RECESSED WINDOW & A WALL WITH SOME CHEQUERBOARD DECORATION. TWO CAENSTONE BLOCKS USED AS INFILL IN ONE WALL SUGGESTED ITS CONSTRUCTION POST-DATED DEMOLITION SEEN ELSEWHERE IN THE PRIORY (POSSIBLY DURING THE WA32 MLO55061 49-52 ST JOHNS SQ PEASANTSREVOLT OF 1381). Medieval 531645 182175 THE COUNTING HOUSE IS MENTIONED IN THE 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, TAKEN ON THE DISSOLUTION WA33 MLO56111 ST JOHNS SQ OF THE PRIORY. Medieval 531637 182145 THE CRYPT OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHNS PRIORY WAS ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS BUILT ON THE SITE. IN ONE OF ITS INTERIOR WALLS, FRAGMENTS OF THE ORIGINAL ROUND NAVE CAN BE SEEN. ORIGINALLY THE NAVE OF WA34 MLO56790 ST JOHNS SQ THE CRYPT WAS OF PLAIN NORMAN CHARACTER, BUT AN Medieval 531727 182182

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EXTENSION ADDED IN THE 13TH CENTURY IS MORE DECORATIVE. IN THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES, THE CRYPT WAS USED AS A MORTUARY WITH AT LEAST 325 BODIES BURIED THERE. THESE WERE LATER REMOVED IN 1894. A CHAPEL ON THE SOUTH OF THE CRYPT OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. IT IS SHORTER THAN IT COULD BE, SO THAT THERE COULD BE A SMALL BURIAL AREA BEHIND WA35 MLO57041 ST JOHNS SQ THE WESTERN WALL. (MLO56818) Medieval 531736 182167 THE WESTERN POSTERN GATE IN THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF ST JOHN STOODNEAR THIS POINT, WA36 MLO56662 AYLESBURY ST ACCORDING TO THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. Medieval 531610 182113 THE VESTRY OF ST JOHNS CHURCH WAS PROBABLY BUILT WA37 MLO56666 ST JOHNS SQ C1500 BY PRIOR DOCWRA. Medieval 531695 182194 DOCWRAS CHAPEL WAS ATTACHED ONTO THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE CHURCH OF ST JOHN IN THE EARLY 16TH WA38 MLO56668 ST JOHNS SQ CENTURY, NEXT TO THE VESTRY. Medieval 531705 182178 THE YEOMANS DORTER IS MENTIONED AS BEING IN THE NORTH RANGE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IN THE 1546 WA39 MLO56678 ST JOHNS SQ SURVEY. Medieval 531631 182129 THE KITCHEN & ALSO THE PARLOUR ARE MENTIONED IN THE 1546 SURVEY OF ST JOHNSPRIORY. THE PARLOUR WA40 MLO56682 ST JOHNS SQ WAS 28 FOOT LONG. Medieval 531668 182158 BURIAL AREA TO THE WEST OF THE CHAPEL OF ST JOHN ALMONER. AN EXCAVATION IN THE 1930S TO EXAMINE THE WALLS OF THE CHAPEL DISCOVERED THREE MEDIEVAL INTERMENTS. ONE OF THE SKELETONS WAS WITHOUT A HEAD & SO IT HAS BEEN SPECULATED THAT THIS IS THE BODY OF GRAND PRIOR JOHN St John's Square, Clerkenwell LANGSTRUTHER, WHO WAS BEHEADED BY EDWARD IV AFTER WA41 MLO56717 {Medieval burial ground} THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY IN 1471. Medieval 531715 182165 THE PRESENCE OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY GATE IS INDICATED BY A NARROWING OF THE ROAD AT THIS POINT. AN ILAU EXCAVATION AT 54 & 55 CLERKENWELL CLOSE RECORDED LARGE MEDIEVAL STONE WALLS (08043716001 - 004) THAT ARE POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED. THE POSITION OF THE GATEWAY HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP WHICH WA42 MLO57342 54-55 CLERKENWELL CLO SHOWS THE LOCATION QUITE ACCURATELY. Medieval 531545 182165

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Clerkenwell Close (Nos 54-55), Clerkenwell, Islington: Excavations An excavation was undertaken by the Inner London Archaeology Unit ELO16784 (Backlog Report) at 54-55 Clerkenwell Close. Medieval 531545 182165 THERE IS A CHAMBER THAT WAS ORIGINALLY A GARDEROBE WA43 MLO57367 ST JOHNS LA IN ST JOHNS GATEHOUSE Medieval 531730 182050 MRS BAILY EXHIBITED A 14TH C ? IRON CROSSBOW- BOLTHEAD OF UNUSUAL DESIGN THOUGHT TO BE AN INCENDIARY WEAPON, FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS FOR THE WA44 MLO5829 HOLBORN PNEUMATIC TUBE AT HOLBORN IN APRIL 1869. Medieval 531550 181850 Observation of trial pit in the unbasemented part of the site by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1986 revealed two layers of clay which had been waterlogged at some time. These were packed with medieval building debris, and appeared to have filled an old watercourse, pond or gravel pit. No MLO61079 78-85 COWCROSS ST Roman levels survived. Medieval 531730 181835 A trial pit evaluation in 1986 at Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology. Site code not known. Loose brick rubble was observed to 2.4m below the ground surface, overlying clays apparently previously waterlogged. These contained medieval Cowcross Street (Nos 78-85), building debris and may have been the Islington, London EC1: Trial Pit backfill of a quarry or pond, extending in excess of 4.0m below WA45 ELO9745 Evaluation (Event - Intervention) ground level. Natural deposits were not seen. Medieval 531730 181835 BARREL LINED WELL FOUND IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90), FINDSINCLUDED A C15TH CERAMIC WATERING CAN. THE SITE LIES WITHIN THE OUTERPRECINCT OF ST JOHNS PRIORY. LATER FINDS ON SITE INCLUDED EVIDENCE OF 16th century OCCUPATION ASSOCIATED WITH WA46 MLO28748 14 ST JOHNS LA BERKELEY HOUSE (SEE 082299). Multi-period 531695 181955

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Archaeological excavation by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 1-7 Albion Place, Clerkenwell, London characterised by garden features, including bedding trenches, shallow rubbish pits, and dumps of soil, and brick lined cesspits. In the 17th century garden walls and part of the rear of the south-wing of a building identified as Berkeley House were constructed. These walls contained a large amount of earlier building material, including medieval moulded stone, terra-cottas and 16th century moulded bricks. From the mid-18th century onwards the site was occupied by a number of tenements, and brick lined pits produced a number of large late finds groups. EC1, in 1994, following an earlier phase of excavation in 1990 (site code JAN90, ELO3745 and ELO14462). The site is within the outer precinct of the medieval Priory of St John of Jerusalem. The earliest recorded remains cut the natural gravels and were largely confined to the northern part of the site: they comprised ditches, quarry pits, and some possible agricultural trenches of Roman date. The gravels Albion Place (No 1-7), London were also cut by a number of large medieval EC1: Excavation (Event - quarry pits together with a number of broadly contemporary rubbish ELO2633 Intervention) pits. The early post medieval remains were Cut features dated to the Roman period were found through excavation by the Museum of London Archaeology Service, April-July 1994; site code ABP 94 (following earlier excavations on part of the site under site code JAN 90). These features cut the natural gravel. A possible field boundary or drainage ditch was found in the northern part of the site, oriented northeast-southwest. It was in close proximity to two other ditch fragments, both heavily truncated. A number of irregular linear cuts of uncertain function were found to the east. The ditches may have been agricultural trenches. These features were cut by a number of quarry pits. To the south was a narrow north-south aligned trench or gully, cut by a large quarry. The features were interpreted as evidence of exploitation of the land for a variety of purposes including agriculture and gravel extraction. The ditches may have been part of the field system of a Albion Place (No 1-7), EC2 settlement or single farm. The concentration of finds and {Roman agriculture/gravel features in the north of the site suggests the presence of a settlement WA46 MLO60784 extraction} in this area..

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Excavation by I. Grainger for Museum of London Archaeology Service, April-July 1994; site code ABP 94 (following earlier excavations on part of the site under site code JAN 90). Numerous quarry pits were dated to AD 1150-1350, indicating that the quarrying was contemporary with St John's Priory and suggesting that they were associated with building work in its precincts. Their distribution and size suggested the presence of a MLO60786 1-7 ALBION PLACE boundary, though no physical evidence of it survived Four 18th century tenements were recorded during excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990 (site code JAN90). A number of 18th century Delft tiles were recovered. Excavations by I Grainger for the Museum Of London Archaeology Service, April-July 1994 (site code ABP94) found more of the tenements that replaced Berkeley House. One Albion Place (Nos 1-7), EC1 {18th contained a deliberate, possibly ritual, burial of a pottery jar alongside MLO25951 century tenements} the foundations. NUMBER C15-17TH WALL FOOTINGS & A BRICK GARDEROBE BELONGING TO BERKELEY HOUSE WERE RECORDED DURING EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology IN 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90). EXCAVATION BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL-JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP94) FOUND MORE GARDEROBES AND/OR CESS PITS ASSOCIATED MLO55869 14 ST JOHNS LA WITH THE HOUSE. SEVERAL RUBBISH PITS CUT INTO THE NATURAL GRAVEL WERE FOUND IN EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE KEE90). THEY CONTAINED SEVERAL DOMESTIC ANIMAL BURIALS, INCLUDING A HORSE. EXCAVATIONS BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL-JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP94) FOUND MORE RUBBISH PITS MLO55870 14 ST JOHNS LA CONTEMPORARY WITH BERKELEY HOUSE. EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE JAN90) RECORDED EVIDENCE OF AN EARLY 16th century BUILDING, PROBABLY PART OF THE MANSION OF SIR THOMAS DOWCRA, PRIOR OF THE ORDER OF ST JOHN 1501-1527. A LARGE NUMBER OF EARLY 16th century BRICKS WERE FOUND. ON THE SAME SITE, REMAINS OF BERKELEY HOUSE AND 18th century TENEMENTS WERE ALSO FOUND (SEE RECORDS 082299 & WA46 MLO28417 1-7 ALBION PLACE 082302). 42 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

THE HALL IS MENTIONED AS BEING IN THE NORTH RANGE IN WA47 MLO56720 ST JOHNS SQ THE 1546 SURVEY. Medieval 531651 182190 KNIVES, SPOONS AND OTHER DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS FOUND IN THE RIVER FLEET 1855-6 WITH MAKERS MARK INLAID INTO THE BLADES IN BRASS. KNIVES WITH IVORY, WA48 MLO1665 FARRINGDON RD WOOD & CARVED BONE HAFTS (ONE OF EACH). Medieval 531455 182005 SOME OF THE GREAT CLOISTER OF CHARTER HOUSE PRIORY (GLHER REF 080409) WAS USED BY THE BASSANO FAMILY - ITALIAN ENTERTAINERS AT COURT. BUILDINGS IDENTIFIED AS BEING IN USE ARE THE PRIORS CELL, THE PRIORS PRIVATE CHAPEL & A NUMBER OF CELLS. HENRY VIII HAD ALLOWED THEM THE USE OF THIS AREA WA49 MLO19690 CHARTERHOUSE SQ AFTER TAKING OVERTHE MONASTERY AT THE DISSOLUTION. Medieval 531805 181805 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE SJL90) RECORDED FRAGMENTS OF MEDIEVALWALL FOOTINGS WHICH HAD BEEN ROBBED OUT, WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF STJOHNS PRIORY. A LARGE NUMBER OF C14TH-17TH PITS FILLED WITH DOMESTIC RUBBISHWERE RECORDED. FINDS INCLUDED WA50 MLO30266 6-7 ST JOHNS LA TILE, POTTERY TWO DOG SKELETONS & A C15TH GOLDRING. Medieval 531765 181945 THE ARMOURY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY IS MENTIONED IN THE WA51 MLO43935 ST JOHNS SQ DISSOLUTION SURVEY OF 1546. Medieval 531669 182178 EXC BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE COW89 - FOLLOWING EARLIER TRIAL WORK COW88) FOUND MANY FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRIORY OF THE HOSPITALLER KNIGHTS OF ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM - EARLY MED GRAVEL QUARRYING, A RANGE OF CHALK-WALLED BUILDINGS, ASSOCIATED RUBBISH PITS, LINED CESS PITS, WELLS ETC. FOUR OR FIVE INHUMATIONS WERE FOUND IN "GARDENS" BEHIND THE BUILDINGS. ONE BUILDING WAS POSSIBLY A TOWER BASE OF THE GATEWAY INTO THE OUTER PRECINCT. WA52 MLO53375 COWCROSS ST FOR Post Medieval FINDS SEE 082201 Medieval 531718 181878 WA53 MLO56676 ST JOHNS SQ THE GREAT STAIR WAS MENTIONED IN THE 1546 SURVEY Medieval 531620 182169 An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt Clerkenwell Road, Nos 96-100, and a car park to the rear. WA54 Islington, {early medieval quarry Test pits 2 and 4, which lie within the north west zone of the inner MLO68971 pits} precinct of the medieval priory of St John appear to have Medieval 531610 182132

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been an open area of dumping an pitting in the early medieval period. Test pit 3 also fell in an area of early medieval quarrying. Evaluation undertaken by Ken Pitt for Museum of London Archaeology Service, Nov-Dec'96; site code TCR96. Early medieval pits were recorded in an area thought to lie within the NW zone of the precinct of the medieval priory of St John. Late medieval domestic rubbish pits were also found. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (083743-5), post medieval MLO68974 96-100 CLERKENWELL RD EC1 (083746). Medieval 531610 182132 An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 at 96-100 Clerkenwell Road, by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt and a car park to the rear. Test pit 1 showed modern truncation down to London Clay. Test pits 2 and 4, within the north west zone of the inner precinct of the medieval priory of St John appear to have been an open area of dumping and pitting. In Test pit 2 was evidence for a late medieval building or structure, possibly that documented post-Dissolution as the 'Plommerhouse' perhaps previously used for lead storage and working. This building appears to have been demolished, at the earliest, during the late 17th century. Test pit 3 was in an area of Clerkenwell Road (Nos 96-100), early medieval quarrying. Late medieval Islington, EC1: domestic rubbish pits were also found, possibly within the area of the ELO4683 Evaluation Little Court. Medieval 531610 182132 An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 1996 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code TCR96. Four test pits were excavated in the existing petrol station forecourt and a car park to the rear. By the late medieval period a building or structure, possibly the Plommerhouse, had been constructed in the area of test pits Clerkenwell Road, Nos 96-100, 2 and 4. This building appears to have been demolished, at the Islington, {site of medieval earliest, during the late 17th century. MLO68975 Plommerhouse structure} *natural sand and gravel found between 14.27m and 15.23m OD* Medieval 531610 182132 Area Between Bowling Green Lane, Farringdon Lane, This is the site of the precinct of St Mary de Fonte, a nunnery of Clerkenwell Green, St James' Augustinian Canonesses. It was founded by Jordan de Walk {precinct of Nunnery of St Briset on 14 acres of land adjacent to the Clerk's Well in 1154. It was WA55 MLO99172 Mary de Fonte} suppressed in 1539. Medieval 531452 182239

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This is the site of Charterhouse, a Carthusian monastery also known as the House of the Salutation of the Virgin Mary. It was Clerkenwell and Goswell Roads, constructed from 1371 and was dissolved in 1537 having been in Islington {site medieval existence for less than 170 years. The buildings consisted Charterhouse Carthusian of a large Great Cloister composed of individual cells, as well as an WA56 MLO23473 monastery} little cloister and washouse court for laymen. Medieval 531985 182021 An excavation was carried out at the site of St John's Priory on Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology between June and September 1989, prior to redevelopment. Site code COW89. This followed evaluation at the site under site code COW88 (ELO14228). The excavated area was at the south end of the outer precinct, and at the corner of St John's Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St Lane and Peter's Lane found a number of buildings, cess pits and a John's Lane/Eagle Court/Britton well that were associated with the Medieval Priory. A number of Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, graves were also uncovered which may pre date the Priory buildings. ELO9744 EC1: Excavation The remains of a Tudor building were also identified. Medieval 531719 181892 Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St A cellar, cess pits and a well dating to the Tudor period were found John's Lane/Eagle Court/Britton during an excavation by Museum of London Department Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, of Urban Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and WA57 MLO103076 EC1 {Tudor Cellar and cess Pits} September 1989. Medieval 531719 181892 An excavation in 1989 by the Department of Greater London St John Square (Nos 47-49), Archaeology was carried out at 47-49 St John ELO16781 Clerkenwell, Islington: Excavation Square. Medieval 531667 182168 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED A MEDIEVAL BUILDINGTHOUGHT TO BE PART OF THE PRIORS APARTMENTS, WHICH IS KNOWN TO HAVE BEENSITUATED IN MLO43852 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PRIORY PRECINCT. Medieval 531667 182168 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED PART OF THE C13TH NORTHWALL OF THE CHURCH CRYPT OF ST JOHNS MLO57075 47-49 ST JOHN SQ PRIORY Medieval 531667 182168 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED MANY INHUMATIONS FROM THEC14TH-16TH LAY CEMETERY OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, ASSOCIATED WITH THE C14TH WA58 MLO55851 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ NAVEOF THE CHURCH (SEE 08043611009). Medieval 531667 182168 Clerkenwell Close (No 54), A watching brief was a undertaken by Museum of London Clerkenwell, Islington: Watching Archaeology Service in October 1994 at 54 Clerkenwell WA59 ELO16783 Brief Close. Medieval 531536 182186

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

THE PRESENCE OF CLERKENWELL PRIORY GATE IS INDICATED BY A NARROWING OF THE ROAD AT THIS POINT. AN ILAU EXCAVATION AT 54 & 55 CLERKENWELL CLOSE RECORDED LARGE MEDIEVAL STONE WALLS (08043716001 - 004) THAT ARE POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED. THE POSITION OF THE GATEWAY HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP WHICH MLO62823 54 CLERKENWELL CLO SHOWS THE LOCATION QUITE ACCURATELY. Medieval 531536 182186 THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN WAS PROBABLY ROUGHLY RECTANGULAR. STARTING AT ST JOHNS GATEHOUSE & RUNNING EAST TO ST JOHNS ST THEN NORTH ALMOST TO THE CORNER OF AYLESBURY ST WHERE IT TURNED WEST TO CLERKENWELL GREEN.THE PRECINCT WALLS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE RELEVANT SMR MAPSHEETS. THESE HAVEBEEN TAKEN FROM THE Department of Greater London Archaeology MAP WHICH SHOWS THE COURSE QUITE ACCURATELY. THE WALLS CONSIST OF AN INNER AND OUTER PRECINCT, THE FOUR GRID REFERENCES GIVEN ARE FOR THE OUTER PRECINCT. THREE CORNERS OF THE INNER PRECINCT ARE FORMED BYTHE OUTER WALL. THE OTHER CORNER OF THE INNER WA60 MLO43571 ST JOHNS ST PRECINCT IS AT TQ 31675 82040E. Medieval 531781 182015 THIS WAS THE NAME OF THE PIPE THAT RAN FROM THE WHITE CONDUIT TO THE CONDUIT HOUSE IN CHARTERHOUSE. AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE "RECEYT UNDER THE HEDGE" IT WIDENED & ALSO RAN PARALLEL TO FIRST ST JOHNS CONDUIT & THEN THE NUNS CONDUIT, UNTIL IT PASSED UNDER THE HIGHWAY, & WA61 MLO45799 PENTON ST RAN PAST PARDON CHAPEL. Medieval 531564 182599

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

The Waterworks Roll has a lot to say about this important building that regulated the water supply to the entire monastery. The conduit house was called 'age' and stood in the middle of the great cloister. The upper half of the building was a square lead cistern into which the home pipe discharged itself. The cistern descended the supply pipe which was divided beneath into branches that served the priory. The conduit house had two doors: one at ground level in the south to allow access to the pipes; and the other in the upper storey’s east face (reached by a ladder) for access to the cistern. The building was octagonal with panels in its lower half and timbers in the upper half. The roof was pyramidal with incurved sides (NB possibly same as listed building). The base of a water conduit associated with the Carthusian monastery at Charterhouse and probably with the conduit house described above was visible as a cropmark on aerial photographs taken in 1997. A symmetrical pattern of eight sub-rectangular marks positioned around a central mark were visible on the law of St Bartholomew's Medical College. The approximate dimension estimated from the photographs from known lengths was an overall diameter of 30 feet. (1) This is the site of a cistern from which two pipes issued. The second issued from the southeast corner of the cistern& passed out of the monastery through the gatehouse. It changes from blue to brown on the waterworks roll, implying that this is a waste pipe. It continues through a suspiral to a building called ‘egypte the fleshe kitchen’. Another pipe led from the garden of cell B, past the Frater, Priors cell and Little Cloister. It exits the Little Cloister from a doorway in the south wall. It goes down the west walk of the Little Cloister& could possibly be the brick guttering found in excavations there. After it has left the little cloister, it goes to the building labelled ‘egypte’. ( See 080405/19 for more details). The waterworks roll says ‘this pipe goeth out of the back of the cell next to the priors garden ?ft to the end of the frater all along without the wall & so through the little cloister by the buttery to the fleysche kitchen, upon a lofte into a cistern & out of this pipe it goeth to egypte at the end…’ the rest is illegible. Charterhouse Square, Islington, From the base of the Conduit House four pipes issued. The west, WA62 MLO46151 {medieval water supply system} north and east pipes went straight to the cells on those sides of the Medieval 531904 181936 47 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Great Cloister, flowing into the cells and the gardens attached to them. There may even have been a tap in each cell. The south pipe from the Conduit House at Charterhouse went to the south walk of the Great Cloister. This was the walk with the communal buildings on it. When it reached the walk it split in two to serve the various buildings. This split occurred after it had reached the monks lavatory, where some of its water was used. When the south pipe split in two at the lavatory, one pipe went eastwards, past the chapterhouse, the sacrists cell, the laundry and cells Z& Y. It is then shown on open ground to the south & presently splits into two branches. Both branches end in taps, but one has two taps in the laundry & the ‘sacrists washing place’. The other tap has no label on the waterworks roll. The westwards branch of the south pipe went past the Sacrists cell and bent and sent off a branch to Cell A (the Priors Cell)& the Gabled Frater. It then bent southwest, with a branch to the buttery tap. The pipe continued southwest to a large circular tank beyond the little cloister. This was the brew house. This pipe issued from the Brew House and then turned southwards to an oblong structure. This was placed north/south. It is possibly a cistern. From here, two pipes issued. The first pipe from the cistern is coloured brown on the waterworks roll. This usually implies waste water. It continues to a suspiral. The waterworks roll says ‘the pipe goes out of the cistern by the kitchen doors& supplies elmys & the heartis horne’. These were the taverns outside the priory walls. Excavations during the removal of the floor of the great hall after bomb damage in 1944 discovered this watercourse. It was identified as one shown on the waterworks roll. This left the south alley of the Great Cloister near the southwest angle, swerved southwards and then running parallel to, and alongside the wall of cell A and to the south of the frater. This is the location of the Pardon Cemetery, a 14th to 17th century cemetery initially established by the Bishop Ralph de Land Between Clerkenwell Road Stratford for the burial of victims of the Black Death as a result of and Great Sutton Street, Islington overcrowding in the City cemeteries. It continued in use for WA63 MLO43978 {medieval Pardon Cemetery} the burial of fellons. Medieval 531879 182178 EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED A MEDIEVAL BUILDINGTHOUGHT TO BE PART OF THE PRIORS Medieval to WA64 MLO43852 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ APARTMENTS, WHICH IS KNOWN TO HAVE BEENSITUATED IN Post-Medieval 531653 182145

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THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PRIORY PRECINCT.

This medieval cemetery was established for the burial of plague victims in late 1348 or early 1349 by Sir Walter Manny, on Chaterhouse Square, Islington, land leased from St Bartholomew's Hospital. It remained in use until {Spitalcroft, later New Church the majority of the site was occupied by the Carthusian Medieval to WA65 MLO70872 Haw, medieval cemetery} Chapterhouse monastery. Post-Medieval 531946 182025 Road surface of Charterhouse Square. Listed grade 2 on 29/9/1972, ref 77+78/1087. Not included in revised list dated WA66 MLO5732 CHARTERHOUSE SQ 30/9/1994. Post-Medieval 531892 181888 Built in 1727, the St. Sepulchres-Within workhouse on Chick Lane was an ‘H’ shaped brick building. In October 1729, the workhouse was reported to have a master and mistress as well as 119 inmates made up of: 14 men, 56 women (mostly old and infirm), 19 girls and 25 boys. In 1777 a parliamentary report recorded that a St. Sepulchres workhouse (probably St. Sepulchres-Within) could accommodate up to 279 individuals. This ability to house additional inmates suggests that the workhouse had been extended by 1777. However, at this present time the record for funding a rebuild of this scale is not available. In 1798, a local act (38 Geo.3.c.34) was proposed to further extend the workhouse due to the workhouse being too small and ‘ruinous’ to be acceptable accommodation. The Act was passed in 1806 (Act 46.Geo.3.c.16) to raise the funds to rebuild the workhouse. In 1837, the workhouse was integrated into the new West London Poor Law Union. As a result the inmates were transferred to the care of Holborn Poor Law Union. The workhouse continued to be used until the Charter House Street, Islington, 1860’s. The complex was then demolished and replaced by London, EC1M 6HA (18th Century) Smithfield Market and Farringdon Station which are still in use to this WA67 MLO107269 {Workhouse} day. Post-Medieval 531664 181734 An archaeological evaluation was conducted in 1988 and 1989 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service Department of Greater London Archaeology (North). Site codes STJ88 and STJ89. A truncated mortared chalk wall datable by pottery, tile and brick fragments to the 16th century was revealed below the concrete slab. A large part of the fabric was probably reused medieval building St John Street, Nos 94-100, material. It is likely that the remains represent part of a Tudor WA68 MLO24789 Islington, {Tudor wall} rebuilding of the Charterhouse boundary wall. Further excavation in Post-Medieval 531800 182081

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1989 located a section of wall comprising unworked blocks of chalk and flint laid in irregular courses.

WA69 MLO13879 7* COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-Medieval 531752 181857 The remains of St John's Churchyard lie between the church and St John Street, a narrow strip measuring about 320 square St John's Street, Clerkenwell {St yards in extent. It was laid out by the Metropolitan Public Gardens WA70 MLO102542 John's churchyard} Association. Post-Medieval 531724 182179 An archaeological watching brief carried out by A. Telfer on behalf of Museum of London Archaeology Service between the 29th June and 2nd July 2004. The site lies within the precinct of the Grand Priory of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. No evidence relating to the Priory was recorded. The work revealed post-medieval layers that appeared to relate to an earlier phase of road construction, predominantly in the form of levelling/make-up. Natural deposits were WA71 MLO97903 St John's Square, Clerkenwell not reached. Post-medieval 531675 182120 This is the site of an Elizabethan townhouse created from 1545 from Chaterhouse Square, Islington, the remains of the Charterhouse Carthusian monastery. {Elizabethan townhouse, Sutton's It was purchased in 1611 by Thomas Sutton, who created a secular WA72 MLO74228 Hospital and School} hospital and school on the estate. Post-medieval 531921 182037 Benjamin Street/Britten Street [St Originally an 18th c. graveyard designed to supplement the burial John's Gardens] Clerkenwell, space of the Church of St John Clerkenwell, this site was Islington, EC1 {18th century burial converted to a public garden in the 1880's. It received a renovation in WA73 MLO25723 ground, 19th century park} the 1990's. Post-medieval 531632 181933 EXC BY Department of Greater London Archaeology (SITE CODE COW89 - FOLLOWING EARLIER TRIAL WORK COW88) ON SITE OF PART OF ST JOHNS PRIORY (SEE 080436 21) FOUND LATER USES OF DISINTEGRATING MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION OF CELLARS IN TUDOR PERIOD & 17th century REDEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTER PRECINCT INTO SMALLER PLOTS WITH CONSTRUCTION OF BRICK TENEMENTS. WALLS FLOORS CELLAR & WA74 MLO22774 COWCROSS ST RUBBISH PITS WERE FOUND. Post-Medieval 531745 181885

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ADDITIONAL BURIAL GROUND OF ST SEPULCHRES (POSSIBLY THE WORKHOUSE ?) SHOWNON A-Z REGENCY LONDON MAP, SITE NOW RAILWAY LINES NORTH OF CHARTERHOUSE ST. This is also mentioned in Holmes's study of London burial grounds. She notes that there were two burial grounds, one for the church and 67-77REAROF CHARTERHOUSE one for the workhouse. The workhouse site was the larger and both WA75 MLO25713 ST had been lost to the Great Northern Goods Depot Post-Medieval 531725 181785 ODD HOUSE WITH SECRET HIDING PLACES, TRAP-DOORS, ESCAPE ROUTES ETC THAT WASA RENDEZVOUS FOR HIGHWAYMEN, WITH EXTENSIVE RANGES OF STABLING AT WA76 MLO408 FARRINGDON ST STATION THE BACK] Post-Medieval 531800 182150 Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Waterlogged dump deposits, probably from the backfilling of a pond or stream, were recorded and cut by 17th century foundations (SMR ref. 084972). Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval MLO75186 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 (084972-5). Post-Medieval 531455 181805 An evaluation and watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill, London, EC1 in 2000. Four evaluation pits were excavated on the site, and two engineering trial pits were monitored under watching brief conditions. Waterlogged dump deposits, probably from the backfilling of a pond or stream, were cut by truncated 17th century brick wall foundations, which were in turn sealed by further dumps. One of the foundations was constructed on a raft of sawn timbers placed over driven timber piles. Backfill dumps around the footing contained clay pipe of the mid to late 17th century. 18th or 19th century cellars were found fronting onto 119- Kirby Street (Nos 6-10) and 124 Saffron Hill. Several disarticulated human bones were recovered Saffron Hill (Nos 119-124), from a backfilled 18th or 19th century cellar in evaluation Trench 4. It Camden, EC1: Evaluation and is thought that these did not originate from the site and were ELO3798 Watching redeposited at the time of backfilling of the cellar. Post-Medieval 531455 181805 Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Truncated 17th century brick wall foundations were recorded constructed on a raft of sawn timbers placed over driven timber piles. Periods recorded under this site code: post- WA77 MLO75187 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 medieval (084972-5). Post-Medieval 531455 181805

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Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. 18th century or 19th century cellars were found to the E of the site fronting onto Saffron Hill. Periods recorded MLO75188 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 under this site code: post-medieval (084972-5). Post-Medieval 531455 181805 Evaluation undertaken by Charles Harward for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - October 2000; site code: KIY00. Several disarticulated human bones were found within the backfill of a 18th century or 19th century cellar (SMR ref. 084974). It is thought that these did not originate from the site and were redeposited within the backfill. Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval WA77 MLO75189 6-10 KIRBY ST EC1 (084972-5). Post-Medieval 531455 181805 WA78 MLO7724 8 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-Medieval 531750 181856 Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St A cellar, cess pits and a well dating to the Tudor period were found John's Lane/Eagle Court/Britton during an excavation by Museum of London Department Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, of Urban Archaeology at Cowcross Street between June and MLO103076 EC1 {Tudor Cellar and cess Pits} September 1989. Post-Medieval 531761 181905 An excavation was carried out at the site of St John's Priory on Cowcross Street by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology between June and September 1989, prior to redevelopment. Site code COW89. This followed evaluation at the site under site code COW88 (ELO14228). The excavated area was at Cowcross Street/Peter's Lane/St the south end of the outer precinct, and at the corner of St John's John's Lane/Eagle Court/Britton Lane and Peter's Lane found a number of buildings, cess pits and a Street/Benjamin Street, Islington, well that were associated with the Medieval Priory. A number of EC1: Excavation (Event - graves were also uncovered which may pre date the Priory buildings. WA79 ELO9744 Intervention) The remains of a Tudor building were also identified. Post-Medieval 531761 181905 EXCAVATION BY ILAU 1978 (SITE CODE CLRG 78) FOUND AN UNDATEABLE PIT, ORPOSSIBLY A SHALLOW EASTWEST DITCH. POST MEDIEVAL POT, TILE & CLAY PIPESWERE MLO16274 120 CLERKENWELL RD FOUND. Post-Medieval 531545 182105 Clerkenwell Road (No 120), An excavation by the Inner London Archaeology Unit in 1978 was Clerkenwell, Islington: Excavations carried out at 120 Clerkenwell Road. WA80 ELO16780 (Backlog Report) Undated features and post medieval finds were recovered. Post-Medieval 531545 182105

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THE GREAT & LITTLE CLOISTER, CHURCH, CHAPTER HOUSE, WASHOUSE COURT & THE PRIORS NEW CELL WERE ALL SOLD TO SIR EDWARD NORTH IN 1542. HE DESTROYED MUCH OFTHE PRIORY & CONVERTED THE REMNANTS INTO A TOWN HOUSE. HE DESTROYED THE LITTLE CLOISTER & MADE THE CHURCH HIS DINING HALL. IN 1553 HE SOLD THE HOUSE TO JOHN DUDLEY. IT IS MENTIONED IN THE DOCUMENTS AS A MANSION OR CAPITAL MESSUAGE. IT WAS ALSO HELD BY THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, BUT RETURNED TO THE THRONE AFTER HIS EXECUTION. THE MANSION LATER BECAME THE BASIS OF THE SCHOOL THAT WAS FOUNDED IN C1611. THE GREAT HALL WAS A PART OF THIS MANOR HOUSE, BUILT OUT OF MATERIAL FROM THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS WA81 MLO17753 CHARTERHOUSE SQ C1550 & BUILT PARTLY ON THE SITE OF THE CHURCH Post-Medieval 531805 181805 Watching brief undertaken by Chris Jarrett for PCA, Feb'1998; site code JRD98. A ceramic drain relating to the standing building was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: post- MLO71739 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 medieval (084196-9). 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 (Event - ELO3760 Intervention) There is no description for this event The construction cut for the external wall of the standing building (SMR ref: 212762) was observed in test pit 1. Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval MLO71740 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 (084196-9). Demolition debris and make up layers were recorded in the test pit sections. The earliest of these was dated to the 18th century by pottery. Periods recorded under this MLO71741 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 site code: post-medieval (084196-9). Post-Medieval A possible horticultural soil was recorded and dated to the 17th century by the pottery and a c.1640-1660 clay tobacco pipe. Periods recorded under this site code: WA82 MLO71742 88 ST JOHN ST EC1 post-medieval (084196-9). 531755 WA83 MLO24151 18 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-Medieval 531706 181857 BURIAL GROUND SURROUNDING ST SEPULCHRES WA84 MLO55698 COWCROSS ST (SOUTH OF ) WORKHOUSE, SITE NOW RAILWAY LINE Post-Medieval 531645 181775 A WATCHING BRIEF WAS CARRIED OUT BY GORDON MALCOLM/BRUNO BARBER (SITECODE BIT 91) ON 27/3/91. WA85 TWO SEWER TRENCHES WERE EXCAVATED IN A TEST PIT IN MLO57923 45 BRITTON ST THE BASEMENT OF THE STANDING STRUCTURE. Post-Medieval 531685 181962

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FURTHER WORK EXPECTED

A watching brief by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 45 Britton Street EC1 in February 1991, during the excavation of underpinning holes and other minor groundworks. Site code BIT91. The northern edge of the site had been disturbed by the insertion of a modern drain. On the southern edge of the site was a post-medieval drain built of soft red unfrogged bricks, filled with what was probably domestic waste or cess. The drain was constructed in the backfill of a possible large Britton Street (No 45), Islington, domestic waste pit. On the eastern edge of the London EC1: Watching Brief site was a brick wall possibly contemporary with the drain standing to ELO9694 (Backlog Report) a height of 0.75m. Post-Medieval 531685 181962 WA86 MLO5824 6 COWCROSS ST TERRACED HOUSE Post-Medieval 531756 181858 A watching brief by D Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 (site code BSI93). A Medieval and Post Medieval garden soil build up was found, cut by insertion of 16th century garden wall of Berkeley House (SMR 082299) to east. The wall was rebuilt before C.1700, present building erected c.1719. See MLO59657 48 BRITTON ST EC1 also SMR 082554-555. Post-Medieval 531677 181987 A watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service in November 1993 at Britton Street, London EC1. Groundworks in advance of the construction of an extension to the present building were monitored: foundation trenches were excavated around three sides of the perimeter of the site and a number of pier base holes were located within the interior of the site. Natural gravels were overlain by medieval and post-medieval garden soil accumulation and 18th century and later rubble dumps associated with the construction and use of the present building. At the east end of the site a rubble-founded brick wall forming the modern property boundary was Britton Street (No 48), Islington, interpreted as the remains of the garden wall of Berkeley House EC1: Watching Brief (Event - (dating from the 16th century); it had been rebuilt WA87 ELO9695 Intervention) before the construction of the present building. Post-Medieval 531677 181987 Watching brief by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology 4-5 ALBEMARLE WAY ST Service, March 1992; site code AME92. A post-Mediaeval Dump lay WA88 MLO63072 JOHN'S SQ, above the level of the 13th century cloister of the order of St. John's Post-Medieval 531725 182135

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headquarters. Periods recorded under same site code: post- Mediaeval (082904).

A watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 4-5 Albemarle Way EC1, in 1992. Above the level Albemarle Way (nos 4-5), London of the 13th-century cloister of the Priory of the Order of St John lay a EC1: Watching Brief (Event - post-medieval dump as well as a (possibly ELO2670 Intervention) 18th century) brick wall positioned on the line of the cloister walk Post-Medieval 531725 182135 Watching brief by B. Sloane for Museum of London Archaeology Service, March 1992; site code AME92. A post-Mediaeval dump lay above the level of the 13th century cloister of the order of 4-5 ALBEMARLE WAY ST St. John's headquarters. Periods recorded under same MLO63073 JOHN'S SQ, site code: post-Mediaeval (082904). Post-Medieval 531725 182135 Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. A brick arched drain cutting through a pit fill (SMR ref: 083404) and running E-W into Charterhouse was found. Periods recorded on MLO66235 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS site: Post-medieval (083402-4) Post-Medieval 531875 181935 Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. Chalk rubble and brick footings of what was thought to be the original ?Tudor boundary wall to the Charterhouse were found. MLO66236 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS Periods recorded on site: Post-medieval (083402-4) Post-Medieval 531875 181935 Watching brief undertaken by R Whytehead for ILAU, Nov'86; no site code. The area appeared to have been largely pitted in the post- medieval period for sand and gravel extraction. Some 17th century or 18th century pottery was noted but not retained. Periods recorded on WA89 MLO66237 CHARTERHOUSE MEWS site: Post-medieval (083402-4) Post-Medieval 531875 181935 PRIORY OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN OF JERUSALEM AT CLERKENWELL WAS THE HEAD HOUSE OF THE HOSPITAL OF ST JOHN IN ENGLAND, FOUNDED C 1148. SACKED & MOST OF BUILDINGS BURNT IN PEASANTS REVOLT 1381, BUT SOON REBUILT. LATER ADDITIONS UNDER PRIOR DOWCRA. AT THE DISSOLUTION THE BUILDINGS WERE GRANTED TO JOHN DUDLEY, LATER DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. UNDER EDWARD VI THE NAVE & GREAT TOWER OF THE CHURCH WERE BLOWN UP BY THE DUKE OF SOMERSET TO PROVIDE BUILDING MATERIAL FOR HIS HOUSE IN THE STRAND. REMAINS INCLUDE PARTS OF CHURCH (SEE 080336 11) & WA90 GATEHOUSE (SEE 080436 20); SOME STONE WALLS 531668 182136 MLO57203 ST JOHNS SQ INCLUDING A POSSIBLY C14TH DOORWAY ARE Post-Medieval

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INCORPORATED IN 49-50 ST JOHNS SQ (SEE 08043622 & 212766). ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM COW89 INDICATED DOMESTIC OCCUPATION, THE PLANT REMAINS INCLUDING WATERLOGGED AND MINERALISED FRUIT PIPS AND CHARRED CEREALS AND PULSES.

Trial trenching in July and August 1986 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in the cellar of 49-52 St John's Square EC1. Contractors' shafts in St John's Square were also monitored. No medieval surfaces survived within the building (thought to have been originally part of the priory of St John Clerkenwell). The floors for the most part overlay natural sands and gravels, but in three of the basement rooms they sealed truncated chalk features of unknown function which probably date from after the Dissolution. In previous investigations chalk and ragstone walls, perhaps part of the undercroft of conventual buildings, were located, in places surviving to a height of 2.1m above the modern basement floors. Numerous architectural features were observed in the walls, the infill of one of which included two reused Caen stone blocks, suggesting that its construction followed demolition elsewhere in the precinct: conceivably the sacking of the priory during the St John's Square (Nos 49-52), Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The exact relationship between the walls London EC1: Evaluation (Event - and the contemporary ground surface could Medieval to ELO4548 Intervention) not be established. Post-medieval

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Archaeological excavations in 1989 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 42-46 St John’s Square, located in the inner precinct of the Priory of the order of St John of Jerusalem, established in the early 1140s. The investigations revealed a doorway and later light well in the north wall of the crypt of the church of the priory and associated basements; both were blocked, and the light well overlay the very fragmentary remains of a building of medieval date, possibly part of the prior's apartments. Near the north wall of the later 14th-century nave was located a lay cemetery from which 13 skeletons were recovered from a very clear sequence of grave cuts of 14th- to probably 16th-century date. Beneath the cemetery were the remnants of an earlier church wall, which in turn cut through a ditch left by the robbing of the 12th-century round nave. In the area of the 17th-century mansion of the earls of Aylesbury floor surfaces of tile, clay and brick were located, along with the remains of joists from a wooden platform; a gateway was recorded leading into a gravelled yard surface with wheel ruts at the point of entry. The mansion reused many of the St John's Square (Nos 42-46), priory walls. A small amount of prehistoric or London EC1: Excavation (Event - Roman and medieval pottery was recovered, but the bulk of the Medieval to ELO3759 Intervention) assemblage was post-medieval. Post-medieval REFURBISHMENT OF STANDING BUILDINGS IN 1986 GAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL NEAR THE SITE OF ST JOHNS PRIORY, & ALSO TO RECORD ANY WALLS ASSOCIATED WITH IT. TRIAL TRENCHING BY THE Department of Greater London Archaeology TO A MAXIMUM OFO.8 M BELOW THE MODERN BASEMENT FLOORS SHOWED NO MEDIEVAL SURFACES SURVIVING WITHIN THE BUILDING. MOST FLOORS OVERLAY NATURAL SANDS & GRAVELS, BUT IN THREE OF THE BASEMENT ROOMS, THE FLOOR SEALED TRUNCATED CHALK FEATURES OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION. SALT GLAZED STONEWARE FROM THE CONSTRUCTION CUT OF ONE CHALK FEATURE SUGGESTED WA90 MLO19269 49-52 ST JOHNS SQ POST REFORMATION DATE. Post-medieval 531705 182205

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SITE OF THE MANSION OF SIR MAURICE BERKELEY, STANDARD BEARER TO HENRY VIII, ON A SITE WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF ST JOHN'S PRIORY. EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1986 (SITE CODE BRI86), RECORDED A 16th century SPINE WALL ALIGNED NORTH-SOUTH. EXTENSIVE 16th century-17th century STRUCTURES WERE FOUND AT 1-7 ALBION PLACE (SITE CODE JAN90), OVERLYING AN EARLIER BUILDING THOUGHT TO BE PRIOR DOCWRA'S MANSION (SEE 08043628). FURTHER EXCAVATIONS AT 1-7 ALBION PLACE BY I. GRAINGER FOR Museum of London Archaeology Service, APRIL- JULY 1994 (SITE CODE ABP 94), FOUND REMAINS OF THE SOUTH WING OF THE HOUSE, PROBABLY PART OF THE DOMESTIC RANGE, POSSIBLY A KITCHEN. THE BUILDING WAS THOROUGHLY DEMOLISHED IN THE 18th MLO25948 BRISET ST century Post-medieval 531720 182000 THREE BOWLING GREENS ARE MARKED ON OGILBY MAP OF WA91 MLO11094 BOWLING GREEN LANE 1677. Post-Medieval 531505 182005 Evaluation by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1999 fd a pair of brick built cellars of mid C17 date with north walls built of ashlar poss from LC14/EC15 Great Barn of the nearby Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem. The cellar entrances were flanked by chamfered brick buttresses prob forming decorative porch. Cellars infilled in mid C18 and new buildings constructed on top and MLO74179 6-9 BRISET ST CLERKENWELL sequence of brick lined cess pits also built adjacent. Post-Medieval 531698 182021 Excavation by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 6-9 Briset Street and to the rear of 12-13 St John's Square in August and September 1999. The work was within the area of the Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem; the site was partly excavated in 1989/90 under the site code BAD89. Three trenches were excavated prior to proposed basement construction. Above the natural gravel a ragstone-faced wall was revealed, identified as the south wall of a building situated just outside the south-west corner of the inner precinct of the medieval priory, and possibly built not long after its foundation in 1144. Part of its internal brick earth floor surface or make-up was recorded. To the Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St north of the wall a pair of brick cellars, dated to 1600-60, survived John's Square (Nos 12-13), almost in their entirety. They were entered through gaps in their north Clerkenwell, EC1: Evaluation wall, much of which was constructed from ashlar masonry, possibly (Event - reused from the Great Barn of the Priory, which replaced the WA92 ELO9722 Intervention) earlier building (represented by the ragstone wall) in the late-14th or Post-Medieval 531698 182021 58 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

early-15th century. The cellar entrances were flanked by chamfered brick buttresses, which probably formed a decorative porch. In the mid-18th century the cellars were infilled and new buildings constructed. A sequence of brick-lined cesspits was located, unusually, outside the front doors

MLO36418 15 CLERKENWELL GREEN SITE OF THE 17th century MANSION OF THE EARLS OF AYLESBURY WITHIN THE PRECINCT OFST JOHNS PRIORY. EXCAVATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE SJJ89) RECORDED FLOORSURFACES OF TILE, CLAY & BRICK ALON WITH THE REMAINS OF JOISTS FROM AWOODEN PLATFORM. A GATEWAY WAS FOUND WITH A GRAVELLED YARD SURFACE OUTSIDEWITH WHEEL RUTS IN IT LEADING TO THE GATEWAY. THE MANSION RE-USED MANYEARLIER MEDIEVAL WALLS FROM Post-Medieval 531564 182128 WA93 MLO25949 47-49 ST JOHNS SQ THE PRIORY Jerusalem Passage/St John Street [St John's Church Garden], Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1 {18th St John’s Church Garden is a former burial ground of the Priory of WA94 MLO104440 century public garden} St John of Jerusalem founded in 1144. Post-Medieval 531727 182183 9 Jerusalem Passage is part of a longer terrace of listed 19th century WA95 MLO11487 9 JERUSALEM PASSAGE houses. It is shown on the 1st edition OS Map 19th Century 531636 182179 WA96 MLO11900 10 JERUSALEM PASSAGE 19th Century 531634 182182 St John Street (Nos 44-46), Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1M 4DF Warehouse built in 1877 by Charles Bell for ER Parker, provisions MLO106608 {19th century warehouse} merchant. They were converted to offices in the late 20th century. 19th Century 531832 181940 St John Street (Nos 44-46), Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1M 4DF Stables built in 1890 by Charles Bell for ER Parker, provisions MLO106609 {19th century stables} merchant. They were converted to offices in the late 20th century. 19th Century 531849 181940 St John Street (Nos 44-46), Office and a flat built in 1890 by Charles Bell for ER Parker, Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1M 4DF provisions merchant. They were converted to offices in the late 20th WA97 MLO106611 {19th century office and flat} century. 19th Century 531833 181949 3 STOREY TERRACED HOUSES - TOP 2 STOREYS TAKEN OFF & ONLY 1 REBUILT. FURTHER REBUILDING WORK IN 1986 REPLACED A NICE REGENCY PILLARED SHOP FRONT WA98 MLO5955 15-17 CLERKENWELL GREEN WITH A MODERN IMITATION. First listed 29/9/1972, grade 19th century 531568 182138

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2, ref 74/39. Not included in new list dated 30/9/1994. 3 STOREY TERRACED HOUSES - TOP 2 STOREYS TAKEN OFF WA99 MLO31865 16 CLERKENWELL GREEN & ONLY 1 REBUILT. De-listed; see 212502 for details. 19th century 531562 182132 A 19th century terraced house, part of a larger terrace, this is one of WA100 MLO31866 17 CLERKENWELL GREEN a number which has been altered. 19th century 531554 182125 An archaeological watching brief was carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service during basement demolition at 6-10 Kirby Street and 119-124 Saffron Hill, in 2001. Three areas were monitored: 19th century and later remains were encountered. 19th century basements overlying associated possible fuel tanks constructed of red brick and black Bull-nosed brick were found. The internal faces of the tank were rendered with a pitch-like substance. The tank was sealed by a decayed raft of timber under the later basement slab. Later Kirby Street Nos.6-10 and Saffron white-glazed brick tanks were observed in the north and east of the Hill (Nos.199-124), EC1: Watching site beneath the slab of the former building. WA101 ELO233 brief These were cut into the London Clay. 19th Century 531441 181811 Only the façade of the 19th century house at 16 Clerkenwell Green WA102 MLO56237 16 CLERKENWELL GREEN still survives. 19th Century 531554 182130 No archaeological deposits or cut features were recorded, apart from WA103 MLO76194 18-21A Charterhouse Square, EC1 construction make-up associated with the standing building. Modern 531890 181916 The site of a destructive hit by a zeppelin raid on September 8th 1915. A plaque on the site says "These premises were totally destroyed by a zeppelin raid during the First World War on September 8th 1915. Rebuilt 1917" John Phillips - Governing Director. This was the most successful zeppelin raid on London in the entire war and caused more than half a million pounds worth of damage, almost all of it from the one zeppelin, the L13, Farringdon Road, (No 61), which managed to bomb central London. This single raid caused Clerkenwell, Islington {World War more than half the material damage caused by all the raids against WA104 MLO105267 One zeppelin bomb site} Britain in 1915. Modern 531481 181899 Charterhouse Square (23-28), An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Farringdon, Islington, London, for Crossrail between the 22nd and 27th EC1: Archaeological Watching September, 2011, at 23-28 Charterhouse Square, Farringdon, WA105 ELO16088 Brief London. Multi-period 531898 181890 Not strictly speaking a village green, Clerkenwell Green was open Clerkenwell Green [Clerkenwell space between St John's Priory and St Mary's Nunnery Green], Islington, EC1 {public open and was once the centre of the village. In the 17th century houses of WA106 MLO104352 land} the nobility and the wealthy were built here and the Multi-period 531501 182098 60 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Green was planted with trees, which later blew down in 1796. By the C18th there was a pound, pillory and watch house here, with a turnstile at the entrance of Clerkenwell Close.

Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Museum of London Archaeology Service, 89-97 ST JOHN ST: EXCAVATION/WATCHING BRIEF (GLSMR recording form). MLO75020 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 SLO75199. Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A C14th worked soil horizon was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO75021 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7) Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A medieval ditch oriented SW-NE that bisected the site is interpreted as a boundary marker or drainage channel associated with the parva venalla or 'little lane' that is referred to in late medieval documents describing the holdings of St Johns Priory. This lane is known subsequently as Pissing Alley. Periods recorded under this MLO75022 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A number of buildings with masonry foundations were constructed in the E part of the site in the early post-medieval period. One of the buildings was cellared and is thought to have been a high-status tenement built when the outer court of St John's Priory was sub-divided and leased to wealthy tenants. One of the buildings was modified in the 16th century by the addition of a brick-built cellar. In the 16th century a new building with brick foundations was Multi-period 531755 182045 constructed in the centre of the site fronting onto Pissing Alley (SMR ref. 084915). It was fitted with fireplace mouldings that were probably salvaged from the Priory of St John. The building was subsequently modified by the addition of a cellar and WA107 MLO75023 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 was further modified and extended in succeeding centuries. It was

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demolished at the end of the 19th century. In the 17th century and 18th century, the medieval buildings in the E part of the site were replaced by a terrace of brick buildings with cellars fronting on St John St. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). Excavation and watching brief undertaken by Kieron Heard for Museum of London Archaeology Service, September - December 1999; site code SAJ98. A chalk lined cess pit was recorded, associated with early post-medieval high status tenements (SMR ref. 084916). Periods recorded under this site code: MLO75024 89-97 ST JOHN ST EC1 medieval (084913-5), post-medieval (084916-7). An excavation and watching brief by the Museum of London Archaeology Service at 89-97 St John Street EC1 in was constructed in the centre of the site. It was fitted with fireplace mouldings that were probably salvaged from the priory. The building was subsequently modified by the addition of a cellar and was further modified until its destruction in the 19th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries the medieval buildings in the east part of the site were replaced by a terrace of brick buildings with cellars, fronting onto St John Street. *Natural gravels at 16.20mOD, brick earth at 16.50mOD* September to December 1999, following an evaluation in 1998 (ELO252). The principal area of investigation was c.17m x 7m located between the deep modern basement in the northern part of the site and a standing wall along the Passing Alley frontage. The watching brief monitored the mechanical excavation of underpinning holes and Victorian basements along the St John Street and Passing Alley frontages of the site. The removal of the floor of the large Victorian basement in the north part of the site was also monitored, with no archaeological remains observed. The earliest archaeological deposit was a leached soil horizon dated provisionally to the 13th century, into which a curvi-linear enclosure ditch was dug; the enclosure was sealed by a worked soil horizon dated to the 14th century. St John Street (Nos 89-97), A medieval ditch oriented south-west to north-east that bisected the London EC1: Excavation and site is interpreted as a boundary marker or Watching Brief (Event - drainage channel associated with the 'little lane' that is referred to in ELO4472 Intervention) late medieval documents describing the

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

holdings of the priory of St John. This lane was known subsequently as Pissing Alley. A number of buildings with masonry foundations were constructed in the east part of the site in the early post-medieval period. One of the buildings was cellared, and another was supplied with a chalk-lined cesspit. One of these buildings was modified in the 16th century by the addition of a brick-built cellar. In the 16th century a new building with brick foundations Along the southern and western walls of 2 St John's Path lay a trench built foundation, that overlay the dump level. It cut the dump deposit, running underneath the surviving wall at a slight angle to it. It was composed of rough courses of rough greens sandstone blocks, some of which appear sawn and therefore probably re-used. The backfill contained CBM and degraded wood although whether this relates to the destruction of the former MLO77022 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell building is as yet untenable. The lowest deposit of watching brief trench 1 revealed a greyish brown clayey silt dump. It contained CBM, seafood remains and fragments of the same green sandstone building material as used in the construction of the later foundation. Pottery is dated from the mid to late 17th century, mainly from Surrey-Hampshire border whiteware MLO76271 1-2 ST John's Path, Clerkenwell with clear gaze. On top of the dump and the foundation trench lay the 19th century wall, surviving. It seems to have used the older wall as a foundation to build upon and instead was constructed from red brick in English cross courses. The trench for this wall cut through a dump as well and much of the pottery reflected a late 18th Multi-period 531640 182040 to 19th century date, including teapot in pearlware and WA108 MLO77023 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell sherds of delftware. An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell EC1, in June-July 2002, monitoring three trenches for underpinning. This followed the archaeological monitoring of geotechnical test pits (ELO14463). In the south-eastern edge of the site was an early post- medieval wall foundation, cut into dumped deposits of similar age (17th century). A 19th century brick feature was also found, which appeared to be a St John's Path (Nos 1-2), flue for an industrial structure beyond the limits of the site. Natural Clerkenwell, London EC1: deposits were not Watching Brief (Event - observed, and the highest survival of archaeological remains WA108 ELO800 Intervention) occurred at 15.53mOD.

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Trench 3 produced remains of a flue structure made from dark red asymmetrical bricks. It was constructed in a cut filled with compact orange sand. The inside of the structure had a 10mm thick mortar render. Modern pitting and construction of the present pathway had heavily truncated the structure. This mortar was heavily scorched on MLO77024 1-2 St John's Path, Clerkenwell one side indicating that hot gas/liquids had passed down it. A Medieval soil horizon was observed during an archaeological watching brief at the rear of 10 Eagle Court carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2004. The site was Eagle Court (No. 8, 10-11A), located in the vicinity of the former outer precinct of the Clerkenwell EC1 {Medieval soil Medieval priory of St John of Jerusalem, but no evidence of medieval MLO97899 horizon} structures was found. Multi-period 531716 181899 Eagle Court (Nos 8, 10-11A), An archaeological watching brief by the Museum of London Farringdon, London EC1: Archaeology Service at numbers 8, 10 and 11a Eagle Court in 2004, ELO6131 Watching Brief during groundworks Multi-period 531716 181899 A Post Medieval settlement layer, consisting of a demolition layer and garden soil was observed during an archaeological watching brief at the rear of 10 Eagle Court carried out by the Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2004. The demolition layer extended approximately 4m south of the rear of the buildings fronting Eagle court. A distinctive edge to the deposit running parallel to the buildings may conform to the outline of the south walls of previous property boundaries fronting Eagle Court. A sherd of a 17th century tin glazed ware charger dish was found in the demolition layer, supporting the presence of domestic premises in the vicinity from the late 16th century onwards. The demolition cut truncated earlier garden Eagle Court (8, 10-11A), type soil deposits which survived along the southern two metres of Clerkenwell (Post Medieval the site. An Essex glazed redware jar was retrieved from WA109 MLO98398 settlement layer) this layer, dating from 1580 to 1800. Multi-period 531716 181899 SITE EVALUATION BY Department of Greater London Archaeology 1990 (SITE CODE GIN90) RECORDED THE BASE OF A BARRELWELL (PROBABLY TUDOR), CONSISTING OF TWO COMPLETE WATERLOGGED BARRELS, THEIRJOINTSREINFORCED WITH RE-USED FRAGMENTS OF CAEN STONE. ALSO FOUND WERE C17GARDEN SOILS & RUBBISH PITS. THE SITE LIES WITHIN THE OUTER PRECINCT OF STJOHNS PRIORY (SEE 080436). The barrels were dated to WA110 MLO25952 55 CLERKENWELL RD between AD1539 and AD1576 by dendrochronology Multi-period 531572 182055

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Excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1990; site code BAD90. A Roman ground surface with pottery was recorded. See 08043629 and 082305 for other finds associated MLO24750 6-9 BRISET ST with St. John's Priory Multi-period 531685 182015 Excavation by Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1990; site code BAD90. A deep ditch aligned N-S was recorded. This was 1.5-2.3m wide and 1.4m deep and was possibly a storm drain related to St. John's Priory. Evidence of demolition activity within the life of the priory was also recorded. See 082304-5 MLO39873 6-9 BRISET ST for other finds from the site. Multi-period 531685 182015 Archaeological excavations by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology at 6-9 Briset Street and 12-13 St John's Square, EC1 from December 1989 to May 1990. The site is just outside the southern corner of the inner precinct of the Priory of St John. Following the excavation of a trench to the south-east in 1989 (site code BAD89, ELO14229) demolition of the party wall to 14-17 St John's Square allowed an area 7.5m x 3.0m to be excavated adjacent to its foundations, with a larger area (10.0m x 3.5m) subsequently opened to the west. Two 16th-century brick wall foundations running east-west across the trench and joined by a north-south Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St party wall formed the footings of two buildings, corresponding the John's Square (Nos 12-13) 17th century map evidence. The north wall was Islington EC1: Excavation (Event - founded on two courses of faced freestone blocks, obtained from the WA111 ELO2723 Intervention) demolition of part of the priory. Multi-period 531685 182015 ACCORDING TO THE ORDNANCE SURVEY THERE IS A PART OF THE PRECINCT WALL OF THE PRIORY OF ST JOHN WA112 MLO56661 CLERKENWELL GREEN BETWEEN THESE TWO POINTS Multi-period 531625 182105 Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. Brickwork of possible late C15th-16th century date was recorded. 531685 182025 Periods recorded under this site code: medieval/post medieval WA113 MLO74038 6-9 BRISET ST EC1 (084747-9). Multi-period

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A watching brief in 1999 by Museum of London Archaeology Service on geotechnical pits at 6-9 Briset Street & 12- 13 St John's Square, London EC1. Four test pits were monitored during the investigation of foundations and subsurface structural remains. The highest survival of archaeological deposits occurred at 16.25m OD. Brickwork of possible late 15th-16th century date was recorded along with post- medieval made ground. A number of clay pipes of possible 17th century date were recovered. Test pit 1 showed post-medieval made ground and given the presence of clay tobacco pipes, may be associated with 17th century Badger Yard. Test Pits 2 and 3 showed a Briset Street (Nos 6-9) and St high degree of modern truncation suggesting that the remaining John's Square (Nos 12-13), islands of brickwork were relatively modern. Test Clerkenwell, EC1: Watching Brief Pit 4 appeared to locate the corner of a previously unrecorded on structure, with brickwork almost certainly of Tudor Geotechnical Pits (Event - (late 15th-16th century) date, possibly contemporary with the priory's Medieval to ELO4577 Intervention) Great Barn. Post-medieval Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. A quantity of clay pipe of possible 17th century date was recovered. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval/post medieval MLO74040 6-9 BRISET ST (084747-9). Post-medieval Watching brief undertaken by Tim Stevens for Museum of London Archaeology Service, June 1999; site code SNQ99. Postmediaeval "made ground" was recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: MLO74039 6-9 BRISET ST medieval/post-medieval (084747-9). Evaluation by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 1999 fd an easy-west wall faced with ragstone interpreted as the remains of the south wall of a building which was located just outside the inner precinct of the Priory of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem and suggested that it was built not long after the foundation of the priory in 1144. Park of the internal WA113 MLO74178 6-9 BRISET ST CLERKENWELL brickearth floor survived. Medieval EXCAVATIONS BY K PITT FOR THE Department of Greater London Archaeology 1989 (SITE CODE ALB89) RECORDED TWO SKELETONS, THOUGHT TO BE BURIALS FROM WITHIN THE CLOISTER AREA. The extent of cemetery soil indicated that similar deposits elsewhere in the area should be 531715 182145 WA114 MLO38558 2 ALBERMARLE WAY expected. Multi-period

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Excavation undertaken by K Pitt for the Department of Greater London Archaeology, 1989; site code ALB89. A number of undated pits and cess pits were found. Periods recorded under same site code: medieval (08043623) historic undated MLO65915 2 ALBEMARLE WAY (083317-8) undated A small watching brief at Albemarle Way, EC1 by the Museum of London's Department of Greater London Archaeology in 1989, after contractors digging underpinning holes in the basement for refurbishment of the standing building had uncovered human remains. Natural gravels and brickearth, and possible agriculturally worked soils, were succeeded by soils into which two inhumation burials were inserted. One was surrounded by a coffin stain, and a medieval shroud pin was recovered from the other. The site was within the inner precinct of the priory of St John Clerkenwell. At least one rubbish pit was also found, probably of medieval date. The burials and Albemarle Way, (no 2), Islington, pits were truncated by the 18th-century brick cellar of the standing London EC1: Watching Brief building. ELO2661 (Event - Intervention) *natural brickearth was recorded at a maximum of c.13.50m OD* Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Dumped deposits containing pottery dating to between 1270-1500 were seen in one test pit. Otherwise no material which can be dated to the lifetime of the Priory was observed. No features were seen which might represent tenements or other structures in the outer precinct. Periods recorded under this site WA114 MLO73461 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 code: medieval (084580), post-medieval (084581-2). Multi-period 531655 182005 An archaeological watching brief in 1998 at 13-16 Britton Street and 70-75 Turnmill Street by Museum of London Archaeology Service during groundworks for the redevelopment of the site: 21 test pits were observed. Some Roman pottery was recovered from post-medieval deposits. The site is in the area formerly enclosed by the outer precinct of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller). The slow development of the outer precinct in the medieval period was reflected by the few finds of this date: Britton Street (13-16) and Turnmill dumped deposits containing pottery of 1270-1500 Street (70-75), London, EC1: were seen in one test pit. Post-medieval dumped deposits and pit fills 531655 182005 Watching Brief (Event - mostly of 17th century date were recorded. Medieval to WA115 ELO2842 Intervention) No finds of 18th century or later date, and the area was probably Post-medieval 67 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

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gardens until Red Lion Street (now Britton Street) was laid out in the early 18th century.

Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Dumped deposits of 17th century date were recorded. No structural features were recorded or any material of 18th century or later date. The area was probably still gardens until the laying out of Red Lion St (now Britton St) in the early 18th century. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval (084580), post- MLO73462 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 medieval (084581-2). Post-medieval Watching brief undertaken by D. Lakin for Museum of London Archaeology Service, May-September 1998; site code BNT98. Pit fills, mostly of 17th century date were recorded. One pit on Turnmill St side of the site contained material of 16th century date. No structural features were recorded or any material of 18th century or later date. The area was probably still gardens until the laying out of Red Lion St (now Britton St) in the early 18th century. Periods recorded under this site code: medieval MLO73464 13-16 BRITTON ST EC1 (084580), post-medieval (084581-2). Post-medieval Evaluation and watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe for Museum of London Archaeology Service, October- November 1998; site code KBY98. Several disarticulated human bones were recovered from around modern/Victorian foundations. It is thought that these did not originate from the site and were redeposited during previous construction work. MLO73634 11-14 KIRBY ST EC1 Periods recorded under this site code: post-medieval Archaeological evaluation and watching brief at 11-14 Kirby Street by Museum of London Archaeology Service in October-November 1998. Two areas of the site were evaluated between modern ground beams. To the north a stream, probably a tributary of the River Fleet infilled in the 17th century, was recorded. Several post-medieval jugs were recovered along with the partial skeletons of two dogs from the uppermost fill. A truncated 18th-century wall foundation was recorded. In the south-eastern area a broadly contemporary infilled pond was located, a minimum of 7.5m wide and deliberately backfilled prior to building Kirby Street (Nos 11-14), Camden, construction. The watching brief focused on the south-western corner London EC1: Evaluation and of the site, not covered by the evaluation. Waterlain silts were again Watching Brief (Event - present, indicating another in what may be a series of ponds or 531435 181835 WA116 ELO3768 Intervention) flooded quarry pits around the stream. Also recovered from this area Multi-period

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

were disarticulated human bones, mainly long bones from legs and arms, ribs and pelvis. These represent several different bodies and were clearly redeposited from elsewhere and appeared to have been reburied during building work, probably in the 19th century. Gravel and brickearth quarrying pits dating to before the 16th century were recorded. These were backfilled and sealed with Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) made ground during the 16th to 19th centuries. Brick buildings were and 30A, Clerkenwell, {post constructed in the early 19th century and later MLO74049 medieval quarrying and structures} demolished. Evidence of late post medieval (18th/19th century) rubbish pits were evidence across the trench and the area monitored by watching brief. Several of these were truncated by the later commercial buildings that once occupied the site. Evidence of earlier post medieval activity consisted of garden features and rubbish pits. Two of the earlier pits Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) were brick lined and in one instance brick and timber lined. The and 30A, Clerkenwell, {post garden features were parallel to each other and were associated to 531815 182152 WA117 MLO99152 medieval pits and soils} the Carthusian monastery or the later manor house. Multi-period An archaeological evaluation and a follow-up watching brief were conducted at Great Sutton Street in 2006 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSN06. An evaluation of the site in response to a planning application in 1999 (to determine if the site lay within the documented Pardon Churchyard once belonging to the Carthusian monastery) had been inconclusive. In May and June 2006 an area to the south and east of the first evaluation was therefore investigated. Evidence of 18th/19th century rubbish pits was recorded. Several of these were truncated by the later 19th century Zion chapel and commercial buildings that once occupied the site. Evidence of earlier post medieval activity consisted of garden features and rubbish pits. Two of the earlier pits were brick lined and in one instance brick and timber lined. The garden features were parallel to each other and were associated with the Carthusian monastery or the later manor house. The partial remains of an east-west aligned chalk wall were recorded in the south-eastern corner of the Great Sutton Street (29 1/2 and evaluation trench. This wall was truncated by 30A), Clerkenwell, EC1: Evaluation 18th/19th century pits and may be the boundary of the 'Pardon and Watching Brief (Event - Churchyard', or associated with the Pardon Chapel WA117 ELO7709 Intervention) or a previously unknown structure.

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

An archaeological evaluation and a follow up watching brief were conducted in 2006 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSN06. Great Sutton Street, Nos 29 (1/2) This is the site of a Zion chapel marked on late 19th century maps. and 30A, Clerkenwell, {site of late Excavation showed that footings for this building MLO99151 19th century Zion Chapel} truncated earlier deposits. An archaeological evaluation was conducted at Great Sutton Street in 1999 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. Site code GSU99. One trench was 8.00m x 5.90m at ground level, reduced to 3.85m x 2.15m at its maximum depth of 3.40m. The other trench was 3.90m x 2.90m, with a maximum depth of 2.70m. Natural gravel was cut by pits for the removal of the gravel and brickearth, which were backfilled in the late 16th century with general waste material. They were sealed by made ground, of 17th to early 19th century date, upon which brick buildings were constructed in the early 19th century and were demolished, probably in the late 19th Great Sutton Street (29&1/2 and century, when some of their demolition material was used to level the 30A), Islington, EC1: Evaluation site. No evidence was found for the Pardon ELO8518 (Event - Intervention) Churchyard or Black Death burials documented in the vicinity. This was the original graveyard used for burials for residents of the almshouse, founded in 1614. The ground was partially covered by the 1828-1830 construction of the present Pensioners' Clerkenwell Road (New Court and other buildings. Some of the open space within Charterhouse Graveyard) Pensioners' Court and to the west are all that remain of this site. It Clerkenwell, Islington, EC1 {19th was replaced with the New Charterhouse Burial Ground MLO70874 century burial ground} (MLO70874) to the north, now called the Master's Garden. Clerkenwell Road (New Charterhouse Graveyard) Clerkenwell, Islington, This site was set aside as a replacement for the Old Charterhouse EC1 Graveyard (MLO70873) upon the construction of the Multi-period 531868 182118 WA118 MLO70874 {19th century burial ground} Pensioners' Court in 1828-30. An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at Jerusalem Passage, EC1 in 1997. Underpinning works within the inner precinct of St John's Priory were monitored. A wall comprising chalk blocks and Tudor bricks was recorded: it may have been part of the 531630 182174 Jerusalem Passage (Nos 9-10), post-medieval building constructed after the Multi-period WA119 ELO3750 London EC1 priory was demolished.

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32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe and Robert Cowie for Museum of London Archaeology Service, July 1997 - February 1998; site code JEP97. Quarry pits were cut into the natural gravels. No dating evidence was present but these are likely to have been earlier than C12th. These quarry pits were observed in underpinning holes. Periods recorded under this MLO75224 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 site code: undated (084989) post-medieval (084990-1). Watching brief undertaken by Elizabeth Howe and Robert Cowie for Museum of London Archaeology Service, July 1997 - February 1998; site code JEP97. A chalk structure which had been demolished prior to the construction of 16th century MLO75225 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 buildings may have been of late C15th - 16th century date. The foundations of three buildings recorded in the basement may have been matched to documentary sources. The foundations formed part of three buildings to the N and W of the Great Hall of the mansion of Sir Edmund Tilney. The foundations indicate that one of the buildings was at least 9m wide. A second building was separated by a passage and represented by a series of chalk and ragstone foundations later rebuilt in brick. Periods recorded under this site code: undated (084989) post- MLO75225 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 medieval (084990-1). MLO75226 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 A red brick-built cesspit extended 0.2m below the present basement floor. Another late 17th century-18th century cesspit or well was recorded and consisted of a circular chamber connected to a drain. Several additional post-medieval brick structures (probably cess pits) were recorded. Periods recorded under this site code: undated WA119 MLO75226 9-10 JERUSALEM PASSA GEEC1 (084989) post-medieval (084990-1). St John Street (nos 52 & 54), An archaeological watching brief at 52 & 54 St John Street in 1988 by Islington, London, EC1: Watching the Museum of London's Department of ELO3757 Brief Greater London Archaeology. Site code JOH88. The site was badly truncated by modern basements, and deposits which did survive suggested medieval and later rubbish pitting and gravel-quarrying. Pottery types were broadly similar to St John Street, Nos 52 & 54, those recorded elsewhere in the priory precinct, and were Islington, {medieval and later apparently Tudor in date with the exception of sherds from beneath a rubbish and quarrying pits and chalk wall, which are earlier and include a body sherd Multi-period 531834 181979 WA120 MLO24788 wall} of Coarse Border ware dated to around 1350-1550. THIS BROOK IS LOWER DOWN THE HILL TOWARDS THE FLEET RIVER, SO IT MAY WELL HAVE COME FROM THE WA121 MLO11090 70-77 COWCROSS STREET FAGGES WELL, RATHER THAN LEADING TO IT. undated 531685 181835 71 Doc ref 201010.1 Issue 2, January 2018

32 Britton Street, Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

WA122 MLO63383 COWCROSS STREET WATERCOURSE undated 531625 181805 An archaeological watching brief by Museum of London Archaeology Service at 18-21A Charterhouse Square, EC1, between November 2000 and January 2001. Work on 20 geo- technical test pits was monitored in advance of the refurbishment of the site. No archaeological deposits or cut Charterhouse Square (18-21a), features were recorded, apart from construction WA123 ELO73 London EC1: Watching Brief make-up associated with the standing building. Negative 531890 181916 Watching brief/site visit by the Museum of London's Department of Urban Archaeology in July 1988; site code not Charterhouse Street (Nos 109- known. Modern building works had truncated the site to the point WA124 ELO9793 113), London EC1: Watching brief where no archaeological remains survived. Negative 531870 181870 An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Museum of London Archaeology Service in 2002 during work for Farringdon Road and Cowcross the Thameslink 2000 rail improvement scheme at Farringdon Station. Street, [Thameslink - Farringdon Geotechnical investigations were monitored WA125 ELO7554 Station], London EC1: Evaluation and two archaeological test pits were also excavated and recorded. Negative 531563 181875

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