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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11206-3 — Before Dred Scott Anne Twitty Index More Information

275

Index

abolitionism. See antislavery sentiment and religion, 229 – 231 Adams, John, 98 spectrum of, 103 agency, of bonded laborers Arch, 68 in the eyes of the law, 138 – 139, Aspasia, 66 205 – 206 attorneys, who prosecuted freedom suits historians’ conceptions of, 21 – 22, 73 – 74 antislavery sentiment of, 102 – 115 agriculture, 29 , 47 , 50 , 53 errors committed by, 119 – 121 Alabama, 234 paternalism of, 117 – 118 Alexander, Garland, 78 payment of, 107 – 108 Allen, Beverly, 100n15, 101n19 political prominence of, 97 – 101 Alsey, 49 – 50 , 60 political views of, 118 Alton, Illinois, 104 , 105 , 109 proportion of, among St. Louis bar, American Colonization Society, 112 –113 101 – 102 American Conl uence relationships with plaintiffs, 123 –125 ambiguity of slavery and freedom in, 4 – 5 reputation of, 84, 98 , 110 coherence of, as a region, 22 – 23 , 28 – 45 quality of representation provided by, dei ned, 3 – 4 98 , 99 – 100, 119 – 123 demise of legal culture in, 239 – 243 as source of legal knowledge, for bonded map of, 4 laborers, 89 – 90 American Revolution, 30, 31, 98 , 156 , 183 willingness to work hard for their American Slavery As It Is, 146 clients, 122 – 123 Andrew, 66 auction, of slaves, 132 , 133 , 146 Ann Maria, 183 – 185 Auld, Thomas, 167 Anson, 91 Austin, Moses, 51 antislavery sentiment effect of, on attorneys who prosecuted Baltimore, Maryland, 99 freedom suits, 102 – 115 Barton, David, 101 , 105, 109 and efforts to aid freedom suit plaintiffs, Barton, Joshua, 68 , 100n15 , 101 , 105 – 106 , 82 – 83 108 , 109 , 110 prevalence of, in central Illinois, 201 – 202 Bates, David G., 54 prevalence of, in Kentucky and Missouri, Bates, Edward, 90 , 100 – 101 , 106n33 , 4 , 44 110 – 111 , 112, 113 , 118n76 , 120n86 , and racial equality, 103 123 , 218 , 223n38

275

276

276 Index

Bay, William Van Ness, 100 , 105n30 Cassy, 93 Beatty, Daniel, 211n1 , 215 , 216n18 caveat emptor, 152 – 153 Bedford County, Virginia, 130 , 131n8 , Celeste, 66 132n10 , 133 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 141 , 145 , Celestine, 66 147n46 , 153 character evidence, 164 – 171 Benton, Thomas Hart, 45 , 53n83, 101 , Chesapeake 106n33 negotiations between masters and slaves Bethel Baptist Church (Madison County, in, 156 – 157 Illinois), 229 – 230 prosecution of freedom suits in, 9, 98 – 99 bills, of sale, 13 – 14 , 19 , 64, 132 , 133 , 136 , Chicago, Illinois, 173 , 227n47 151, 152 , 192n37 , 193 – 194 Child, Lydia Maria, 109 Billy, 172n63 , 180 , 183 – 187 , 197 , 204 – 205 Chillicothe, Ohio, 122 Birch, James, 241 Chouteau, Auguste, 86 – 87 Bird, Gustavus, 104 , 107 – 108 , 110 , 117 , Chouteau, Gabriel, 114 – 115 120 , 121 – 122 , 122 – 123, 124 Cincinnati, Ohio, 48n59, 122 Blake, Herbert, 145 Civil War, 22 , 44 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 111 , 118 , Blow, Peter, 234 142, 145n43 , 156 bonded laborers Clark, Abraham, 33 efforts to assert autonomy, 56 –59 , Clarkesville, Missouri, 80 164 – 174 , 205 – 209 class, 112n55, 118 , 138, 140 , 142n33 , labor of, 45 – 56 146 – 148 , 152 , 222 legal knowledge of, 6 , 71 – 72, 75 – 83 , Clay County, Kentucky, 48 86 – 88 Clay, Henry, 44 , 45 sources of legal knowledge, 83 – 95 Clear Fork Baptist Church (Cumberland property of, 73 , 162 – 163. See also County, Kentucky), 228 indentured servants ; motives, of Clermont County, Ohio, 82 bonded laborers ; slaves Cobb, Henry, 120 bonds Collinsville, Illinois, 228 acting as security for, 132 , 133 , 136 , colonization, 103 , 112 – 113 , 230n59 167 , 183 , 184 , 185n14 , 186 comity, 181 , 236 free negro, 46, 48, 163n31 Commonwealth v. Jennison, 97 required from freedom suit defendants Congress, 30, 31 , 33 , 37 – 40 , 44 , 48 , to maintain possession, 10 , 17 , 78n30 154n67 , 188n26 , 241 required from freedom suit plaintiffs to Connecticut, 53n83 , 113 , 133 , 145 , 146n44 petition, 11 , 240 contracts Bowlin, James, 101 for indenture, 27 , 33 – 37 breach of the peace, 135 – 136 informal 177 – 178 Briscoe, Eliza, 85 for self-purchase, 57 – 58 Brown, William Wells, 53, 54 Cooper, Levin, 183 , 184 Brown County, Ohio, 93 Cooper, William, 184 Brownsville, Pennsylvania, 48 Cotton, Jane, 67 Bullitt County, Kentucky, 48 Craik, William, 188 Buntin, Robert, 35n19 , 61 – 64 Crane, Arba, 124 Burrell, S., 77 – 78 Crenshaw, Abraham, 49, 135 , 136 Crenshaw, John, 49 , 150 Cahokia (Indians), 28 – 29 Crockett, Davy, 211 Cahokia, Illinois, 4 , 28 – 29 , 32n12 , 34 Crockett, Joseph, 210 – 217 , 224 , 231 California, 105 Crockett, William, 214 , 216n18 Canteen Creek Baptist Church (Madison Cumberland County, Kentucky, 228 County, Illinois), 228 – 229 Curd, Patsy, 122 Cary. See Ewton, Carey Cuyler, David, 2

277

Index 277

damages, 10 , 116 – 117, 236 , 240 depositions, 48n59, 64 , 65 , 76 , 82 , 89 , Daniel, 67 , 90n53 120 , 129 , 135 , 137 , 139 , 141 , 147 , Darby, John F., 100n14 , 101 , 110 162n26 , 163n32 , 165 , 166n43 , 167 , Davenport, Iowa, 235 168 , 169n50 , 170n53 , 175, 176n76 , David, Jean Charles, 99 , 102n23 , 117 196n50 , 204n83 , 214 , 217 , 218 , 231 Davy, 180 , 183 – 187, 204 difi culty of interpreting, 18 – 20 death, of masters, effect on bonded difi culty of obtaining, 122 –123 laborers, 62 , 87n41 , 111 , 136 , Dillon, Absalom, 186n18, 204 , 208n101 159 – 161 , 170n54 Dillon, Jesse, 204 Deep South, 60 , 234 Dillon, Nathan, 185n14 , 203 – 205 , prosecution of freedom suits 208n101 in, 99 – 100 Dillon, Thomas, 185n14, 204 debt, 23 , 24 , 117 , 139 , 159 Dillon, William, 204 and attempts to abscond from, 196 – 197 , domestic labor, 29n5 , 45 – 46 , 52 , 135 , 144 , 200 210 , 213 and attempts to hide assets, including Dorinda, 80 – 81 , 169n50 , 172n63 slaves, 7 , 134 , 141 , 152 , Douglass, Frederick, 167 , 173n67 187 – 190 , 209 Douglass, William, 55 and federalism, 182 – 183 Dubois, Toussaint, 61, 64 as inhibiting the manumission of slaves, Duncan, Benjamin, 88 197 – 199 Duncan, Coleman, 50, 77, 163 , 175n72 and reputation, 140 , 195 Duncan, James, 1 – 3 , 50 , 163 , 165 , 166 , seizure of property for, including slaves, 169 , 176 , 178 7 , 132 , 184 – 185 , 187 , 192 , 195 , 200 , Duncan, Jesse, 88 , 157 – 160 , 163n32 205 heirs of, 159n13, 160 , 162 , 167, 168 , of specii c slaveholders, 50 , 131 – 134, 169 , 170 , 173 , 175 , 176 , 177 141 , 180 – 181, 183 – 187 , 191n32 , heirs’ failure to exercise authority, 195 – 196 , 203 , 208 – 209. See also 164 – 171 , 177 mortgages, of slaves heirs’ understanding of freedom, dedimus, 19 , 122 176 – 178 deed of emancipation. See emancipation slaves of, 87 – 88 , 157 deed of sale. See bills of sale Duncan, Jesse, Jr., 159 deed of trust. See trusts Duncan, John, 76 – 77 , 159 , 163 , 166 , 175 , defendants, in freedom suits 177 black, 7n10 , 62 – 63 , 65 Duncan, Robert, 159 required to post bond, 10, 17, 78n30 . Dugle, William, 162 , 169 See also jurisdiction, removal of Dunky, 93 , 171 – 172 plaintiffs from ; sham defendants Duvall, Gabriel, 99 Delaney, Lucy, 24 , 46 , 119 – 120 , 121 , 173 , 210 , 227n46 , 232 Easton, Rufus, 111 description of her mother’s early life, Edwards, Laura, 73 – 74 , 149n51 , 209n102 216 – 225 Edwardsville, Illinois, 210 efforts to secure legal representation, Eliza, 180 , 183 – 185 89 – 90 Elizabeth, 90 elisions in slave narrative, 219 –220 Elm Grove, Illinois, 202 missed opportunities in slave narrative, emancipation, 27 , 61n112 , 79 , 222 – 225 111 , 143 – 144 , 155 , 180 , 185 , 191 , purpose of and audience for slave 194 , 197 – 200 , 209 , 224 narrative, 220 – 222 previous, as a basis for freedom suits, 13, representation by Edward Bates, 15n30, 16 , 200 100 – 101, 123 Emancipation Proclamation, 155

278

278 Index

Emerson, Irene, 234 – 236 difi culty of discerning plaintiffs’ agency Emerson, John, 234 – 235 in, 138 – 139 Ephraim, 212 i nancial incentives for prosecuting, Equality, Illinois, 129 , 135 , 136 , 154 , 116 – 117 168n48 laws authorizing, 9 – 11 , 240 Ewton, Carey, 51 – 52 , 58 , 120 in New England, 97 – 98 as one strategy among many for families, of bonded laborers obtaining freedom, 173 – 174 i ling freedom suits together, 17 – 18, origins of, 9 90 – 91, 238 success rate of, 16 importance of, in shaping decisions, system for titling, 67 – 68 . See also 57 – 58 , 66 – 67 plaintiffs, in freedom suits as source of legal knowledge, 90 –91 French settlement, 29 federalism French settlers, 32 , 43 and debt, 182 – 183 Funkhouser, Robert, 49 – 50 , 160 – 161 , 169 , exploitation of, 180 – 182 , 187 – 190, 170n54 , 175 – 176 , 177 196 – 200 , 205 and Scott v. Sanford , 181 Galena, Illinois, 50 – 52 , 53 , 54 , 56, 58, 79 , Field, Alexander, 124 93, 94n71 , 120 , 171 Field, Roswell, 100n11 , 124 Gallatin County, Illinois, 35n20 , 48 – 50 , Fizer, Jacob, 137 , 147 52 , 135 , 160 , 187 Florida, 235 Gallatin County, Kentucky, 187 Fort Armstrong, 234 Galveston, Texas, 99 Fort Jessup, 234 – 235 Gamble, Hamilton, 21n43 , 80 – 81 , 88n44, Fort Snelling, 234 – 235 100n11 , 100n14 , 100n15 , 101 , 111 , free birth, as a basis for freedom suits, 112 , 113 , 115 , 118n76 13 – 16 Gardner, Eric, 123 , 217n20 , 217n22 , free blacks, 3 , 5 , 71 , 24 , 42, 46, 48 , 53 , 56 , 221n34 , 231n62 59n104 , 74n11, 82n28 , 103 , 112n55 , gender, 34n18 , 45 – 48, 67 , 118 , 138 – 139 114 , 115 , 118 , 145 – 146, 162n27 , 217 , George Louis, 93 222 , 230n59 Geyer, Henry, 100n11, 100n14 , 101 , 111 , legal knowledge of, 6 – 7 112 , 113 – 114 , 118n76 testimony of, in freedom suits, 7n10 , Gilbert, 88n42, 157 62 – 63, 65 Gordon, John, 158 free soil, prior residence on, as a basis for gossip. See rumors freedom suits, 6, 7 , 12 , 15, 16, 60 , 75 , Green, Elisha, 56 79 – 80 , 83 – 84 , 87 , 114 , 149 , 150n53 , Green, J.D., 59 181, 200 , 202 , 214 – 215 , 226 – 227, Green, Robert, 196 – 197 237 Gregory, William, 187 , 199 freedom Guard, Timothy, 50 bonded laborers’ feelings toward, 59 –60 , Guilford County, North Carolina, 203 , 66 – 67 , 175 – 176 204n82 as a process, 155 – 157 , 174 – 178 freedom suits Hall, David, 124 bases for, 11 – 15 Hannibal, Missouri, 54n84 , 56 , 93 challenges of interpreting, 18 –20 Hargrave, Lee, 161 , 167 in the Chesapeake, 98 – 99 Hargarve, Willis, 161n20, 163n32 , cost of prosecuting, 107 – 108, 117n70 167– 168 damages related to, 10 , 116 – 117 , 236 , Harrison, William Henry, 27 – 28, 37 240 Harry, 172n63, 180 , 183 – 187 , 197 , 204 in the Deep South, 99 – 100 Haskins, James, 52

279

Index 279

Hayden, William, 56 – 57 Joe, 50 , 52, 88n44 , 93 , 171 Hempstead, Charles, 122 Johnson, George, 47 – 48 , 92n61 Hempstead, William, 53 Johnson, James, 50n68, 51 Henry, William, 53 – 54 Jonathan (v. Brotherton, Danah, and Henry County, Kentucky, 184n10, 187 Willoughby), 55 Henson, Josiah, 59 – 60 Jonathan (and Gilbert v. Duncan, Tracy, Hetty, 46 , 60 and Wahrendorff), 88n42 , 159 Hicks, Elsa, 77 – 79 , 82n30, 92n61 , 172 Judy (v. Meachum, also known as Judy hiring out, 5, 6 , 49 , 53 , 54 – 56 , 77, 92, 133 , LeCompte), 60 – 67 , 122 135 , 156 – 161 , 162 , 165 – 166 , 167 , Judy (v. Meachum, also known as Julia 169n50 , 178 , 210 , 212 – 213 , 234 , 235 Logan). See Logan, Julia honor, 148 – 149 Julia, 55 Hopkins County, Kentucky, 157, 158 jurisdiction, removal of plaintiffs from, Hopkins, William, 79 – 80 10 , 17 , 21, 80 – 81, 93, 121 – 122 , 137 , Hughes, Thomas, 58 188 – 190 , 240 Hundley, D.R., 140 Huriah, 93 Kaskaskia, Illinois, 4 , 29 , 32n12 , 33, 46, hypertechnicality, 120 – 121 48 , 55 , 58 , 61 Kentucky identity, as legally constituted, 68 – 69, enslaved population of, 43 175 – 178 residents’ views on slavery, 44 –45 Illinois statehood, 42 – 43 . See also American enslaved population of, 42 Conl uence statehood, 41 – 42. See also American Kerr, Nelson, 54 Conl uence kidnapping, 14 , 28n2 , 59 , 204 , 207 , Illinois Emancipation and Servitude 208n101, 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 Records, 33 – 37 Kinney, Thornton, 47 – 48 , 68 – 69 illiteracy, 36 – 37, 57 , 75 , 124n100, 129 , King, Alexander, 105 – 106, 107 , 108 , 110 141 , 151n58 kinship networks. See families indentured servitude, as a system 33 – 37 Knox County, Indiana, 61 indentured servants contracts signed by, 27 , 33 – 37 Laban, 18 , 33 – 34 difi culty of distinguishing from slaves, labor 62 – 65 . See also bonded laborers agricultural, 29 , 47 , 50 , 53 Indiana domestic, 29n5 , 45 – 46, 52 , 135 , 144 , enslaved population of, 41 210 , 213 territorial laws of, 40 – 41 at lead mines, 5 , 50 – 52 , 53, 58 statehood, 41 . See also American on steamboats, 5 , 47 – 48, 53 – 54 , Conl uence 58 , 120 Indians. See Native Americans at salines, 5 , 42, 48 – 50, 51 , 53 , 135 , Inge, Elijah, 53 154 , 155, 158 – 162 , 163n32 , 166 , 167 , 169 – 170 , 177 , 178 Jack, 68 Lafayette County, Missouri, 240 Jacobs, Harriet, 72 , 220 , 224 – 225 laws James, William, 55 anti- miscegenation, 143 – 144 Jefferson County, Indiana, 185, 198 authorizing freedom suits, 9 –11 , 240 Jefferson, Thomas (president), 99 , 130 , emacipation, 143 143n40 proslavery, in Indiana and Illinois, 40 – 42 Jefferson, Thomas (v. Hopkins; v. Colton), lawyers. See attorneys 47 , 81, 215n17 lead mines, labor at, 50 – 52 , 53 Jerry, 1n2 , 77 , 159 , 163 Leah, 90n55 , 93 , 172

280

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LeCompte, William, 61 – 62, 64 Martha Ann, 52 , 60 legal formalism, 118 – 119 Mary (v. Calvert), 46 , 55 – 56 , 82 – 83 , 93, legal knowledge 122 , 172 of bonded laborers, 6 , 71 – 72 , 75 – 83 , Mary (v. Menard and Landreville), 90 86 – 88 Mary Ann (v. Field and Mitchell), 91 as displayed by skirting the law, Mary Ann (daughter of Milly and Moses), 153 – 154 , 188 – 190, 197 183 – 185 of free blacks, 6 – 7 Mary Charlotte, 86 – 87 , 92 of masters, 6 – 7 Maryland, 28n2 , 98 – 99, 105 , 113 , 120n86 , of property law, 151 – 153 157n5 , 188 of sojourning, 7, 83 – 84 , 149 – 151 , masculinity, 148 174 – 175 Mason County, Kentucky, 48 sources of, for bonded laborers, 83 –95 Massachusetts, 97 – 98, 236 of white residents, of the American masters Conl uence, 6 – 7 , 75 , 83 – 85 , 149 – 150 legal knowledge of, 6 – 7 legal manuals, 193 – 194 relationships with bonded laborers, legal pluralism, 7 – 9 , 73 – 74 131 , 139 , 142 – 144 , 211 , 214 – 216 , Leslie, Miron, 104 , 105n30 224 – 225 Letcher, Isaac, 2 relationships with other masters, Lewis (v. Newton and Cooper), 54, 82n31 , 147 – 149 123 mastery Lewis (v. Stacker), 66 ideas about, 148 Liberty, Virginia, 129 , 130, 133 , 137 , 145 , importance of, in shaping identity, 154 141 – 142 liens, 133 , 151 – 152, 190 – 191 , 194n45 performance of, 164 – 171 Lincoln, Levi, 98 Mathews, Thomas, 99 Linus, Clarissa Baldwin, 145 Matilda, 91 , 172 Little Dixie, 215 , 227 Matthews County, Virginia, 197 Logan, Julia, 52 , 56 , 57, 88 matrilineality. See partus sequitur ventrem Louis, 92 McCray, Jane, 79 – 80 Louisa, 52 McFoy, David, 68 – 69 Louisiana, 44 , 171n57 , 188n27 , 234 – 235 McGirk, Isaac, 105 – 106 , 107 , 108 , 109, Louisiana Purchase, 10 , 42 – 43 110 Lovejoy, Elijah, 104 , 105 , 115 McGirk, Mathias, 100n15, 101n19 , Lowers, John, 202 102n23 , 109n45 , 191 , 192 , 239 – 240 Lucy Jane, 93 McNelly, Peter, 37 Lydia, 201 McNelly, Queen, 37 McSherry, Patrick T., 78 – 79 Macey, Peter, 61 Meachum, John Berry, 57n98, 61n110, Macomb County, Illinois, 85 62 , 88 Madison County, Illinois, 34n18 , 55 , 212 , Menard, Pierre, 58 , 61, 64, 65 , 122 213 , 217 Merry, John, 18 , 93 – 94 Madison, James, 33 , 188 Merry, Suzette, 18 Mahala, 91 Michael, 91 Malinda, 93 Michel Paul, 91 manumission. See emancipation Michigan, 40 , 105 , 114 Margaretta, 93 Milly (v. Rose), 15n33, 34 – 35 Marguerite, 58 Milly (v. Smith), 172n63 , 180 , 183 – 187 , Marie, 67 192 , 195 – 196 , 197 – 198 , 200n68 , 201 , Marion County, Missouri, 93 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 – 209 Marshall, John, 99 Milly (v. Williams), 94

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Index 281

Mississippi, 99 Neighswonger, Reason, 53 , 161 , 169 – 170 Mississippi River, 1 , 2 , 3 , 10 , 23 , 28 , 30 , Nelly, 93 31 , 32, 47 – 48 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 79, 104 , New England 122 , 207 , 216 , 227, 234 , 235 prosecution of freedom suits in, 9 , 97 – 98 Missouri Newport, Amos, 98 enslaved population of, 43 New Orleans, 37 , 93 – 94 , 99 – 100, 102n23 , residents’ views on slavery, 44 – 45 117 , 120 , 163 , 166n41 , 176n74 statehood, 44. See also American New York, 104 , 113 Conl uence Nicholas County, Kentucky, 48 Missouri State Colonization Society, 113 Nichols, Abel, 136n23, 144 Missouri Compromise, 44, 233 , 241 and class, 145 – 149 Missouri River, 2 , 32 , 207 , 210 , 216 , 217 legal knowledge of, 151 – 153 Missouri Supreme Court, 6 , 12 – 15 , 100 , and purchase of Maria and Patrick 101n19 , 106 , 109, 113 – 115 , 120 – 121, Henry Whiten, 133 – 134 , 137 , 141 , 164 , 170 – 171 , 174n68 , 174n69 , 176 , 146 – 149 , 151 – 153 178 , 185n14 , 191 , 192 , 197 , 198 , 199 , nonsuit, 120 , 137 200n68 , 201n69 , 205 – 206 , 235 – 236 , North Carolina, 178 , 203 , 204n82 238 , 239 – 240 Northwest Ordinance, 3 , 4 , 13 , 23 , 38 , 41, Mitchell, Louis, 77 – 78 58n100 , 62 – 63 , 66 , 153 – 154 , mobility, 15 – 16, 22 , 23 , 54 – 58, 60 – 65 , 83 , 223 – 224 , 240 182 adoption of, 31 – 32 Molly, 27 constitutionality of, 233, 241 Moore, Amy, 120 , 124 efforts by residents of the Northwest Moore, Mary, 212 – 216 , 223 – 225 , 230 – 232 Territory to alter, 32 – 40 Moore, Whaley, 212 – 216 , 223 – 225 , 225 Northwest Territory, 3 , 4n7 , 6 , 12 , 13n26 , Montreal, Canada, 55 , 92 31 – 39, 42, 43 , 44 , 45 , 55 , 83 , 114 , Morris, Thomas, 191 170n55 , 233n1 , 237 , 240 mortgages, of slaves, 6, 7 , 14n28, 133 , 143 , creation of, by Congress, 31 – 32 180 , 183 – 185 , 187 , 190 – 196 , 197 , residents’ efforts to alter the Northwest 199 , 203 , 209 . See also debt Ordinance, 32 – 40 Morgan County, Illinois, 47 Moses, 180, 183 , 185 – 186 , 197 , 207 – 209 Ohio motives, of bonded laborers enslaved population of, 38 – 39 in i ling freedom suits, 21 – 22, 59 – 60 , statehood, 37 – 38. See also American 65 – 67 Conl uence in pursuing sexual relationships with Ohio River, 3 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 53 , 56n94, their masters, 144 59n103 , 69, 122 , 155 , 158 , 185 , 207 in remaining near former masters, “once free, always free” doctrine, 12 – 13, 205 – 209 113 – 114 , 206 , 239 , 241 mulatto, 67 , 130 Owensboro, Kentucky, 123 Murdoch, Francis, 104 – 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 – 109, 110 , 124 , 235 partus sequitur ventrem, 14 Paschall, Andrian, 86 – 87 Napton, William, 121n86, 240 , 241 paternalism, of attorneys who prosecuted Natchitoches, Louisiana, 234 freedom suits, 117 – 118 Nathan, 91 Pelkie, Peggy, 63 Native American ancestry, 15 Penningroth, Dylan, 73, 91n57 Native Americans Pennsylvania, 31 , 48 , 105 as residents of the American Conl uence, Peoria County, Illinois, 180 , 185 , 186 , 196 , 28 – 29 , 31 – 32 202 – 208 and slavery, 28 – 29 Petersburg, Virginia, 51

282

282 Index

Phelps, Avington, 80 – 81 Reeve, Tapping, 98 Pierre, 86 – 87 , 92, 240 Relfe, George, 36 – 37 , 173 , 176n73 Pike County, Illinois, 55 religion Pike County, Missouri, 55 of freedom suit attorneys, 108 – 109, 112 Pinckney, Thomas, 188 role in motivating witnesses, 227 –231 plaintiffs, in freedom suits reputation challenges faced while prosecuting cases, of attorneys who prosecuted freedom 16 – 17 suits, 98 – 100 , 110 decision to delay i ling, 18, 60 , 65 – 67 , of freedom suit plaintiffs, 176 81 – 82 , 164 – 171 . See also character i ling multiple cases, 91 – 94 evidence relationships with attorneys, 123 –125 resistance, 156, 171 – 174 representativeness, 20 – 21, 72n2 Rice, David, 44 reputation of, 81 – 82 , 164 – 171. Rice, Polly, 183 , 184 See also freedom suits Richards, Nelly, 93 , 172 Pocock, J.G.A., 8 Risque, Ferdinand, 84n35, 84n36 , 88n45, Poe, William, 146 104 – 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 122 Polk, Trusten, 88n44 , 100n14 , 101 Robertson County, Kentucky, 48 poor whites, 74 , 140 – 141, 147 Robertson, Mary, 120 , 124 Posey, Jubilee, 212 – 216 , 218 , 223 – 225 , 227 Rock Island, Illinois, 234 Powell, Abram, 136n23, 137 Rockingham County, Virginia, 183 and class, 147 – 149 Rose, 55 , 92 legal knowledge of, 151 – 153 Rucker, Garland, 136 , 137 and payment of Jesse Whiten’s debts, rumors, 81 – 83 , 84 , 86, 153 132 – 133 running away, 57 – 60 , 85 , 134, 144 , and sale of Maria and Patrick Henry 172 – 173 , 227 Whiten, 133 – 134 , 147 – 149 , 151 – 153 Powell, Burr, 184 – 185 , 187 St. Clair, Arthur, 33 Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 29, 55 St. Clair County, Illinois, 34 , 94 Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 114n62 , 181 Ste. Genevieve, 29 , 48 , 50 – 52 , 55 , 104 property St. Louis of bonded laborers, 73, 162 – 163 as capitol of the American Conl uence, slaves as an important form of, 141 5 – 6 property law, legal knowledge of, 151 – 153 as a site for freedom suits, 5 –6 , 101 – 102 proslavery sentiment St. Paul, Minnesota, 234 of freedom suit attorneys, 111 sale, of slaves, 38 – 39 , 54 – 56 , 130 – 131 , prevalence of, in southern Illinois, 202 133 , 134 , 137 , 146 , 151 – 152 , 170n54 salines, 5 , 42 , 48 – 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 58, 135 , Quakers, 111 154 , 155 , 158 – 159 , 160 – 162 , 165 – 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 – 170 , 171 , race, 3 , 130 , 34n18, 110 , 130 175 , 177 , 178 and audience for Lucy Delaney’s slave saltworks. See salines narrative, 221 – 222 Sam, 91 used in titles of freedom suits, 67 – 68 Samuel, 47 Rachel (v. Walker), 114 Sanford, Alexander, 235 Rachel (mother of Vincent), 157 Sanford, John, 236 Ralph, 12 , 50 , 52 , 88n44, 93, 121 – 122 , Sangammon County, Illinois, 93 158 , 159 , 171 Sarah, 180 , 183 – 185 Raymond, Daniel, 99 Scott, Dred, 83 , 114 rape, 144 , 220n29 attorneys for, 105 , 110 , 116 Rebecca, 55 early life, 234

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legal knowledge of, 71 , 84n34 relationships with former slaves, prosecution of freedom suit, 235 – 237, 205 – 209 241 , 242 settling on free soil, 201 – 205 relationships with attorneys, 123 – 124 Shipman, John, 183 , 184 , 199 similarities to other freedom suit Shipman, William, 183 plaintiffs, 18 , 237 – 239 Singleton, John, 68 – 69 travels in the American Conl uence, slavery 234 – 235 as practiced by Native Scott, Eliza, 235 – 236 Americans, 28 – 29 Scott, Harriet, 18 , 84n34, 71 , 105 , 110n47 , as practiced by French settlers, 29 124 , 234 – 237 slaves Scott, Lizzie, 236 difi culty of distinguishing from Scott, Louis, 53 indentured servants, 62 – 65 Scott, William, 236 , 240 as an important form of property, 141 Scott v. Emerson, 115 , 236 , 241 population of in various parts of the Scott v. Sandford , 5 , 24 , 123 – 124, 233 American Conl uence, 38 – 39, 41, 42, consequences of, 234 43 as death knell of the American views on the law, 72 – 73. See also Conl uence’s legal culture, 239 , auction, of slaves ; bonded laborers ; 241 – 243 mortgages, of slaves ; sale, of slaves and federalism, 181 slave traders, 207 , 208n101, 218n24 , 223 and Hamilton Gamble, 115 Smith, Bobb, 162 and Henry Geyer, 114 Smith, Elias, 120 similarities to other freedom suits, Smith, Stephen, 180 , 196 , 199 , 200, 206 237 – 239 attempts to seize David Shipman’s Scypion, Marie, Jean, 80n23 , 91 – 92, 172 former slaves, 186 – 187 , 203 – 205 security. See bonds David Shipman’s mortgage with, Sedgwick, Theodore, 98 184 – 185 , 190 – 196 self- employment, of bonded laborers, sojourning, legal knowledge of, 7 , 83 – 84 , 162 – 163 , 178 149 – 151 , 174 – 175 self- hire, of bonded laborers, 56 –59 , Somerset v. Stewart, 12 , 115 . See also 161 – 162 , 164 , 166n41 , 176 , 178 “once free, always free” doctrine self- purchase, of bonded laborers, 13, Spalding, Josiah, 88n44 , 100n11 , 111 , 112 , 62n115 , 79 – 80 , 175 , 235 113 , 114 – 115 sex, between bonded laborers and masters, Spencer, Ambrose, 104 131 , 143 – 144 Springi eld, Missouri, 94 sham defendants, 75 , 76 – 79 , 163n32 Sproat, Harris, 119 – 120 Shawneetown, Illinois, 49 , 158 , 160 , 161 State v. Mann, 178 Shelby County, Kentucky, 180, 183 , 184 , status 187 , 193 , 196 , 197 , 198 – 200 , 201 difi culty of determining in the American Shelbyville, Kentucky, 184, 185 , 187 , Conl uence, 27 – 28 , 60 – 67 194n45 , 197 used to describe plaintiffs in titles of Shipman, David, 180 – 181 , 182 freedom suits, 67 – 68 absconding with and emancipating steamboats, 5 , 47 – 48, 51n71, 53 – 54 , 58, slaves, 196 – 200 120 , 122 , 235 attempts to protect slaves from seizure, Stepney, 93 185 – 187 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 109 debts accumulated by, 183 – 184 Strother, Daniel, 62 – 63 , 65 hiding assets, 187 – 190 Strother, George, 101 , 111 , 113 , 118 , 119 , mortgage with Stephen Smith, 184 – 185, 136 190 – 196 Stroud, George, 198

284

284 Index

Summers, Johnson, 204 – 205, 208n101 Walker, Quock, 98 Susan, 120 Walworth, Hiram, 104 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 109 War of 1812, 51 , 104, 111 , 168n48 Swedenborgianism, 109 Warner, Elijah, 184 warranty, in sale of slaves, 133 Talbot, James, 47 , 60 warranty suits, breach of, 148 , 165 Taney, Roger, 114n62 , 233 – 234 , 239, Wash, Robert, 176n76 , 199 , 227n47 241 – 243 Wash, Polly, 57 – 58 , 83n31 , 119 – 120 , Tardiveau, Barthelemi, 32 – 33 , 39 172 – 173 , 228 , 230 , 231 – 232 Tarleton, 93 early life described in her freedom suit, Tazewell County, Illinois, 185n13 , 207 210 – 216 Tempe, 18, 33 – 34 early life described in her daughter’s Tevis, Samuel, 184n10 , 197 , 203n78 slave narrative, 216 – 225 Texas, 197 , 235 efforts to secure legal representation, Tennessee, 43, 50n64, 105, 106 , 109n45 , 89 – 90 150 , 198 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 216n18 efforts to secure testimony, 76, Titus, Lydia, 91 , 107 – 108, 124 226 – 227 tobacco, 47 , 130 , 158 , 215 feelings toward her master and white Tompkins, George, 100n15 , 171 , 239 residents, 224 – 225 Topaz, 86 – 87 , 89 , 103 , 110 Washington, George, 33 Troy, Indiana, 54 , 76 Wayne County, Kentucky, 210, 211 trusts, 6 , 7 , 109, 134 , 141 , 152 Weld, Theodore, 146 Tyler, Eliza, 52 Whig Party, 118 Whitaker, James, 193 – 194 US Supreme Court, 99 , 100 white residents, of the American ruling in Scott v. Sandford , 5 , 23 , 71 , Conl uence, 3 , 4 , 24 , 71 , 75 , 206 114 , 123 – 124 , 181 , 233 , 237 , 238 , 241 legal knowledge of, 7, 75, 83 – 85 , 149 – 150 Vanorsdale, Simon, 34 role in advancing freedom suits, 82 – 83 , 85 , Vermont, 104 186 – 187 , 203 – 205 , 210 – 211 , 225 – 232 Vicksburg, Mississippi, 122 willingness to tolerate slavery, 201 – 203, Victoire, 90 212 – 216 , 223 – 225 Vina, 91 Whiten, Jesse, 49 , 131 – 137 , 145 , 148 , Vincennes, Indiana, 4 , 29 , 32n12, 33 , 35 , 194n47 37 , 41, 61 – 66 , 122 and class, 140 – 142 Vincent, 1 – 3 , 12 , 49 , 53 , 58 , 68 , 76 – 77 , 78 , feelings toward his slaves, 139 – 144 88n44, 104n29, 155 – 157, 177 – 179 legal knowledge of, 150 – 151 , 152 , character of, 164 – 171 153 – 154 feelings toward freedom, 175 – 176 sexual relationship with Maria Whiten, hiring out of, 158 – 161 131 , 144 resistance of, 173 – 174 Whiten, Maria, 49 , 129 – 137 , 138 – 139 , self- hire of, 161 – 162 141 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , self- employment of, 162 – 163 149, 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 use of manipulation and negotiation by, difi culty of capturing subjectivity, 164 – 171 138 – 139 Virginia (state), 13n27 , 14n29, 32 , 42 , 43, early life of, 130 – 131 46 , 47 , 49, 51, 52, 53 , 61 , 77 , 78 , hiring out of, 133 , 135 98 – 99, 104 , 113 , 120n86 , 129 , 130 , sale of, 130 – 131 , 133 , 134 , 137 , 146 , 133, 135 , 136n23 , 137 , 143 – 144 , 157 , 151 – 152 183 , 192n37 , 197, 198 , 234 sexual relationship with Jesse Whiten, Virginia (v. Menard and Landreville), 90 131 , 144

285

Index 285

Whiten, Patrick Henry, 133 – 137 , 139 , 141 , Wood Gordon, 8 143 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 153 Wood, Naomi, 76, 212 – 216 , 218 , Whiten, William, 134 , 135n18 , 137 223 – 225 , 226 – 227 Wilkinson, James, 52 , 56, 57, 58 belated advocacy for Polly Wash, Williamson, Hugh, 33 230 – 232 wills, 13 , 14n28, 15n30, 20 , 61n112 , spiritual journey of, 227 – 230 109 , 111 , 136 , 143n40 , 145n43 , Wood, Samuel, 76 , 212 – 216 , 218 , 147n46 , 159 , 163n32 , 185n13 , 223 – 225 , 226 – 227 224 , 235 belated advocacy for Polly Wash, Winny, 12 , 60 , 90 , 113 – 114 230 – 232 Wirt, William, 99 spiritual journey of, 227 – 230 Wisconsin, 40 , 77 , 234 , 236 Woodrow, Samuel, 204 – 205 Wise, Henry, 82 – 83 work. See labor Wolf, George, 55 Wood, Daniel, 175 yeomanry, 132 , 140 , 142n35 , 147