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The 1857 Project This Special Issue Examines the History of Slavery, Segregation and Racism in Our Region

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The 1857 Project This Special Issue Examines the History of Slavery, Segregation and Racism in Our Region The 1857 Project This special issue examines the history of slavery, segregation and racism in our region. It was produced with the help and financial support of the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. 2020• Volume 49 Number 356 • $8 CONTRIBUTORS PUBLISHED BY: School of Journalism College WILLIAM H. FREIVOGEL of Mass Communication and PUBLISHER Media Arts William H. Freivogel is a former editorial page Deborah Tudor, Interim Dean deputy editor for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and Jan Thompson, Director contributes to St. Louis Public Radio. He is a member of the Missouri Bar. HARPER BARNES Harper Barnes, a former critic-at-large of the St. BOARD OF ADVISERS: Louis Post-Dispatch, is the author of “Standing on Jim Kirchherr, Don Corrigan, JACKIE SPINNER EDITOR a Volcano: The Life add Times of David Rowland Lisa Bedian, Tammy Merrett, Jackie Spinner is an Associate Professor at Columbia Francis” (Missouri Historical Society Press) as well Rita Csapo-Sweet, Steve Perron, College in Chicago; freelance independent journalist as “Never Been a Time” (Walker). Eileen Duggan, Michael D. specializing on the Middle East; former Baghdad Sorkin, David P. Garino, Rick Bureau Chief Washington Post. KAYLA CHAMNESS Stoff, Ted Gest, Fred Sweet, Kayla Chamness, senior at SIUC and reporter on William Greenblatt, Lynn GJR staff. Venhaus, Daniel Hellinger, Robert MANAGING EDITOR ZAHEDUR R. ARMAN A. Cohn, Michael E. Kahn, John Zahedur R. Arman is the founding president of BD PERCY GREEN P. Dubinsky, Gerald Early, Paul Fact Check. He is a doctoral student in the SIUC Schoomer, Moisy Shopper, Ray Percy Green led the ACTION civil rights group, College of Mass Communication and Media Arts. Hartmann, Ken Solomon, Avis He is interested in strategic communication through climbing a leg of the Arch and unmasking the Veiled Meyer, Tom Engelhardt social media and social network analysis. Prophet in pursuit of thousands of new jobs for African Americans. The Gateway Journalism Review GJR (USPS 738-450 ISSN: 0036- DESIGN CHIEF ABBEY LA TOUR ROBERT JOINER 2972) is published quarterly, Abbey La Tour is a copy editor and paginator at The Robert Joiner is a former reporter and editor at the by Southern Illinois University News-Enterprise. La Tour is a graduate of SIUC where St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Beacon and St. Carbondale, School of Journalism, she studied journalism and communication design. Louis Public Radio. College of Mass Communication She has previously worked at The Pulitzer Center on and Media Arts, a non-profit Crisis Reporting, American Institutes for Research, LINDA LOCKHART entity. The office of publication is The Peoria Journal Star, The Daily Egyptian and Small Linda Lockhart is a former reporter and editor at the SIUC School of Journalism, 1100 Newspaper Group. Lincoln Drive, Mail Code 6601, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Beacon and St. Carbondale, IL 62901 Louis Public Radio. ARTIST STEVE EDWARDS Steve Edwards is a professional artist at Steve FRANKLIN McCALLIE TO SUBSCRIBE: 618-536-3361 Edwards Studio. Franklin McCallie was assistant principal at gatewayjr.org/about University City High School and principal of Sign up for our weekly Kirkwood High School before returning to his home CHARLES KLOTZER newsletter at gatewayjr.org. GJR FOUNDER town of Chattanooga to pursue racial justice. Charles Klotzer is the founder of the St. Louis Journalism Review. RICHARD H. WEISS SUBSCRIPTION Richard H. Weiss, a former Post-Dispatch reporter RATES: CONTRIBUTING EDITOR AMELIA BLAKELY and editor, is founder and executive editor of Before $20 — one year Amelia Blakely is a senior at Southern Illinois Ferguson Beyond Ferguson, a non-profit racial $35 — two years University Carbondale studying journalism and equity storytelling project. $45 — three years philosophy. She was a campus editor and news writer for the Daily Egyptian and is now a student Foreign subscriptions higher news producer at WSIU Public Radio. depending upon country. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to: Gateway Journalism Review Amber Walker — School of Journalism 1100 Lincoln Drive, Mail Code 6601 Carbondale, IL 62901. Periodical postage paid at Carbondale, IL, and additional mailing offices. Please enclose stamped, self-addressed envelope with manuscript. Copyright © 2020 by the Gateway Journalism Review. Indexed in the Alternative Press Index. Allow one month for address changes. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 The 1857 Project: Extracting the poison 54 The Clayton conundrum of racism from America’s soul 59 Did St. Louis find way to end civil war 9 The Land of Dred Scott: Scenes from over ‘Lost Cause’ monuments? our racist history 62 Looking back: Legacy of slavery 22 Press flubs first draft of history of race limited opportunities at Post-Dispatch and 26 Vulnerable neighborhood faces shorter beyond life expectancy and COVID-19 dangers 64 Can Missouri show political 28 A family’s fight for freedom correctness, equality? 30 New lights shine on riots against 65 Redlining’s long lasting mark blacks in East St. Louis and across America 66 There’s never been a proper apology for 32 Unmasking the Veiled Prophet — for slavery jobs not black debutantes 67 Mixed In: Life as a ‘mixed’ student at 33 The slave state of Illinois KHS 35 Underground Railroad in Illinois 68 Kirkwood redistricting raises 36 Lincoln-Douglas debates marred by questions about race overt racism of both 69 Northside Knights 38 Douglas: ‘I’m in favor of confining 70 Re-examination of the American citizenship to white men’ Dream 39 Freeport Doctrine helps Douglas win 71 The American Dream is based on a Illinois and lose nation whitewashed version of history 40 In Egypt — the shame of letting 72 Hannah-Jones tried to be passionate, Frederick Douglass ride next to a white not objective — and she was right woman 74 Summer chores remind me of the hard 41 Lincoln: ‘Physical differences … forever work of African Americans building America forbid the two races from living together’ 75 Ignoring true history of America’s 43 Lincoln: The negro has a ‘humble’ founding can hurt later generations share of Declaration of Independence 76 The divisive effect of the 1619 project’s 45 Lincoln: Granting negro equality as evidence fantastical as proving ‘horse-chesnut to be a 77 Black people have right to claim chesnut horse’ America as their own 47 Lincoln: Slavery represents ‘eternal 78 White racism continues in the struggle between … right and wrong” American South because of past human 50 200 lynched in Missouri and Illinois slavery 52 Lynchings in Missouri and Illinois 79 Civil Rights Act didn’t help when from 1836 to 1943 students wanted a burger and fries 3 ESSAY The 1857 Project: Extracting the poison of racism from America’s soul by William H. Freivogel The soul of America is its promise of ever- Meanwhile, the first 12 people who died “forever;” but Abraham Lincoln called it an expanding freedom, equality and opportunity. of COVID-19 in St. Louis were black. Seventy evil that had to be expunged because a The parodox of America is that over four percent of those who died in Chicago House Divided could not stand. It didn’t. centuries our Founders and our leaders reneged through the second week of April were black. The nation’s biggest legal fights against on this promise by embracing a devil’s bargain The inequality in life expectancy between housing discrimination were here in St. with slavery, segregation, racial superiority rich and poor zip codes, white and black zip Louis, and African Americans won them. and racism. codes, never has been so stark. (See Weiss, The nation’s most expensive court-ordered It’s like opposite sides of the same coin Page 26 ) school desegregation program was here, — good and evil, shiny and tarnished. They Nikole Hannah-Jones’ 1619 essay in the and it eventually attracted the political and are opposite ends of the long arc of the moral New York Times magazine last year on the public support to raise graduation rates universe that the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. centrality of race to the American experience and college-attendance rates for four and President Barack Obama said “bends is a profound statement of a truth that has decades. Michael Brown died here, but the toward justice.” long been in plain sight: Slavery, segregation criminal justice reforms and rekindled racial Anyone who doubts the centrality of slavery, and racism are central to what America enlightenment that followed have been segregation and racism to the American story — means. They are central to the histories of transformational. from 1619 through today and for generations to St. Louis, Missouri and Illinois. In a special issue this month, GJR come — isn’t paying attention. It is a continuum running from Jamestown, explores the history of race in the Land of Over the past two centuries, perhaps to the Declaration of Independence, to the Dred Scott. Call it the 1857 project because no other region of the country has been so Constitution, to the Missouri Compromise, to one of the most important chapters in entwined as St. Louis, Missouri and Illinois Dred Scott, to the Lincoln-Douglas debates, to the nation’s story occurred here with the with America’s struggle to extract the poison the 1917 East St. Louis race riot, to J. Edgar Dred Scott decision reading blacks out of of 1619 from its soul. Race is at the heart of Hoover’s dirty tricks against Rev. King, to the the Constitution and the Lincoln-Douglas the biggest stories in St. Louis this century. FBI’s planting of anti-King editorials in the debates the next year over whether America Four hundred years after Jamestown Globe-Democrat, to the COINTELPRO plots could endure part slave and part free. colonists brought the first enslaved people against Black Liberators in Cairo, Illinois, to Consider the long ago history of race before to America, our original sin and efforts to the Jefferson Bank protests, to the landmark we were born — the Missouri Compromise, redress it play out every day in post-Ferguson housing discrimination victories won against the lynching of Francis McIntosh, the murder reforms and sadly in the heavy death toll racial covenants and exclusionary zoning, of abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy, COVID-19 claims among blacks.
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