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Tracing the Role of Technology in Iranian Politics: from the Islamic Revolution of 1979 to the Presidential Election of 2009
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 4, Ver. 7 (Apr. 2016) PP 06-16 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Tracing the Role of Technology in Iranian Politics: From the Islamic Revolution of 1979 to the Presidential Election of 2009 Dr. Farid M.S Al-Salim History Program . Department of Humanities . College of Arts and Sciences. Qatar University P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar Abstract: This paper will attempt to examine the question: Given the advances in technology, why did the 2009 election protest movement fail to accomplish any of their goals while the participations of the 1979 Revolution were able to succeed in accomplishing their expressed objective? This question will provide a simplified test to a common tenant of those that support the use of technology as a means of bringing about regime change: that advances in communication technology are diffusing power away from governments and toward individual citizens and non-state actors. In order to answer this question this paper will examine the role of technology as an enabling factor in both the 1979 revolution and 2009 election protests. A brief historical context of the 1979 and 2009 conflicts will be provided, followed by a short history about the use of the Internet in Iran and finally the concluding remarks. Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi was said to be “The Shah-in-Shah” or the King of Kings.1 The head of the Iranian government, son of Reza Shah and architect of the White Revolution, Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi would also be the final ruling monarch of Iran. -
IRAN April 2000
COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.6 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2 -
Monitoring and Assessment of Ambient Benzene Concentration and Its Health Impact in Urban Area in Tehran
Monitoring and assessment of ambient benzene concentration and its health impact in urban area in Tehran Farideh Atabi, Ph.D. Assistant Prof., Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran & S. A. H. Mirzahosseini, Ph.D. U.S. – Iran Symposium on “Urban Air Pollution in Megacities” Beckman Center of National Academies of Sciences & Engineering Irvine, California 1 September 3-5, 2013 Outline • Background • Methodology • Field Measurement • Interpolation Using IDW Model • Cancer Risk Assessment • Conclusions 2 Background 3 Background Main sources of ambient Benzene [ATSDR, 2007]: 1. The vehicles’ exhaust 2. Gasoline evaporation 3. Leakage from natural gas 4. Emissions from the use of solvents and paints, 5. Using as an additive to unleaded gasoline,… Benzene is an aromatic volatile organic compound characterized by US EPA as a “known” human carcinogen for all routes of exposure and is clasified by the International Association on the Risks of Cancer [IARC, 1987] as class 1 carcinogen. 4 Background Annual averages of Benzene concentration have been measured in various European regions (Cocheo et al. 2000; Skov et al. 2001). The annual average concentrations of benzene in metropolitans have ranged from a almost zero to more than 6.25 ppb (Anabtawi et al. 1996). In Japan, the ambient standard for benzene concentration has been set to be 0.69 ppb (Laowagul and Yoshizumi, 2009). Iran Department of the Environment (DoE) and US EPA have set the standard for the ambient Benzene concentration levels to be 1.56 ppb [Iran DOE, 2010]. 5 Background Despite the regulations established, benzene concentrations and cancer risk assessment have not been investigated in Tehran due to the lack of data for ambient benzene concentration levels. -
Evaluation of the Social Reasons for Defeating Political Parties in Iran Between the Years of 1942-1954
EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL REASONS FOR DEFEATING POLITICAL PARTIES IN IRAN BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1942-1954 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Mottov of $t|iIos;opIip IN SOCIOLOGY BY Naser Haghi Ghareh Darvishlou UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Dr. Mohammad Akram DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (IIMOIA) 2012 -S5LM9 Political parties appeared on the scene when actions of an erstwhile political system attained a point of complexity that needed the introduction of a new political setup. Usually, political parties emerge when different classes of society become aware of their own interests, and the people of a country want the right to take part in political issues. The nineteenth century was an important phase in Iranian history, wherein political, social and economic corruption were the most obvious problem that Iranians faced. Tremendous increases of such problems have been the reason for the occurrence of all revolutions and reforms in Iran. With the allied occupation of Iran and the exile of Reza Shah, social chaos increased in the 1940s. Also, as a resuU of the Second World War, and because of the lack of a steady government, the country was led to anarchy. This problem offended Iranians more when they became aware of the degree and speed of development in the western countries. When Iranian intellectuals came into direct contact with western countries, they tried to regenerate the political structure of their own country to bring about political stability. After Reza Shah, especially between 1942 and 1954, there came a unique historical opportimity for Iranian elites to form a democratic political structure, whereas during the reign of Reza Shah, political parties and other active groups had been inactive. -
IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING IN IRAN Bigan Kimiachi A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1978 © 1978 BI GAN KIMIACHI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED n iii ABSTRACT Geophysical and geopolitical pecularities of Iran have made it a land of international importance throughout recorded history, especially since its emergence in the twentieth century as a dominant power among the newly affluent oil-producing nations of the Middle East. Nearly one-fifth the size of the United States, with similar extremes of geography and climate, and a population approaching 35 million, Iran has been ruled since 1941 by His Majesty Shahanshah Aryamehr. While he has sought to restore and preserve the cultural heritage of ancient and Islamic Persia, he has also promoted the rapid westernization and modernization of Iran, including the establishment of a radio and television broadcasting system second only to that of Japan among the nations of Asia, a fact which is little known to Europeans or Americans. The purpose of this study was to amass and present a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the development of broadcasting in Iran, as well as a review of current operations and plans for future development. A short survey of the political and spiritual history of pre-Islamic and Islamic Persia and a general survey of mass communication in Persia and Iran, especially from the Il iv advent of the telegraph is presented, so that the development of broadcasting might be seen in proper perspective and be more fully appreciated. -
Iran's Annual Petchem Exports Rises to 19M Tons
Azeri and Iranian NUMOV 2016 confab Mahdavikia: Zidane is Cannes to 21112defense chiefs discuss 4 on Iran to Kick off the best player I’ve screen “Maman NATION Karabakh conflict ECONOMY tomorrow in Berlin SPORTS played against ART& CULTURE Soori’s Case” WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y Top judge: Any move to undermine missile program is a ‘betrayal’ 2 12 Pages Price 10,000 Rials 37th year No.12520 Tuesday APRIL 5, 2016 Farvardin 17, 1395 Jumada Al Thani 26, 1437 International politics Assad: Iran of Middle East is Iran’s annual petchem helping bewilderingly complex: to find a Bruce Hall exports rises to 19m tons EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW ECONOMY TEHRAN — Iran lion-ton increase compared to its chemicals were produced by the use of solution to By Javad Heirannia deskexported 19 million preceding year, according to an official 80 percent of the capacity of domestic tons of petrochemical products during with Iran’s National Petrochemical Com- plants,” Alimohammad Bossaqzadeh, TEHRAN — Rodney Bruce Hall, a professor of inter- Syria crisis the past Iranian calendar year of 1394 pany (NPC). the NPC’s control manager told the Sha- By staff and agency national relations at the University of Macau, says, “The (which ended on March 19), a 2.5-mil- “Yesteryear, 46 million tons of petro- na news agency on Monday. contemporary international politics of the Middle East is 4 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has bewilderingly complex.” said that a solution to the Syrian cri- In an interview with the Tehran Times, Hall says, “This sis should -
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride. -
Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran
Negotiating a Position: Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran Parmis Mozafari Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Music January 2011 The candidate confIrms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2011 The University of Leeds Parmis Mozafari Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to ORSAS scholarship committee and the University of Leeds Tetly and Lupton funding committee for offering the financial support that enabled me to do this research. I would also like to thank my supervisors Professor Kevin Dawe and Dr Sita Popat for their constructive suggestions and patience. Abstract This research examines the changes in conditions of music and dance after the 1979 revolution in Iran. My focus is the restrictions imposed on women instrumentalists, dancers and singers and the ways that have confronted them. I study the social, religious, and political factors that cause restrictive attitudes towards female performers. I pay particular attention to changes in some specific musical genres and the attitudes of the government officials towards them in pre and post-revolution Iran. I have tried to demonstrate the emotional and professional effects of post-revolution boundaries on female musicians and dancers. Chapter one of this thesis is a historical overview of the position of female performers in pre-modern and contemporary Iran. -
Iran, Country Information
Iran, Country Information COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV STATE STRUCTURES VA HUMAN RIGHTS - OVERVIEW VB HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VC HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A - CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B - POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX C - PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D - REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1. This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2. The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3. The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4. It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1. The Islamic Republic of Iran Persia until 1935 lies in western Asia, and is bounded on the north by the file:///V|/vll/country/uk_cntry_assess/apr2003/0403_Iran.htm[10/21/2014 9:57:59 AM] Iran, Country Information Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, by Turkey and Iraq to the west, by the Persian Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south, and by Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east. -
In All the Major Political Developments in Twentieth-Century Iran, From
THE WORKING CLASS AND THE ISLAMIC STATE IN IRAN H A I D E H M O G H I S S I A ND S A E E D R A H N E M A n all the major political developments in twentieth-century Iran, from the Iconstitutional revolution of 1906–11 and the nationalization of the oil industry in early 1950s to the political upheavals of early 1960s and the 1979 revolution, workers were major participants and demonstrated a high level of militancy. However, governments of diverse persuasions, from the Pahlavis’ modernizing dictatorial monarchy to the liberal nationalists, and the Islamists’ pre-modern theocracy, have ignored workers’ legitimate demands and suppressed their dissent. Many factors account for this failure, not least of them being the qualitative and quantitative weaknesses of the working class—a result of the specific nature of capitalist development and industrialization in Iran. Because of its own internal weaknesses, the workers’ movement has depended historically on left social democratic and communist movements both organi- zationally and intellectually. In fact, socialist and communist ideas about the workers’ right to form unions and emancipate themselves preceded the emer- gence of the working class itself. Yet dependence on external leadership made Iranian workers susceptible to the theoretical and political wavering and internal conflicts of the country’s left intelligentsia. As well, the continuous suppression of the left by successive dictatorial regimes inevitably also affected the militancy and organizational efficacy of the working-class movement. In this context, it is reasonable to argue that the progress of the working-class movement has been and continues to be directly linked to the movement for democracy and social change. -
Blogging Iran – a Case Study of Iranian English Language Weblogs
UNIVERSITY OF OSLO FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TIK Centre for technology, innovation and culture P.O. BOX 1108 Blindern N-0317 OSLO Norway http://www.tik.uio.no ESST The European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology http://www.esst.uio.no The ESST MA Blogging Iran – A Case Study of Iranian English Language Weblogs Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen University of Oslo Nature and Culture 2004 24.819 Words 1 Supervisor for this Master thesis has been Professor Terje Rasmussen from the Department of Media and Communication, the University of Oslo, Norway. I would also like to thank Elisabeth Staksrud from Statens Filmtilsyn for valuable information, and for pointing me to the Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (NIAS) in Copenhagen, Denmark, who were kind enough to offer me a scholarship and the opportunity to use their library. James Gomez was generous enough to send me his excellent new book Asian Cyberactivism for free. Last, but not least, I have to thank Mr. Hossein Derakhshan for spending some of his time giving me information and granting me an interview. Without him, and the other Iranian webloggers described here, this Master thesis would not have been possible. 2 Chapter outline of thesis: 1 Motivation 2. Methodology 3. The Internet and censorship 4. Background on Internet censorship in several countries 4.1 The case of China 4.2 The case of Singapore 4.3 Burma 5. The situation in Iran – Politics and censorship 6. Weblogs 6.1 About weblogs 6.2 Iranian weblogs 6.3 About description of weblogs 7. Weblogs – case studies 7.1 Weblogs by Insiders, Iranians in Iran 7.1.1 Additional weblogs by Insiders 7.2 Weblogs by Outsiders, Iranians in exile 7.3 Summary, and conclusion about weblog findings 8. -
1 Mahnaz Afkhami Oral History Content Summary Track 1
Mahnaz Afkhami Oral History Content Summary Track 1 [duration: 1:15:04] [Session one: 5 January 2013] [00:00] Mahnaz Afkhami [MA] Born Kerman, Iran to farming family. Description of division of responsibility within extended family. Describes household and communal living with all family in one compound of separate houses, coming together at mealtimes. Description of mealtimes with grandfather at head of dining cloth, youngest at opposite end. Evocative description of kitchen set apart from living areas and emerging platters of food, served by grandmother. Explanation of private section of household and outer areas used for greeting visitors, business, formalities, predominantly by men. Grandparents’death bringing change with each house entertaining individually. [05:08] Remarks on speed of change consistent with change in country after Second World War. Describes intermingling of agricultural workers with household members. Describes donkeys carrying fruits from harvest, then modernisation. Describes city of Kerman, houses side by side each with garden, fruit trees. Describes characteristics of pistachio trees. Describes attendance of Zoroastrian school despite family being Sheikhi, Shi’ite branch of Islam. Head of Sheikhis, head of MA’s family with belief underpinning daily affairs without observing all religious practices. Reflects on enjoyment of school atmosphere and household full of children to play with, including servant component, MA among youngest, eldest of three in immediate family. [10:29] Divorce of parents, MA age 11, move to Tehran with mother and grandmother. Describes mother, from intellectual, academically oriented Nafisi family, among first women to attend university in Iran. Mother abandoning university studies to marry. Mentions grandmother single mother supporting herself through tailoring business.