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Faculty of Engineering Mining Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Mining Engineering Department Thesis title: Transformation of Small-Scale Artisanal Gold Mining in Zimbabwe through Investment In Appropriate Technology And Promoting The Concept Of Sustainable Development: The Possibility Of Industrial Small-Scale Mining. By Motive Mungoni (R0019675) Supervisor: Mr L. Mlambo A final year thesis presented for the Masters degree in Mineral Production Engineering and Management (MPEM) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Curriculum. April 2008 ABSRACT Artisanal gold mining is slowly adopting technology formally used in medium to large size mines and developing it into innovative, specialized equipment tailored to conditions pertaining to remote locations in Zimbabwe. Artisanal miners use obsolete technology and are ill-informed of new transitions in terms of technical knowledge on sustainable development, mine planning and design techniques due to rudiment mining principles still in use. Low productivity due to low efficiency in the mining operations has undermined the economic potential of artisan gold miners. This economic potential has also been affected by rapid environmental degradation caused by artisan miners. The rationale of the thesis is to identify and measure formalization of the sector (artisan gold miners) and investment in appropriate technology which is home made, efficient and environmentally friendly, and to promote sustainability in the artisan gold mining sector. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method was used for collecting information for the identification and assessment of different methodologies in ore extraction and processing used by ASSMs; and assessment of the level of awareness of safety, health and environment issues as part of sustainability. Logic modeling was applied on information concerning technology development and the environmental awareness of artisan gold miners. A sample of twenty-five artisan miners were interviewed at length. The average age of the workers was 27.4 years old with the majority of them being youth who are school leavers. There is a bias towards use of unconventional technology as it is inexpensive and simple. 48% of the interviewed miners thought panning activities destroyed rivers and 76% were aware of mercury and cyanide poisoning effects. The amalgamation process (for gold extraction) poses great health risks to panners especially during the heating of the amalgam as this is done mostly indoors. This incipient equipment has less than 50% average recovery of free gold whilst a newly developed wind sifting, gravity separator (that does not require water) can achieve 90% recovery of free gold. Transformation in the artisan-mining sector can be initiated by organizing miners into syndicates so as to equip them in the large groups with appropriate tools and techniques to run their mines. li ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Eternity is always in the past, present and future and thus is neither governed by time nor space but is creative perpetually to bring revelation to mankind and ultimately liberty to all. Eternity is now!” First I give thanks to the LORE) God Almighty for the gift of life enabling me to finish the project and I am grateful for what He Has prepared for me in the future. Secondly I give thanks to my mum, brothers and sisters for their support during my studies. May the Lord JESUS bless you indeed. Also thanks to Mr L. Mlambo for his wise advise and Mr K. Musiwa, Chairman of the Mining Engineering department, for his patience, support and encouragement. Lastly I dedicate this thesis to everyone who has been instrumental in completing it. in TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF APPENDICES viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ix CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 Historical background 1 What is Small-scale Artisan Gold Min ng? 2 1.1 Benefits in Investing Appropriate technology 3 1.2 Problem definition 3 1.3 Aim (rationale) and Objective of the project 6 1.3.1 Thesis concept and justification 6 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Background 10 2.1.1 The Geology in relation To Gold Mineral,zation In Zimbabwe 10 2.2 World Perspective on Small-scale Mining 11 2.3 Small-scale Mining In Africa 12 2.4 Small-scale Mining in Zimbabwe 14 2.4.1 Introduction and Background 14 2.4.2 Obstacles bedeviling Art sanal sir all-scale Gold Sub-sector 16 2.4.3 Types of Small-scale Miners in Zimbabwe 18 2.4.4 Informal Or Artisan Small-scale Mining 21 2.5 Environment, Health and Safety: mercury a id cyanide use in processing 26 2.6 Sustainability Development from MMSD 29 2.7.0 A former artisanal mining-service operation area in Zimbabwe 32 (Shamva Mining Centre) 2.7.1 Lessons from the SMC project about ASS Ms in Zimbabwe 32 2.8 The Philosophy Of Rapid Rural Appraisal 34 2.9.0 The principles of rapid rural appraisais 36 2.9.1 Field operation principles 39 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 41 iv 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Study Approach 41 3.5.0 RRA methods used in this paper 42 3.6 Study Constraints 45 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2.0 Interview analysis 46 4.2.1 Artisan Miner interview: Persona: and soc io-economic details 46 4.2.1.1 Age of mine labourers 47 4.2.1.2 Source of finances and machi nery 47 4.2.1.3 Number of miners formally trained 47 4.2.2 The level of awareness of safety, health and environment issues (as part of sustainability) 48 4.2.2.1 Health and safety (including use of mercury and cyanide) 48 4.2.3.1 Logic Modeling (log c models for government authorities and artisan miner) 52 4.2.3.2 Services available to the artisan gold miners in RDCs 55 4.3.0 The level of investment in technology by artisanal gold miners 55 4.3.1 Support from both local anc developed nations equipment suppliers 58 4.3.2.0 Financial support programmes for artisanal small-scale miners 59 4.3.3 Small-scale gold production contributing :o economic growth nationally 61 4.3.3.1 Foreign currency generation by ASSM versus gold Mining Industry 63 4.4.0 Methodologies in ore processing and concentration technologies used by ASSMs 64 4.4.1 Process technology 65 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMM ENDATION 70 5.1 Conclusions 70 5.2 Recommendations 72 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 81 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.0: Gold panning areas in Zimbabwe. 2 Figure 1.1: Gold panning along Mfuridzi river (Global Mercury Project: 2006). 4 Figure 1.2: Land degradation with piis, tunnels and soil dumps (near Pangani milling center- Insiza: 2007). 5 Figure 1.3: Stakeholder cooperation needed to achieve transformation. 8 Figure 2.0: Sub-divisions of small-scale mining (Ajoy K. Ghose: 1997, Mining on A Medium And Small-scale: A Glofal Perspective). 20 Figure 2.1: Simple rudiment tools; used by artisan gold mining (Shamva-Bushu mining area). 21 Figure 2.2: Along the Mfurudzi river system and area (tools and mining method applied). 22 Figure 2.3: Equipment selection crite ria for possible implementation and formalism (Prabir Paul: 1996). 23 Figure 2.4: Small drilling machines ( ineumatic and jackhammer in the Ndola area: MMSD REPORT. 2001) 24 Figure 2.5: Generalized Ore Processi lg system (Masiya T: 2007). 25 Figure 2.6: Negative circle affecting artisanal miners (Barry: 1996). 29 Figure 2.7: Sustainable Development (based on the SADC vision for sustainable growth in the region: MMSD 'eport. 2001. 31 Figure 2.8: Commonly used RRA Techniques, taken from Chambers 1993, 1997, Messerschidmt 2003, Theis and Grady 1991, Carter 1996). 38 Figure 3.0: RRA data collection techniques (adapted from Chambers 1993, 1997, Messerschmidt 2003, Theis and Grady 199], Carter 1996. 43 Figure 4.0: Retorting methods used by artisan gold miners. 51 Figure 4.1: Logic model-Target (aim) problem for developing innovative equipment for ASSMs. 53 Figure 4.2: Target (aim) problem for logic model # 2- Awareness of the negative environmental impacts. 54 Figure 4.3: Gold production from small scale m iners since 1997 to date. 62 Figure 4.4: Foreign exchange generation with emphasis on the Mining sector. 64 Figure A9.0: Model of sustainable de velopmem (Bruntland Commission: 1987). 92 Figure A9.1: Triad system integration approach in community based development. 93 vi Figure A10.0: Quartz veins versus al: uvial gold deposit exploitation 96 LIST OF TABLES Page 2.0: Predicted growth in SSM in Zimbabwe (ITDG: 2001). 15 2.1: Mechanization differences in small -scale mining. 24 2.2: Three steps or principles of fieldwork data collection. 39 4.1 :Various sources of finances a id Machinery. 47 4.2: Number of miners who received formal training. 48 4.3: Miners awareness of mercury poisoning. 49 4.4: Miners awareness of cyanide poisoning. 50 4.5: Miners perceived effects of mercury and cyanide. 50 4.6: Retorting methods used by artisan miners. 51 4.7: Thoughts of artisan miners on negative environmental effects. 52 4.8: Level of investment in ASSMs let inc log>. 57 4.9: Annual gold output received by RBZ for the past 17 years. 61 4.10: Small scale gold production figures from 1997 to 2006. 62 4.11: Total foreign currency earnings versus mining industry in USS. 63 4.12: Advantages and disadvantages if cyanide leaching methods in small- scale gold mining. 68 5.0: Alternatives to the amalgamation of gold bearing concentrates. 73 LIST OF APPENDICES Page APPENDIX ONE: Gold panning along the country’s major river systems. 81 APPENDIX TWO: Observed number of gold panners along rivers in various RDCs.
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