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Upper Ordovician Kope Formation, Cincinnati Arch RESEARCH LETTERS 73 is more likely that they will both contain one or more dis- High-Resolution Correlation in tinctive horizons that can be matched. In rocks that are Apparently Monotonous Rocks: lithologically or paleontologically monotonous, the precise Ordovician position of short stratigraphic sections within the overall Upper Kope Formation, stratigraphic framework is commonly ambiguous. Cincinnati Arch The Upper Ordovician Kope Formation of the Cincin- nati, Ohio, area possesses both of these problems. The 60- consists of STEVENM. HOLLAND to 70-m-thick Kope Formation varying propor- tions of shale and interbedded limestone. The formation is GA 30602-2501 Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, complexly cyclic, which has hampered previous efforts to DAVIDL. MEYERand ARNOLDI. MTTTL,ER recognize patterns of lithologic change. As a result, nearly worker who has studied the Formation has de- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH every Kope 45221-0013 scribed it as monotonous. Although long exposures of the Kope can be found, particularly along interstate high- ways, far more common are the much shorter exposures PALAIOS,2000, V. 15, p. 73-80 along small roads, streams, and railroads. A variety of methods have been used to correlate these sections, in- Short stratigraphic sections in apparently monotonous cluding elevation, marker beds, fossil content, and strati- strata pose several challenges to high-resolution (<1 m) cor- graphic cycles, but the results are commonly imprecise relation. A lack of distinctive marker horizons can prevent (>1 m uncertainty). obvious visual correlations between the sections. The strati- The discovery of a cluster of articulated trilobites graphic shortness of the outcropsfurther reduces the likeli- (Hughes and Cooper, 1999) motivated us to devise a meth- hood of any given section having a recognizable marker ho- od for correlating these smaller outcrops with a high de- rizon. The Upper Ordovician KopeFormation of the Cincin- gree of precision into our developing stratigraphic frame- nati, Ohio, area exhibits both of these problems and corre- work for the Kope (Holland et al., 1997). Similar occur- lation within the Kope has not been accomplished easily, to rences of well-preserved trilobites and echinoderms are date. However,cross-correlation of meter-scale cycles in the not unusual in the Kope, yet the inability to correlate has Kope can be used to identify potential correlations of small hampered the recognition of patterns in the stratigraphic outcrops to larger, well-described outcrops. If multiple cor- distribution of beds containing unusually well preserved relations are equally plausible, large-scale faunal transi- fossils. Because these problems in correlation are not tions among facies fossils can then be used to select the best unique to the Kope, the techniques we describe here could correlation. In this pilot study, two sections separated by 9 apply to other regions of limited exposure and relatively km are correlated successfully using these methodologies, monotonous successions. which show promise for the correlation of numerous out- crops in the Cincinnati area. In addition, the methods de- REGIONAL BACKGROUND scribed here may be applied easily to other areas of limited outcrop in which the rocks are so complexly cyclic that they, The Kope Formation is exposed throughout northern likewise, appear to be monotonous. Kentucky, southwest Ohio, and southeast Indiana. It was deposited over an estimated span of 2-3 million years and comprises most of the C1 depositional sequence of Holland INTRODUCTION and Patzkowsky (1996) in the Cincinnati area (Fig. 1). The Kope was deposited in an offshore environment on a Stratigraphic correlation is one of the most basic of all northward-dipping storm-dominated ramp (Tobin and geologic problems, yet it is frequently one of the least Pryor, 1981; Jennette and Pryor, 1993). Shale comprises straightforward to solve. All correlation is ultimately roughly two-thirds of the Kope, with the remainder con- based on pattern matching of features thought to be tem- sisting of very thin to medium beds of calcisiltite, skeletal porally significant. Such features might include overall packstone, and skeletal grainstone, all deposited as storm faunal or lithologic similarity of intervals of strata, or dis- beds. tinctive surfaces such as an ash bed, a sequence boundary, The Kope exhibits cyclicity at a range of scales (Jennette or the first occurrence of a species. In common practice, and Pryor, 1993; Holland et al., 1997). Meter-scale cycles most correlation is a qualitative exercise lacking a quan- are the smallest of these units and consist of alternating tifiable measure of the robustness or validity of the corre- shale-rich intervals and intervals dominated by skeletal lation. As a result, comparing correlations achieved by dif- packstones and grainstones (Fig. 2). Shale-rich intervals ferent methods is not straightforward and can involve a are interpreted as distal storm-bed facies, whereas inter- large degree of personal preference for particular meth- vals rich in skeletal packstones and grainstones are inter- ods. Although several numerical methods of correlation preted as proximal storm-bed facies (Jennette and Pryor, have been developed (Gradstein et al., 1985; Mann and 1993). Meter-scale cycles show vertical trends in thickness Lane, 1995), in general they have not been widely adopt- that define larger-scale cycles roughly 20 m thick (Fig. 3). ed, with the possible exception of graphic correlation. Meter-scale cycles are thicker than average in the lower An additional problem arises when correlating strati- parts of 20-m cycles and are average to thinner than av- graphically short, isolated outcrops in areas of limited ex- erage near the top. Successive 20-m cycles display an ag- posure to longer, well-described outcrops. Longer sections gradational to slightly progradational stacking pattern, are relatively easier to correlate to one another because it characterized by an upward increase in the proportion of Copyright C 2000, SEPM(Society for Sedimentary Geology) 0883-1351/00/0015-0073/$3.00 74 HOLLAND 6 K445 5 - 5 Cycle numbers 4- 4 CentralKentucky Ohio/ Indiana Skeletal grainstone FIGURE1-Stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovicianon the Cincinnati Arch. interval most of the Formationand the basal _11 Skeletalpackstone Study spans Kope 3 portionof the FairviewFormation near Cincinnati.C1 throughC6 se- quences refer to third-orderdepositional sequences recognized by Calcisiltite Holland and Patzkowsky (1996) on the CincinnatiArch, Nashville Dome, and Valley and Ridge of Tennessee and Virginia. Shale limestone, which is interpreted to indicate overall upward 2 shallowing within the Kope. The presence of multiple scales of cyclicity has hampered the previous recognition of correlatable lithologic changes. Furthermore, because the limestone-to-shale ratio tends to increase deposition- 2 ally updip, lithologic changes found in any one area are difficult to follow elsewhere, adding to the sense that ver- 1 , Floodingsurfaces tical lithologic changes are not easily correlated. The study we present here involves the correlation of two outcrops in the Kope of northern Kentucky (Fig. 4). The White Castle section contains the unusual bed of well- 1 preserved trilobites (Hughes and Cooper, 1999). We cor- relate this section to a much longer section through the 0m Kope at the K445 composite outcrop (Holland et al., 1997). The K445 section is nearly complete, and ranges from sev- FIGURE2-Typical meter-scale cycles of the Kope Formation.Sec- eral meters above the basal Kope-Point Pleasant contact tion shown is a portionof the K445 composite outcrop;complete sec- the tion is in Hollandet al. (1997). Meter-scalecycles consist of a lower to several meters above the contact of the Kope with shale-rich unit and an unit of skeletal and The White Castle and upper packstones grain- overlying Fairview Formation. stones. Forconsistency among all cycles, cycle boundariesare placed K445 sections are separated by 9 km. at floodingsurfaces, althoughsome cycles have the structureof se- quences (complete with small-scale sequence boundaries and sys- tems ratherthan See Hollandet al. for ALTERNATE METHODS OF CORRELATIONIN THE tracts) parasequences. (1997) a more complete discussion of the anatomyof these meter-scale cy- KOPE cles. A variety of strategies have been used to correlate with- in the Kope. Rocks in the Cincinnati area dip gently, usu- the bases of the 20-m cycles, particularly low within the ally less than 0.5?, allowing elevation to be used for local Kope. These positions are interpreted as relatively deeper- correlations. However, even these gentle dips can lead to water offshore facies based on storm bed proximality, cycle uncertainties of 5-10 m over distances of a kilometer. As a anatomy, and overall cycle-stacking patterns (Jennette result, elevation is useful only as an approximate means of and Pryor, 1993; Holland et al., 1997). Robust bryozoans correlation. and the brachiopods Strophomena, Platystrophia, and Raf- The abundant macrofossils-brachiopods, bryozoans, inesquina occur most commonly near the tops of 20-m cy- trilobites, crinoids, and molluscs-have also been used for cles and especially near the Kope-Fairview contact. These correlation in the Kope. Most of these have local ranges positions are interpreted as being shallower water, al- that are strongly controlled by subtle facies changes, and though still deposited
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