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Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project: a Report from the Archives

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Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project: a Report from the Archives Orange, H et al 2015 Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project: A Report from the Archives. Archaeology International, No. 18: pp. 51–55, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.1814 RESEARCH UPDATE Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project: A Report from the Archives Hilary Orange*, Andrew Maxted†, Jon Sygrave* and Donald Richardson‡ In 2014, the Whitehawk Camp partnership South Downs, which extends into and over- was awarded £99,300 under the Heritage looks the City of Brighton and Hove (NGR Lottery Fund’s (HLF) ‘Our Heritage’ scheme 533001 104756). The stand and racecourse to run the Whitehawk Camp Community of Brighton Racecourse lie to the north of Archaeology Project in Brighton, East the monument. The site was first recorded Sussex. The Project ran for 12 months from in sketches by the Reverend John Skinner April 2014 to March 2015. The Partnership in 1821 which show the monument lying behind the bid comprised the Centre for within largely rural downland scenery Applied Archaeology (UCL), Royal Pavilion (Oswald et al. 2001, 12, 103). During the and Museums (RPM) and the Brighton later 19th century, urban growth began to and Hove Archaeological Society (BHAS). encroach on the monument (Ordnance The overall aim of the Project was to raise Survey 1st edition 1877, 2nd edition 1896). awareness of Whitehawk Camp, a superb Despite being given scheduled monument example of an Early Neolithic causewayed status in 1923 the site has suffered from enclosure, and to protect the site and exist- numerous impacts during the 20th century ing archive through greater community including an extension to the pulling-up involvement. track of the racecourse, allotment garden- Causewayed enclosures appeared across ing, the running of a road and services southern and central Britain from the through the site, vehicles accessing the 38th century BCE and construction at site, and fly-tipping of rubbish (ASE 2009). Whitehawk is thought to have begun by In order to raise the profile of the Camp circa 3,650 cal BCE (Whittle et al. 2011, the project team worked with local resi- 225–6, 840–1). The Camp, comprising dents to carry out a variety of site, archive four rings of banks and ditches inter- and community based activities including rupted by multiple causeways, is located an archive programme, a community exca- on Whitehawk Hill, a southerly limb of the vation, training in geophysical survey, site improvement works, and a school, com- munity and events outreach programme. * Centre for Applied Archaeology, UCL Institute of 136 people volunteered on the Project Archaeology, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom and gave 3,578 hours of volunteer time [email protected] (Orange et al. 2015). † Royal Pavilion and Museums, Brighton, UK This article provides an update on the ‡ Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society, UK archive programme based at RPM. The bulk Corresponding author: Hilary Orange of the archive relates to a survey and three 52 Orange et al: Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project excavations conducted during the 1920s and range of finds that relate to diverse aspects 30s including: of Neolithic society, including tool manu- facture, animal husbandry and butchery 1. A bosing survey (testing the ground for practice, subsistence patterns, pottery use presence of buried ditches or structures) and decoration, use of wild resources and and an excavation in 1928–9 led by funerary practice. The archive also has many E. Cecil Curwen of the Sussex Archae- unusual and enigmatic objects, such as the ological Society (SAS) and R.P. Ross incised chalk ‘chessboard’, other carved Williamson, with members of the Brighton chalk objects, sea urchin fossils, and a paper and Hove Archaeological Club (now record in the form of some original plans Society) (Ross Williamson 1930) (Fig. 1); and drawings and one site notebook from 2. An excavation conducted in 1932–33, 1935. Parts of the archive, including skeletal led by Curwen, with a team of local material and a restored pot, were on display amateur archaeologists and hired at the Museum in the 1990s. However, until labour (Curwen 1934); the current project the archive was largely 3. An excavation in 1935, led by Curwen uncatalogued and much of the archive had but also involving students of Mortimer remained in storage in its original pack- Wheeler who employed Wheeler’s ing and with original labels, themselves an method of recording (Curwen 1936). important record of the history of archaeol- ogy and early archaeological practice. These excavations produced particularly Activities at RPM involved 24 volunteers rich assemblages of stratigraphically secure working behind the scenes (Fig. 2). Museum finds and the RPM archive has an impressive staff delivered training sessions in archive Figure 1: ‘Whitehawk: Inner Ditch’. From Whitehawk Slide Show of Curwen images from the Sussex Archaeological Society, Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project via Image Store. Photo © The Sussex Archaeological Society. Orange et al: Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project 53 processes and management, and volunteers Store (RPM 2012). The digital archive is aimed repacked objects, entered object descriptions at providing research opportunities for both on to the Museum’s database, stabilised and non-specialist and specialist audiences. photographed objects and scanned the paper An online digital game — Stone Age Quest — and photographic archive. (RPM 2015a) was co-developed by volunteers, A call for material held by other museums professional designers, schools and RPM had some success in identifying small num- staff to introduce children to the site and bers of sherds at West Berkshire Museum the Neolithic period and to address teaching and Manchester Museum and a collection of needs associated with the introduction of pre- animal bone at the Natural History Museum. history to the National History Curriculum. It was already known that the archive of The game uses Neolithic and Mesolithic car- the SAS held finds, paper and photographic toon characters to discuss issues relating to records relating to the site, through its asso- the building of Whitehawk Camp and to the ciation with Curwen. SAS generously lent change of lifestyle and culture at the begin- their archive to the RPM enabling further ning of the Neolithic period. To reach wider study and digitisation. An exciting part of audiences, a free download Geolocation Story the SAS archive is a collection of over 80 glass Drop App for smartphones was also devel- lantern slides of the 1930s excavations. A oped (RPM 2015b). The App works like a digital archive comprising publications, historical treasure hunt, guiding participants illustrations and drawings, photographs and to locations around the city of Brighton and scrapbooks of images of artefacts is now avail- Hove. Project volunteers created content in able under the terms of a Creative Commons the form of short passages of text on objects BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence via the museum’s Image that had particularly intrigued them. Figure 2: Project volunteers repacking the archive. (Photo: Royal Pavilion and Museums, Brighton and Hove). 54 Orange et al: Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project As part of the Project’s wider outreach The Partnership is also currently arranging programme, in January 2015 a free, drop- the ongoing management of the site with in Family Archaeology Day at RPM brought Brighton and Hove City Council, including together 14 archaeological and heritage the placing of interpretation boards on site. organisations (see acknowledgements) to On-site interpretation is important so that run prehistoric themed displays and activi- local residents, race-goers and other visitors ties, with an emphasis on hands-on learn- can continue to gain an enhanced awareness ing. 1883 visitors attended this event (124% of the history and significance of the Camp, above average visitor figures at the museum) and to encourage respectful treatment of (Orange et al. 2015). At the event, a number the site. of objects from the Whitehawk archive were Research into the early British Neolithic displayed to the public for the first time and has come a long way from the important RPM staff delivered several magic lantern early work undertaken by archaeologists shows (an early form of image projection) such as Curwen. Through community throughout the day, showing images of the archaeology engagement and the support 1930’s excavation. of the HLF, we look forward to present- An important part of the archive pro- ing the forthcoming articles and results of gramme was its reassessment by special- the assessment and shedding new light on ist staff from Archaeology South-East, UCL the complexity of Early British Neolithic (ASE). This was the first reassessment of the society. entire archive since the material had been deposited in the 1930s. The reassessment Acknowledgements established what remained of the original The Project was carried out with the sup- archive, brought its interpretation up to port of Brighton Cityparks Rangers, Brighton current standards and, with its repacking Racecourse and with permissions from and cataloguing, consolidated the archive Brighton and Hove City Council as land- and provided a baseline for its future study. owner, English Heritage (now Historic ASE specialists provided a series of seminars England) and Natural England. to disseminate initial findings of the reas- The Project team would like to thank all sessment process to the Project volunteers, of the Project volunteers for their time, com- and RPM hosted a public lecture in March mitment and enthusiasm. We also gratefully 2015. acknowledge the support of the HLF as well Looking to the future, a free download as the following people and organisations: technical report detailing the results of the Brighton and Hove & Lewes Biosphere Project; archive reassessment, geophysical survey Sussex School of Archaeology; Brighton and and excavation (Sygrave et al 2015) will be Hove Allotment Federation; Race Hill Orchard; available through the Project website (UCL Due East Neighbourhood Council; Craven Vale 2015) and the online Archaeological Data Community Association; Friends of Craven Service by the end of 2015.
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