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A Report on the Outcomes of the Whitehawk Community Archaeology Project, Including a Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design

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A Report on the Outcomes of the Whitehawk Community Archaeology Project, Including a Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design WHITEHAWK CAMP, MANOR HILL, BRIGHTON, EAST SUSSEX NGR: 532938 104787 (TQ 32938 04787) Scheduled Ancient Monument: 1010929 A REPORT ON THE OUTCOMES OF THE WHITEHAWK COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT, INCLUDING A POST-EXCAVATION ASSESSMENT AND UPDATED PROJECT DESIGN ASE Project No: P106 Site Code: WHC14 ASE Report No: 2015222 OASIS ID: By Jon Sygrave With contributions by Luke Barber, Trista Clifford, Anna Doherty, Hayley Forsyth, Karine Le Hégarat, Andy Maxted, Dawn Elise Mooney, Hilary Orange, Dr Paola Ponce, Don Richardson Illustrations by Justin Russell November 2016 Abstract This report presents the results of the Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project carried out by the Whitehawk Camp Partnership between April 2014 and July 2015. The work was generously funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. This report details the background to the project, the methodology by which it was undertaken, the results of the archaeological fieldwork, the reassessment of the archive material, the potential and significance of the archaeological results, presents a new research agenda for the site and outlines the scope of potential future projects. This report does not detail all the project outcomes and the reader is directed to Appendix 5: An Evaluation Report to the Heritage Lottery Fund on the Outcomes of the Whitehawk Camp Community Archaeology Project (Orange et al 2015) for a summary of the main results of the Project including how successful it was in engaging with target audiences, what changes to heritage, community and people the project has brought about, project legacy and future work. The 2014-5 excavations, targeted on anomalies identified in the preceding geophysical survey (ASE 2014b), encountered a small number of features and a large unstratified finds assemblage associated with allotment gardens, the dumping of refuse and activity probably related to Brighton Racecourse dating to the 19th- 21st centuries. A small assemblage of unstratified late medieval and early post-medieval pottery may relate to limited agricultural activity on the site during these periods. A small assemblage of highly abraded unstratified prehistoric flintwork was also recovered, although no features of a prehistoric date were encountered. The reassessment of the existing archive has allowed us to better quantify what remains from the original excavations and re-examine it to modern standards. This has provided a new 'baseline' for future research at the site and on the archive and allowed the creation of a research agenda to direct future potential projects. The report is written and structured so as to conform to the standards required of post- excavation analysis work as set out in Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE), Project Planning Notes 3 (PPN3): Archaeological Excavation (English Heritage 2008). Interim analysis of the stratigraphic, finds and environmental material has indicated a provisional chronology, and assessed the potential of the site archive to address the original research agenda, as well as assessing the significance of those findings. The research agenda and potential future project sections provide a guideline for future work but as further funding beyond the scope of this report is yet to be secured a detailed breakdown for further analysis work has not been produced at this time. © Centre of Applied Archaeology UCL i CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 3.0 METHODOLOGY 4.0 HLF APPROVED PURPOSES AND RESEARCH AIMS 5.0 RESULTS OF THE 2014-5 PROJECT 6.0 REASSESSMENT OF EXISTING ARCHIVE MATERIAL 7.0 POTENTIAL AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS 8.0 RESEARCH AGENDA 9.0 SCOPE OF POTENTIAL FUTURE PROJECTS BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appendix 1: List of organisations involved in the project Appendix 2: HER data Appendix 3: Context Register Appendix 4: Accessioned artefacts known to be missing or currently on loan to the Whitehawk Micro Museum from the archive held by RPM Appendix 5: Project evaluation report Appendix 6: Geophysical survey report © Centre of Applied Archaeology UCL ii FIGURES Front Cover: Excavation Area 1 looking west over the city of Brighton and Hove Fig. 1: Site location Fig. 2: Geological map Fig. 3: Location of 1928, 1933 and1935 excavations Fig. 4: First detailed survey of the site, by E. C. Curwen in 1928 (after Ross Williamson, 1930) Fig. 5: Plan and sections of the 1928 excavation areas (after Ross Williamson, 1930) Fig. 6: Location of 1932-3 excavation areas (after Curwen 1934) Fig. 7: Plans of the 1932-3 excavation (after Curwen 1934) Fig. 8: Sections of the 1932-3 excavation (after Curwen 1934) Fig. 9: Plan of the 1935 fourth ditch excavation (after Curwen 1936) Fig. 10: Plan of the 1935 excavations Fig. 11: Plan and sections of the 1935 excavation (after Curwen 1936) Fig. 12: Plan and sections of the 1935 excavation (after Curwen 1936) Fig. 13: Composite plan of monitored intrusive works from 1991-2014 Fig. 14: HER data map Fig. 15: OS 25 inch 1st edition, 1876 Fig. 16: OS 25 inch 2nd edition, 1898 Fig. 17: OS 25 inch, 3rd edition, 1911 Fig. 18: OS 25 inch, 4th edition, 1931 Fig. 19: OS 1:1250, 1953 Fig. 20: OS 1:2500, 1961 Fig. 21: OS 1:10,000 1980 Fig. 22: OS 1:10,000 1991 Fig. 23: Geophysics survey results and WHC 14 excavation locations Fig. 24: Location of site improvement works Fig. 25: Excavated versus remaining ditches Fig. 26: Collection of images from the volunteer works Fig. 27: WHC14 trench photographs Fig. 28: WHC14 trench photographs Fig 29: WHC14 trench photographs Fig 30: WHC14 trench photographs Fig 31: WHC14 trench photographs Fig 32: WHC14 trench photographs © Centre of Applied Archaeology UCL iii TABLES Table 1: Circumstances and Dates of work Table 2: Types of evaluation evidence collected Table 3: Community Outreach Project Results Table 4: Site archive quantification table Table 5: Finds from features excavated as part of WHC14 Table 6: The flintwork (* includes core preparation blade-like flakes) Table 7: Estimated excavated to unexcavated ditch area Table 8:Quantification of the surviving pottery archive from the 1929, 1933 and 1935 excavation seasons (including Plain/Decorated Bowl, Peterborough Ware, Beaker and LIA/early Roman pottery) Table 9: Summary of the relative frequency of sherds in spits from 1929 and 1933 seasons of excavation Table 10: Quantification of Plain/Decorated Bowl fabrics from all excavation seasons Table 11: Quantification of decoration by Minimum Vessel Number in the Plain/Decorated Bowl assemblage Table 12: Percentage of Plain/Decorated Bowl pottery found in each ditch circuit (quantified by sherd count, weight and Estimated Vessel Number) Table 13: Quantification of Beaker fabrics Table 14: Summary of the struck flint by year (* with some contextual information (type of feature with sometimes cut / spit or context) ** with no contextual information; *** flints with year different from 1929, 1933 and 1935) Table 15: Summary of the unworked burnt flint by year (*with some contextual information (type of feature with sometimes cut / spit or context) ** with no contextual information) Table 16: Discrepancy between the total of flints recovered during the first season and number present in current collection (* may include a few implements made from raw material other than flint) Table 17: Provenance of the pieces of struck flint and hammerstone in the current collection (information from the bags) Table 18: Summary of the struck flint by feature (* includes core preparation flakes) Table 19: The flint assemblage Table 20: Concordance of all available museum accession numbers, figure numbers and textual references for Registered Finds Table 21: Summary of combined stone assemblage in archives/listed in museum accession registers. Excludes material mentioned in published reports but apparently never accessioned. NB. A weight with + or ? means not all the stone listed in the archive was available for weighing. * indicates stone not seen. Table 22: Age categories Table 23: The total number of fragments, NISP (Number of Identifiable Specimens) count and percentage preservation based on the NISP. Table 24: NISP (Number of Identified Specimens) by Excavation Year. © Centre of Applied Archaeology UCL iv Table 25: MNI (Minimum Number of Individuals) count. Table 26: Number of Fragments by Element Table 27: Quantification of Botanical Remains Table 28: Quantification of Mollusca Table 29: Quantification of Residues © Centre of Applied Archaeology UCL v 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope of the Project 1.1.1 The Whitehawk Camp partnership, formed of the Centre for Applied Archaeology, University College London (CAA/UCL), Royal Pavilion & Museums (RPM) (part of Brighton & Hove City Council, BHCC) and Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society (BHAS), successfully applied to the Heritage Lottery Fund's (HLF) Our Heritage scheme and was awarded £99,300 to run a community archaeology project in Brighton focused on the Whitehawk Camp Scheduled Ancient Monument (Fig. 1). The project was carried out under the name, “The Whitehawk Community Archaeology Project”, hereafter referred to as ‘the project’. 1.1.2 Once informed a grant would be awarded, the partnership agreed the Terms of Reference under which it would operate and a formal contract was signed by signatories from each organization to ensure that the approved project aims would be carried out. 1.1.3 The project received permission to start from the HLF on 31st March 2014 and ran for c. 12 months finishing in April 2015. 1.2 Project Background 1.2.1 Since the early 1990s BHAS and UCL staff have worked at Whitehawk Camp and volunteered their time to raise awareness of its importance with the local community, government and business. This included commercial work monitoring impacts from development, free talks on the site, communication with Brighton Racecourse and the voluntary monitoring of the site for damage. Since 2008, tours of the site by CAA/UCL have formed a regular part of Brighton and Hove’s annual ‘Open Door’ heritage events. 1.2.2 In 2009 CAA/UCL staff applied to an internal UCL fund in order to undertake a partial topographic and impact survey of the site (ASE 2009).
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