Environmental Protection Services and Salvage Law: Emerging Issues in Perspective
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SERVICES AND SALVAGE LAW: EMERGING ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE
by
HUIRU LIU
Huiru Liu
WMU PUBLICATIONS MMXX WMU RESEARCH REPORT SERIES 14 No. 14, October 2020
WMU RESEARCH REPORT SERIES
No. 14, October 2020
SERIES EDITORS: Maximo Q. Mejia, Jr. Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs
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3
WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SERVICES AND SALVAGE LAW: EMERGING ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE
Huiru Liu People’s Republic of China
A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maritime Affairs
WMU RESEARCH REPORT SERIES No. 14, October 2020
WMU Publications
Copyright © Huiru Liu
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view or policy of his/her/their employer(s), organization(s), WMU Publications, or the World Maritime University. WMU Publications and the Series Editors, while exercising the greatest care in this publication, do not hold themselves responsible for the consequences arising from any inaccuracies therein.
All rights reserved. Except for quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced without full attribution to the author(s) or the prior written permission of the Publisher.
Cover photo: World Maritime University by ©Maximo Q. Mejia Jr.
ISBN: 978-91-985700-2-1
DOI: 10.1555/phd20191010b
Published in Sweden in 2020 by
WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY WMU PUBLICATIONS PO Box 500 201 24 Malmö, Sweden
Suggested Citation: Liu H (2020). Environmental Protection Services and Salvage Law: Emerging Issues in Perspective. WMU Publications: Malmö, Sweden.
6
Part I – Preliminaries ...... Part II - Salvage and Ship-Source Pollution ...... Sui Generis
Quantum Meruit
Part III - Salvors' Remuneration for Provision of Environmental Protection Services ...... Nagasaki Spirit Travaux Preparatoires
Part IV - Salvors' Liability and Immunity ...... Tojo Maru Tojo Maru
Part V - Conclusion ......
Torrey Canyon Amoco Cadiz Exxon Valdez Haven Nagasaki Spirit Aegean Sea Braer Sea Empress Erika Prestige Mont Louis Grandcamp Ariadne. res Kurdistan, Atlantic Empress Prestige.
res
Ocean Blessing Nagasaki Spirit Ocean Blessing Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit Pacific Diamond. The Nagasaki Spirit1 Semco Salvage & Marine Pte Ltd Lancer Navigation Co. Ltd.,
The Nagasaki Spirit
status quo Torrey Canyon espondentia de lege lata Manu Sanghita Samhita Maritime Transport: The Evolution of International Marine Policy and Shipping Law Historical View of the Law of Maritime Commerce
de lege ferenda
status quo
Torrey Canyon
inter alia The Whippingham4 The Gregerso res Christos Bitas Atlantic Empress Amoco Cadiz The Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit
Tojo Maru
lex injustia non est lex, . nemo debet esse judex in propria causa ubi jus ibi remedium . nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea etc. bona fide i.e pacta sunt servanda
quantum meruit lex maritima sui generis The Tojo Maru negotiorum gestio res Maritime Law
locus standi parens patriae
para droit de lege lata
de lege ferenda
lex mercatoria lex maritima
travaux preparatoires para droit
Tojo Maru Nagasaki Spirit Brice on Maritime Law of Salvage9 Kennedy & Rose Law of Salvage Brice on Maritime Law of Salvage Kennedy & Rose Law of Salvage
lex maritima Torrey Canyon de lege ferenda
The Nagasaki Spirit
Sui Generis
Shipping Law Hartford Jones, ibid et al Maritime Law
prima facie sui generis
Five Steel Barges The Teh Hu.18 The Beaverford The Kafiristan Maritime Law Five Steel Barges
The Juliana21
Ibid.
strictu sensu
Ibid Ibid Chorley & Giles’ Shipping Law
Falcke Scottish Imperial Co
Roles d’Oleron Admiralty Commissioners Valverda (Owners)32 The Calypso,35
J. Mar L & Com Maritime Legislation The Calypso
negotiorum gestio. The Calypso
derelinquentis animo. lucrandi animo Ibid De Negotitis Gestis Falcke Scottish Imperial Insurance Mason The Blaireau Roscoe's Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice Maritime Legislation Historical View of the Law of Maritime Commerce,
Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law lex maritima
Roles d' Oleron Cornu Blackstone47 Falcke Scottish Imperial Insurance Co
Ibid Ibid.
The Tojo Maru56
Ibid Shipping Law ibid J. Mar L & Com Maritime Law
The Lord Dufferin,
Quantum Meruit quantum meruit au gratis, i.e., meruit The Tojo Maru quantum meruit Degelman Guaranty Trust,
quantum meruit quantum meruit Sir William Beckford quantum meruit
Ibid Tulane Maritime Law Journal
droits in rem
The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice since 1800 Maritime Legislation ibid Maritime Legislation
i.e Nicholas Chapman72
Falcke Scottish Imperial Co
The Holder Borden The Henry Newbank 76
pro opera et labore
The Glengyle,77
Places of Refuge for Ships,
The Makedonia
The Glengyle
United Salvage Pty Ltd Louis Dreyfus Armateurs Snc
simpliciter Tojo Maru The Nagasaki Spirit
lex maritima
et al., Maritime Law Maritime Law
The Charlotte
The Mount Cynthos89
The National Defender The North Goodwin No. 1692
The Phantom The National Defender,
Maritime Law
The Neptune
Official Duty
The San Demetrio100
The Gorliz
Akerblom Price, Potter, Walker & Co
The Lomonosoff Lomonosoff e.g., The Eileen Siochu The Notre Dame De Forviere The Luigi Accame The Bengloe The Hudson Light The Helenus and Montagu In Jackson Costa Lines
Total and Partial Success The Melanie (Owners) The San Onofre (Owners),
The Tojo Maru108 Manchester Liners Ltd M.V. Scotia Trader Manchester Liners
Maritime Law
The Killeena Nova Beatrice Killeena Beatrice Killeena Leipzig Killeena Nova Killeena.
Ultimate Preservation of the Res res res Melanie (Owners) . San Onofre (Owners) Places of Refuge for Ships, Ibid
res
Useful Result
No Cure No Pay sui generis
UNTS The Hestia
res Constable Gramble Sir Henry Constable's case
wrecuum maris wrecuum maris illa bona quoe naifragio ad terrum appeluntur flotsam jetsam
N.V. Bureau Wijsmuller “Tojo Maru” (owners) Tojo Maru Maritime Law Maritime Liens, Gas Float Whitton No. 2, ibid et al
Lagan (vel potius ligan) dicitur lig. a ligando
Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice ibid The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice Since 1800
Gas Float Whitton No.2 Gas Float Whitton No.2
The Gas Float Whitton No. 2
The Aid133 per se The Renpor137 The Fusilia138 The Bosworth139 The Fusilia
Journal of International Maritime Law Ibid.
n rem res, The Zephyrus
The Fusilia UNTS
Maritime Law The Goulandris
sui generis
Nanhai Rescue Bureau of the Ministry of Transport of PRC (Appellants) Archangelos Investments E.N.E. (Respondents) (The Archangelos Gabriel JIML
Deepwater Horizon Farthing on International Shipping
responsabilite responsabilite Contemporary Issues in Marine and Maritime Affairs State Responsibility and the Marine Environment: The Rules of Decision Ibid
prima facie restitutio in integrum
Ibid The Law of Damages Law of Obligations and Remedies
ex-delicto prima facie
Oil Pollution at Sea: Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage
i.e., Southport Corporation Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.170 culpa Rylands Fletcher Farthing on International Shipping Proceedings: International Research Symposium on Labour Developments in the Fishing Industry Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort State Responsibility and the Marine Environment: The Rules of Decision
Trail Smelter Arbitration United States Canada First Restatement of Torts Canadian Tort Law Canadian Tort Law First Restatement of Torts Canadian Tort Law Farthing on International Shipping Oil Pollution at Sea: Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage
force majeure vis a vis
International Law & the Environment
Southport Corporation Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd.184 per se Entick Carrington Maritime Law
The Wagon Mound189 Southport Corporation Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd Donaghue Stevenson Canadian Tort Law Handbook of the Law of Torts Canadian Tort Law Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort Farthing on International Shipping
The Wagon Mound Southport The Wagon Mound I and II
Torrey Canyon
Maritime Legislation Torrey Canyon JMLC
ILM UNTS Farthing on International Shipping
i.e
The Admiral
Selected Issues in Maritime Law and Policy, ILM
UNTS ILM I.L.M. Oil Pollution at Sea: Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage
Exxon Valdez Farthing on International Shipping Ibid
restitutio in integrum
Landcatch Ltd International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds Shipping and the Environment Law and Practice Marine Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the U.S
vis a vis Patmos
preventive measures
Rio Orinoco Agip Abruzzo
Oil Pollution at Sea: Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage inter alia
The Wagon Mound I, etc
Hedley Byrne and Co. Ltd. Heller & Partners Ltd.222 Ultramares Corporation Touche
et al The Regulation of International Shipping: International and Comparative Perspectives, Essays in Honor of Edgar Gold Maritime Law Marine Policy
Consequential Loss Marine Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the U.S Ibid Landcatch Ltd International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds
Pure Economic Loss prima facie Spartan Steel and Alloys Limited Martin & Co. (Contractors) Ltd .
Relational or Secondary Losses
Landcatch Ltd Braer Corporation and Others Landcatch Ltd International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds,
P&O Ferries Braer Corporation and Another233 Skerries Salmon Ltd. Braer Corporation234 Braer Sea Empress
R.J. Tilbury & Sons Algrete Shipping Company,
locus standi locus standi parens patriae Zoe Colocotroni locus standi vis a vis parens patriae
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Zoe Colocotroni Marine Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the U.S
Torrey Canyon
prima facie
Foreword Places of Refuge for Ships International Law – A Treatise ibid CMI Yearbook Places of Refuge Places of Refuge for Ships Lloyd’s List
Christos Bitas Prestige, Erika Castor Khark 5 Castor Torrey Canyon Kurdistan
Places of Refuge for Ships,
res res
Modern Maritime Law Managing Risks and Liabilities J.M.L.C. LMCLQ
pro rata in rem
United Salvage Pty Ltd Louis Dreyfus Armateurs SNC, The Zephyrus The Fusilia The Cargo ex Schiller
pro rata United Salvage Pty Limited Louis Dreyfus Armateurs SNC260,
Journal of International Maritime Law The Cargo ex Schiller
The Queen Elizabeth261
prima facie The Oceanic Grandeur The Amerique The Blenden Hall
The Bosworth (No.3) The Renpor
et al Maritime Law The Emblem et al Maritime Law
The Whippingham275
The Gregerso
The Merannio The Tsiropinas The Glaucus The Queen Elizabeth The Troilus The Cythera The Sandefjord Ibid
Trico Marine Operators Inc. Dow Chemical Co.
res Amoco Cadiz ibid
Travaux Preparatoires CMI Yearbook
ipso facto Allseas Maritime S.A. M/V Mimosa
LMCLQ The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage, 1989
Trico Marine Allseas Maritime S.A. M/V Mimosa
Ibid. Trico Marine Operators, Inc . Dow Chemical Co
per se res
Ibid
Tulane Maritime Law Journal
inter alia
U.N.T.S
Nagasaki Spirit
Ibid The Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit
The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage, 1989
ejusdem generis The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage, 1989 The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage, 1989 Tulane Mar L. J. Maritime Legislation
Torrey Canyon
U.N.T.S
The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage 1989 supra
Trico Marine Operators, Inc . Dow Chemical Co
Travaux Preparatoires supra Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Travaux Preparatoires
Nagasaki Spirit
Paragraph 1 - Basic Entitlement
The Nagasaki Spirit The Yinka Folawiyo,
pro rata
Paragraph 2 – Discretionary Uplift
Nagasaki Spirit
Paragraph 3- Salvor’s Expenses
Nagasaki Spirit
Paragraph 4 – Special Compensation Assessed and Special Compensation Payable
The Nagasaki Spirit
Ibid
not
ABT Sumner Ibid
i.e
Torrey Canyon Amoco Cadiz
Nagasaki Spirit
Brice on Maritime Law of Salvage
The Nagasaki Spirit
Tulane Maritime Law Journal I.C.L.Q The Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention on Salvage, 1989 Semco Salvage & Marine Pte Ltd Lancer Navigation Co. Ltd The Nagasaki Spirit United Salvage Pty Ltd. Louis Dreyfuss Armateurs SNC
Semco Salvage & Marine Pte Ltd Lancer Navigation Co. Ltd Brice on Maritime Law of Salvage L.M.C.L.Q The Nagasaki Spirit
Nagasaki Spirit en route Ocean Blessing Nagasaki Spirit Ocean Blessing Nagasaki Spirit Pacific Diamond. Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit,
The Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid Ibid Ibid
reasonably
The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid. Ibid Ibid
Ibid The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid. Ibid
ratio decidendi status quo The Nagasaki Spirit
Tulane Law Review, Ibid
The Nagasaki Spirit, Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit
inter alia The Nagasaki Spirit La fin de l’affaire du ‘Nagasaki Spirit’: une esperance decue Le Droit Maritime Francois. Nagasaki Spirit Tulane Maritime Law Review
The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid Maritime Legislation Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes Craies on Statute Law, Legislative Drafting Regina Fox Kooman Ellerman Lines Ltd. Murray Maritime Legislation Ibid UNTS
The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid
travaux preparatoires The Morviken The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid. Tulane Mar. L.J. The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit
Nagasaki Spirit
Travaux Preparatoires travaux preparatoires inter alia Nagasaki Spirit travaux preparatoires travaux preparatoires travaux preparatoires travaux The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit Fothergill Monarch Airlines Ltd The Nagasaki Spirit
preparatoires travaux preparatoires travaux preparatoires travaux preparatoires travaux preparatoires
inter alia inter alia
The Nagasaki Spirit Maritime Legislation
the Nagasaki Spirit. travaux préparatoires
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties The Law of Treaties The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid,
travaux preparatoires
The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid
The Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit Tulane Maritime Law Review The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid
Nagasaki Spirit
ratio decidendi
The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit Tulane Law Review, The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid
Nagasaki Spirit inter alia travaux preparatoires Nagasaki Spirit travaux Fothergill Monarch Airlines Ltd travaux preparatoires Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit The Nagasaki Spirit , Maritime Legislation,
Nagasaki Spirit Nagasaki Spirit
Modern Admiralty Law: With Risk Management Aspects Modern Admiralty Law L.M.C.L.Q
Ibid Ibid Tulane Maritime Law Journal, , L.M.C.L.Q
Brice on Maritime Law of Salvage
Nagasaki Spirit L.M.C.L.Q. Tulane Maritime Law Journal,
, L.M.C.L.Q P&I International
Tulane Maritime Law Review CMI Yearbook
Tulane Maritime Law Review Tulane Maritime Law Review
i.e., Tulane Maritime Law Review Tulane Maritime Law Review
Ibid
The Quarterly Newsletter of ISU
Tariff Rates pro rata pro rata
Tulane Maritime Law Review
Nagasaki Spirit
Out of Pocket Expenses The Tasman Spirit
P&I International Serving the Rule of International Maritime Law
Tulane Maritime Law Review, The Quarterly Newsletter of ISU
Tulane Maritime Law Review
Discount
Tulane Maritime Law Review
Termination by the Shipowner
Tulane Maritime Law Review, supra
Tulane Maritime Law Review
Special Casualty Representative (SCR)
The Quarterly Newsletter of ISU
Tulane Maritime Law Review
Special Representatives
i.e.,
pros cons
CMI Yearbook
sui generis
Journal of International Maritime Law Ibid
Current Problems in International Maritime Law, Liber Amicorum in Loving Memory of Prof. Dr. A.N Yiannopoulos
The Nagasaki Spirit.
raison d’etre status quo Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Revised Article 13
CMI Yearbook
13.2 and 13.3 remain unchanged
Revised Article 14
Tulane Maritime Law Journal
CMI Yearbook, Ibid CMI Yearbook, Ibid
pro rata
Ibid Ibid Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Ibid. Ibid Ibid
The Lord Dufferin,546 The Nagasaki Spirit
supra Canadian Maritime Law, Introductory Materials The Nagasaki Spirit Tulane Maritime Law Journal
The Nagasaki Spirit Ibid, Current Problems in International Maritime Law, Liber Amicorum in Loving Memory of Prof. Dr. A.N Yiannopoulos
Gas Float Whitton No. 2.555 per se
,
stricto sensu Journal of International Maritime Law Journal of International Maritime Law
L.M.C.L.Q Journal of International Maritime Law
Portfield per se.
status quo status quo
Kennedy & Rose: Law of Salvage
Marine Insurance: Law and Practice LMCLQ
status quo
i.e.,
Marina Offshore Pte Ltd China Insurance Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd The Marina Iris , Law of Marine Insurance Marine Insurance Law and Policy
P & I Clubs Law and Practice
Aitchison
Ibid Ibid P & I Clubs Law and Practice
Lohre.580 Kidston Empire Marine Insurance Co. Ltd.582
Aitchison Lohre quantum meruit ratio decidendi i.e, Marine Insurance The International Journal of Shipping Law, Part 1 Ibid Ibid
quantum meruit Texas Arnould’s Law of Marine Insurance and Average Kidston Empire Marine Insurance Co. Ltd.,591 ibid Arnould’s Arnould’s Arnould’s .
Dent Smith593 Aitchison Lohre
Aitchison Lohre Aitchison Lohre, Aitchison Lohre Annotated Marine Insurance Legislation
Aitchison Lohre
inter alia Ballantyne . Mackinnon
i.e
the principles of the maritime law of salvage
Aitchison Lohre Ibid Lowndes, R. & Rudolf G.R., The Law of General Average and the York-Antwerp Rules
inter alia Aitchison Lohre
, Law of Marine Insurance
stricto sensu
Ibid Ibid
Renos Renos
Ibid Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans Forening (The Swedish Club) Connect Shipping Inc (MV Renos) The Renos Journal of International Maritime Law
etc CMI Yearbook
CMI Yearbook
status quo
Ibid Ibid
i.e., CMI Yearbook CMI Yearbook Journal of International Maritime Law Ibid.
inter alia status quo
Ibid Ibid CMI Yearbook Journal of International Maritime Law
status quo
LMCLQ
status quo
Tojo Maru
Donaghue Stevenson
The Tojo Maru
Rhodian Sea Laws Maritime Studies Management
The W.G. Putnam The Charlotte634 The Maritime Lawyer The Clifton The Holder Borden
The Neptune The Cape Packet,
Modern Maritime Law The Maritime Lawyer
i.e. simpliciter crassa negligentia
Maritime Studies Management Ibid. The Tojo Maru The Cape Packet Shipping, Law and the Marine Environment in the 21st Century: Emerging Challenges for the Law of the Sea - Legal
Sheffield District Railway Co. Great Central Railway Co.,647 I.B.M. United Kingdom Ltd. Rockwell Class Ltd.649 Overseas Buyers Ltd Granadex SA,651 Implications and Liabilities JIML The Maritime Lawyer Ibid Modern Maritime Law Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities
Tulane Law Review The Tojo Maru The Atlas The Thetis The C.S. Butler The Tojo Maru
Donoghue Stevenson Donaghue The Delphinula661 Donoghue The Wagon Mound
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd Heller & Partners Ltd Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. The Miller Steamship Co.
The Henry Steers
The Alenquer; The Rene667
The Tojo Maru,669 The Maritime Lawyer The Leon Blum Ibid
The Atlas
Ibid. LMCLQ
crassa negligentia, The Zeta677
The Thetis The Magdalen The Cape Packet The Perla The Ida The Robert Pow
Tojo Maru
The Cargo ex Capella The Beaverhood The Kafiristan
The Maritime Lawyer
The Dwina,688 Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd. and Another The Admiralty The Delphinula
The C.S. Butler; The Baltic The Yan Yean The Dwina, The Lowmoor The Queenforth
Delphinula The Dwina691 Donoghue Stevenson
Delphinula
The Delphinula The Professional Salvor’s Liability in the Law of Negligence and the Doctrine of Affirmative Damages
The C.S. Butler The Baltic crassa negligentia The Delphinula The Dwina The Tojo Maru700 ratio decidendi Tojo Maru
The Maritime Lawyer Ibid The Delphinula The Professional Salvor’s Liability in the Law of Negligence and the Doctrine of Affirmative Damages Ibid,
Tojo Maru Maritime Studies Management LMCLQ
Tojo Maru Tojo Maru Delphinula Tojo Maru Tojo Maru The Delphinula ILM The Maritime Lawyer Tojo Maru
vis a vis
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Solic. J
Tojo Maru Tojo Maru
Southampton on Shipping Law Tulane Maritime L.J nt’l & Comp. L. Q Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Tojo Maru
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities
Erika Prestig Tasman Spirit quid pro quo
Washington Law Review
Marine News Ibid.
force majeure
supra note supra note
simpliciter Tug Ocean Prince, Inc. United States Conway O’Brien Becker Tidewater Inc
Ibid Pikelis Transcontinental & Western Air Berner British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines Ltd. Wing Haug Bank Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd. Conway O'Brien Houston Exploration Co Halliburton Energy Servs., Inc
stricto sensu
Marine Transportation Marine Transportation
International Law Regimes
U.N.T.S I.L.M Places of Refuge for Ships – Emerging Environmental Concerns of a Maritime Custom,
I.L.M Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities Limitation of
Liability in International Maritime Conventions: The relationship Between Global Limitation Conventions and Particular Liability Regimes Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities ibid
stricto sensu
simpliciter
Journal of International Maritime Law
National Law Regimes
CMI Yearbook Places of Refuge for Ships – Emerging Environmental Concerns of a Maritime Custom,
CMI Yearbook
supra note supra note Marine Transportation supra note
Deepwater Horizon Macondo Deepwater Horizon Amoco Cadiz Texas Journal of Oil, Gas and Energy Law . In re Oil Spill by the Oil Rig “Deepwater Horizon” in the Gulf of Mexico aff’d sub nom. In re Deepwater Horizon, Deepwater Horizon Deepwater Horizon Texas Journal of Oil, Gas and Energy Law Amoco Transport Co. Bugsier Reederei and Bergungs, A.G
Ibid. News & Events
International Law and National Law Contrasted
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities CMI Yearbook
Tojo Maru Tojo Maru simpliciter CMI Yearbook 2003 CMI Yearbook
Deepwater Horizon stricto sensu
Liability regimes in contemporary maritime law. News & Events Deepwater Horizon supra note
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities The Maritime Executive supra note Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah: Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes”, U.N.T.S
mens rea actus reus actus reus mens rea mens rea culpae poenae par esto
Farthing on International Shipping A Textbook of Criminal Law, Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah: Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes CMI Yearbook R. City of Sault Saint Marie Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah: Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes”,
Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah: Law of the Sea,
inter alia Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes”, U.N.T.S Maritime Legislation,
Sea Empress
supra note Ibid. Liability Regimes in Contemporary Maritime Law
Tasman Spirit
The New Oxford Dictionary of English Textbook of Criminal Law Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah: Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes”, CMI Yearbook The Swedish Club Letter Liability Regimes in Contemporary Maritime Law
Tasman Spirit Prestige Liability Regimes in Contemporary Maritime Law
simpliciter Liability Regimes in Contemporary Maritime Law. Ibid
mens rea a fortiori Macondo Amoco Cadiz
UNTS ILM
status quo
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities
sui generis sui generis. Southport Corporation Esso Petroleum831 The Wagon Mound I and II Torrey Canyon
locus standi
Landcatch Ltd Braer Corporation and Others Landcatch Ltd. International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds P&O Ferries Braer Corporation and Another Rio Orinoco Agip Abruzzo
Torrey Canyon The Nagasaki Spirt Nagasaki Spirit
The Nagasaki Spirit Kennedy & Rose on the Maritime Law of Salvage,
Tojo Maru simpliciter The Tojo Maru
pro rata
Rio Orinoco
Amoco Cadiz
stricto sensu
simpliciter
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities
Pollution at Sea: Law and Liability
UK cases
Other Cases
Books
Articles
List of Conventions
List of Legislation
Others
in rem
Titles in the
WMU RESEARCH REPORT SERIES
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