How to Write a Patriotic History of the Rebellion of 1857? Rajanikanta Gupta's 'Sipahi Juddher Itihas' and Multiple Faces

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

How to Write a Patriotic History of the Rebellion of 1857? Rajanikanta Gupta's 'Sipahi Juddher Itihas' and Multiple Faces 1 How to Write a Patriotic History of the Rebellion of 1857? Rajanikanta Gupta’s ‘Sipahi Juddher Itihas’ and Multiple Faces of Loyalty, Anxiety and Dissatisfaction Ramendrasundar Trivedi (1864 – 1919), one of the great essayists and literary figures in the early decades of the 20 th century Bengal, once mused over his reading experiences in early school days. At the age of eight or nine, as a student of middle Anglo-vernacular school, he came across, in a magazine called ‘Bandhab ’, an article, which stated that quite a few history text books happened to be full of lies and misinformations. A number of books on the histories of Bengal and India, mostly written by eminent English scholars, belonged to this category. He clearly remembered his reaction even after thirty years. “I considered it totally unbelievable that there may be mistakes in the history writings of any English scholar. I was unaware of this side of the human character that great scholars would have written baseless stories, due to their partisanship . Moreover, it appeared to me absolutely ridiculous that the history books which I had to cram in order to avoid the slaps of my teacher contained mistakes” 1. That very article had announced that Rajanikanta Gupta 2 (1849-1900), then an unknown person, had taken up a project to write a comprehensive history of the Sepoy War in India; it would be written in vernacular and it would rectify many misconceptions currently nurtured and propagated by the English historians. Ramendrasundar, being an avid reader since his school days, was eagerly waiting for the forthcoming book for days and finally managed to devour the 1 Ramendrasundar Trivedi’s obituary on Rajanikanta Gupta in Sahitya, 11yr, Jaishtha, 1307 B.S. /1900, published as introduction to Sipahi Juddher Itihas (History of the Sepoy War), 4 th ed. (Calcutta: the Sanskrit Press Depository, 1910). I have used this edition, unless otherwise mentioned, abbreviated as SI. These are actually two volume editions, containing five parts. With the initiative of Rajanikanta’s son Mohinikanta, Manindrachandra Nandi of Kasimbazar had borne out the cost of the publication of this two volume standard edition. Ramendrasundar’s speech delivered in a memorial meeting at Sahitya Parishad and published in its magazine (1307B.S.) has also been republished in the volume. 2 Henceforth RK 2 multiple volumes, coming out of the press over the years, one by one, running up to 1540 pages. Eventually he was entrusted to write an introduction to a royal edition, published posthumously. Similar excitement and astonishment of a young reader that he experienced as a young reader pervaded the whole introduction written by him—the secretary of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad—the premier literary society of Bengal. This wonder arose from certain literary practices and historical perceptions entertained by RK as well as from the life history of the historian himself. A. The Man and his milieu Ramendrasundar has underlined a particular social position of RK; he was a professional writer and did nothing else for his livelihood - even rejecting the family profession of a traditional medicine practitioner. He was a member of a poor family and due to congenital deafness, he could not even acquire a degree. His knowledge over English was also initially poor. Nevertheless, he had unusual confidence in himself for taking up the career of a professional writer. Ramendrasundar has specifically mentioned this personal choice as unique and called him ‘Daridra Bangali Granthajibi Grihastha ’ (a poor Bengali familyman who lives by writing books’) 3. His life, as if, was wholly dedicated to the service of vernacular literature like ‘a devoted son’ of ‘a poor Bengali mother’. That was his only vow (brata ). A life dedicated to the service of vernacular literature did not mean that RK was either unpractical or insensitive to the business environment of the then literary world of 3 Introduction, SI, Vol.1, 14. The details about the life and works of RK are available in Brajendranath Bandyopadhyay ed. 6/17 Sahitya Sadhak Charitmala, (Calcutta: Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 1388 B.S.), and Kiranshankar Roy and Jyotsna Singha ed. Rajanikanta Gupta: Vyaktitya O Manisha , (Calcutta: Lekhak Samabay Samiti, 1976). 3 Bengal. Being an occasional writer in the ‘Education Gazette’, one of the premier Bengali magazine edited by eminent educationist Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay (1827-1894), he also became a regular contributor to the leading popular newsmagazine ‘Bangabasi’ edited and owned by Jogendra Chandra Basu (1854-1905). This magazine ran like a regular business concern and had been identified with the politics of neo-Hinduism. RK’s serialised articles on ancient ‘Hindu’ civilisation had been published as ‘Arya-Kirtti ’ (1883-1885) by this organisation and run into several editions. He had been generally considered by the historians as a member of this neo-Hinduite group and a close associate of the ‘Bangabasi’. That was his brand identity correct or incorrectly, in the discussion on literary history of Bengal 4. Yet, RK, as a professional writer, cut across the warring groups in late 19 th century world of Bengali literature. He had used the term ‘Aryans’ more as a cultural category, including all the inhabitants of India. His non-Aryans (Anarjyas ) or tribals had played sometimes more glorious roles in defending the homelands; in fact, they fought back the ‘Aryan’ invaders with great courage. They as the Bhils or the Mawalis were principal followers of Pratap Singha and Shivaji. In a long discourse on the history of successive invasions of India, he had shown interplay between words ‘Aryans’ and the ‘non- Aryans’, the Mughals and the Muslims, the Bengalis and the Rajputs as cultural communities, illustrating that everybody belonged to a territory defined by a common 4 Haradhan Dutta, ‘Rajanikanta and Bangabasi’, in Kiranshankar Roy, ibid, 56 – 66. For a discussion on the historian as a group member as well as his attitude to social reform, see, For a standard account of the Bangabasi Group, Amiya etc. For a discussion on the historian as a group member as well as his attitude to social reform, see, Shyamali Sur etc., Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 2002, 82-102. Amiya P. Sen, Hindu Revivalism in Bengal, (New Delhi, Oxford University Press), 236-254. 4 culture, even if, the sense of a common political territory called ‘Bharatbarsha’ 5 is of a comparatively later phenomenon. He has repeatedly argued that the Mughal period and the Nawabi period under Siraj-ud-daullah had witnessed the domination of the Hindus everywhere; pre-British raj was, in fact, a ‘Bengali raj’, and Sanskrit language and literature in Bengal had flourished under the Mughal patronage to a great extent. In fact, he devoted a section on the development of Sanskrit studies in medieval Bengal under the Sultanate and the Mughals in one of his textbooks, a unique subject-item in those days. In the same text he has specifically mentioned kind and chivalrous treatment of Ghyasuddin Tughlaq to Debal Rani, the unfortunate Rajput woman. Even in his Arya-Kirtti , hitherto considered as his most popular text written in the support of the ideals of neo-Hinduism for his scathing comments on the seventeenth century Indian ruler as Muslims and Yavans , he was eloquent on the architecture of the Mughals as great memorials to the past glory of the bygone days of his country. The slippages and overlappings of these racial, cultural and linguistic terms in terminological specific historical context had always created an instability of a definition in his prose. The publication details would also show that RK adroitly maintained an adjustable position and never identified himself completely with any particular group, either so called conservative ‘Hindus’ or so called progressive ‘Brahmas’. One of his earlier collections of articles in the memory of Mary Carpentar had been sponsored by the well- known reformist lawyer Manomohan Ghosh (1844 – 1896) who had nothing to do with 5 For his account of successive invasions in India, see, his Bharat Prasanga, (Calcutta: Bengal Medical Library, 1887), 48 – 49. For the glorious role of non-Aryans as a race in the stories of defence of homeland, see ‘Bharater Anarjya Jati’ in Prabandha Manjari, Calcutta, 1894. For an account of development of Sanskrit Studies in medieval India Bharater Itihas, (Calcutta: Sanskrit Depository Press, 1899), 82 – 83. ‘Rajbhaktir Eksesh’ (Amar Singha) Arya Kirtti (1924), 156-157. For a recent account of the ambiguous use of term by Rajanikanta, see Swarupa Gupta, 1857 and Ideas about Nationhood in Bengal , Economic and Political Weekly, May 12, 2007, 1760 – 1767. 5 ‘Bangabasi’ group. RK was also commissioned to write a short biography of Mary Carpentar by the Brahma Samaj. In last decade of the 19 th century, his close association with Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, as the first editor of its institutional journal, had underlined the acceptance of his status as a writer within a wider circle of Bengali literary elites whose members were Benoykrishna Deb (1866 – 1912) and Rabindranath Thakur (1861- 1941). His numerous books, numbering up to twenty, had run into several editions as late as 1920s and had been prescribed as text and rapid readers for schools all over Bengal, probably for his contacts with Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay and Rajendralal Mitra (1822-1891). These had been published and distributed by well-known publishers such as Bengal Medical Library of Gurudas Chattopadhyay (1837-1918) and Sanskrit Depository Press established and formerly owned by Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891) himself. In his later days he was quite well off and built up a library of his own for his magnum opus ‘Sipahi Juddher Itihas’. His association with Surendranath Bandyopadhyay (1848 – 1925), the nationalist leader, was also quite well known. Hence, a poor and physically handicapped vaidya boy, hailing from a rural area, RK ultimately got recognition in the literary world of urban Calcutta and was moderately successful in his career in financial terms.
Recommended publications
  • Page 1 of 17 List of Literary Associations Recognized by Sahitya
    List of Literary Associations recognized by Sahitya Akademi (Updated on 10 May 2021) ASSAMESE 1) The General Secretary Asam Sahitya Sabha Chandrakanta Handique Bhavan, Jorhat 785 001 Assam 2) The President Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samity Sahid Chariali, Padum Pukhuripar, Tezpur – 784 001, Assam BENGALI 1) The Secretary Rabindra Bharati Society 5, Dwarakanath Tagore Lane Kolkata-700 007 Bengal 2) The Secretary Bangiya Sahitya Parishad 243/1, Acharya Parafullachandra Road Kolkata-700 006 Bengal BODO 1) The General Secretary Bodo Sahitya Sabha R.N. Brahma Hall Kokrajhar BATD-783 370 Assam 2) The President Bodo Writers’ Academy H.O. & P.O. Kajalgaon Dist. Chirang : Bodoland Assam-783385 Page 1 of 17 DOGRI 1) The General Secretary Dogri Sanstha (Regd.) Dogri Bhawan Karan Nagar Jammu Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 2) The Secretary Kavi Dattu Sahitya Sansthan (Vill. & P.O. Bhadoo, Tehsil: Bilawar Dist: Kathua, Jammu Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 3) The General Secretary Dogri Sahitya Sabha, Marh P.O. Halqa Dist: Jammu – 181206 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 4) The General Secretary Duggar Manch 124, Dogra Hall Jammu-180 001 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 5) The General Secretary Nami Dogri Sanstha 22-D, Lane No. 1 Tavi Vihar Sidra, Jammu-181 019 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir ENGLISH-No Literary Association GUJARATI 1) The Secretary Gujarati Sahitya Parishad Govardhan Bhavan, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad Marg, River Front, Ashram Road, P.B. No.4060, Ahmedabad-380 009 Page 2 of 17 2) The Secretary Gujarat Vidya Sabha H.K. Arts College Ashram Road Near Times of India Ahmedabad-380 009 3) The Secretary Gujarat Sahitya Sabha Room No.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Banerjee Ankita 145189
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Santiniketan ashram as Rabindranath Tagore’s politics Banerjee, Ankita Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 THE SANTINIKETAN ashram As Rabindranath Tagore’s PoliTics Ankita Banerjee King’s College London 2020 This thesis is submitted to King’s College London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy List of Illustrations Table 1: No of Essays written per year between 1892 and 1936.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syllable Structure of Bangla in Optimality Theory and Its Application to the Analysis of Verbal Inflectional Paradigms in Distributed Morphology
    The syllable structure of Bangla in Optimality Theory and its application to the analysis of verbal inflectional paradigms in Distributed Morphology von Somdev Kar Philosophische Dissertation angenommen von der Neuphilologischen Fakultät der Universität Tübingen am 09. Januar 2009 Tübingen 2009 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Neuphilologischen Fakultät der Universität Tübingen Hauptberichterstatter : Prof. Hubert Truckenbrodt, Ph.D. Mitberichterstatter : PD Dr. Ingo Hertrich Dekan : Prof. Dr. Joachim Knape ii To my parents... iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I owe a great debt of gratitude to Prof. Hubert Truckenbrodt who was extremely kind to agree to be my research adviser and to help me to formulate this work. His invaluable guidance, suggestions, feedbacks and above all his robust optimism steered me to come up with this study. Prof. Probal Dasgupta (ISI) and Prof. Gautam Sengupta (HCU) provided insightful comments that have given me a different perspective to various linguistic issues of Bangla. I thank them for their valuable time and kind help to me. I thank Prof. Sengupta, Dr. Niladri Sekhar Dash and CIIL, Mysore for their help, cooperation and support to access the Bangla corpus I used in this work. In this connection I thank Armin Buch (Tübingen) who worked on the extraction of data from the raw files of the corpus used in this study. And, I wish to thank Ronny Medda, who read a draft of this work with much patience and gave me valuable feedbacks. Many people have helped in different ways. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratefulness to Prof. Josef Bayer for sending me some important literature, Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • EARLY BENGALI PROSE CAREY to Vibyasxg-ER by Thesi S Submit
    EARLY BENGALI PROSE CAREY TO VIBYASXg-ER By Sisirlcumar Baa Thesi s submit ted for the Ph.D. degree in the University of London* June 1963 ProQuest Number: 10731585 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731585 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgment Transliteration Abbreviations; Chapter I. Introduction 1-32 Chapter II. The beginnings of Bengali prose 33-76 Chapter III. William Carey 77-110 Chapter IV. Ramram Basu 110-154 Chapter V. M?ityun;ja^ Bidyalaqikar 154-186 Chapter VI. Rammohan Ray 189-242 Chapter VII. Early Newspapers (1818-1830) 243-268 Chapter VUI.Sarpbad Prabhakar: Ii^varcandra Gupta 269-277 Chapter IX. Tattvabodhi#! Patrika 278-320 Chapter X. Vidyasagar 321-367 Bibli ography 36 8-377 —oOo** ABSTRACT The present thesis examines the growth of Bengali prose from its experimental Beginnings with Carey to its growth into full literary stature in the hands of Vidyasagar. The subject is presented chronologically and covers roughly the first half of the 1 9 th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonetics of Bengali Consonant Clusters Linda Ösp Heimisdóttir 1
    The Phonetics of Bengali Consonant Clusters Linda Ösp Heimisdóttir ∗ 1 Introduction This paper presents an acoustic study of clusters of plosives + sonorants in Standard Colloquial Bengali (henceforth referred to as SCB). One of the goals of this paper is simply to provide an adequate phonetic account of these kinds of clusters in the language since such an account does not seem to be available in the literature on Bengali. Equally important is the fact that descriptive accounts of Bengali phonotactics disagree on various issues related to consonant clusters. It is therefore a second goal of this paper to sort out these differences by collecting phonetic data. The study focused on two aspects of consonant cluster formation in SCB: (i) which combina- tions of a stop + sonorant are acceptable clusters to speakers of the language and (ii) which, if any, consonant clusters exhibit gemination of a stop in pre-sonorant position. Results show that all com- binations of stop + sonorant are licit clusters in SCB. Furthermore, we conclude that the pre-sonorant gemination of stop consonants is most likely bound to certain lexical strata in the language. 2 Background 2.1 Inventory Bengali has 28 phonemic consonants as well as 3 allophonic ones. Labial [ph] is often pronounced as [f], [z] appears in the pronunciation of some proper names instead of [Ã]. [s] mostly appears in foreign loanwords and certain consonant clusters and is interchangeable with [S] for most speakers (Kostic´ and Das 1972). Labial Dental/ Retroflex Palatoalveolar Velar Glottal Alveolar Nasal m n N p ph t th ú úh k kh Plosive b bh d dh ã ãh g gh tS tSh Affricate ÃÃh (f) (s) S h Fricative (z) H Approximant l Rhotic r ó Table 1: Bengali consonants.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSTRUCTION of BENGALI MUSLIM IDENTITY in COLONIAL BENGAL, C
    CONSTRUCTION OF BENGALI MUSLIM IDENTITY IN COLONIAL BENGAL, c. 1870-1920. Zaheer Abbas A thesis submitted to the faculty of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Yasmin Saikia Daniel Botsman Charles Kurzman ABSTRACT Zaheer Abbas: Construction of Bengali Muslim Identity in Colonial Bengal, c. 1870-1920 (Under the direction of Yasmin Saikia) This thesis explores the various discourses on the formation of Bengali Muslim identity in colonial Bengal until 1920s before it becomes hardened and used in various politically mobilizable forms. For the purpose of this thesis, I engage multiple articulations of the Bengali Muslim identity to show the fluctuating representations of what and who qualifies as Bengali Muslim in the period from 1870 to 1920. I critically engage with new knowledge production that the colonial census undertook, the different forms of non-fictional Bengali literature produced by the vibrant vernacular print industry, and the views of the English-educated Urdu speaking elites of Bengal from which can be read the ensemble of forces acting upon the formation of a Bengali Muslim identity. I argue that while print played an important role in developing an incipient awareness among Bengali Muslims, the developments and processes of identity formulations varied in different sites thereby producing new nuances on Bengali Muslim identity. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 Debate on Bengali Muslim identity…………………………………..............3 I. CENSUS AND IDENTITY FORMATION: TRANSFROMING THE NATURE OF BEGALI MUSLIMS IN COLONIAL BENGAL…………16 Bengali Muslim society during Muslim rule………………………………18 Essentializing community identity through religion………………………23 II.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE Name : Prof. (Dr.) Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee Designation : Vice-Chancellor, University of Calcutta Email : [email protected] Parent Department : Political Science, University of Calcutta Educational Qualification : B.A. (Presidency College, University of Calcutta) M.A. (University of Calcutta) Ph.D. (University of Calcutta) Areas of Specialization : Public-Private Partnerships; Micro-Finance and Micro- Credit; Local Government and Politics; Politics of Other Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes; Gender and Women’s Empowerment; Homelessness VISITING PROFESSORSHIPS (INTERNATIONAL) 1) Visiting Professor, Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic, 2015 2) Visiting Professor, Department of Political Science, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh, 2013 3) Visiting Professor, Department of Public Administration, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh, 2011 CONVOCATION ADDRESS DELIVERED 1) Convocation address delivered at the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, 13.3.2021 2) Convocation address delivered at the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, 2020 [Details] 3) Convocation address delivered at the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, 2019 4) Convocation address delivered at the National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kolkata Campus, 2019 [Details] LECTURES DELIVERED E­à¡de£ hš²«a¡ - f¤l¦¢mu¡ l¡jL«o· ¢jne Ae¤¢ùa ­ea¡S£ p¤¤i¡oQ¾cÊ hp¤¤l 125aj SeÈ Su¿¹£, 23/1/2021 Inaugural Address at the Symposium on Swami Vivekananda: A Global Voice for 21st Century organised by the Sahitya
    [Show full text]
  • Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India
    A book in the series Radical Perspectives a radical history review book series Series editors: Daniel J. Walkowitz, New York University Barbara Weinstein, New York University History, as radical historians have long observed, cannot be severed from authorial subjectivity, indeed from politics. Political concerns animate the questions we ask, the subjects on which we write. For over thirty years the Radical History Review has led in nurturing and advancing politically engaged historical research. Radical Perspec- tives seeks to further the journal’s mission: any author wishing to be in the series makes a self-conscious decision to associate her or his work with a radical perspective. To be sure, many of us are currently struggling with the issue of what it means to be a radical historian in the early twenty-first century, and this series is intended to provide some signposts for what we would judge to be radical history. It will o√er innovative ways of telling stories from multiple perspectives; comparative, transnational, and global histories that transcend con- ventional boundaries of region and nation; works that elaborate on the implications of the postcolonial move to ‘‘provincialize Eu- rope’’; studies of the public in and of the past, including those that consider the commodification of the past; histories that explore the intersection of identities such as gender, race, class and sexuality with an eye to their political implications and complications. Above all, this book series seeks to create an important intellectual space and discursive community to explore the very issue of what con- stitutes radical history. Within this context, some of the books pub- lished in the series may privilege alternative and oppositional politi- cal cultures, but all will be concerned with the way power is con- stituted, contested, used, and abused.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Dravidian Elements and (Non)Diasystematic Change in Malayalam
    To appear in Constructions in Contact 2: Language change, multilingual practices, and additional language acquisition eds. Höder, S. & Boas, H. Title: Non-Dravidian elements and (non)diasystematic change in Malayalam Savithry Namboodiripad (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) [email protected] Abstract: This chapter applies a Diasystematic Construction Grammar (DCxG) approach to account for non-Dravidian vocabulary and phonology in Malayalam, a high-contact Dravidian language. The distinction made in DCxG between diaconstructions, which are language non-specific, and idioconstructions, which are language-specific, proves useful in accounting for semantic specialization and phonological heterogeneity due to language contact. Notably, increased contact with English has led in some cases to decreased phonological adaptation, as some constructions change from diaconstructions to idioconstructions: Non-diasystematic change. Taken together, this chapter argues that any analysis of Malayalam must account for non-Dravidian subpatterns, and including language labels as part of speakers' linguistic knowledge enhances our understanding of the dynamics of language contact. Keywords: Malayalam, English, language contact, language change, semantic specialization, loanword adaptation, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics 1 High-contact languages are not categorically different By introducing a distinction between diaconstructions, which are language non-specific, and idioconstructions, which are language-specific, Diasystematic Construction Grammar (DCxG) captures the fact that borders between languages, while often blurred, also shape language use (Höder 2012). Building on other construction-theoretic approaches, DCxG characterizes all languages as consisting of emergent subpatterns of constructions. This includes hybrid or high-contact languages, which differ only in that those subpatterns can be attributed (by analysts, not necessarily speakers) as belonging to a particular language.
    [Show full text]
  • Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report
    DOCUMEKT RESUNE ED 127 806 PL 007 948 AUTHOR Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report. INSTITUTION Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-110012HH PUB DATE Sep 75 CONTRACT OEC-0-74-2093 NOTE 380p. EDRS PRICE MF-$C.83 Hc-$20.75 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Asian Studies; *Bilingualism; Burmese; Cultural Context; *Dialects; Dialect Studies; Dravidian Languages; Language Classification; *Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; Multilingualism; Regional Dialects; Social Dialects; *Sociolinguistics; Tibetan IDENTIFIERS *Asia (South); *Code Switching; Indo Aryan Languages; Munda Languages; Tibeto Burman Languages ABSTRACT This work attempts to provide an overview of liuguistic diversity in South Asia and to place this diversity in a cultural context. The work tries to describe the current state of knowledge concerning socially conditioned language variation in the subcontinent. Each of five major language families contains numerous mutually intelligible and unintelligible dialects. Different dialects of a language may be required for 'written and spoken use and for different social groups. Bilingualism and multilingualism are common for communication between groups. Language choice is important for education, politics, radio and television. Chapter 2 of this book enumerates criteria used in the taxonomy of language forms, discussing a number of theories of dialect formation from the points of view of linguistic innovation and diffusion of linguistic change. Chapter 3 surveys literature on classification of South Asian languages. Chapter 4 considers South Asia as a distinct linguistic area and Chapter 5 evaluates literature on South Asian social dialects. Chapter 6 examines linguistic codes encompassing elements from more than one autonomous language.
    [Show full text]
  • Ueber Den Ältesten Arischen Bestandtheil Des Singhalesischen Wortschatzes 399-434 Fgl Bayer
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologische und historische Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München Jahr/Year: 1879 Band/Volume: 1879-2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kuhn Ernst Artikel/Article: Ueber den ältesten arischen Bestandtheil des singhalesischen Wortschatzes 399-434 fgL Bayer. Akademie to Wissenschaften der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften z n M ünchen. Jahrgang 1879. Zweiter Band. X M ü n c h e n . Akademische Buchdructerei von F. Straub. 1879. In Commission bei G. Franz. ; '1 Nachträglich zur Sitzung vom 5. Juli 1879. セG@ , f ( . Herr Kuhn trug vor: "Ueber den ältesten arischen Beshndtheil des s ingha les ischen ·Worts ch atze s." [Vorläufiger Abriss einer später in erweiterter Form zu veröffentlichenuen Abhandlung.] Von den hervorragenderen und literarisch ausgebillle- teren Sprachen Indiens ist es die singhalesische allein, der eine feste SteUung innerhalb eines der grösseren Sprach- stämme noch nicht mit Sicherheit angewiesen werden konnte. Während Uask sie dem dravilJischen Stamme ohne weitere ￟・セイョ、オョァ@ zuzählt (Singalesisk Skriftlrere. Vorrede p. 1), F. Müller in dem linguistischen Theile ues Novarawerkes p. 203 eine entfernte verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu den DravitJa-Idiomen anzunehmen geneigt ist und in der All- gemeinen Ethnographie i p. 466 noch entschiedener den Grundstock des Singhalesischen als dravilJisch bezeichnet, Haas (ZDMG. 30, p. 668) セ・ョゥァウエ・ョウ@ einen Einfluss des Tamulischen auf die Ausbildung der Sprache behauptet, wird eine directe Verwandtschaft zwischen Tamulisch und Singhalesisch von einem Kenner wie Caldwell (Cornp. Gramm.\! p. 111 der Einleitung) kurz in Abrede gestellt.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Oldest Aryan Element of the Sinhalese Vocabulary.1 2
    [Reprinted from the “ Indian Antiquary 4 <Z 2$r / < 2831 /7>'V 'C~~Z- L ^y ^ 7 'Y-> <8 spy 1 ON THE OLDEST ARYAN ELEMENT OP THE SINHALESE VOCABULARY. BY PROFESSOR E. KUHN. TRANSLATED BY DONALD FERGUSON. * 61600 ON THE OLDEST ARYAN ELEMENT OF THE SINHALESE VOCABULARY.1 2 Among the more prominent languages of Tndin. which have had a literary culture, the Sinhalese is the only one to which it has not yet been possible to assign a fixed place in one of the great families of language. - While Rask, without adducing any reasons, assigns it a place in the Dravidian family (Singalesisk Skriftlcere, Preface, p. 1), and F. Muller in the linguistic portion of the work of the Novara, p. 203, is inclined to assume a remote family relationship to the Dravidian idioms, and in the Allgemeine Ethnogr aphie* p. 466, even more decidedly indicates the basis of the Sinha¬ lese as Dravidian, and Haas (Z. d. M. G. 30, p. 668) maintains at least an influence by the Tamil on the development of the language, any direct relation between Tamil and Sinhalese is brusquely set aside by such a scholar as Caldwell (Comp. Gramm. (2d. ed.) p. Ill of the Preface). More recently the opinion that Sinhalese deserves a place among the Aryan dialects is that which has received 1 Translated from the Munich Sitzungsberichte der philo s.-philol. hist. Classe der lc. Akademie der Wis- &enschaften, 1879, vol. II, pt. iii, pp. 399-434. 2 Cf. the same writer in the Transactions of the Philological Society, 1875-6, Part i, p.
    [Show full text]