’S FREEWAY REVOLT: A DIRECTORY OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES

1 This project was supported by a Heritage Program Grant from 4Culture/King County Lodging Tax Fund.

Seattle ARCH is an Associated Program of Shunpike

Acknowledgements

This directory was initiated by Seattle ARCH (Activists Remembered, Celebrated and Honored),n a ad hoc group dedicated to preserving and sharing the ’s Freeway Revolt. Generous financial support from a 4Culture Heritage Program Grant/King County Lodging Tax Fund made it possible to hire two research archivists, Libby Hopfauf and Arielle Lavigne, who culled much of the information presented herein. We are grateful for th eir expertise and dedication.

We wish to extend our thanks to other individuals who made significant contributions to this project. Anne Frantilla, Archivist, and Ann Ferguson, Curator of the Seattle Collection, , provided consultation and guidance from the project’s inception through final review. Jod Fenton, SPL Special Collections managing librarian, was instrumental in formulating the overarching vision for this directory. Jennifer Ott, environmental historian, HistoryLink, provided valuable perspective and insights as an ee external reviewer. Archivists at the State Archives, in particular Jewell Dunn, were extraordinarily helpful in facilitating on-site research. Additional assistance was provided by Virginia Wright, Executive Director, Rainier Valley Historical Society; Caroline Marr, librarian, MOHAI Resource Center; Lorraine McConaghy, public historian; author David Williams; and staff at the Special Collections. We also wish to express our appreciation to King County Councilmember Larry Gossett for his endorsement of this project; to Frank Chopp, Speaker, Washington State House of Representatives, for his ongoing support of efforts to preserve this history; and to our Fiscal Sponsor, Shunpike, for providing essential administrative services.

Priscilla Arsove and Anna Rudd Co-founders, Seattle ARCH October 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Historical Overview

1. Navigating the Directory 2. Key Resources 3. Additional Publications 4. Key Planning Reports 5. Newspaper and Periodical Articles 6. Primary Resources 7. Seattle Municipal Archives Washington State Archives Regional Archives University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Washington State Department of Transportation Library Rainier Valley Historical Society Narrative TimelineMuseum of History and Industry

8. Organizations Involved in Freeway Revolt 9.

Cover image: Comprehensive Plan of Seattle. Seattle Public Library, SEADOC P6.7, September 1956. 1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Seattle’s Freeway Revolt: A Citizen Movement that Shaped Seattle In the late 1960s and 1970s, a broad coalition of activists in Seattle challenged plans for a dense network of freeways traversing and girdling the city. Seattle’s freeway revolt was remarkable in its scope and diversity, uniting geographically, ethnically and socio- economically diverse groups across the city. Their collective actions over a multi-year period succeeded in halting two major freeways and significantly downsizing a third, saving parks, shoreline and thousands of homes and businesses.

Proposed I-90/ R.H. Thomson Interchange1 Proposed R.H. Thomson Interchange at Evergreen Point Bridge2

It is difficult to imagine what Seattle might look like today had the citizens of that era not prevailed. ● The R.H. Thomson Expressway, roughly a mile from , would have cut a 15- mile swath from the Duwamish neighborhood in the south to Bothell in the north. As many as 3,000 homes would have been destroyed and up to 8,000 people displaced. ● The , envisioned as a link between Interstate 5 (I-5) and the , would have created a giant viaduct walling off South from the rest of the city. ● An expansive new I-90 Mercer Island bridge, adding 10 lanes to the existing 4-lane bridge (U.S. 10), would have connected to the R.H. Thomson via a massive interchange and cut an open trench through Mount Baker Ridge. Much of the surrounding community would have been obliterated.

The above projects were rooted in transportation plans of the late 1950s and early 60s, but it was not until of I-5, initiated over this same timeframe, that Seattle residents witnessed the destructive impact of freeways on neighborhoods and homes. Subsequent “slumlording” of state highway department-owned homes in the R.H. Thomson and I-90 corridors was a galvanizing force in the freeway revolt.

1 [Article onHoward, Needles, plans fo Tammenr future RH & Bergendoff, Thomson Expressway], and Washington Argus, Department June 2, 1961 of . Highways. Design Report 1, Primary State Highway No. 2, 2Sign Route 90, Corwin Place to . Seattle, 1966.

1 Opposition to the R.H. Thomson, I-90 and the Bay Freeway overlapped over a roughly four- year period from 1968-72, the height of Seattle’s freeway revolt. The Bay Freeway and R.H. Thomson were defeated in 1972 referendums, but the anti-freeway movement continued through much of the decade with protracted legal battles, hearings, initiative drives and negotiations over I-90.

3

The freeway revolt was part of a unique period of activism and social change in Seattle, from the anti-war, environmental and Black Power movements to transformation of the with a “new wave” of political leaders. The well-known “Save the ” initiative passed at the ballot only a few months before voters defeated the R.H. Thomson and Bay Freeways; leaders of the two movements were collaborators and colleagues. Organizations such as the Seattle Model program, Central Seattle Community Council Federation, Choose an Effective City Council and the Forward Thrust campaign came into being around this time and intersected with the freeway revolt around issues of community empowerment, civic leadership and mass transit.

A brief timeline highlighting milestone events over more than three decades is provided on the following page.

3 The above images depict materials from the “Seattle Freeway Revolt Collection” (see University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections).

2 TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS

1960 Voters approve Bay Freeway, RH Thomson bonds

City holds first RH Thomson hearing 1961

1962 RH Thomson corridor residents sue city

State holds first I-90 hearing; 1963 Evergreen Point Bridge opens

1966 News stories depicting huge I-90/RH Thomson interchange stir public response

City holds first Bay Freeway hearing; 1967 Seattle Freeway (I-5) opens

1968 Citizens Against the RH Thomson and Citizens Against Freeways form

Citizens dispute RH Thomson funding; 1969 hold rallies to Save the Arboretum and Save Mt. Baker Ridge 1970 Citizens flood city, state I-90 hearings; file lawsuit challenging I-90

Citizen lawsuit sends Bay Freeway 1971 back to voters; Appeals Court halts I-90 construction Vote No Bay Freeway Committee forms; 1972 voters scrap Bay, RH Thomson

Circuit Court orders new I-90 1973 EIS and hearings

1976 State holds new I-90 hearings

State issues final EIS for scaled-back I-90 with capacity 1977 for future rapid transit Court lifts injunction; 1979 I-90 construction resumes

3 2. NAVIGATING THE DIRECTORY

This directory will guide the user to a wide array of historical resources relating to Seattle’s freeway revolt. It is a searchable directory with hyperlinks (in blue) to outside sources, as well as to other sections/resources within the document (in green). Print copies of this directory are available at select local libraries. A digital copy of the directory is hosted on the Seattle Public Library’s website. Sections of the directory are briefly described below.

Key Resources: This section comprises an annotated bibliography highlighting publications focused on freeway revolts in Seattle and beyond, as well as the public policy trends that shaped them. Most were written at the time of, or soon after, Seattle’s freeway revolt; some reflect activists’ own accounts of their involvement. Together these resources provide a good overview of what transpired.

Additional Publications: This section comprises a bibliography with additional publications of interest.

Key Planning Reports: Reports relating to transportation planning for the greater Seattle area ‒ including plans proposing an extensive freeway network ‒ are listed here. Significant legislation at the national level is also noted.

Newspaper and Periodical Articles: Relevant media articles with source citations are listed in chronological order. Local newspapers and periodicals, abundant in the era of Seattle’s freeway revolt, provide a rich chronicle of the actions of citizen activists and the origin and evolution of proposed freeway plans.

Primary Resources: This section describes materials available within archive collections, including original source documents, photographs, audio recordings, film and video recordings, and maps. Since the contested freeways in Seattle were largely funded and planned by the City of Seattle and State of Washington, the Seattle Municipal Archives and Washington State Archives provide a wealth of relevant information. Archival materials are sorted by the repository (archive, museum, or historical society) in which they are housed. Information provided for each repository includes a descriptive overview; tools and tips for navigating online and physical resources; list of related collections; and contextual information such as a date range, types of materials and specific items of interest. Detailed information to help the user locate items of interest is also provided where available.

Narrative Timeline: A detailed chronology of events preceding and during the freeway revolt helps establish the overall context for freeway plans and ensuing citizen resistance.

Organizations Involved in the Freeway Revolt: This section involved in the freeway revolt. highlights the broad range of organizations and individuals

4 3. KEY RESOURCES

The works described below provide a starting point for understanding the events, participants and trends that shaped Seattle’s freeway revolt. Included are several publications written at the time of the freeway revolt, as well as others, written somewhat later, that incorporate first-person accounts by individuals who directly participated. Publications describing freeway revolts in other cities, as well as the implications of transportation policies at the national level, are also included.

Seattle Magazine

cover courtesy of Seattle Public Library Arsove, Maynard. “Puget Sound Battles the Concrete Dragons, Legends for Our Times.” Puget Soundings, The Junior League of Seattle, February 1969, pp. 8-9, 26. Written by a co-founder and president of Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson, this essay makes the case for a moratorium on freeway planning and construction in the Seattle area. Arsove summarizes the deleterious social and environmental consequences of freeways, the emerging nationwide anti-freeway movement and successful rapid transit approaches in other cities, concluding with a four-point call to political action.

Cary, Susan C. and Lucy B. Steers (translator, Haruhisa Naruse). The Project: Public Issues, Debate and Process [Shukan doro 90 go sen jigyo: kokyo mondai togi to sono keii], edited by Gil Latz. Commissioned by Japanese Ministry of Construction. Tokyo: Urban Economic Research Institute and International Trade Institute, Working Paper, 1988. Held in the Seth Jackson Collection, Rainier Valley Historical Society. This report identifies major elements of the I-90 project from Interstate 405 to Interstate 5, defines the principal issues and describes the lengthy process toward conflict resolution. It includes a chronology of significant events in I-90 planning and incorporates information from interviews with 23 involved individuals, from community members to public officials.

5 Dorpat, Paul and Genevieve McCoy. Building Washington, A History of Washington State Public Works, Seattle, Wash.: Tartu Publications, 1998,pp. 90-101, 120-25, 131. Written by well-respected local historians, this generously illustrated, carefully researched large-format book includes chapters on highways and concrete floating bridges. Notable sections are: "Mid-Century Highway Crisis,” “Seattle Freeway (I-5),” “Anti-Freeway Movement,” “R.H. Thomson (and Bay) Freeway” and “Interstate 90.”

“The U.S.’ Lopsided Transportation Budget.” Forbes, October 1, 1968, pp. 41-50. This cover story article assails the “lopsided and basically senseless” allocation of federal transportation dollars, which favors abundant funding for highways at the expense of meaningful investment in mass transit and airport infrastructure. The article exposes tactics of the powerful highway lobby while touching on freeway resistance in and inner city ghettos.

Geiser, Kenneth R. “Urban Transportation Decision-Making: Political Processes of Urban Freeway Controversies.” Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Urban Systems Laboratory, June 1970, pp. 1-8, 43-111. Maps. This contemporaneous study of freeway opposition in Baltimore, Boston and Seattle illustrates the importance of broad-based citizen coalitions in opposing freeways. After tracing the history of the Federal interstate highway system and its attendant social, economic and political ramifications, Geiser offers three detailed case studies. Drawing on interviews with activists, politicians and civic leaders, his detailed account of the R.H. Thomson and Interstate 90 controversies in Seattle captures the breadth and impact of civic involvement at a key point in time.

Johnson, Margaret Connon. “The Montlake Community and the R.H. Thomson Expressway: A Case Study.” Unpublished monograph. Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, 1980. [A draft version was published in 1979.] This case study, written for “citizen activists seeking role models,” combines public records research with interviews of seven instrumental participants in Seattle’s freeway revolt. Under such headings as “A Threatened Neighborhood Goes to Court,” “C.A.R.H.T. is born” and “C.A.F. Emerges,” the study tracks the origins of the anti-freeway movement from early legal challenges and route disputes in Montlake to the formation of a city-wide coalition. Key meetings, media coverage, activists’ strategies and city government actions are carefully chronicled. The study concludes with the author’s analysis of “what worked and why,” and includes an appendix with maps and illustrations.

Mohl, Raymond A. “Stop the Road: Freeway Revolts in American Cities.” In The Interstates and the Cities: Highways, Housing and the Freeway Revolt. Research Report, Poverty and Race Research Action Council, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002. www.prrac.org/pdf/mohl.pdf A leading American urban historian argues that the freeway revolt movement, with its bottom-up beginnings at the neighborhood level, was an integral part of Sixties-era protest

6 successful freeway revolts: (1) persistent neighborhood activism with sustained cross-city, cross-class and interracialpolitics. After analyzing three alliances; (2) strong historic preserva case studies, Mohl identifies the followingtion and critical planni ng factors for traditions; (3) strong support from at least some local politicians as well as influential newspapers and journalists; and (4) most important, legal action over highway routing that delayed projects sufficiently for political winds to change. Note: a condensed version of the above report is in Rose, Mark H. and Raymond A. Mohl. “Stop the Road: Freeway Revolts in American Cities,” Chapter 9, Interstate, Highway Politics and Policy since 1939. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2012, pp.113-133

Shepard, Lyn. “Freeway Revolt,” Christian Science Monitor, ten-part series, June 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 27, July 2, 9, 1968. This 10-part series provides an in-depth analysis of issues behind the emergence of freeway revolts nationwide. The series begins with an examination of overarching political and policy issues, from pressures exerted by the “pro-highway” lobby to the imbalance of funding for freeways versus mass transit. The author then provides in-depth case studies of eight cities where proposed highways were under dispute, detailing the specific proposals, impacts and resistance efforts. (Seattle is not among the case studies.)

Phelps, Myra L. Public Works in Seattle, A Narrative History: The Seattle Engineering Department 1875-1975. Foreword and Chapter 6 by City Engineer Roy W. Morse. Seattle Engineering Department, 1978. This historical account of the City’s engineering department, which largely focuses on its accomplishments, includes a section on freeways. Roy Morse, City Engineer at the time of the freeway revolt, states in the foreword, “Most difficult has been the section dealing with freeways. Objective input came from many sources and several people, including the editors. All agree that the public-private transportation issue, locally and nationally, is complex and the solutions frustratingly complex. The resulting composite story in Chapter 6 is stated in my words essentially as I see it.”

Smith, Eugene. “The Aborted R.H. Thomson Expressway,” in Montlake, An Urban Eden: A History of the Montlake Community of Seattle. LaGrande, : Oak Street Press, 2004. Map, pp. 93-112 and pp. 241-245. Primarily 1961-1974, this well-researched chapter by a long-time Montlake resident chronicles the early history of the R.H. Thomson Expressway in Montlake. Animated by details drawn from interviews, correspondence and public records, Smith explains the community’s initial response to plans for an expressway that threatened 143 Montlake corridor homes. The chapter covers early legal challenges that stalled construction progress, the demolition of 17 homes, and subsequent “slum lording” of highway department-owned homes and the Montlake community’s emerging leadership of a city-wide coalition of citizen activists.

7 Construction along the proposed Montlake Interchange.4 Wrecking ball at Montlake home along the proposed R.H. Thomson Expressway.5

Tunks, Margaret Cary. Seattle Citizens Against Freeways, 1968-1980: Fighting Fiercely and Winning Sometimes. Drawings by David Lefebvre. Kearney, Nebraska: Morris Publishing, 1996. 280 pages. Maps. 2nd Edition, 1999. This self-published volume by a citizen lobbyist, legal researcher and outspoken leader of Seattle’s freeway revolt provides a dense, detail-filled account of the push and pull between local and state freeway advocates and opponents. Separate chapters describe transportation decisions in Seattle from 1968-1972; action within the legislative arena from 1970-1978; and the I-90 plan for Mercer Island from 1971-1979. Though dense, this book contains the most complete description of who did what and when, especially within the legislative arena, punctuated by Tunks’ first-person anecdotes and drawings by fellow activist David Lefebvre. Note: A topic index, prepared recently by former activist Anna Rudd, is available with the Seattle Public Library copy.

Wolf, Ruth. “Block That Freeway,” Seattle Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 59, February 1969, p. 34 -37. The striking cover of this issue of Seattle Magazine – The Freeway Invasion: Where Will It End?” – depicts a freeway atop Mount Rainier. In a detailed account, Wolf captures a range of perspectives on four “languishing” highway projects: the Bothell Freeway (SR 522), the Third Bridge (I-90), the R.H. Thomson, and the I-90/R.H. Thomson interchange. The piece was written when a consultants’ study on the R.H. Thomson was mid-way through completion and its fate not yet decided.

4 Montlake Interchange Progress, May 21, 1962 (Item 71237, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives) 5 R.H. Thomson Expressway temporary connection to Evergreen Pt. Bridge, May 9, 1963 (Item 174010, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives)

8 4. ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS

Armstrong, Kathleen. “Litigating the Freeway Revolt: Keith v. Volpe.” Ecology Law Quarterly 2, no. 4 (1972): 761-799.

Avila, Eric. The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.”

Becker, Paula. “Washington establishes an office for clearing the route of the Seattle Freeway (Interstate 5) on April 1, 1957. HistoryLink.org. Posted December 1, 2001. http://www.historylink.org/File/4168

Boyle, Susan and Karen Kiest. “Washington Park Arboretum Historic Review.” Seattle Parks and Recreation, September 2003.

Butler, Frank. “Saving the UW Arboretum from the R.H. Thomson Expressway.” Arboretum Foundation Pacific Connections Lecture, Seattle, May 23, 2013.

Crowley, Walt. Moving Washington Timeline. The First Century of the Washington State Department of Transportation, 1905-2005. Lynnwood, Washington: Lithocraft, Inc., 2005.

Crowley, Walt. Rites of passage, A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.

Crowley, Walt. Routes: A Brief History of Public Transportation in Metropolitan Seattle. Seattle: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, 1993.

Crowley, Walt and Kit Oldham. “Seattle voters scrap proposed Bay Freeway and R.H. Thomson Expressway on February 8, 1972.” HistoryLink.org. Last modified March 19, 2001. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3114

Dunhill, Patricia. "When Highways and Cities Collide." City, July 1967.

Fiset, Louis. “Seattle City Council approves Bay Freeway plans in November 1970.” HistoryLink.org. Last modified March 31, 2001.

Fotsch, Paul Mason. Watching the Traffic Go By: Transportation and Isolation in Urban America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.

Godden, Jean. “Ramps to Nowhere: A word on behalf of ‘Seattle process.’” Crosscut. Last modified May 1, 2014. http://crosscut.com/2014/05/ramps-nowhere- protests-memorial-jean-godden/

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House, 1961.

9 Mumford, Lewis. The Highway and the City. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1963.

Ott, Jennifer. “Washington State Legislature removes two blocks of Lake Washington shore lands, later termed WSDOT Peninsula, from Washington Park Arboretum for state highway use on March 8, 1959.” HistoryLink.org. Last modified December 10, 2012.

Taylor, Quintard. The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle's Central District, from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era. Emil and Kathleen Sick Series in Western History and Biography. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.

Sanders, Jeffrey Craig. Seattle and the Roots of Urban Sustainability: Inventing Ecotopia. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.

Stein, Alan J. “Thousands protest planned freeway through Seattle’s Arboretum on May 4, 1969.” HistoryLink.org. Last modified June 03, 1999.

Vaughn, Wade. Seattle – Leschi Diary, 2nd Ed. Seattle, WA: Leschi Improvement Council, 1988.

10 5. KEY PLANNING REPORTS

This section provides a chronological list of key reports relating to transportation planning within the greater Seattle area, as well as relevant legislation at the national level.

Bogue, Virgil. Plan of Seattle, Report of the Municipal Plans Commission, Seattle: Lowman and Hanford, 1911.

Development of the Olmsted Plan for Washington Park Arboretum. Letter from J. Fred Dawson to Hugo Winkenwerder, April 2, 1936, Folder 3, Reel 96, 2699 Washington Park & Arboretum, Olmsted Associates Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Development of the Olmstead Plan for Washington Park Arboretum. Letter from J. Fred Dawson to Mrs. Charles Willard Stimson, December 10, 1937, Folder 4, Reel 97, 2699 Washington Park & Arboretum, Olmsted Associates Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Washington State Department of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads, Origin-Destination Traffic Survey: Seattle Metropolitan Area. Olympia: Washington Department of Highways, 1947. Binder available at Seattle Municipal Archives.

Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. An act to amend and supplement the Federal-Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1916, to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways; to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide additional revenue from the taxes on motor fuel, tires and trucks and buses; and for other purposes. PL 84- 627. United States Congress, Second Session, January 3, 1956.

Seattle Planning Commission. Comprehensive Plan of Seattle. Seattle, WA: The Commission, 1956.

Seattle Public Library, SEADOC P6.7, ParsonSeptembers, Brinckerhoff, Hall and MacDonald, 1956. Puget Sound Governmental Conference. Proposed Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study; Scope and Procedures. New York: 1959.

Seattle Engineering Department. Connection Plan Drawing, January 27, 1960. Item No. 63482, Record Series 2613- 6 07, Seattle Municipal Archives.

6 Mercer St. Connection. Aurora Ave. to Seattle Freeway. [Plan Drawing], January 27, 1960 (Item 63482, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives)

11 Puget Sound Governmental Conference. Monthly Progress Report. Seattle: Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study, 1963-1967.

Forward Thrust, Seattle. Forward Thrust Progress. Seattle, WA: 1966.

Puget Sound Governmental Conference. A Summary Report of Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations of the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study. Seattle: Washington State Printer, 1967.

Okamoto, Rai Yukio and William Hugo Liskamm. “Proposed Scope of Work Transportation Planning Study for Eastern Seattle.” Presented before the Seattle City Council, Committee of the Whole meeting, August 28, 1969. Event ID 117, Record Series 4601-03, Seattle City Council Legislative Department Audio Recordings, Seattle Municipal Archives.

King County and City of Seattle. The Forward Thrust Program: Seattle, Washington. Seattle, WA: Forward Thrust Committee, 1969.

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. An act to declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality. PL 91-190. United States Congress, January 1, 1970.

Seattle Engineering Department. Bay Freeway: Design Report 1. Interstate 5 to 5th Avenue North. Seattle, WA: The Department, 1970.

Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation. Forward Thrust Reprogramming: Final E.I.S. Seattle, WA: The Department, 1977.

United States Federal Highway Administration and Washington Department of Highways. SR 90, Junction SR 5 to Vicinity Junction SR 405, Administrative Action, Final Environmental Impact/section 4(f) Statement. Report Number: FWHA-WN-EIS-75-05-F. Olympia, WA: 1977.

12 6. NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Local media coverage played an important role in Seattle’s freeway revolt, providing the conduit for reaching a broad public with information and depictions of proposed freeway plans, as well as coverage of government actions and citizen protests. Taken together, the articles form a rich chronology of events.

This section provides a chronological listing of articles with source citations. The list was culled from a variety of sources, including clippings from activists’ files and citations in various publications. It is not comprehensive. Additional articles can likely be found in online and physical catalogs of newspaper publications, as described in the “locating articles” section below.

Media outlets that provided particularly strong coverage of the citizens’ views included the Seattle Post- Intelligencer (PI), KING5 TV, Seattle Magazine, Puget Soundings (a publication of the Junior League of Seattle), The Facts (a black community publication), The Argus and radio stations KRAB-FM and “soul radio” KYAC.

Locating Articles There are several online and physical catalogs of newspaper publications, which contain original, microfilm or digitized articles. A list of periodicals available at the Seattle Public Library is included at the end of this section.

The Seattle Times: The full Seattle Times catalog is available through both the Seattle Public Library and the University of Washington Libraries. The full database can be viewed on site at SPL. An SPL library card or active student/faculty/staff login (UW) is required to access this database through either repository remotely.

The Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Copies of the Seattle P-I from before 1985 are not available online. The Seattle Public Library has a Seattle Post-Intelligencer Library File Collection and Seattle Post-Intelligencer Index for locating and reviewing articles. Please see the Seattle Public Library list at the end of this section for information on how to access these resources.

Smaller publications that covered the Freeway Revolt include The Helix, The Argus, The Facts, Seattle Magazine, The UW Daily, and more. Please see the Seattle Public Library list at the end of this section for information on how to access these resources.

13 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1949.07.19 Southeast Floating Bridge Withstands Most Severe NEA Unique Floating Bridge Pays for Itself, opened 9 Missourian Storms years ago 1957.04.09 Seattle Times 33 City Affairs: Expressway in Empire Way Agreed Upon 1957.11.27 Seattle Times Sand Point Bridge Route Offers Baffling Ross Obstacles Cunningham 1957.12.17 Seattle Times 19 Traffic Relief for Lake Bridge Seen in Sand Point Span 1960.02.15 Seattle Times [Muni League urges approval of Prop. 1] Mercer & Roanoke Connections, Montlake I- change, Empire Exwy 1960.03.00 Seattle Times Bond Issues - March 8; Remember Civic Alfred J. Probably a paid ad. Schweppe argues w/facts Center Bond Fiasco! Schweppe against new bonds 1960.03.06 Seattle Times 4 Clinton Clarifies Seattle's Six-Year Prop.1 - hwy improvements would get matching Improvement Plans funds 1960.03.06 Seattle Times Expressway Project Called Vital to U. Empire Expressway, copy is incomplete 1961.04.29 Seattle Times 17 Montlake Opposition to 'Plan' B Renewed Empire Expressway route 1961.06.02 Argus [Article on plans for future RH Thomson Artist's RHT-Arb SR520 interchange Expressway] 1962.04.08 Seattle Times 14 Hugh 'Linear' City Seen For Puget Sound re: Pug.Sd.Reg.Transp.Study; Prof. Ed Horwood, Fred Utevsky, others 1962.07.01 Seattle Times Third Lake Bridge Will Have Esthetics Louis R. Guzzo Photos W.A.Bugge, Lloyd Lovegren 'Built In' 1962.10.15 Seattle Times To Be Part of Interstate 90 1962.10.15 Seattle Times Suggested for 3rd Lake Span 1962.10.16 Seattle P-I Three Proposals for Third Crossing Sketch depicts plans for third span Offered 1962.10.16 Seattle Times 3 Routes Suggested for Third Lake Span drawing shows routes A, B & C 1962.12.02 Seattle Times Highway Commission Can Do Little About Ross Municipal League of Seattle/King Co criticizes Rapid Transit Cunningham 1963.03.24 Seattle Times C11 Freeway Pattern to Ease Traffic Problem map showing loop of freeways around for Suburbia Residents 1964.04.04 Daily Journal of Third Floating Bridge Planning refers to route hearing March 1963 Commerce Transferred to Dist. 7

14 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1964.11.12 Seattle Times 25 Blight Area Owners Attack Urban Renewal Schweppe lawsuit Northlake urban renewal Law project 1965.01.11 Seattle Times Initial Funds Budgeted for 3rd Lake Span 1965.04.04 Seattle Times? U.S. OK Asked For 3rd Lake Span Fergus Hoffman thousands of people wil be affected 1965.04.04 Seattle P-I U.S. Asked To Approve Third Lake Bridge map, 12th Ave S across M.Is. 1965.10.26 Seattle Times 18 Council OK's Express Route along approval of "Route B" including homes along Arboretum 26th Ave E. 1966.04.24 Seattle Times or Open Cut? Which is Best? retouched aerial photos Mt. Baker ridge 1966.05.01 Seattle Times Tunnel Approach to Lake Seems Best Possibly editorial 1966.05.18 Seattle P-I Sketch: proposed Aurora to I-5 link also see Page 1 article 1966.11.22 Seattle Times 1, 6-7 Plan Told for Third Lake Bridge, Robert A. Barr diagrams, maps of proposed I-90, Mercer Is to 1- Interchanges 5 1966.11.23 Seattle P-I B1, B5 3d Span, Reaction Mixed drawings: proposed I-90/RH Thomson Interchange 1966.11.27 Seattle Times? 3rd Bridge Homeowners' Nightmare Steve Kent photos, cites Mrs. Jas.Purnell, Perry Harrison, Mrs. Fred. Joy 1966.12.03 Seattle P-I 3rd Lake Bridge Blasted Evans w/Arts; Lovett w/Planning Council 1966.12.05 Seattle Times Long Debate is Ahead On Bridge Plan Herb Robinson 1966.12.05 Seattle P-I Glaring Flaw rapid transit missing; editorial? 1967 Seattle Times 3rd Lake Washington Bridge to Be Biggest Robert A. Barr artist's concept of I-90 & US 10 of Type in World 1967.01.13 Seattle Times Rapid Transit Demanded For Third Lake Lyle Burt Washington Bridge 1967.01.25 Seattle Times Seattleites Attack Third-Bridge Plans Reps. Sprague, Whetzel; Brand-wein, others for mass transit 1967.01.25 Seattle P-I Plans For Third Bridge Blasted Shelby Scates cites Brock Evans, D.Sprague 1967.02.16 Seattle P-I 1, 3 Overpass At Mercer Street Draws Protest Mike Conant 1967.02.17 Seattle Times Bridge Plans Need Altering for Transit Herb Robinson also see pg B 1967.02.17 Seattle Times B8 Arts Group Raps Bay Freeway Plan Municipal Arts Comm."will wall off Lake Union"

1967.02.23 Seattle Times 4 Lanes for New Lake Span Urged Herb Robinson cites Robt. Eyre, Wendell Lovett of Citizens Planning Council

15 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1967.02.26 Seattle P-I Concrete Curtain Rising? [Victor Mike Conant elevated, four-lane viaduct; Citz. Planning Steinbrueck sketch] Council, Muni. Art Comm. 1967.03.02 Seattle P-I Worse Than ; Voice of the Norman re: SF alert enough to stop elevated road People Johnston, Allied Arts 1967.03.07 Seattle P-I 1 City OKs Plan for Thomson Parkway Mike Conant Mayor Braman discusses RHT, I-90 interchange 1967.04.23 Seattle Times 1 Expressway to Be Rushed / $28 Million Robert A. Barr Hwy dept says increase in state gas tax will Due from Tax speed RHT construction 1967.05.00 Seattle Times Mayor Braman Calls Meeting to Study Dan Hannula Third Bridge Project 1967.05.09 Seattle Times Hearings On Span Link City, State Herb Robinson 1967.05.10 Seattle P-I Design Group Raps 3rd Bridge Mike Conant Design for Washington, Pres. Simons 1967.05.11 Seattle P-I Braman Asks for New Study On Third cites Leschi Improvement Council Bridge 1967.05.12 Seattle Times 2 Effect of Third Lake Bridge on City Bob Lane state Engineer estimates 1,200-2,200 persons, Discussed >400 homes to be displaced 1967.05.15 Seattle Times Put 'People Problems' First in Planning Walt Woodward Bridge 1967.05.21 Seattle Times Debate Over Third Bridge Walt Woodward Muni League wants urban design team 1967.05.24 Seattle P-I Seattle May Lose 3rd Bridge Funds Mike Conant 1967.06.14 Seattle Times A Wecome Change in Policy Herb Robinson 1967.06.14 Seattle Times Auto Club Supports Third Bridge, Assails Robert A. Barr Critics 1967.06.18 Seattle P-I A Remarkable Difference Possibly editorial 1967.06.19 Seattle Times Welcome New Thinking Montlake announces survey, photo/quotes from Maynard Arsove 1967.06.21 Seattle P-I 1 State to Study New Bridge-Tunnel Plan Mike Conant cites Lovett plan, Walt Hundley CAMP 1967.06.21 Seattle Times State to Consider New Proposal for Lake Brock Evans; Citz. Planning Council; Ben Crossing Fiegenbaum, Muni League 1967.06.25 Seattle Times 11 Can We Afford NOT to Restudy the Third Walt Woodward Lake Bridge? 1967.06.27 Seattle Times New Bridge Plan Tied to Transit Herb Robinson 1967.06.28 Seattle Times Lake-Bridge

16 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1967.06.29 Seattle Times Third-Bridge Time Is Short cites Central Assoc. 1967.06.29 Seattle P-I 7 Third Bridge Haste Urged 1967.06.30 Seattle Times Pleas for Delay In 3rd-Bridge Design To Be , CD resident; Gideon, Mt Bkr Action Grp; Considered Rep. Sprague, Steinbrueck 1967.06.30 Seattle P-I 1 Third Bridge Delay Urged Mike Conant Sprague, Steinbrueck, Lovett, candidate Phyllis Lamphere 1967.07.01 Seattle P-I Span Called Key to Area Rapid Transit Mike Conant 1967.07.16 Seattle Times 23 Montlake Begins Development Study 1967.08.24 Seattle P-I Mayor Wants Interchange Plan Dropped Mike Conant shows bridges, interchanges, Colman School 1967.09.00 Seattle Times Breathing Space On 3rd Bridge? Herb Robinson 1967.09.03 Seattle Times 32 Relocation Problem Enormous Herb Robinson 1967.09.19 Seattle Times Some Critical Questions On 3rd Span Herb Robinson mtg w/Washington State Highway Department & 16 Seattle area civic groups 1967.09.14 Seattle Times A1 Expressway Change Blocks Funds Robert A. Barr plan to change RHT to boulevard blocks use of federal funds 1967.10.04 Seattle Times 11 Montlake Survey cites M. Arsove, Pres., Montlake Community Club 1967.11.15 Seattle Times 22 Proposed Route for Thomson Expressway judge upholds City Co action in suit by Montlake Upheld property owners 1967.11.21 Seattle Times Now For a Year Herb Robinson notes 1yr. anniv. for announcement of I-90 plans 1967.11.23 Seattle Times 89 Rights Group Issues Warning on Bridge Central Area Civil Rights Comm: community Plans, Thomson Expressway mood dangerous re: 3rd bridge, RH Thomson 1967.11.23 Seattle Times 90 Montlake for Multiracial Schools, Rapid Larry Coffman Montlake survey results, photo/quotes from Transit Maynard Arsove 1967.11.28 Seattle Times Third Bridge Route: A Plan To Relocate the Robert A. Barr artist's version of high rises on Mt. Baker Ridge Needy 1967.11.28 Seattle Times 13 Officials Praise Far-Ranging Report on by Gov. Dan Evans; cites low displacement Bridge Route numbers 1967.11.29 Seattle P-I 5 Relocation for Bridge Victims? photo w/high rise apartments could house displaced 1967.12.08 Seattle Times Thomson Route May be Parkway Larry Coffman Mayor Braman reports on design contract with Okamoto-Liskamm

17 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1967.12.08 Seattle Times A1 Column: Empire Expressway Has Grown Herb Robinson Big! 1967.12.13 Seattle P-I 1, 5 Seattle Group Hits Highways Walter A. Evans Lists 10 points from 16 groups, e.g. Seattle Jaycees, Citizens for Clean Air & more 1967.12.13 Seattle P-I 1, 6 Two Civic Groups Blast Delay by Bridge Robert Browning Feigenbaum, Muni League; Eyre, CPC; re: state I- Planners 90 hearing 1968.02.00 Seattle Times Supp. Forward Thrust Voter Information 16 pages; paid for by Decision Committee for Forward Thrust 1968.03.07 Seattle Times 7 RH Thomson Parkway Proposal Unveiled; Larry Coffman cites Okamoto/Liskmann urban architects graphics 1968.03.08 Seattle Times Editorial: Central Area's Views Being Heard 1968.03.12 Seattle Times A2 How State Views Parkway Herb Robinson 1968.03.17 Seattle Times I-90 Target Date Pushed Back to 1973 cites state also buying land for RH Thomson, Municipal League 1968.03.17 Seattle Times Study Asks Bigger Third Lake Bridge Larry Coffman Puget Sound Gov Conf wants 4-4 lane I-90 1968.03.17 Seattle Times Prahl Awaits Joint Study size of RHT interchange uncertain 1968.03.22 Seattle Times Bridge Funds Tapped For Other Work Herb Robinson 1968.03.25 Seattle Times 9 Braman Neutral On Road-Fund Diversion Robert A. Barr 1968.04.02 Seattle Times 24 Homeowners Drop Expressway Suit cites A. Schweppe, Atty, lists owners between Aloha & Calhoun 1968.05.24 Seattle Times Highway Board Members Back Diversion Robert A. Barr State Hwy Commissioner says city wanted huge of US Road Funds RHT/I-90 interchange 1968.07.13 Seattle Times Mayor, Highway Aides Agree on 3rd cites failed 2/1968 Forward Thrust rapid Bridge transit bond vote 1968.07.16 Seattle Times City's Voice on Bridge Plan Editorial 1968.07.23 Seattle Times Work on 3rd Lake Span May Begin Next Robert A. Barr Gov. Evans' task force has reached agreement Year 1968.08.14 Seattle Times 29 Group Opposes Thomson Expressway, Bob Lane CARHT formed; photo: Arsove, Pres.; 4 Rapid Transit Favored community councils endorse 1968.10.03 Seattle Times Thomson Expressway Tied to Community Bob Lane urban planning design team to seek input from Needs community 1968.10.09 Seattle Times 8 Council Unit OK's Thomson Way Study Douglas Willix cites Sam Smith

18 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1968.11.13 Seattle Times A2 Corridor Selected for 6 lane Bothell Robert A. Barr Map of SR522, also pg. 6 - Route will have 9 Freeway Link interchanges 1968.11.28 Seattle Times 94 Times Troubleshooter: No One Will Buy Dick Moody reader writes no one will buy condemned 26th Property Ave property 1968.12.02 Seattle Times City Council Votes, 4 to 3, to Build Council restates intent to proceed with RH Thomson Parkway Thomson 1968.12.09 Seattle Times R.H. Thomson Way: City Asked for Delay Model Cities director asked City Co. to reconsider decision 1968.12.10 Seattle Times 34 City Affairs: Uable to Define One, Council Council rewords RHT resolution to include Delays hearings, design study 1968.12.12 Seattle Times Freeway-Path Owners Get Some Relief Herb Robinson FHA changes mortgage insurance rules 1968 Seattle Times The Thomson' - A Complex Problem; Herb Robinson "most bitterly disputed highway project in Editorial Seattle's modern history" 1969 Seattle P-I R. H. Thomson - He Shaped The Face of Walter Evans estimated date; thumbnail bio + sketch by Seattle Amundsen 1969.02.26 private Letter to Editor: Who Says So? Donald Gibbs challenges city engr statement that RHT will go collection through Arboretum 1969.02.00 Seattle Times Thomson Freeway: Can It Be Built Without extensive comments from Okamoto/Liskamm Ruining Community? design team at Model Cities task force meeting 1969.02.12 Seattle Times 25 State Buying Land in UW Arboretum Area state supervising engineer says regardless of for Thomson Right-of-Way route, expressway will go thru Arboretum area 1969.03.04 Seattle Times 46 Heavy Blow Dealt to R. H. Thomson Way Dave Suffia city council adopts Hill resolution: stop state from buying corridor houses 1969.03.06 Seattle P-I Premature Purchases Editorial supports moratorium on state purchase of RHT corridor homes 1969.03.06 Seattle Times 9 Community Groups Urge Thomson Land- Dave Suffia CARHT, CAF, communities' letter re: Hwy- Deal Probe owned homes 1969.03.06 Seattle P-I Highway Department is Called a 'City 12 community councils protest blockbusting Slumlord' and slumlording 1969.03.08 Seattle P-I B State Accused of Creating Pocket Slums Susan Hutchison Photo: Activist Don Gibbs w/ 'Montlake Pit" 1969.03.08 Seattle Times Seattle Briefs: State Halts Buying of Expressway Land

19 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1969.03.00 Seattle Times Prahl Halts State Acquisition of Thomson Prahl says it is regrettable, cites many "truly Way Property hardship cases" 1969.03.11 Seattle P-I 13 Review Sought on Parkway Land Purchase Committee to review purchase of land in RHT Corridor 1969.03.12 Seattle Times 29 Streets Committee Urges City to Manage RHT Corridor 1969.03.16 Seattle Times 39 Stadium Traffic: Ray of Hope Seen as Bob Lane city engineer, State Hwy Dept director address Officials Study Adequate Hwy Access planning and financing of Bay Freeway 1969.03.20 Seattle Times 66 Council Approval Seen for Thomson Way Bob Lane Study Funds 1969.03.21 Seattle P-I Mass Transit Can't Use Gas Tax, Court Rules 1969.03.21 Seattle P-I Prahl's Resignation Editorial "victim of so-called freeway revolt" 1969.03.23 Seattle P-I Thomson Corridor Property Can Be Sold Susan Hutchison survey of realtors indicates willingness to list on Open Market properties 1969.03.25 Seattle Times 14 Thomson Way Plan Takes It on Chin Again Council refers Mayor's design study request

1969.03.25 Seattle P-I Thomson Parkway Action Deferred 1969.03.27 Seattle Times Ellis Puts Cost of Transit-Bond Failure at Bob Lane Million Weekly 1969.03.29 Seattle Times Anti-Freeway Group Protests Plan to Study Thomson Way 1969.04.01 Seattle P-I Council Split on Parkway Studies Sue Hutchison 1969.04.01 Seattle Times New Setback Hits Thomson Way Dave Suffia 1969.04.09 Seattle Times Forward Step in Urban Transportation Editorial gas tax measure 1969.04.04 Seattle Times Heavy Blow Dealt to R. H. Thomson Way Dave Suffia City Co. approves moratorium on purchase of RHT corridor homes 1969.04.15 Seattle P-I Citizen Groups Urge 'Quality of Life' Idea Susan Hutchison in Highway Plan 1969.04.16 Seattle P-I Unit Told Highway Would Aid City Susan Hutchison consultant: I-90 construction could spark needed change 1969.04.20 Seattle Times Metro Seeks to Involve Public in Mass- Bob Lane Transportation Plan

20 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1969.04.23 Seattle Times Thomson Way Project Tottering Dave Suffia 1969.04.29 Seattle P-I 1 Mayor Discloses Freeway Setback Mike Conant Miller: RH Thomson delayed but "not dead" 1969.04.29 Seattle Times 12 R.H. Thomson Way at Least 2 Years Away, Dave Suffia Say Officials 1969.05.00 Reader's Digest Let's Put Brakes on the Highway Lobby George Dennison, Reprint K.Y. Tomlinson

1969.05.01 Seattle P-I 5 The Thomson Delay Editorial lauds Mayor Miller's deferral of RHT 1969.05.02 Seattle Times Committee Schedules 'Save the Arboretum' Rally 1969.05.02 Seattle Times An Unacceptable Delay Editorial RHT decision can't wait for 2 years 1969.05.05 Seattle P-I Save, Don't Pave Charles Russell Coverage of "Save the Arboretum" rally w/ photos, list of signs carried, speaker remarks 1969.05.11 Seattle P-I 'Traffic Girdle Pinches Wasp-Waisted ' Robert Barr Queen City 1969.05.11 Seattle Times C6 Controversy Obscures Vital Need for Hwy Dir. C.G. Op-Ed piece Roads Prahl 1969.05.11 Seattle Times C6 State Can Moderate Need for More Roads Gov. Dan Evans Op-Ed piece 1969.05.11 Seattle Times Rapid Transit is Not a Cure Bob Lane 1969.05.12 Seattle P-I [Laurelhurst Community] Club Opposes James Leach Letter, "Voice of the People" Thomson 1969.05.14 UW Daily 1 R.H. Thomson: Despite Delay, A Lively Margaret Deputy State Highway Dir Andrews holds firm Issue Pamment despite opposition 1969.05.15 Seattle Times Mass Transit Only Hope, Says Visitor Bob Lane 1969.05.22 Seattle Times 3 Miller Asks R.H. Thomson Task Force cites Mayor Floyd Miller, City Council deadlocked 1969.05.22 Seattle P-I 5 Mayor Wants Quick Decision on Parkway 1969.05.23 Seattle P-I 4 Irate Citizens Carry 'Freeway Revolt' to Michael Conant Forward Thrust 1969.05.25 Seattle Times 11 Letter to Editor: Who's For Freeways? Nana Jo Paldi writer criticizes Times' pro-RH Thomson & highway coverage 1969.05.29 Seattle P-I 4 Democrats Against Parkway King Co. Democrats oppose RHT

21 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1969.06.05 Seattle Times Miller Orders Study of Park Over Freeway photo, pg B; Mayor Floyd Miller (I-5) 1969.06.06 Seattle P-I B2 Miller Urges Park, Garage for Freeway (I- Sue Hutchison includes sketch 5) 1969.06.10 Seattle P-I Braman Sees The End Of City Highways former mayor, now Asst. Sec'y DOT, wants feds to fund rapid transit 1969.06.11 Seattle Times 12 Idea for Freeway: Park Plus Parking includes sketches 1969.06.11 Seattle Times 68 City Toughens Rules for Purchase … in Thomson Corridor 1969.06.11 Seattle Times 28 Federal Money, Better Bus Termed Key to Bob Lane Area Transit 1969.06.25 Seattle P-I Highway Dept. Backs Downtown Park Plan for joint use development'; sketch

1969.06.25 Seattle P-I 10 Blue Streak Terminal Cost Asked proposed site near Northgate 1969.07.08 Seattle P-I 3 Urban Affair Susan Hutchison Councilman Hill: use RHT bond funds to refurbish corridor hses? 1969.07.16 Seattle Times Letter to Editor: Highways, Housing and Don Gibbs est'd date; re: Washington State Highway Dept. Now, Parks selling Mt Baker houses for $1 1969.08.06 Seattle Times Montlake Residents Protest Neglect of Stephen H. photo: Arsove, CARHT; McGee, Montlake CC; run- Freeway Strip Dunphy down house 1969.08.15 Seattle Times Keep Thomson Way in Limbo for New Reports results of mayor's task force Study, Panel Urges recommendations 1969.08.15 Seattle P-I Thomson Road Study Asked Sue Hutchison Task force wants design team study; Arsove, CARHT: a step forward 1969.08.29 Seattle P-I 6 Club Asks City to 'Fish or Cut Bait' on AAA supports RHT as solution to congestion Expressway 1969.09.09 Seattle Times 9 Troubleshooter: Building Will Rise in Dick Moody Why is city permitting apartment on NE 95th Thomson Corridor Street in RHT corridor? 1969.10.00 Seattle 23- Sic Transit Leon Robinette, re: referendum on transit tax & transit finances Magazine 24+ Tim Thompson 1969.10.14 Seattle P-I 20 Groups in Revolt Against Third Span Shelby Scates "..citzens' freeway revolt.."; Heller, Leschi; map 1969.11.13 Seattle P-I S15 The Good Dearth, " Window" Ben Fergenbaum (sic), Maynard Arsove vs. Don McClure, Al Leland

22 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1969.11.14 Seattle P-I B1 Jets? No, Freeway Bothers Schools re: Seward, other schools 1970.00.00 Seattle Times S.F. Orders 250 Cars For Rapid Transit for delivery next summer; system opens 1971 1970.01.18 Seattle Times 3rd-Bridge Moratorium Asked; Freeway CARHT & CAF, Mrs. Margaret Tunks Foes Appeal 1970.01.18 Seattle P-I 11 Freeway Foes Attack 'Secret Deals' cites Dave Lefebvre, CAF, Maynard Arsove, CARHT 1970.01.19 Seattle P-I The Saga Of State Highway I-90 Mike Conant 1970.01.20 Seattle Times C5 State Warns City to OK 3rd Span or Lose David Suffia Road Aid 1970.01.21 Seattle Times Hearing Tuesday on 3rd Lake Washington set by Councilman Tim Hill Span 1970.01.22 Seattle P-I 9 Seattle Put Over a 10-lane 'Barrel' Shelby Scates "a semi-secret gathering" 1970.01.22 Seattle Times Council Turns Against I-90 Plan; Majority David Suffia Pres. Chas. Carroll, CM Geo. Cooley; city may Opposed lose state Bay Fwy funds 1970.01.25 Seattle Times A1, Interstate 90 Plans Call for 8 Lanes; Rapid Robert A. Barr pics of models atop I-90 with schools, day care, D4-5, Transit, Too rapid transit ctr., etc E1 1970.01.25 Seattle Times Freeways Needn't Be Ugly, Says Architect Robert A. Barr controversial link bet. I-90 & I-5, state presents case here 1970.01.25 Seattle Times Machinery Set Up for Buying I-90 Route Alf Collins Model Cities Tie-In Being Studied Through Mt. Baker 1970.01.25 Seattle Times Planners Hope to Begin New Freeway in Richard Simmons photo of new I-90 10 lane model 1972 1970.01.25 Seattle Times I-90 Would Affect a Cross Section of the Stephen H. 3 photos of houses in right-of-way that would City Dunphy be wiped out 1970.01.25 Seattle Times Urban Expert Sees 'New Horizons' map, scale model; photo Edward M. Burke, AIA 1970.01.25 Seattle Times Highway Director Has Praise for Special Design Team 1970.01.26 Seattle Times Blacks Divided on Merits of I-90 Stephen H. Larry Gossett finds two-thirds opposed; Ed Dunphy Banks, CSCC; city hearing 1/27 1970.01.27 Seattle P-I Residents Call I-90 Freeway 'Detriment' Sue Hutchison Banks, Gayton, League of Women Voters Emerson; Sea. Liberation Collective at Dist.1 Ofc 1970.01.28 Seattle Times D4 Mercer Island to Study Freeway photo: Mercer Island scale model w/I-90

23 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.01.28 Seattle Times Third Lake Bridge Blacks, Whites Assail David Suffia Youths, blacks, etc. gave raucous opposition Proposal at hearing; photos 1970.01.29 Seattle Times Council Turns Against I-90 Plan David Suffia 1970.01.29 Seattle P-I Letter to Editor: I-90's Adverse Effects Susan G. Meyers 1970.01.29 The Facts 1, 4 I-90 Fighters Speak Out for Homes ... Not Banks; CMs Hill, Smith, Tuai; Rep. Sprague; LWV Freeways Emerson, Dr. Palmason, Sch. Bd; E.Dixon, T. Gayton, E.Gay, K.Hally, Bl. Panthers, more; photos 1970.01.29 The Facts I-90 and RH Thomson features Sea. CM Sam Smith 1970.01.30 Argus 1 Is This Freeway Really Necessary..... ? photo proposed I-90 tie in to I-5 1970.01.30 Seattle P-I 900 at Parley Sway Council Against I-90 re: hearing held Tues. night 1970.01.30 Argus 1 As Long As The Money Flows In From Gas Philip Bailey editorial w/photo of model with I-90 tie into I-5 Tax, Freeways Will Continue … 1970.01.30 Seattle P-I Downtown Traffic Curb? EPA proposed air quality stds for big cities 1970.02.00 Seattle Times I-90: State May Limit Discussion at Stephen H. 150 at Mt. Baker CC: Wade Bond (sic: Vaughn), Hearings Dunphy Talbot, 3 councilmen 1970.02.01 Seattle Times Keep Eyes On Transit's 'Big Picture' -- Ross Analysis; WSHD called off hearing on Bothell Carroll Cunningham Way Expressway 1970.02.03 Seattle Times Mayor Council Ask 1-90 Lane Cutback David Suffia Mayor Wes Uhlman anxious re: Bay Fwy funds 1970.02.03 Seattle P-I 1 'Death Knell' for Parkway Uhlman for 3-T-3 + re-pay state for RHT land 1970.02.08 Seattle P-I Allied Arts' Fred Bassetti: 6 new lanes + drawing: 3 new, 1 old I-90 tunnels rapid transit 1970.02.08 Seattle Times A16 Interstate 90: Seattle Can't Stop It . . . Robert A. Barr 1970.02.08 Seattle Times A17 . . . But Foes Still Vocal Stephen Dunphy Young blacks; architects; engineers; Gibbs, CARHT; Bassetti, Allied Arts; more 1970.02.11 University 1 Thomson Freeway Plan Dead Asst. Mayor Richard Page at U Dist. Chamber of District Herald Commerce 1970.02.13 Seattle Times I-90 Dispute Handed Back to Uhlman David Suffia might lose state Bay Fwy funding 1970.02.13 Seattle P-I Highway Hearing to Be Held After Transit Election 1970.02.19 Seattle Times A4 Mt. Baker Tunnel for I-90 Not Ruled Out Robert A. Barr drawings: I-90 tunnels vs. cut & cover 1970.02.20 Seattle Times 3rd Bridge… Vital to Transit Plan says METRO's Ellis & Donworth

24 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.02.22 Seattle P-I Highway, Bridge To Be Discussed in 8- by Consulting Engineers Council of Wa. Hour Forum 1970.02.22 Seattle Times I-90 Team Offers Solutions ... "Ideas" & illustrations 1970.02.22 Seattle Times Housewives Learn You Can't Win 'Em All David Suffia a satirical piece 1970.02.23 Seattle Times Interstate 90: Arguments Are Old, Only Bob Lane Engineers' Forum: Banks, Allan, Boerner, The Telling Is New, at Hearing Feigenbaum, Prof. Horwood re: Puget Sound Transportation Study 1970.02.24 Seattle Times No Alternate Route Seen 1970.02.27 Seattle P-I S5 Mt. Baker Ridge Looking East drawing (based on Seth Jackson?) 1970.02.27 Seattle Times People Are Skeptical of State's Plans for Herb Robinson shows I-90/S. Bellevue vs. future I-90/23rd More Attractive Freeways S, Seattle 1970.03.00 SeattleTimes New Development Could Split Alf Colins [date estimated] Neighborhood as Much as Freeway 1970.03.10 Seattle P-I Viaduct Funding Accord Hwy Comm promises $ for Conn. St. if Seattle ... 1970.03.20 Seattle Times State Backs Off 10-Lane I-90 Plan David Suffia city/state agree on Bay, RH Thomson, more hwys, city supports I-90 1970.03.24 Seattle Times Council Signs OK for I 90 Span but not a specific design 1970.04.00 City of Seattle Bay Freeway: Progress Report to the Seattle, Dept. of history & map of proposed right of way for Citizens Engineering 4/17/70 council hearing 1970.04.07 Seattle P-I 20 Civic Clubs Protest Parking Group's CARHT, CPC, CSCC, F of WOC Budget 1970.04.08. Seattle P-I Drawing of Bay Freeway, I-5 to west side Seattle Dept. of call for written statements w/in 10 days of of Seattle Ctr Engineering, hearing 1970.04.10 Seattle Times Foes of Parking Commission Open to Some Herb Robinson cites Jeanette Williams, CARHT, Citizens Questions Planning Council & more 1970.04.18 Seattle Times Ex-Highway Head Criticizes Bay Freeway cites Charles Prahl, Frank Ruano; to be done 1973 1970.04.24 Seattle Times I-90 Question Is 'How', Not 'Whether', Says William Gough Official 1970.04.26 Seattle Times S19 Why Cities' Salvaging the Measure of Man Louis R. Guzzo photo I-5 & Lakeview Overpass 1970.04.26 Seattle P-I Freeway Package 'Robs City' Shelby Scates also p.12; M. Tunks, LWV & CAF 1970.05.00 State Govt 2-3 States Loosen Restrictions On Use Of But Washington has constitutional restrictions News Highway Revenues from outdated 1934 law

25 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.05.03 Seattle P-I I-90 Design Hearing Set For Public June 2 hearing, Seattle Ctr; May 23 info mtg Mt. Virgin (church) Hall 1970.05.09 Seattle P-I R.H. Thomson Expressway 'Not Dead Yet" Sue Hutchison 1970.05.10 Seattle Times Special Brochure Set on I-90 Hearing Jun 2 hearing; brochures available Sea. & Bellev. 1970.05.21 Journal of Public Meeting on Interstate Highway 90, Wash. State Dept. Jun 2, Snoqualmie Rm, Seattle Center, Map Commerce Design Hearing of Highways 1970.05.21 Seattle Times D8 R.H. Thomson Parkway to Get Another Public Hearing 1970.06.01 Seattle Times Early Start Sought on Lake Bridge Robert A. Barr sketches with new tunnels into Mt. Baker ridge 1970.06.02 Seattle Times City Hall: Thomson Parkway Dead… Bay Council goes ahead on Bay Fwy; 28 citizens Freeway… 6 Lanes signed up to speak, not all heard 1970.06.02 Seattle P-I 1 City Kills Thomson Expressway Mike Conant cites M. Arsove, head of CARHT; Council keeping Bay Freeway 1970.06.03 Seattle P-I Stormy Debate Erupts At I-90 Link Martin Works >500 people; Gossett, BSU, w/3000 signatures Hearing got most applause 1970.06.03 Seattle Times 1-90 Plans Lashed At Hearing; Second Charles Aweeka >600 persons; Banks, CSCC; Gossett, BSU; Clark, Session Tonight Model Cities; Gangolli, Ravenna; Simpson; Tunks; others 1970.06.03 Seattle P-I Limited I-90 Discussion Resented Martin Works stormy hearing 1970.06.04 Seattle P-I I-90 Hearing Mostly 'Anti' Dist. 37 Reps. Sprague, Fleming; NAACP; Sierra Club; CARHT; Ravenna; SLF; Socialist Workers Party 1970.06.04 Seattle Times I-90 Project Hit Anew; Hearing Charles Aweeka photos: West, Karpen, McIver, Cramer, Evans, McCord, Gangolli, Arsove, Tunks, Sprague, Fleming, Repp 1970.06.04 Seattle P-I Photo of 1970 City Council hearing on I-90 Tom Bartlett photo re-used 1978.02.05 as "Symbol of (photographer) opposition" 1970.06.05 Seattle Times I-90 Hit; More freeways and 'we will die Charles Aweeka McClure; Drokes, SUL, Lofgren, St. Pierre, from emphysema …' Bennett, Kawasaki, Boerner, Raff, Pearson, Hill, Dodd, Raymond, Dr. Breysee, Jett, AAUW, Abel, more; photos 1970.06.05 Seattle P-I I-90 Opponent Burns Dollar ~200 persons; John Hanberry lost 2 homes to freeways; hearing carried over

26 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.06.06 Seattle Times Petitions Opposing Interstate 90 2,726 signatures from blacks to City Council re: I-90, RHT 1970.06.08 Seattle Times But What Do We Do With Automobiles? Herb Robinson re: City Council vote to remove RHT from city comprehensive plan 1970.06.09 Seattle Times Interstate 90: Building Workers 'Silent' at Charles Aweeka Reps. for Sch.Bd., SOIC, Clean Air Wa, CHECC, Noisy Hearing Leschi, Mountaineers, Radical Women, SLF; Dr. McAlister; Steinbrueck; Utevski (sic); [E.Allen] w/signs; Palmerlee; Hillis 1970.06.09 Seattle P-I Should Resign, Says Steinbrueck Martin Works photo: Steinbrueck; Schefflman presided 1970.06.11 Seattle Times A4 City Council Seeking Ways to Salvage John Wilson & photo: Arboretum Interchange - costly facility .. Thomson Funds Marshall Wilson probably will never be used 1970.06.11 Seattle Times I-90 Project, Bridge May Be Scrapped Robert A. Barr 1970.06.11 Seattle Times I-90 Hearing Told Officials Little They dept proposes "4-T-4"; opposition appears Didn't Know greater 1970.06.12 Seattle P-I Volpe Denies Halting I-90 just delayed 1970.06.11 Seattle Times C8 Montlake District Joyful that Freeway Plan Robert A. Barr is Dead 1970.06.16 Seattle Times A12 Highway 'No Man's Land' Opinion urges clean-up, return of RHT properties to private ownership 1970.06.18 Seattle P-I Gov. Evans Asks New Study of I-90 Span Gov. has talked with some of the opponents 1970.06.22 Seattle Times Meeting I-90 Criticisms; Issue: What can Editorial be done ....? 1970.06.22 Seattle P-I Scaling Down I-90; A P-I View: The Editorial position of Gov. .... 1970.06.24 Wall Street 26+ Touting Transit: Lobbying Effort to Obtain Albert R. Karr good description of push/pull in Congress Journal Federal Funds for Mass Transit … 1970.06.29 Seattle Times State Tentatively Approves Smaller Third David Suffia cites Deputy Mayor Richard Page, 5 pt Lake Bridge compromise 1970.06.30 Seattle Times Island Part of Interstate 90 Project Studied

1970.06.30 Seattle P-I Council Favors Plan for Six Lane I-90 Mike Conant 1970.07.01 Seattle Times Promising Revision of Interstate 90 Editorial

27 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.07.05 Seattle Times Interstate 90 Revision Pleases Freeway cites Maynard Arsove, CARHT Critics 1970.07.14 Seattle Times C17 Citizen Unit Eyes Gas Tax for Repairs on proposed by Maynard Arsove, CARHT Streets 1970.07.27 Seattle P-I 8 Editorial: Gas Tax Lock-Up Editorial use gas and motor vehicle taxes for non- highway purposes 1970.07.27 Seattle P-I 8 Editorial cartoon: The Open Road Herblock hwy lobby over urban transit needs, clean air, etc. 1970.07.29 Seattle Times Buses May Get Priority Use of Lanes 1970.08.14 Seattle P-I 3 Firms Invited to Submit Designs for I-90 2 mtgs 8/19: Seattle Center Food Circus & Bridge Colman School 1970.08.18 Seattle Times Part of I-90 may be moved, speed reduced Robert A. Barr

1970.08.18 Seattle P-I Lake Bridge Designs To Be Outlined 2 mtgs, same day: Arsove "divide & conquer?;" Steward (sic), Banks, CSCC 1970.08.19 Northwest Opponents agree on gas tax Muriel Little Sen. Francis, challenger McCord: RH Thomson, Outlook proposed 50th St. Exwy wrong 1970.08.20 Seattle Times Reaction mixed to I-90 Paul Andrews dual mtgs Colman School, Seattle Center: Gayton, CSCC; Heller, LIC; Rudo, CARHT 1970.08.20 Seattle P-I Judge Denies Halt To Work on I-90 Environmentals file Snoq. pass suit 1970.08.20 Seattle P-I 19 Groups Join Action to Halt 1-90 Work, cites Maynard Arsove, CARHT; Roger Leed, atty 3rd Lake Bridge 1970.08.20 Seattle P-I Revised I-90 Plans Lauded, Condemned Sue Hutchinson see pg B; Citzens Planning Council, Munipal & Martin Works League Model Cities 1970.08.20 Seattle P-I Photo: Hwy engineer w/ reduced I-90 Sue Hutchinson, photo re-used 1978.02.05 as "1970 model concept photo by Miller Conceptualization of I-90" 1970.09.02 Seattle P-I 13 New Hearing Slated on Thomson Freeway city must build RHT or ask voters to accept an alternative 1970.09.17 Seattle Times D4 Bay Freeway plans, financing challenged CARHT & CAF; Tunks, Arsove, & Lefebvre cited 1970.09.20 Seattle Times 1 + I-90 Plans Lauded, Criticized Wendell Lovett, Citizens Planning Council quoted; shows 14 lanes 1970.09.30 Seattle P-I Vote Recommended on Thomson Project ask voters to cancel RHT, re-assign $10.2M, sell RHT houses, repay state $1.3M

28 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1970.10.00 Washington Delegates Debate Hwy Problems, Gov asks Gov. Dan Evans Motorist for DOT 1970.10.00 Washington ed-pg Editor's Spindle - recession due to road- Bill Murray lists opponents as anti-capitalists Motorist blockers 1970.10.03 Seattle P-I 20 Freeway Funding Report 'Inadequate' CARHT & M. Arsove re: Bay Fwy 1970.10.21 Seattle P-I 5th Bridge Lane on Evergreen? Mike Conant city-hwy dept meeting 1970.10.23 Seattle Times F3 Freeway foes warn of recall actions David Suffia Maynard Arsove & Don Gibbs vs. Councilmen Carroll & Best 1970.11.02 Seattle Times C18 Legal Notices: establishing ... the Bay Freeway 1970.11.09 Daily Journal of 7 City Notices: Bay Freeway to be lists affected properties & exhibits Commerce established, etc. 1970.11.21 Seattle P-I Judge Denies I-90 Injunction Judge Wm. Beeks heard Legal Services case 9/4, 9/8/70 1970.12.23 Seattle Times A12 Freeway Russian roulette Editorial likes vote to proceed w/Bay Fwy 1971.01.12 Seattle P-I City Hall: The Thomson Sinking Fast Mike Conant RHT "the victim of changing thought" 1971.01.12 Seattle P-I The City: Thomson Freeway Buried Mike Conant City Council removes RHT from comprehensive plan 1971.01.31 Seattle P-I S3-S4 Center Architect Critical Darrell Glover of Bay Freeway; photo

1971.02.22 Seattle P-I Answers Sought to Freeway's Impact on Mike Layton Mayor's I-90 Citizens Adv. Comm., Chair Ikeda, Mt. Baker District VP Donna Greenlee 1971.02.28 Seattle P-I Bay Freeway Link to Displace Firms Jean Hudson Lunzer 1971.03.20 Seattle Times New highway plan 'definite improvement,' Michael J. Parks photo of scale model of revised I-90 design says Council 1971.03.28 Seattle Times B1 I-90 Precedents are broken, many changes Robert A. Barr see B4; drawings for 3 concepts thru Mt. Baker in design of route Ridge 1971.03.28 Seattle P-I Did I-90 citizens' committee achieve its Dave Birkland Mayor's I-90 Comm. Chr. Tsuguo Ikeda photo goal? 1971.03.28 Seattle Times B4 I-90 already cuts swath -- of frustration Dave Birkland photos: Hayes, Godwin & rats; vacant state- owned house; C.A.I.N.; Mrs. White

29 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1971.03.28 Seattle Times B1, B4 Time running out for I-90, official warns Robert A. Barr see B1 & B4

1971.04.21 Seattle Times A18 Work may start next year on third lake Robert A. Barr bridge 1971.05.27 Seattle Times E4 City votes to trim 2 more lanes from I-90 Michael J. Parks 1971.05.27 Seattle Times Did Council vote kill I-90 project? Michael J. Parks see E4 re: public hearing 5/26/71 & Robert A. Barr 1971.05.27 Seattle P-I City Council Opposes State on I-90 requested lid & transit lanes Features 1971.05.28 Seattle Times 1 Auto Club assails vote on I-90 Robert A. Barr 1971.05.31 Seattle Times Mercer Island mayor defends I-90 plan David Suffia photo: Mercer Island Mayor Aubrey Davis 1971.06.04 The Globe and People before things Premier Wm. Davis stops Spadina Exwy in Mail Toronto 1971.06.04 The Globe and Davis: Care for city-dwellers prompts Davis' speech 6/3/1971; St. Wm & Octopus Mail decision cartoon 1971.06.04 The Globe and Groups cheer Spadina decision as a victory Neil Louttit review of subway line sought; cites the resisters Mail for the people 1971.06.05 Saturday 48-53, Can We Bust the Highway Trust? Denis Hayes amazing drawings by Robert Osborn Review cover

1971.06.06 Daily Interstate 90: A Fatal Wound to Maynard Arsove from (possibly) Brock Evans Missoulian 1971.06.22 Seattle P-I 12 Interstate' Query Rouses I-90 Hearing Boerner, Arsove, Steinbrueck (con); Greenlee (pro) 1971.07.00 Fortune 78+ How the Interstate Changed the Face of Juan Cameron Seattle mentioned on p.81 Magazine the Nation 1971.07.09 Argus If Council Calls State's Bluff on I-90, Seattle David Brewster City Council's makeup matters as fall elections May Get Blessing … near 1971.09.29 The Outlook 1, 4 Public airs views at traffic hearing Laurie Roskie Tudor Report: U Dist Dev Council; Burns, Montlake; Rep. Douthwaite; more 1971.10.29 Seattle Times A10 Bay Freeway plan called illegal John Phillips, CARHT atty; others 1971.10.29 Seattle P-I B4 Highway Plan To Be Told PI Eastside re: designs for I-90 on Mercer Is. Bureau

30 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1971.10.29 Seattle P-I B4 Bay Freeway Halt Argued Bill McClave Sup. Ct. Judge Solie Ringold 1971.11.07 Seattle Times B1 Bay Freeway ban leaves city in muddle Robert A. Barr photo Lincoln Mercury dealership 1971.11.07 Seattle Times B1 Freeway to nowhere suits merchants Byron Johnsrud photo sign "Moved" 1971.11.07 Seattle Times B1 T' [for transit-only lanes] is key to Sam R. Sperry compromise on I-90 1971.11.07 Seattle Times B1 Court ban on Bay Freeway leaves city in Robert A. Barr explains court ruling muddle 1971.11.10 Wall Street 5 Judge Blocks $100 Million Highway suit filed by civil rights groups & Sierra Club re: Journal Project in … Foothills Fwy 1972.00.00 Seattle P-I Letter to Editor: The Health Hazard of Richard Haviland electric trolleys much quieter than diesel buses Noise 1972.01.06 Seattle Times C1 Labor Council backs Bay Freeway funds 1972.01.06 Seattle P-I Hearing Set on New Lake Floating Bridge Jan. 27 under direction 13th Coast Guard Dist. 1972.01.09 Seattle P-I A5 Group Seeks Antifreeway Votes Martin Works Tim Manring, Maynard Arsove, Roger Leed, Brock Evans co-chairs 1972.01.21 Seattle Times A12 Speaking up for jobs Editorial already funded I-90, Bay Fwy, etc 1972.02.02 Seattle P-I A11 Puget Sound and Fury ... Emmett Watson brief on leafletting for Bay Fwy at Opera House 1972.02.02 UW Daily 1 Bay Freeway? Yes or No interesting cover photo 1972.02.02 UW Daily 13 Bay Freeway: Boosters and Boos John Irme cites Bill Harrington; city's map 1972.02.02 UW Daily 13, 15 Lines Drawn in 'Bayway' Battle Terry Johnson

1972.02.03 Seattle 1 VOTE $ FEB. 8 Vote No Bay Fwy Paid advertisement, plus "$125 paid" invoice Shopping News Comm.

1972.02.03 Seattle Times B1 Bay Freeway: Architect Group Opposes, Muni League No Stand 1972.02.04 Seattle Times A13 Bay Freeway transcends usual 'anti' Herb Robinson argument 1972.02.04 Argus 1, 8 Bay Freeway Monstrous Solution to Traffic Patrick Douglas photo of model; also 2/3/72 KOMO4 special Problem 1972.02.06 Seattle Times A12 Yes" for Bay Freeway, Times' opinion and comment 1972.02.06 Seattle Times A1 Vote Tuesday,' Bay Fwy, etc. Dick Miller 1/4 page cartoon

31 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B6-B7 Bay Freeway: Who's for and against; Pro & Shelby Gilje Comm for Ref. 1 & Vote No Bay Freeway Con Committee 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B6 Official 'Yes' is needed to drop Thomson aka Referendum 2 project 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B6 It all goes back to the mid-1950s Robert A. Barr photo of Bayway model w/ labels 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B7 Central Association backs Bay Freeway Robert A. Barr C.A.'s Gilmore, Prof. Seabloom, UW Eng., support

1972.02.06 Seattle Times B7 Project denounced as 'extravagant waste' Emmett McCormick, Cascade CC 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B7 Where would the funds come from? Edward Kidd, Comptroller's Ofc 1972.02.06 Seattle Times B7 Environmental damage feared Sierra Club, Wash. Environ. Council 1972.02.06 Seattle Times A13 Chamber of Commerce 'obstructionism' ... Letter to Editor Paul Schell, Brock Evans & more Bottleneck 1972.02.06 Seattle P-I Rendering of Proposed Bay Freeway Unclear if this is from the city or state 1972.02.09 Seattle Times F7 $12,000 plan to nowhere? photo: boxes of Bay Freeway bid plans 1972.02.09 Seattle P-I A1 Bayway, Thomson Buried; School Levy Election Votes tallied in box Squeaking By 1972.02.09 Seattle P-I A3 Antifreeway Forces Jubilant at Decisive Dick Clever legal ruling required the vote Defeat 1972.02.09 Seattle P-I A3 $12,000 Already Spent on Plans 1972.02.09 Seattle Times B2 Bay Freeway dead, gone Shelby Gilje see A12 editorial, B3 related article 1972.02.11 Argus 1 The Waning of Wes Uhlman David Brewster due to pro-Pike Market, anti-freeway folks? 1972.02.11 Seattle Times A9 Freeway forces win a round over I-90 Richard W. WEC; legislators: Charnley, Williams, Larsen Cunningham, Julin, Kraabel, North 1972.03.00 Washington Editor's Spindle Bill Merry Auto. Assn. of Wash., publisher Motorist 1972.03.19 Seattle Times G12 Thomson project: It's dead, but a hundred Sam R. Sperry route map & house pictures properties remain 1972.04.02 Seattle P-I Highway Lobby Is Screaming Shelby Scates 1972.05.03 Seattle Times Letter to Editor: Is the 'highway lobby' D. Brian Walters re: editorial - Countering highway delay tactics, responsible? 4/26/1972 1972.05.04 Mercer Island 1,4 Survey Minimizes I-90 Impact on Seattle Peggy Reynolds Puget Sound. Gov. Conf; Shoreline Reporter appellants: Foulks, McCord, WEC, Sierra Club

32 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1972.05.04 Mercer Island 2 Reflections: Time for Arbitration From on Peggy Reynolds re: Shorelines Mgmt Act/Board & appeals Reporter High 1972.05.09 Seattle P-I A6 Environmental Reports on NW All Faulty, Dick Young 15 mos. old, goal to improve land use planning EPA Charges 1972.05.21 The Sunday 28 News analysis: Seattle mass transit Bill Mertena urban anti-fwy forces influencing Hwy Oregonian support marks end of era Commission 1972.06.16 Seattle Times A10 Signature seeker arrested; Gas-tax McCord at Opera House [not arrested: Berit initiative (174) Nyberg McAllister] 19072.08.72 Seattle Times A1 Shorelies board bounces permit for I-90 Archie Satterfield 3rd span 1972.08.31 Seattle P-I A10 I-90 Delays Hurting the Environment Editorial objects to Judge Beeks finding I-90 EIS inadequate 1972.09.07 Seattle P-I C17 Legal Notices: Draft EIS, SR 90, SR 5 to WSDH draft EIS now available; includes maps west shore M.I. 1972.09.09 Intermountain The people vs. Interstate 90 Carol Horning (Boise); to M.Arsove from B.Evans re: SOS in Observer Stacey Coeur d'Alene 1972.09.27 Seattle Times F5 Man innocent of creating disturbance Wm. McCord, collecting signatures, acquitted 1972.09.28 Seattle P-I A6 False Arrest Claim Filed for $152,250 Larry McCarten Wm. McCord sought signatures to cut gas tax 1972.09.72 Seattle Times B5 Acquitted man sues city for $152,250 for deprivation of civil rights, false arrest, more 1972.10.00 UW Daily I'm here to listen to you, the citizen' Peter Rinearson DOT hearing at HUB; cites Margaret Tunks, Bill McCord 1972.10.05 Seattle P-I A1, A4 Court Halts Work on I-90 Segment Dick Young at Snoqualmie Pass; cites attorney Richard Aramburu 1972.12.16 Seattle P-I A1 Seattle Auto Fumes Must Be Cut in Half Charles Dunsire EPA order under the Clean Air Act 1972.12.21 Seattle Times A7 City may face 1975 deadline in reducing Bob Lane air pollution control devices on new cars late air pollution 1976 1973.04.30 Seattle P-I 30-32, Seattle 2000 - Transportation - Utilities - Commission (Supplement) Goals, recommendations; list New Tech. of community mtgs dates 1973.10.04 Mercer Island 4 New law gives cities freeway-transit Letter to Editor Ulla Friendmann Reporter choice 1973.12.09 Seattle Times A12 How many more highways? Editorial gas shortages, need for public transit 1973.12.13 Seattle P-I A8 Freeway Foes File More Harrington, Citizens for Alternative to W Seattle Petitions Freeway; photo of model

33 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1973.12.15 Seattle Times A4 Freeway flow: Effect of metering ramps hearing; Maynard Arsove, CARHT; Ruth Moore questioned 1973.12.19 Seattle P-I A1, A6 I-90 Segment on Deathbed? Martin Works 9th US Circuit Court: re-do EIS; WSDH: safety improvements coming 1973.12.19 Seattle Times C7 I-90 may inch ahead awaiting return to Charles Aweeka e.g. finish East Channel bridge, remove old court floating bridge bulge 1973.12.20 Seattle Times A12 Woes of highway builders Editorial I-90 eastside to I-5 segment in limbo 1974.05.17 Seattle Times C7 Highway Dept. wants I-90 'as planned' a 4-2T-4 design 1974.06.10 Seattle Times Probe of I-90 'secrets' asked Sierra Club, WEC, CAF, CARHT, McCord 1974.06.27 Seattle P-I A1, $30 Million Over Budget? W. Seattle Michael Sweeney blames Citizens for an Alternative's referendum A15 Bridge Shocker that was defeated 1974.10.23 Seattle Times D3 Bellevue mayor is chairman of I-90 Bob Lane new committee formed committee 1975.04.25 Argus 1,4 Our 600-Million Dollar Misunderstanding David Brewster re: withdraw & substitute Fed $ for transit on Transit 1975.11.14 Seattle P-I A8 Request for I-90 Median Rejected P-I Eastside related to current reversible lanes crossing M.Is. Bureau 1975.11.28 Seattle Times Hill backs call for (W.Sea) bridge probe Sam R. Sperry Municipal League report expected 1975.12.05 Daily Journal of 1, 5 Seattle City Council to discuss I-90 options topics & dates listed Commerce 1975.12.17 Seattle Times C8 Another massive I-90 bridge report due Bob Lane by PSCG Friday 1976.01.16 Seattle Times E4 Metro re-emphasizes its 2-transit-lanes support 1976.01.16 Seattle Times ed-pg The Council's decision on I-90 affirmed by Times

1976.01.18 Seattle P-I A18 Russia Floated Sputnik Before ... I-90 Got P-I Opinion 1st in an I-90 editorial series; photo of I-90, RH Off Drawing Board Thomson interchange 1976.01.19 Seattle P-I A8 Decision for the Future P-I Opinion I-90 drawing, N.Bend - Seattle waterfront, by McCausland 1976.01.23 Seattle Times B3 Court rejects charge against I-90 report cites Roger Leed, atty; separate ruling on 8 hardship cases 1976.01.23 Seattle Times A8 Agency hopes to iron out I-90 differences Bob Lane re: Puget Sound Council of Governments

34 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1976.01.23 Seattle Times ed-pg Metro Transit healthy, growing Editorial

1976.01.23 Seattle Times Times Trouble Shooter: Shelby Gilje Hazard 1976.01.25 Seattle P-I C8 Complete I-90? Yes People Power 684 responded to 1/4/76 poll Poll 1976.01.25 Seattle Times D1, Alternatives on I-90 in works Continues on D4 D4 1976.01.25 Seattle Times D4 A safe guess: New I-90 won't be a miracle Bob Lane photo of rush-hour traffic on old bridge; chart: cost & carrying cap. 1976.01.25 Seattle Times D4 Who, what, when, where .... Q & A 1976.01.25 Seattle Times D4 Understanding plan is harder than .... Bob Lane a bit tongue in cheek 1976.01.27 Seattle Times A6 Council hearing on I-90 draws thin crowd 1976.01.29 Seattle Times A13 Thinking about effects of freeways; + Cliff Rowe photo Margaret Tunks 2 letters to editor 1976.01.29 Seattle Times C1 Public offers varied views on I-90 Mike Wyne & at Seattle Ctr; cites Benella Caminiti, others Bob Lane 1976.02.02 Seattle Times A12 Time to reoganize Engineering Dept. Editorial cites Councilman Tim Hill 1976.02.12 Seattle P-I I-90 Hearing Grinds to Halt Michael Sweeney cites Bill McCord, CARHT Pres.

1976.02.12 Seattle Times D4 High-level clash highlights I-90 hearing Mike Wyne photo Commissioner V. Gunby 1976.02.18 South District I-90 conflict reboiled Sanders, Mt. Bkr; Bond (sic Vaughn), Leschi; Journal Strickler, Mt. Bkr Hsing Rehab.; Rafanelli, DiJulio, Beacon Hill; Fair, Lk Wa Blvd; more 1976.03.22 Seattle Times A13 Battle of bulge,' bigger I-90 hassle go on Herb Robinson together 1976.04.14 Seattle P-I D10 Use Highway 18 As I-90 Alternate, Mooney Says 1976.06.05 Seattle Times Evans praises team's progress on I-90 Bob Lane cites Jerry Cormick, Leah Patton, UW Mediation Team 1976.07.21 Seattle P-I C12 State Fears For Funding On Freeway I-90 houses will be sold to renters, if possible 1976.08.28 Seattle P-I 8 Lanes Proposed on Span Seattle wants 8 lanes; others 10 lanes

35 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1976.12.00 ZPG Nat'l 4 Paving Paradise Kennedy P. Maize destroying prime farm land; cites Joni Mitchell's Reporter song 1977.01.09 Seattle P-I D10 Park-and-ride: A Star Is Born -- at Last Al Watts cleared tax hurdle, 7/74; up to 90% Fed $ 1977.04.00 Seattle Times Final I-90 environmental statement made Bob Lane 20 yr. history; mediated plan favors 3-2T-3 to 3- public 2R-3 1977.04.05 Seattle Times A8 Both House, Senate OK transportation- Lyle Burt would create DOT; needs reconciliation agency bills 1977.06.19 Seattle P-I [man w/ car on his back] Carlos Llerene editorial cartoon 1977.07.07 Mercer Island I-90 reverse-lane crash injures two more photos of crash & stalled cars Reporter 1977.07.07 Mercer Island 10 Hoppe's initiative could cost jobs and lives Peggy Reynolds aims to kill variable gas tax; Margaret Tunks Reporter helping 1977.07.14 Mercer Island 5 Another I-90 tragedy: Family struggles to Peggy Reynolds enumerates deaths on I-90 related to reverse Reporter awaken 17 y.o. lanes; photos 1977.07.14 Mercer Island What he wouldn't do for 2 cents! Peggy Reynolds King County Assessor Hoppe looking for Reporter attention w/Init. 348? 1977 Seattle P-I A9 Suit Aims at Reversible Lanes Frank Zoretich date estimated, re: injuries sustained in rev. lanes 1977.09.00 Seattle P-I A1, Ray Urges Public Vote on I-90, 'It Ought to Mike Layton Gov. named Mrs. Tunks as the problem A13 Be Finished' 1977.10.00 Seattle P-I Dixy Blames I-90 Blockers for Deaths Mike Layton date est'd; Gov. at State Good Roads Assn. annual mtg 1977.10.03 Christian 4 Bus vs. rail efficiency hotly debated Richard J. Cattani new CBO study Science Monitor 1977.10.21 Seattle P-I A1,bk Span Project A 'Tax Hostage'? Mike Layton V.Gunby "it's blackmail to say no I-90 if Init. 348 pg passes" 1977.10.29 Seattle Times A7 Gas Tax - more dollars fuel campaign Lyle Burt cites Public Disclosure reports; 2nd article - against Initiative 348 'Friends, foes of measure' 1977.10.29 Seattle Times A7 Repeal measure called threat to public Lyle Burt transit 1977.10.31 Seattle Times Say NO to Initiative 348, Keep Washington One of three paid advertisements in collection Moving

36 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1977.11.02 Seattle Times Intervention in I-90 suit rejected re: Mercer Is. & Pacific Legal F. 1977.11.05 Seattle Times Foes of gas-tax rollback accused of scare Gunby: smokescreen advertising, hwy lobby will tactics be back for more $ 1978.02.23 Seattle Times C1 State's gasoline use last year at 2 billion gallons; 5% increase 1978.07.23 Seattle Times D1 State seeks $820 million transportation Bob Lane no funds for disputed I-90 but a tentative "set budget aside" 1978.07.25 Seattle Times D5 For the people, by the people Peyton Whitely Margaret Tunks 1 of 3 featured 1978.08.17 Seattle Times C7 State budget study failed to disclose gas- Paul Andrews cites Virginia Gunby, State Transportation tax boost Commissioner 1978.08.17 Seattle P-I B3 Gas Tax -- an Exception Neil Modie 1978.10.05 Seattle Times State may sell bonds to support highway Bob Lane even w/gas tax increase, DOT needs more $ for I- work 90, other roads 1978.10.06 Seattle Times B2 Highway bond issue pondered will have no $ after 1981 1978.10.08 Seattle Times Royer's scaled-down I-90 plan gets from Joint Transportation Committee legislative cold shoulder 1979.02.20 Seattle Times A4 Road Construction Passes Go Mike Layton Tunks not allowed to speak; bonds needed to match I-90 federal funds 1979.03.23 Seattle Times A13 Letter to Editor: Highways for public R.K. Maus not just for trucks; or why spend $800 million on I-90? 1979.03.23 Seattle Times A13 Letter to Editor: Highway lobby John F. Barber opposed to selling bonds to build hwys 1979.04.03 Seattle P-I I-90 Bonds Face Bout In House Mike Layton Seattle vs. Eastside legislators 1979.04.05 Seattle Times A17 House is struggling with I-90 finances Lyle Burt cites Mayor Chas. Royer's proposed I-90 alternative 1979.04.20 Seattle P-I A7 Bond Issue for Last I-90 Leg Passes House Mike Layton Commissioner Gunby agt; Barber, I-90 Majority: Panel I-90 unneeded 1979.04.20 Seattle Times A7 I-90 financing cleared by committee Lyle Burt $100 million bond to complete I-90, get Fed. 90% matching funds 1979.04.25 Spokesman Higher gas tax likely under variable gas tax law of 1977 Review 1979.04.25 Spokane Daily 10 Transit Package May Boost Fuel Doug Floyd $1.13 billion for highways & $1 million for I-90 Chronicle bond

37 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1979.04.25 Spokane Daily 10 Senate Backs Transport Bill motor vehicle excise tax for public transit, not Chronicle retire bonds 1979.04.26 Seattle Times B7 $1.2 billion OK'd for transportation 3 financing measures include $1 M for W. Sea Bridge bond 1979.05.16 Seattle Sun 1, 11- The Freeway That Wouldn't Die -- I-90 Michelle Celarier photo Mercer Is. bridge w/o bulge 12 1979.06.19 Seattle Times I-90 bridge foes attack state review Bob Lane cites Roger Leed for I-90 Majority & Seth Jackson 1979.06.23 Seattle Times A8 State witnesses defend impacts statement Dee Norton on I-90 span 1979.09.00 Seattle Times C2 Reclaim I-90 money for buses, says ex- Bob Lane cites Virginia Gunby, former Transportation state aide Commission 1979.11.06 UW Daily 1, 3 I-90 bridge project treads troubled waters Teresa Cronin I-90 Concerned Residents; Judkins Rejected; Beacon Hill; CM Rice; Transit 21 1979.11.23 Argus 1, 3 San Francisco's Highrise Lessons Hit Jerry Schneider density, transportation connected; UW Prof Home Civil Eng. & Urban Planning; photo I-5 1980.01.14 Daily Journal of Transportation: I-90 bridge may go before UPI backers turned in >25,000 signatures on Thurs. Commerce Seattle voters 1980.01.31 Journal- Seattle chamber attacks legality of I-90 Mike Merritt 20-page attack on initiative American initiative 1980.02.01 Seattle P-I A2 Chamber Begins Drive to Prevent a Vote Paul O'Connor ~10,000 signatures extra; Kirby (sic Kelby) on I-90 Fletcher, initiative atty 1980.02.04 Seattle Times [Seattle] Init. 21 would be limited 1980.02.04 Seattle Times A10 Democracy can drive you up wall Herb Robinson e.g. Seattle's Initiative 21 1980.02.05 Seattle P-I C8 Chamber Accused of 'Trick' Over I-90 Paul O'Connor Initiative 1980.02.07 Seattle P-I A6 Royer Call for City to Reassess I-90 Plan Paul O'Connor state violating agreements; Hugh Spitzer, mayor's counsel 1980.02.08 Seattle Times B6 Royer: Work without funds violates I-90 Susan Gilmore enough $ for transit access?; also cites Hugh pact Spitzer 1980.02.08 Seattle P-I A16 Block That Vote? Editorial 1980.02.14 Seattle Times B4 Council unit OK's I-90 initiative for ballot based on Law Dept. position by Jorgen G. Bader, asst. city atty

38 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1980.02.15 Argus 1, 8 Bellevue Bursts Into The Big Time Jerry Schneider cites Transit 21 and possible effects on Bellevue

1980.02.19 Journal- A2 I-90, Seattle council to look at 2 key issues American 1980.02.22 Seattle Times B2 I-90 decision moves toward ballot Peter Lewis cites Chair Jeanette Williams; Kelby Fletcher, Transit 21 1980.02.24 Seattle P-I A3 Goldschmidt Klatches for Carter Here Michael Sweeney Trans. Secretary says passing Seattle Init. 21 might not kill I-90 1980.04.00 King County 2 Letters: Initiative 21 Dick Falkenbury to be on ballot 11/8/80; plz help TRANSIT 21 Democrat 1980.04.22 Seattle Times C2 Freeway foes recite their energy credo Boles, Grupp, Tunks, Gunby, I-90 Majority; Seattle Consumer Action Network 1980.06.16 UW Daily Letters: Choosing between more cars and Kelby D. Fletcher better buses 1980.08.06 The Weekly The I-90 fiasco: the unwinnable war goes David Brewster re: Seattle Initiative 21 on and on 1980.08.06 Mercer Island 2 City appeals I-90 decision re: Seattle Initiative 21 Reporter 1980.08.09 Seattle P-I A4 Voters Have Right to I-21 Ballot; Voice of Maynard Arsove the People & John Barber 1980.08.13 News-Herald A1-A2 Let the people decide the future of I-90 Editorial re: Seattle Initiative 21

1980.08.13 Seattle Sun 5 Transit-21 fight far from over Patty Somio photo: I-90 East Channel Bridge 1980.08.25 Journal- 1 End of bump-to-bump traffic photo SR520; repair & repaving project is over American 1980.08.80 Seattle Times Metro Transit's negative attitude on rail Ed Newbold alternatives 1980.09.16 Seattle P-I A15 I-90 Vote? Up to High Court Asst. City Atty Bader asked for delay; Fletcher, atty for Transit 21 1980.09.16 Seattle Times C2 High court urged to lift ban on I-90 Lyle Burt Seattle Bldg … Trades seek injunction; Bader, initiative Mortenson, city attys 1980.09.25 Seattle Times Initiative on bridge won't be on ballot Steve Johnston ruled State Supreme Court

39 Newspaper Articles Date Publication Page Headline Author Other info 1980.09.26 Washington Supreme Court rejects Seattle UPI I-90 vote 1982.02.18 Seattle P-I Photo: Shackleford looking at/for house to Eric Nalder & T. I-90 displacement project; Mayberry; state $; rent Tolman city: unfit housing 1982.03.00 King County 4 Special interest legislation special: Pave Virginia Gunby King County Council employee Democrat now, pay later 1983.02.13 Seattle P-I 2 color photos: Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel, from HNTB, WSTC & DOT East Portal 1983.03.06 Seattle Times D2 I-90 Project Cutting Broad Swath through William Gough photos 2 Cities 1986 Seattle P-I Color photo: Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel, shows tunnel cross-section; source unknown - Ultimate Operation possibly HTNB, WSTC & DOT 1990.11.26 The Oregonian A1, A8 Mercer Island bridge sinks Editorial damage also done to new I-90 bridge; good photo 1990.11.28 Seattle Times A1, A5 Inspections of pontoons inadequate, state Editorial 50 y.o. bridge, closed for construction, sank admits 11/25/1990 1990.11.28 Seattle Times A1, A4 40 mph gusts tonight could close I-90 span Maria Williams & photos: tugboats hold new I-90; gap in old I-90 Kate Shatzkin where piece gone 1990.12.03 Seattle Times E1, E4 Bridge cyclist's 'ride-in' earns ticket to jail Maria Williams photo: David Rudo w/bike, arrested 12/1/1990 on I-90 1990.12.03 Seattle Times E1, E4 So who will pay for bridge? O. Casey Corr re: legal liability for old I-90 bridge disaster 1991.02.18 Seattle P-I A8 The Bush Energy Policy - … World Safe for Greenberg Cartoon, after start of 1st Gulf War Guzzling 1993.09.09 Seattle Times Last Link Of I-90 Ends 30-Year Saga Peggy Reynolds surveys 1963-present, names politicians, engineers, citizens 1993.09.09 Seattle Times I-90 Bridge Opening Closes Project Begun Peggy Reynolds in Eisenhower Era 2014.10.15 Seattle Times B1, B4 Last Jump for Ramps to Nowhere Danny Westneat Prof. M. Arsove, Black Panthers, A. Rudd, Prof. Iain Robertson; photo

40 Periodicals at the Seattle Public Library Title Location Call No. Format Seattle Post Intelligencer Central Library REF - Level 9 Microform PER SEATTLE Microfilm Coverage: Sep. 1954 - June 1970

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41 Periodicals at the Seattle Public Library Title Location Call No. Format Seattle Daily Times [Digital Archives] Seattle Public Library website Local History Newspaper Index N/A Digitized Copies

1895-1984 Full-text articles from the Seattle Times newspaper are digitized, searchable, printable and downloadable. Library Card Required

Seattle Magazine Location Call No. Format Central Library REF - Ask At Level 10 Desk PER SEATTLE Originals Apr. 1964 - Apr. 1969

Olmsted Associates Papers Location Call No. Format Central Library REF - Ask At Level 10 Desk 712.50979 Ol5R 1991 Originals Apr. 1964 - Apr. 1969

42 7. PRIMARY RESOURCES

This section contains a list of collections relevant to Seattle’s Freeway Revolt, organized by the owning repository (archive, museum or historical society). Archival materials include historical records, documents, correspondence, maps, photographs, architectural drawings, moving image and audio recordings and ephemera.

Repositories are: ● Seattle Municipal Archives (SMA) ● Washington State Archives (WSA) ● Puget Sound Regional Archives (PSRA) ● University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections (UWSC) ● Washington Department of Transportation Library (WSDOT Library) ● Rainier Valley Historical Society (RVHS) ● Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI)

7 8

Finding and Using Archival Materials Information on the terminology and techniques for navigating archive collections is provided below.

Repositories: A descriptive overview is provided for each repository, along with tools and tips for navigating online and physical resources and a list of related collections. Contextual information, such as a date range, types of materials, and specific items of interest, is provided for each collection. If available, corresponding location information (item, folder, box and collection numbers) is included to make it easier for the user to find them. Finding aids for each collection can be viewed by clicking on the hyperlinked titles. A “Reference

7 Empire Expressway Bridge Design. Copy of Drawing. Arboretum Interchange. January 8, 1960 (Item 63320, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives) 8 Empire Expressway. Madison St. Interchange. [Plan Drawing]. January 27, 1960 (Item 63484, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives)

43 Tools & Database Help” section for each repository provides links to tools for navigating the repository as well as to further materials not listed in this directory. Finding Aids and Collection Guides: These terms refer to detailed information about a specific collection of archival materials within a repository. Archives West: Previously known as Northwest Digital Archives, this site offers descriptions of archival and manuscript materials held by institutions in Washington, Oregon, , , Montana and Utah. If an institution has a collection—whether it’s digitized or not—and has created a description of it, you can learn that they hold it and use the available options to access materials. Many of the finding aids/collection guides linked in the following section are housed on the Archives West site. Others link to the finding aids/collection guides on the owning repository’s website. Collection Number/Record Series: These terms refer to the numbers given to a collection of archival materials by the owning repository. “Collection Number” is used for finding aids on Archives West, which are linked to most collections in this section. Some repositories use the term “Record Series,” however, there are exceptions/variances. See the “Tips” section under each repository for specifics relating to controlled vocabulary. General Research Advice: Be sure to email the repository (at the address listed in the contact information for each) prior to visiting to ensure that space is available. At some repositories, if you include a list of records, these will be pulled in advance and will be ready for use upon your arrival. Please review repository information in the following section or links to the home pages for details. Preferred Citations: Preferred citations can be found in the finding aids for each collection (click on the collection title to view finding aid).

44 SEATTLE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES (SMA)

The Seattle Municipal Archives holdings document the history, development and activities of agencies and elected officials of the City of Seattle. More information on holdings is available within the various collection indexes and guides.

The SMA holdings include a multitude of materials relating to Seattle’s freeway revolt. Maps, photographs, correspondence, manuscripts and meeting records documenting the planning of each freeway project are available within multiple collections. Engineering Department records for the R.H. Thomson Expressway are particularly vast and comprehensive. Records and audio recordings from proceedings of the Seattle City Council provide insight into the related legislation and the citizens’ responses. Audio recordings, in particular, animate this history and provide a sense of the personalities and issues involved.

Contact Information: Seattle City Hall, Office of the City Clerk 600 4th Avenue, Floor 3 PO Box 94728 Seattle, Washington 98124-4728 Phone: 206-684-8353 Email: [email protected] Research Room Hours of Operation: 8:00 AM-4:45 PM (Monday-Friday)

Reference Tools & Database Help: ● Searching Tips ● Optional Search Settings ● Record Series Guide ● About SMA’s Online Resources ● Online Resources List ● Guide to the Records of the Seattle City Clerk ● Legislation ● Legislation Field Names (Abbreviation Key)

● Geographic Indexing Atlas Map of proposed Seattle Freeway nd Expressway ● About the Atlas June 30, 1959 , 9 a Network Tips: ● Thesaurus ‒ SMA records are indexed using specific search terms, which can be found in a Thesaurus. Using the correct/related term for your search, along with time-period filters, will help narrow your search to the relevant material. For more information, visit the Thesaurus Introduction page. ● SMA uses the term “Record Series” for collection numbers and titles within their website and databases. For finding aids on Archives West, the term “Collection Number” is used.

9Seattle Freeway and Expressway, June 30, 1959 (Item 61689, Engineering Department Photographic Negatives Record Series 2613-07, Seattle Municipal Archives)

45 Seattle Municipal Archives Record Series: 5274 Summary: served three terms as Seattle mayor from 1978 through 1989. Relevant Topics: Forward Thrust, I-90, Highway 520, West Seattle Freeway, Department of Transportation correspondence, and Community Council correspondence. Material Types: Correspondence, press releases, speeches. City Council Audio Recordings, 1968-2007 Record Series: 4601-03 Summary: This index describes selected audio recordings in the Seattle Municipal Archives available for research use. Most recordings indexed to date are of full City Council meetings, Council committee meetings, and public hearings. When available, the minutes and agendas for meetings and hearings are noted in the record. Minutes are part of Record Series 4600-02; Full Council meetings are part of Record Series 4600-05; selected committee meeting and hearing agendas can be part of Record Series 4600-10, but can also be included in a variety of different Subject Files and Record Series (the records in the SMA Audio Collection online database will note the Record Series number with which it is associated). The full Audio Database is also available online Relevant Materials: Event ID 8 Event Name Committee Meeting Body Committee of the Whole Date 1962-05-03 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 1:46:20 Formats Available Item 17189: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes Partial list - Jack Forman, Alfred J. Schweppe, Ira Alexander, Leona Shell Event ID 24 Event Name Public Hearing Body Committee of the Whole Date 1965-05-27 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 2:09:16 Formats Available Item 17191: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Related Legislation CF254317; CF254316; CF284633 Record Notes Speaker List contained in minutes 4600-02; includes R W Morse City engineer

46 Seattle Municipal Archives Event ID 25 Event Name Full Council Meeting Body Seattle City Council Date 1965-06-18 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 1:04:56 Formats Available Item 17193: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes Speaker list is contained in minutes 4600-02; includes R W Morse City engineer. Event ID 77 Event Name Public Hearing Body Seattle City Council Date 1967-02-17 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 1:29:36 Formats Available Item 17187: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Related Legislation RES20916; CF257361 Event ID 98 Event Name Committee Meeting Body Committee of the Whole Date 1969-03-31 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 1:56:42 Formats Available Item 17195: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes Fencing for Sicks Stadium and R.H. Thomson Parkway appropriation; Pike Place Plaza. Event ID 117 Event Name Public Hearing Body Committee of the Whole Date 1969-08-28 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 4:01:30

47 Seattle Municipal Archives Formats Available Item 17197: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes First portion duplicates recording ID 120 ; Committee of the Whole Hearing re RH Thomson Expressway Task Force Event ID 130 Event Name Committee Meeting Body Streets & Sewers Committee Date 1970-02-16 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 0:55:00 Formats Available Item 17199: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes I-90 Traffic Impact on Seattle street system and non-highway projects related to I-90 suggested by the consultants. Event ID 874 Event Name Committee Meeting Body Licensing Committee Date 1971-11-23 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 0:39:00 Formats Available Item 17201: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Event ID 875 Event Name Committee Meeting Body Committee of the Whole Date 1971-11-23 Event Location Seattle City Council Chambers Duration 0:53:29 Formats Available Item 17203: Digital, WAVE File (PCM) Record Notes Speaker list is contained in minutes 4600-02. City Council Committee Agendas [1964 -2013] Record Series: 4600-10 Folder List: City Council Committee Agendas - Folder List

48 Seattle Municipal Archives Summary: The agendas document the date, time, and topics for meetings of City Council regular and special committees. Each agenda includes the name of the committee, a list of committee members , staff to the committee, contact information for the committee chair, a brief statement of each agenda item, recommended action on the items, and date and time of the meeting. Some agendas include a citation to the audio tape number on which the meeting is recorded; some agendas also have a notation of committee votes on proposed legislation. Relevant Materials: Committee of the Whole [selected] 4/18/1970; 1/11/1971; 11/22/1971; 11/24/1971; 2/25/1972; 3/27/1972 City Council Meeting Agendas [1964-2017] Record Series: 4600-5 Box List: City Council Agendas - Box List Summary: Agendas for the weekly meetings of the City Council. The agendas include legislation titles and Committee recommendations regarding passage of items. For some years there are lists of legislation passed at each meeting. Paper hard copies of agendas are available for the years 1964 to 1992, although before 1976 agendas are incomplete. Department of Community Development Maps and Drawings 1921 -1967 Record Series: 1600-05 Location: F-2-2-5 Summary: Maps and drawings for various planning studies related to and land use, urban renewal, and neighborhood development. Most of the maps were created by the City Planning Commission, but also included are materials from the Zoning Commission, Office of Urban Renewal, and Department of Community Development. This series includes the 1956 Comprehensive Plan of Seattle which consists of a single land use map. Relevant Materials: Item Number Title Date Context 2021 Proposed location of Empire Way extension and 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 canal crossing Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2022 Proposed location of Empire expressway 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 McClellan St to Henderson St Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2023 Proposed interchange of Empire expressway at 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 Lake Way Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2024 Empire Way from E. Madison St. to the Lake 1957 Washington Ship Canal 2025 Cherry St. interchange Empire Way parkway 1957 Bird's-eye view from southeast. Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I."

49 Seattle Municipal Archives 2026 Scheme A [Cherry St. interchange Empire Way 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 parkway?] Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2027 Empire Expressway north from Access to 1957 Map is plate VI in 1957 Planning Commission report Rainier [and from Rainier to Madison] "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2028 Empire Way developed as an expressway / 1957 Map is draft version of plates I and II in 1957 Planning Empire Way developed as a major street Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2030 Proposed Empire Parkway north from Dearborn 1957 Bird's-eye view from southwest. Associated with St. materials related to preparation of 1957 Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2031 Map of a proposed north-south park expressway 1956 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2032 Condemnation for extension of Empire Way & 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 Empire Way South (E. Cherry St. to & Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Yesler Way to Dearborn St.) Empire Expressway I." 2034 Map of proposed route of Empire expressway 1957 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 Madison St. to Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2036 Sec. 21 Twp. 24, N. R. 4, E.W.M. [topographic 1910 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 map] Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2037 Sec. 34 Twp. 24, N. R. 4, E.W.M. [topographic 1910 Associated with materials related to preparation of 1957 map] Planning Commission report "Planning for Thoroughfares: Empire Expressway I." 2038 Sec. 24 Twp. 24, N. R. 4, E.W.M. [topographic 1910 map] Department of Parks and Recreation, Forward Thrust Photographs (1963 -1977) Record Series: 5804-04 Folder List: Forward Thrust Photographs, Folder Listing Images online: Forward Thrust Digitzed Photographs Summary: Photographic prints, negatives, and slides related to Forward Thrust planning and projects. Includes aerial photographs of project areas and photographs of completed projects. Relevant Items: 76167-76168

50 Seattle Municipal Archives Engineering Department Court Engineering Records, 1890-1982 Record Series: 208-05 Summary: Records of the Seattle Engineering Department's Court Engineering division. Material Types: Annual reports, maps, drawings, correspondence, and documentation of legal proceedings. Relevant Materials: Box/Folder Box 2 (28 pages) Date February 28, 1961, 2:00 PM Summary Public Hearing on findings of the Streets & Sewers Committee regarding the Montlake Interchange/Roanoke Expressway following the public hearing called by citizens in the affected area. Related Legislation CF241919 Box/Folder Box 3 (71 pages) Date June 16, 1961, 9:30 AM Summary Public Hearing relative to the R.H. Thomson Expressway between Aloha Street and East Calhoun Street [Seattle City Council Hearing Room, Municipal Building]. Related Legislation CF284630 Box/Folder Box 2 (54 pages) Date September 28, 1961, 1:30 PM Summary Meeting of the State Highway Commission with the Mayor and Seattle City Council, as well as the Seattle City Engineer (bi- monthly meeting) – includes discussion of R.H. Thomson Expressway [Seattle Central Library]. Related Legislation CF243673 Box/Folder Box 2 (54 pages) Date December 21, 1961, 1:30 PM Summary Meeting of the State Highway Commission in Olympia with the Mayor and Seattle City Council regarding the R.H. Thomson Expressway (including underwater tube, Roanoke, and Arboretum interchanges, etc.), Freeway, etc., and Financing [Transportation Building, Olympia] Related Legislation CF244517

Box/Folder Box 3 (208 pages) Date April 30, 1962, 9:30 AM Summary Public Hearing relative to the R.H. Thomson Expressway between Aloha Street and East Calhoun Street and the 28th Avenue East Extension at East [Seattle City Council Hearing Room, Municipal Building] Related Legislation CF284631

51 Seattle Municipal Archives Box/Folder Box 3 (81 pages) Date August 3, 1962, 10:00 AM Summary Meeting of the State Highway Commission with the Mayor and Seattle City Council, as well as the Seattle City Engineer (bi- monthly meeting) – includes discussion of R.H. Thomson Expressway [Conference Room of the Mayor’s Office, 12th Floor, Seattle Municipal Building]. Related Legislation CF246116 Box/Folder Box 3 (53 pages) Date September 26, 1963, 2:00 PM Summary Meeting of the State Highway Commission with the Mayor and Seattle City Council, as well as the Seattle City Engineer (bi- monthly meeting) – includes discussion of R.H. Thomson Expressway [Conference Room of the Mayor’s Office, 12th Floor, Seattle Municipal Building]. Related Legislation CF249761 Box/Folder Box 3 (675 pages) Date May 27th, 1965, 1:30 P.M Summary Public Hearing Relative to the R.H. Thomson Expressway between Aloha Street and East Calhoun Street [Seattle City Council Hearing Room, Municipal Building]. Related Legislation CF254317 (same document as CF284633 and portion of 284316 [note from folder]; audio recording also available). Box/Folder Box 3 (16 pages) Date October 11, 1965, 3:00 P.M Summary Public Hearing relative to the R.H. Thomson Expressway, Arboretum Interchange to Union Street [Seattle City Council Hearing Room, Seattle Municipal Building]. Related Legislation CF254318 Engineering Department Photographic Negatives [1910 -1994] Record Series: 2613-07 Finding Aid: http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv52609 Summary: Photographic negatives shot by the Seattle Engineering Department photographers. Most document public works, including the construction of I-5 and the R.H. Thomson. Material Types: Photographic negatives. Relevant Materials: Item Number Title of Image Date 63757, 63758, 65981-66015 Photographs of I-5 Freeway Model 1/19/1961 69855, 69856 Photographs of Empire Expressway Model 1/11/1962

52 Seattle Municipal Archives 71037-71044, 71129-71130, Photographs Aerials of Empire Expressway Progress/Proposed 4/18/1962 71211-71218, 71350-71386 Route 71065-71128 Photographs of Homes on Empire Expressway Proposed Route 4/27/1962 63319-63320, 63484, 63488- Empire Expressway Bridge Design [Photograh of Plan Drawing] 1/8/1960 63490 63643-63645 Arterial Highway Projects. Capital Improvement Program. 2/17/1960 Overall Plan. [Plan Drawing] 66101 1960 Capital Improvement Bond Issue Chart 12/20/1960 9357-9360 Aerial Map of Seattle Expressway System 3/8/1950 61689 Seattle Freeway and Expressway 6/30/1959 69616 Drawing of Freeway Access Signs, Expressway Network, and 10/31/1961 Reversible Roadway 173904-173914 Photographs of R.H. Thomson Expressway temporary 5/8/1963 connection to Evergreen Bridge 174007-174008, 174261 Photographs of R.H. Thomson Expressway temporary 5/9/1963 connection to Evergreen Pt. Bridge. 181171-181180 Photographs of R.H. Thomson Expressway Progress 7/24/1963 181280-181284 Photographs of R.H Thomson Expressway temporary connection 8/2/1963 progress 63342, 63481, 63491, 63646 Drawings of Roanoke Connection 2/11/1960 Engineering Department R.H. Thomson Freeway Records, 1958-1977 Record Series: 2614-04 Summary: Engineering and property records concerning a proposed freeway in Seattle. Relevant Topics: R.H. Thomson, earthquake studies, routes, a tunnel under Union Bay, property acquisition and management, the Arboretum and City Council hearings. Material Types: Reports, surveys, correspondence, newspaper clippings, meeting minutes, presentational, material, photographs, maps, court papers, and property appraisals. Relevant Materials: Box/Folder (Location): Contents Description 1/1 RHT Freeway Agreements: Temp. Connections to Evergreen Pt. Bridge 1961-69 City entered a purchase agreement 1959.01.20 re: Roanoke Connection, Sea. Fwy to Empire Expwy. Agreements – Thomson Fwy (bet. city, state, et al) 1964- 1971 microfiche, roll#448.

53 Seattle Municipal Archives 1/2 RHT Fwy: Correspondence 1958-59: Municipal Arts Commission – save Arb ltr; City Council 1959.11.02 proceedings; Petition of Montlake CC for a hearing on their protest; Petition of Montlake CC Bill Young, Pres. for time to collect signatures; 1959.10.12. Letter to City Engineer from D. Sagen, Ravenna Ave, begging for info; more of same. 1/3 Correspondence 1960 2/14 1962, Canal to Bothell Way, including full color 1956 Sea. Comprehensive Plan 3/11 1963.09.13 (label=1965) Rte. Hrg., Arb I-chg to 97th St. (no citizens present?) 4/1 1967, Study Rapid Transit in fwy, 45th NE to Bothell Wy 4/12 1966-69, Maps, photos: E. Madison to E. Union, 19th & E. Union, S. Atlantic to S. Bay 4/13 1961-67, Aloha to Union (etc.): photos, 1961 RHT map Madison to Lakeway, 10/67 ltr to Walter Hundley/ CAMP, 8/6/67 PI Mayor calls RHT unifying 4/14 1961-65, Maps E. Calhoun to E. Aloha 4/16 1960, Extension of Empire Way Expwy, E. Roy to Calhoun, estimated condemnation costs including trees in Arboretum 4/19 to 4/32 1969, RHT Rehab & Maintenance: photos, addresses of houses (McGraw, E. Lynn, Arb. Pl. & 26th E) and correspondence w/occupants 4/33 1969 (not NO-DATE), photos vacant lots 5/2 1961, Limited Access Plan, Maps: 1) Madison St from Lk WA bridge to I-5 w/ RHT interchange, 2) cross-section RHT Expressway v. Pkway, 3) Madison to Interlaken 5/3 NO DATE, Tube crossing (Union Bay): photos (one good aerial photo looking from west to east includes Ramps To Nowhere), drawings, maps 5/10 1961-69, E. Calhoun to E. Aloha (really Interlaken) hardship cases: Plat Map shows state & city owned, hardship requested/resolved 5/11 1969, ~ 5/10: w/ltrs from Mt. Baker Community Action Group, Montlake Activist Donald Gibbs and CARHT 5/12 1971, ~ 5/10: w/ltrs from Mrs. Francis Fair and Russell Gideon 5/16 NO DATE: Photos, aerial 5/19 1961-66, Rte., Arb Interchg to Bothell, photos 5/22 1961-63 (label = to 1962): Hrg 9/13/63 Exhibits, 6/2/61 Argus “50 acres of Arb; 6/16/61 hrg; land-sat reprint w/RHT, Union to Arb/SR520 I-chg 5/25 1961-63 (label = 1963): Rte. Hrg Arb to N. 97th, photos (one aerial from SR520 north along 25th NE), clippings 5/27 1962, RHT Limited Access II Hrg: includes aerial photos of 26th Ave houses; Atty Schweppe 6/1 1965, Limited Access II Hrg: includes letters pro & con 6/6 NO DATE, RHT Limited Access III Hrg: Filmed drawings (negatives) 7/3 1963, Rte. Hrg: Arb Interchg to NE 97th, 9/13/63 7/5 & 7/6 1965, Public Hrg, RHT E. Aloha to E. Calhoun, 5/27/65 & 10/11/65, resp.

54 Seattle Municipal Archives Jeanette Williams Records Record Series: 4693-02 Summary: Records from Jeanette Williams' tenure on the Seattle City Council from 1970-1989. Williams chaired the Transportation Committee from 1978-1981 and 1988-1989. She also served as a member of the Committee and was involved in many transportation projects, especially the West Seattle Freeway Bridge and I-90. Relevant Topics: West Seattle Freeway Bridge, I-90, transportation. Material Types: Speeches, articles, correspondence, committee records, agendas, reports, news clippings. Office of the City Clerk Maps, Plans and Drawings Collection 1910-2000 Record Series: 1802-C9 Item List: Maps, Plans, Drawings Collection - Item List Summary: Architectural drawings and maps relating especially to City-owned property. Also includes maps and drawings of plats and housing developments. Relevant Materials: Item Number Title Date Context 1937 The Madison connection / alternative to the 5/22/1961 Exhibit 12, CF 242615. Documents related to hearing on Roanoke connection Empire [R.H. Thomson] Expressway. Paul Kraabel Subject Files Record Series: 4647-02 Summary: Records documenting Paul Kraabel's tenure on the Seattle City Council from 1975-1991. Kraabel was strongly involved in land use and transportation planning issues. He was active in the I-90 bridge planning. Relevant Topics: I-90, bridge planning, transportation. Material Types: Schedules, agendas, notebooks, public hearings, constituent mail, proposals. Records of the Office of the Mayor Record Series: 5210-01 Summary: Records from the Seattle Mayor's Office mainly from the files of Dorm Braman (1964-1969) and Gordon Clinton (1956- 1964), but also including material from Floyd Miller's brief term, as well as a small amount from the beginning of Wes Uhlman's time in office. Relevant Topics: R.H. Thomson, transportation planning, bridges, I-5, I-90, and more. Material Types: Correspondence, reports, speeches. Seattle Design Commission Project Files Record Series: 9323-02

55 Seattle Municipal Archives Summary: The Seattle Design Commission reviews public projects and makes recommendations in the areas of urban design context, public access, open space planning, integration of public art, and streetscape design. SDC review is a required element of the public design review process. Relevant Topics: R.H. Thomson, West Seattle Freeway, Bay Freeway. Material Types: Correspondence, excerpts from minutes, proposals, maps, plans, photographs, memoranda, clippings, reports. Relevant Materials: Box/Folder Title 1/11 re: “Thomson Way” Briefing 1968.10.31, ltr to City Eng. Morse from Seattle Design Commission, Marvin Durning, Chr. on 1968.11.12 [no info re: briefing content] 1/42-1/44, 2/1, 2/3, 4/15 Bay freeway, 1969-72 Seattle Law Department Condemnation Files Record Series: 4403-04 Summary: Files concerning condemnation of property for municipal use. Relevant Topics: R.H. Thomson (incorrectly listed as Thomas Expressway), Bay Freeway, I-90. Material Types: Court documents, correspondence, condemnation maps, title reports, deeds, property appraisals, and photographs. Seattle Model Cities Program Records Record Series: 5400 Summary: Records of the Seattle Model City Program, 1967-1975. The Model City Program goals and objectives were to reduce social and economic disadvantages in designated neighborhoods, provide maximum training and employment opportunities, and establish health services for residents. Seattle was the first city chosen to recieve federal funds for the program. Relevant Topics: R.H. Thomson, I-90, transportation planning. Material Types: Administrative files, correspondence, reports, task force files, and program and project files. Relevant Materials: Series Number Contents Description 5400-04 Clippings including RHT 1967-1974 5400-03 Task Force Records, 1968-1974 Physical Planning Task Force for Land Use and Transportation incuding I-90 5400-03 Box 9/30, Physical Planning Relocation 1968-1973 Box 10/1, I-90 1968-1973 5420-04 Transportation Study, by A. Voorhees et al, East Neighborhood w/special attn. to I-90; Model Neighborhood Land Use Planning Project 1969-1974, including an architect and Central Seattle Community Council representatives.

56 Seattle Municipal Archives Seattle Municipal Archives City Documents Collection

Summary A reference collection of documents published by City agencies, reports by consultants hired by the City, and publications of joint projects supported by Seattle City government. The documents in this collection are available for reference use in the Seattle City Clerk's Office. Relevant Topics: I-90, I-5, bridges, transportation, R.H. Thomson and more. Relevant Materials: Item Number Title Date D85, Item No.1231 Finkbeiner, Bill. Chronological report on the 1969 The chronology beings in 1961, revised in 1966 w/ development of Interstate-5, Evergreen Point projections to 1985. Very thorough on R.H. Thomson but bridge, Thomson, Interstate-90, and Bay Freeway. thin on the Bay Freeway (aka Mercer Street Connection). Seattle, 1969. Small scale map with I-5, SR 520, R.H. Thomson and Bay Freeway. Includes timeline and news clippings. D143, Item No.2249 Seattle Engineering Department. R.H. Thomson 1962 Includes maps. expressway canal to Bothell Way / reconnaissance report. Seattle, 1962. D143, Item No.2250 Seattle City Council. Route hearing for R.H. 1963 Includes maps. Thomson expressway arboretum interchange to Northeast 97th Street. Seattle, 1963. D452, Item No.6537 Planning Commission. Planning for 1957 Includes maps. Thoroughfares / Empire Expressway 1. Seattle, 1957 D409, Item No.5996 Seattle Engineering Department. Seattle Center 1968 Includes maps. stadium site Bay Freeway design and surface street improvement / technical report. Seattle, 1968. D561, Item No. 7987 Department of Community Development. 1970 Includes maps. Results: Bay Freeway / Seattle Center development / analysis and review seminar. Seattle, 1970. D299, Item No.8233 Seattle Engineering Department. Bay Freeway / 1970 Folded tables, figures, and maps. Design report 1 / Interstate 5 to 5th Avenue North. Seattle, 1970. D85, Item No.1230 Urban Design Advisory Board, Planning 1965 Publication number CF 252659. Commission. Designing a great city / report of the Urban design Advisory Board to the Seattle City Planning Commission. Seattle, 1965. D88, Item No.1249 Planning Commission, Annual Report, 1947. 1947

57 Seattle Municipal Archives D88, Item No.1253 Planning Commission, Annual Report, 1961. 1961 D88, Item No.7880 Planning Commission, Annual Report, 1964. 1964 D88, Item No.1254 Planning Commission, Annual Report, 1968. 1968 D457, Item No.6627 Planning Commission. Report on the second 1955 Publication number CF 228400. Lake Washington crossing. Seattle, 1955. D554, Item No.7836 Washington State Highway Commission. Report 1967 7 folded 28 x 45 cm. leaves: I-90 project vicinity map, on the plan for Interstate-90 / City of Seattle / tunnel plan and illustration, and aerial photographs of junction Interstate 5 to Lake Washington. Seattle, interchange location, and drawing of estimated 1985- 1967. 1990 traffic volumes on interchange. D523, Item No.7360 Puget Sound Governmental Conference & 1967 Washington State Department of Highways. Interstate 90 corridor transportation planning analysis / Interstate 5 to South Bellevue / preliminary. Seattle, 1967. Seattle Planning Commission Subject Files Record Series: 1650-16 Summary: Records of the Seattle City Planning Commission. The Commission was made up of both government representatives and Seattle citizens. Relevant Topics: City comprehensive plans, transportation. Material Types: Correspondence, reports, hearing transcripts, Commission minutes, new clippings, drawings. Wesley C. (Wes) Uhlman Mayoral Records Record Series: 5287 Summary: Wes Uhlman served two terms as Seattle mayor from 1969 to 1977. Relevant Topics: Transportation planning, the R.H. Thomson Expressway, the Bay Freeway,Forward Thrust, Washington State Highway Commission, Community Councils, and more. Material Types: Correspondence, speeches, press releases. City of Seattle Related Legislation Database: Legislation Database Legislation Field Names (Abbreviation Key) Summary: Legislation includes Ordinances (ORD), Clerk/Comptroller Files (CF), Council Bills (CB) and Resolutions (RES) passed or not passed by the Seattle City Council. If an associated legislation number is listed with a record, this can be searched in the Legislation database to view the full description, as well as status (approved/passed or /not passed) and dates of relevant actions. Relevant Topics: Ordinances, clerk/comptroller files, council bills and resoltions related to transportation and freeway planning.

58 Seattle Municipal Archives Material Types: Copies of legislation Relevant Materials: Legislation Number Description Ordinance 87315 An Ordinance authorizing an agreement with the State of Washington for a joint traffic analysis and cost and location study in connection with the extension of Empire Way as an Expressway from Rainier Avenue to Bothell Way and making an appropriation from the City Street Fund therefore. Approved June 30, 1958. Ordinance 87850 An Ordinance authorizing a contract with Washington State Highway Commission and Washington State Toll Bridge Authority for city acquisition of right of way for and construction of, a traffic facility between the City's proposed Montlake interchange and the State's proposed Roanoke interchange on Primary State Highway No. 1, Seattle Freeway and for other obligations of the State and the City in such connection and in connection with the City's Empire Way Expressway route and for reimbursement to the city if such traffic facility is designed as an approach to a proposed bridge across Lake Washington on the proposed Montlake-Evergreen Point route. Approved January 12, 1959. Comptroller File 272316 Mayor’s Proclamation re passage of Referendum Proposition #2 at the election of February 8, 1972, re termination of the R.H. Thomson Expressway Project as proposed by Ordinance No. 100541. Filed with the Seattle City Clerk on March 10, 1972. City of Seattle Legislative Information Service, Seattle Municipal Archive.

59 WASHINGTON STATE ARCHIVES (WSA)

The Washington State Archives in Olympia provide a vital account of public government in Washington State, beginning with the establishment of Washington Territory in 1853 and continuing to the present. Included among the collections are the papers of each governor, legislative records, court records, records from all state agencies and all of the "official records" of the state, including governors' proclamations, executive orders, election results and laws as passed and signed. Records of the Washington State Department of Transportation, which document the state’s stance on transportation issues, include the R.H. Thomson Expressway, I-90 and more.

Contact Information: Washington Secretary of State, State Archives 1129 Washington Street SE PO Box 40238 Olympia, WA 98504-0238 Phone: (360) 586-1492 State Archivist Email: [email protected] Research Requests & Public Records Information: [email protected] Hours of Operation: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Monday through Friday (excluding state holidays)

Branches / Repositories: ● Digital Archives ● State Archives

Reference Tools & Database Help: List of Finding Aids for major collections available as of 2005

Tips: ● Many of the transportation records are stored off-site and require prior notice to retrieve. The best strategy for using these records is to contact WSA in advance and let them know the Record Group, Record Series and Collection Number of the material of interest. It’s best to contact the archive at least two days in advance of your visit. ● Unfortunately, very few of the finding aids for the WSA collections are available online, so you’ll need to contact the archivists or visit in person to determine exactly which boxes you’ll need to request. If box-level finding aids exist, they should be available on- site within the Index Binders. This Directory provides the corresponding Index Binder number for each Record Group. ● Make sure to review the research room policies before visiting.

60 Washington State Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Notes Attorney General, State Attorney General, Miscellaneous Working Files AR5-2-0-12 Subjects include Highway Personnel Board, (#3) State highways.

Governors, State Governor Albert D. Rosellini, State Agencies and AR2-27-0-1 Highway commission. Arranged alphabetically Institutions General Subject and by subject. Correspondence Files Indexes for the Governor's Governor Daniel J. Evans, State Agencies and AR2-28-0-1 Highway, Transportation. Arranged papers are available on site General Subject Files alphabetically by subject. and via email from the Washington State Archives. Governor Dixy Lee Ray, State Agencies and AR2-29-0-2 Highway, Transportation. Arranged Institutions Files alphabetically by subject or agency name. Governor John Spellman, State Agency Files AR2-30-0-1 Arranged by year, then by agency name. History Files Agriculture Dept. through Exploration AR290-1-0-1 "Blueprint for Progress, Governor Evans, 1965" Index Binder 290 House of Representatives House Transportation Committee - Issue Files AR12-73-0-3 and Correspondence Index Binder 12 House Transportation Committee - Meeting AR12-73-0-2 Files and Tape Logs House Transportation Committee, Bill Files AR12-73-0-1 House Environment and Natural Resources AR1235-0-3 Committee - Issue Files State Representatives' Papers AR12-1 Relevant representatives include Jim McDermott, Jeff Douthwaite, and David Sprague. House Representatives' Group Photos Washington State Available through Washington State Digital Digital Archive Archive. Interstate Boards, Commissions Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, AR253-C-0-2 and Councils General Correspondence and Subject Files Index Binder 253 Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Project AR253-C-0-4 Files

61 Washington State Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Notes Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Report AR253-C-0-3 Files Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, AR253-C-0-1 Minutes Legislative Transportation Legislative Transportation Committee, Issue AR17-2-0-3 Studies and reports on issues considered by Committee Files the Committee, including highway financing and interstate highway construction. Index Binder 17 Legislative Transportation Committee, Meeting AR17-2-0-1 Minutes of meetings of the full committee and Minutes sub-committees, with discussions of all issues and legislation before the committee. Arranged chronologically. Maps and Plans General Map Collection AR270-B Maps of various locales in Washington. Includes U.S.G.S. maps, railroad maps, highway maps, maps of rivers and tidelands, charts, county maps, city maps, maps of the entire state, forest area maps, park maps, and maps on various other subjects. Indexed by name of locale and type of map. Index Binder 270 Specifically of the Montlake / Arboretum / Seattle areas. Photograph Collections Photograph Collection, Prints on General AR280-1-0-1 Subjects Index Binder 280 Planning Council Administration - Planning and Development AR90-1-0-3 Arranged by subject. General files pertaining Files to planning and development of transportation in the region. Index Binder 90 Senate Senate Transportation Committee, Issue Files… AR11-65-0-3 Index Binder 11 Senate Transportation Committee, Meeting AR11-65-0-2 Files Senate Transportation Committee, Rapid AR11-65-0-4 Transit Study...

62 Washington State Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Notes State Senator's Papers - Senator Jim AR11-1-0-36 McDermott's Papers State Boards, Commissions and Transportation Improvement Board, Meeting AR250-38-0-1 Arranged chronologically. Councils Files and Minutes Index Binder 250 Transportation Improvement Board, Rules and AR250-38-0-4 Regulations (WACs) Urban Affairs Council, General Files AR250-6-0-1 Interested in subgroup "Transportation" Supreme Court Supreme Court of Washington State AR27 Records include correspondence, fiscal records, dockets, journals, opinions, case files, indexes, court exhibits, fee and cash books, lists of attorneys, reports, and Territorial Supreme Court records. Index Binder 27 Surveyor General General Land Office, Survey Maps (Plats) AR108-1-0-8 Original section plat maps of east and west sections of Washington, drawn by the Surveyor General of Washington. Arranged by Township, range and section. Includes surveys of Indian reservations and Fort Lewis. Also includes glass plate negatives. Index Binder 108 Traffic Safety Commission, Administration, General Subject Files AR114-1-0-1 Washington Index Binder 114 Transportation, Department of This is one of the most valuable collections in terms of Freeway Revolt resources. You can view the digitized finding aid. You can also view it onsite in Index Binder 115, or request a copy via from the Washington State Archives via email. Transportation Library, Transportation Dept., AR115-11-0-1 Includes files on individual highways and Library, History Files freeways. An excellent resource! Arranged by subgroup, then alphabetically. Transportation Dept., Library, Photograph AR115-11-0-2 Collections

63 Washington State Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Notes Transportation Library, Transportation Dept., AR115-11-0-3 "Roads to progress",1960s Library, DVD Movies Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept.,, AR115-1-0-3 Subjects include highways. Available for Administrative Subject Files research but unprocessed. Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-5 "Highway Planning Committee Minutes" 1967- Administrative Services, General Files 1968. Available for research but unprocessed. Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-6 Annual and Biennial reports of the State Biennial Reports Highway Commission, Highway Dept., Dept. of Transportation. Arranged chronologically. Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-11 Subjects include highways. Program Management, Press Office Newspaper Clippings Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-12 "Washington Highway News" 1959-64, Publications and Reports "Freeways of Seattle 1962", review of primary and secondary highway needs (1958, 1960). Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-21 Available for research but unprocessed. Management Services, General Files Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-35 Photos, maps, plans, charts of I-90 review Arbitration Board - Interstate 90 Interchange proceedings Exhibits Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-58 Available for research but unprocessed. Management Services, Analysis Studies Office of the Secretary, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-70 Highway Construction Program Plans (1959- Program Management, General Files 77). Administration, Transportation Dept., AR115-1-0-87 Directives and Instructional Letters Roadway Development, Transportation Dept., AR115-4-0-2 Highway Development, Central Files ("B" Files)(2) Highway Development, Transportation Dept., AR115-4-0-8 Interstate Construction Program, Highway Highway Construction Program Files Construction Program.

64 Washington State Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Notes Roadway Development, Transportation Dept., AR115-4-0-53 Available for research but unprocessed. Project Development Design Reports and Summaries Roadway Development, Transportation Dept., AR115-4-0-54 University Area Transportation, National Planning and Research, General Files Transportation Planning Study. Available for research but unprocessed. Roadway Development, Transportation Dept., AR115-4-0-56 Available for research but unprocessed. Planning and Research, Research Files Transportation Commission, Transportation / AR115-10-0-1 Arranged chronologically. Highway Commission Meeting Minutes Transportation Commission, Hearings AR115-10-0-4 Minutes of the hearings of Transportation Commission and Highway Commission. Transportation Commission, Executive AR115-10-0-5 Correspondence and subject files pertaining to Correspondence and Subject Files major transportation issues. Subjects include Empire Expressway, Seattle Freeway,and more. Transportation Commission, Highway AR115-10-0-8 "Financing Washington Highways (1964)" Commission Reports Women's Council Women's Council - Council Records AR127-1 Index Binder 127

65 PUGET SOUND REGIONAL ARCHIVES (PSRA)

The Puget Sound Regional Branch of the Washington State Archives houses state and local government records for King, Pierce and Kitsap counties. These include records from county offices such as the Auditor, Clerk, and Treasurer, as well as from municipalities, school districts and other service districts. Of particular interest are the Puget Sound Governmental Conference records, especially those dealing with the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study, a seminal document that set forth plans for a dense network of freeways in Seattle.

Contact Information: Puget Sound Regional Archives Pritchard-Fleming Building 3000 Landerholm Circle SE, MS-N100 Bellevue, WA 98007-6484 Phone: (425) 564-3940 Fax: (425) 564-3945 Email: [email protected] Hours of Operation: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Monday and Tuesday, closed 12:00-1:00 PM; In- person research by appointment only on Wednesday through Friday.

Reference Tools & Database Help: ● Collections Overview ● Listing of the Puget Sound Region Collections

Tips: It is advisable to contact the archive at least two days prior to your visit to let them know which records you are interested in accessing. Their hours are limited, so make sure to schedule a research appointment before your visit.

66 Puget Sound Regional Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Description Department of Administration PS115-1 Transportation Administration, Contract Locator PS115-1-0-62A Maps showing locations of contracted highway and road projects. Maps Arranged chronologically. Aerial Photographs, Maps and PS115-9-0-76A Aerial photographs, maps, and mosaics. Subjects include State Mosaics Routes 5, 18, 20, 90, 167, 169, 509, 515, 516, 520, 522, 524, 525, 526, 528, 530, 900, and 901. District 1, Contract Files PS115-9-0-28 Contracts, reports, maps, correspondence, work sheets, estimates, receipts, and other records pertaining to contracts for Washington State Department of Transportation projects. District 1, Contract Photographs PS115-9-0-2 Photographic prints and negatives documenting Washington State Department of Transportation District 1 construction projects. District 1, Program Files PS115-9-0-83 Provide information on various Washington State Department of Transportation District 1 functions, activities, and operations. District 1, Right of Way Files PS115-9-0-37A Files regarding rights of way obtained for various roadways and transportation projects in King, Pierce, and Kitsap Counties. Reports, correspondence, memoranda, maps and other related records. Files cover specific sections of roadway in Seattle and Tacoma. District 1, Surveys, Studies and PS115-9-0-96 Transportation reports and studies that include planning reports, Reports reconnaissance reports, environmental impact statements, research reports on I-90, SR522, Seattle Bay Freeway and more. Puget Sound Council of Transportation Division, PS953A-4-0-29 Correspondence, filed by correspondent. Includes information Governments Correspondence exchanged with state and federal agencies, City of Seattle officials, and other cities. Puget Sound Puget Sound Regional PS953B-2 Governmental Transportation Study Conference

67 Puget Sound Regional Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Description Puget Sound Regional PS953B-2-0-1 Minutes of committees of the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Transportation Study, Committee Study. Includes minutes from the Policy Committee (June 1961- Minutes December 1964), Technical Committee (July-September 1959 and January 1962-March 1963) and the Citizens Advisory Committee (September-December 1962) Puget Sound Regional Executive Department, Committee PS953-1-0-25 Meeting minutes, notices, agendas, audiotapes and related records Council and Board Files pertaining to proceedings of various committees and the Executive Board of the Puget Sound Regional Council. Various years during the 1969-1984 time period include records of the Standing Committee on Transportation, the Transportation Advisory Committee, King County Subregion Committee on Transportation, I- 90 Policy Review Committee, Environmental Policy Committee, and King Subregional Council. King Subregional Council, Council PS953-5-0-25 Council and committee records from the King Subregional Council and Committee Files of the Puget Sound Council of Governments. Records represent the Committee on Transportation, Growth and Development, SR-520 Cross-Lake Corridor Study Committee, and Regional Environmental Affairs Committee (REAC) among others. Transportation, Committee and PS953-4-0-25 Committee and board minutes, audiotape recordings, agendas, Board Files chronological files, correspondence and other related records from the Puget Sound Regional Council's Transportation Department. Subjects include I-90 Ad Hoc Technical Committee (1980-1981).

Transportation Department, PS953-4-0-98 Subject files from the Puget Sound Regional Council's Subject Files Transportation Department. Most coverage is from 1989-1998. Transportation Department PS953-4 Mercer Island City Clerk, Aubrey Davis I-90 PS507-8-0-5 Records documenting the planning and construction of an Municipal Government Committee Files expansion of Interstate highway I-90 across Lake Washington, created and maintained by Aubrey Davis. City Clerk, Petitions to City Council PS507-8-0-11 Microfiche containing petitions submitted to the Mercer Island City Council. Includes I-90 Eastbound access and other topics.

68 Puget Sound Regional Archives Record Group Subgroup / Record Series Collection No. Description Municipality of Clerk of Council, I-90 Study File PS767A-2-0-35 Records documenting proposals for the use of Interstate 90 by Metropolitan Seattle motor vehicles and mass transit in the Seattle/King County area. Includes correspondence, reports, federal regulations, maps and diagrams, and extended transportation need projections from 1975- 1990. Clerk of Council, Subject Reference PS767A-2-0-98 Subject reference files related to Metro activities and issues, Files including the I-90 project. Seattle Transit System, Bulletins PS767A-21-0-3 Includes 1971-1972 Seattle Department of Transportation and Operating Directives Bulletins, and 1971-1972 Seattle Department of Transportation General Bulletins. Seattle Transit Commission, PS767A-20-0-64 Meeting minutes of the Seattle Transit Commission and its Minutes predecessor, the Seattle Transportation Commission. Volume two covers 1952-1971. Library, Forward Thrust Files PS767A-15-0-98A Correspondence, reports, speeches and other information gathered on the Forward Thrust campaign for a bond issue to cover a rapid transit system and construction of community facilities throughout King County. Library, Newsletters PS767A-15-0-1 Newsletters regarding various programs and projects associated with the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (including transportation). Arranged alphabetically. Library, Scrapbooks PS767A-15-0-92 Scrapbooks dedicated to topics including the Forward Thrust Campaign and the Seattle Transportation Commission. King County Issue File, Subject Reference File, PS317 Government Planning and Community Development

69 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES, SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (UWSC) Special Collections brings together the University of Washington Libraries' most rare and unique resources. Collections are open to the public and may be viewed in the protected environment of the Special Collections reading room. Digital collections are available on the web.

The University of Washington is rich in Seattle Freeway Revolt resources. Not only does it have an excellent collection of historic Seattle newspapers and magazines, the Special Collections department also houses hundreds of records related to the Freeway Revolt. These include materials related to Citizens Against Freeways, the Citizens’ Planning Council, Allied Arts, Central Seattle Community Council Federation, Forward Thrust Individual collections of former activists, including those from Margaret Tunks, Roger Leed, Bennett Feigenbaum, Brock Evans, and Eli and Esther Rashkov, are also eand xcellent resources. . In the spreadsheet that follows, you can click on the name of each collection to view the related finding aid. To access the items in Special Collections, be sure to call or email ahead of time in case the collection needs to be retrieved from off-site storage.

Note: Acquisition and cataloguing of a Seattle Freeway Revolt Collection is pending at the initial publication of this directory. This collection includes letters, fliers, newsletters, meeting notes and agendas, press releases, ephemera and historical documents assembled from anti-freeway activists and other sources. It is anticipated the collection will be available at UW Special Collections in 2018.

Contact Information: Special Collections University of Washington Box 352900 Seattle, WA 98195-2900 Phone: 206-543-1929 Fax: 206-543-1931 Submit a question via email: Contact Us

Reference Tools & Database Help: ● Search Tools & Resources ● Digital Collections ● Collection Guides Search (Finding Aids) ● Using the Collections ● Services (Research Assistance, Reproduction Requests & Permission to Use)

Tips: If you are interested in looking at the historic newspapers, ask at the reference desk on the ground floor of the Allen Library. The staff will help you find the relevant microfilm and set up a microfilm reader. If you plan to scan newspaper articles, be sure to bring a flash drive with you. If you forget, flash drives are usually available for purchase in the library.

70 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Newspapers Call No. Coverage Seattle Daily Times Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A419 Full coverage Seattle Weekly Suzzallo and Allen Libraries; Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A7188 1977-1988 Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Special Collections Subbase Folio , F899.S4 W45 1990-2017 Puget Soundings Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Special Collections Pacific NW, 979.743 C-J96p 1951-1984 Helix Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A4188 1967-1970 reel 3, 8, 19, 45 Seattle Sun Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A7121 1974-1982 The Mercer Island Reporter Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A7121 1954-1962 The Daily (Univ.of Washington Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A3139 1976-2015 Student Newspaper) University District Herald Suzzallo and Allen Libraries, Microforms & Newspapers Microfilm, Microfilm A3498 1933-1974 Collections All are located on the basement level of Allen Library, in the Special Collections Department. Cumulative Name Index (CNI) and Cumulative Subject Index (CSI) Available in the Special Collections Reference area, these indices were maintained through the 1970s and include names and subjects found in Special Collections' manuscript and archival collections. Alfred John Schweppe papers, circa 1916-1988 Accession No.: 3989 Summary: Alfred Schweppe was a Seattle area attorney. Relevant topics: Alfred Schweppe was instrumental in stalling progress on the RH Thomson though legal action on behalf of Montlake residents before widespread resistance began. These activities do not appear to be reflected in this collection. Material types: Scrapbooks, writings, clippings, correspondence, publications, interviews, subject series. records, 1954-2000 Accession No.: No. 0737-001, No. 1482-008 Summary: Allied Arts of Seattle, a citizen advocacy group for the arts, was established in 1954 to work "for a more beautiful city and a lively and diverse arts scene." In addition to promoting the arts, it participates in city planning, beautification, and historic preservation.

71 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Relevant topics: I-5, Bay Freeway, I-90 Material types: Correspondence, news releases. Detailed notes on this collection: No.0737-001 Correspondence, 1961 & 1962 re: freeway (probably I-5) No.1482-008 Box 5 - News releases 1954-85 Box 21 – Bay Freeway 1967-1971 Box 23 – I-90 Freeway 1970-74 Box 28 – 1968 Aubrey Davis papers, 1941-2013 Accession No.: 5548-001 Summary: Aubrey Davis was elected to the Mercer Island City Council in 1968 and served 11 years, including a term as Mayor from 1970 to 1972. As mayor, he formed a committee to study the passage of I-90 through Mercer Island, and was a vocal opponent of the state's initial plan for expanding the freeway. Ultimately Davis was successful in lobbying the state to work with the Mercer Island community in the design process, and the plans were significantly altered as a result. Relevant topics: I-90 Bridge, Forward Thrust. Material types: Reports, memoranda, clippings, correspondence, minutes, campaign materials, speeches and writings, awards and honors, maps, and photographs of Aubrey Davis. Bennett Feigenbaum papers, 1967-1973 Accession No.: 2119-001 Summary: Bennett Feigenbaum was a lawyer and civic activist of Seattle, Washington. He began his career as a Law Clerk to Chief Justice of Washington State Supreme Court, 1958-1960. He was active with the Interstate 90 group concerning the transit tax in 1969. The Municipal League of Seattle and King County, of which he was the creator and first chairman of the Urban Social Problems Committee; and Seattle Parks Committee of Forward Thrust are a few of the many civic, cultural, and environmental organizations in which he participated. Relevant topics: I-90, Forward Thrust, and transit tax (1969). Material types: Correspondence, reports, position papers, court hearings, legislative material.

72 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Brock Evans papers, 1936-1997 Accession No.: No. 1776-006; No. 1776-017; No. 1776-018. Summary: Brock Evans' career as a leader in the environmental movement began in the mid-1960’s. He has held prominent positions in numerous environmental organizations. Evans represents the branch of the movement that believes in achieving environmental goals by changing government policy through political give and take, litigation, and legislative lobbying. Relevant topics: Forward Thrust, highways, Mayor's I-90 Design Advisory Committee Recommendations. Material types: Correspondence, ephemera, maps, minutes, newsletters, office files, press releases, photographs, reports, legislative bills. Central Seattle Community Council Federation records, 1945-1989 Accession No.: No.1801-001, No.1801-003, No.1801-005 Summary: The Central Seattle Community Council Federation represents a merger of the Central Area Community Council (formed in 1962) and the Jackson Street Community Council (formed in 1946). The Central Area Community Council was formed in 1962 as a volunteer organization designed to bring together representatives from all neighborhoods and service organizations serving the Central District. The Jackson Street Community Council was formed in 1946 under United Good Neighbors (UGN) sponsorship to serve the needs of Seattle's International Area. Relevant topics: R.H. Thompson, I-90, Third Lake Washington Bridge, Citizens Against the RH. Thompson, as well as Central Seattle Community Council newsletters from 1967-1974. Please be advised that the spellings Thomson and Thompson are both used. Material types: Correspondence, financial records, reports, subject files, and committee files of the Central Seattle Community Council Federation (1958-1984) and the Jackson Street Community Council (1945-1969). Detailed notes on this collection: No. 1801-001 Box 3/44 - Reports, Annual Report 1966-67: p.5-6 re: The Third Bridge (I-90), p.9 Grass Roots Forum w/Seattle Urban League, April 1967, “Third Bridge .. Southern Wall to Ghetto?”; AnRpt 1967-68: p.8 Highways (photo RHT/I-90 Interchange); Annual Report 1968-69 includes photo Maynard Arsove, board officer; Ruth Brandwein, Exec. Dir., all 3 reports Box 4/21 - Citizens Against R.H. Thomson Expressway 1969 Box 8/10 - Under (I-5) Freeway 1967-69 Box 34/19 - Freeway (I-5) 1954, 1957-58

73 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Box 37/21 - Under Freeway (I-5) 1966-68 No.1801-003 Box 15/6 - CSCC Newsletter 1967-74 No. 1801-005 Boxes 1, 2, 12 - I-90 Boxes 12, 14 - SR520 Choose an Effective City Council (CHECC) Records, 1967-1976 Accession No.: 4326-001 Summary: An organization that worked to achieve Seattle city government reform through candidate endorsements and watchdog activities, primarily in the early 1970s. Relevant topics: Urban planning. Material types: Notes, clippings, correspondence and other documents relating to government corruption and disclosure of campaign contributions. Citizens' Planning Council records, 1959-1976 Accession No.: 4543-001 Summary: The Citizens’ Planning Council was established in June 1961 to inform and involve citizens in the planning process. It also functioned as a lobbying group, supporting citizens’ interests before local and regional planning agencies. Specific efforts were primarily directed at transit issues. The CPC strongly opposed the construction of new freeways including the I-90/3rd Lake Washington Bridge Projects, the R.H. Thomson Expressway, and the Bay Freeway. Relevant topics: CARHT (Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson), I-90, Third Lake Washington Bridge, CPC membership lists, and freeway clipping flies, among many more. Material types: Correspondence, reports, newsletters, minutes, photographs, ephemera. Eli and Esther Rashkov papers, 1954-1986 Accession No.: 4564-001

74 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Summary: Esther Rashkov was a member of the board of Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson (CARHT) and Eli Rashkov served as vice-chair. Both were also involved in Community Research Associates (CRA), an organization that prepared research, reports, and court exhibits on behalf of other community activist organizations; Esther Rashkov served as president. Through their involvement in CRA they compiled many reports and speeches on behalf of Choose an Effective City Council (CHECC) and the Citizens' Rate Advisory Committee (CRAC). The records of CARHT date from 1970 to 1979 and include materials of their campaigns against the Interstate 90 extension through Seattle and for the Gas Tax Initiative 384, as well as other information on transportation issues. The series does not contain any records of the group’s original struggle against the proposed R.H. Thomson Expressway. Relevant topics: CARHT (Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson), CHECC (Choose an Effective City Council). Material types: Clippings, correspondence, drawings, ephemera financial records, minutes, reports, speeches, addresses, writings. Detailed notes on this collection: Box 9 CARHT. Subject files include Bay Freeway 1970; I-90 1976-79; Earl Robinson, singer/songwriter and Seattle native Box 21/19 Malvina Reynolds, singer/songwriter "The Day the Freeway Froze" 1959 (Ode to stopping the Embarcadero in SF).

Emily Haig papers, 1933-1972 Accession No.: 1898-001 Summary: Emily Haig was an ardent conservationist and a member of the Federation of Outdoor Clubs. She also helped start the Washington Environmental Council. Material types: Correspondence, writings, reports, photographs. Detailed notes on this collection: Box 9/4 Box 15/13 CARHT 1965-1970 Eve Triem papers, 1921-1999 Accession No.: 1959 Summary: Papers of a poet and author of San Francisco, California, and Seattle, Washington. Material types: Correspondence, literary manuscripts, photographs, publications, ephemera, tape recordings.

75 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Detailed notes on this collection: Box 8/64 "Breathing Above a Freeway" Forward Thrust records, 1966-1970 Accession No.: No. 1707-001; No. 1707-002; No. 1707-003; No. 1707-004. Summary: Forward Thrust, established in 1966, was a civic organization sanctioned by the governments of Seattle and King County. Forward Thrust worked to develop regional public improvements with funding from public bonding. It was dissolved in 1974. Relevant topics: Freeways, transportation planning. Material types: Correspondence, minutes, reports, brochures, publication, clippings, ephemera, subject series, committee files, agendas, notes, campaign materials, slides, committee reports, speeches, writings. The Highway and the People film, circa 1969 Accession No.: PH1008 Summary: The Highway and the People is a short film produced by the Washington State Dept. of Highways for the purpose of explaining the Interstate 90 project to the greater public. Focusing on the social impact that such a project would have on densely populated urban areas, the I-90 Design Team uses the film to address issues of civic integration including noise pollution, visual aesthetics, and overall neighborhood safety. Relevant topics: I-90, transportation planning. Material types: One film reel, (21 minutes, 750 feet) : sound, color ; 16mm. Also available online: The Highway and the People Ibsen A. Nelsen collection, 1949-2000 Accession No.: PH2004-094 Summary: Ibsen Nelson was a landmark preservationist in Seattle. Relevant topics: Seattle freeway (circa 1960). Material types: Architectural drawings, landscape drawings, photographic prints, negatives, color slides.

J. Boyd and Clifford B. Ellis photographs, circa 1945-1970 Accession No.: PH0530

76 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Summary: Photographic postcards and prints of Washington State scenes Material types: Photographs, postcards. Detailed notes on this collection: Item C-685 Seattle freeway interchange to Evergreen Point Floating Bridge James R. Ellis papers, 1950-1975 Accession No.: 2146-002 Summary: James Ellis had an important role in the formation of METRO (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle), 1954-1962; a member of U.S. National Water Commission, 1972-1973; and as president of Forward Trust. He was also active as legal adviser to King County Freeholder Commission, 1950-1954, and Seattle Freeholders Board, 1974-1975, which were formed to rewrite the County and City charters. Relevant topics: Forward Thrust is covered extensively. Material types: Correspondence, reports, meetings, clippings, subject series, charter drafts, charters, organizational features. Kenneth Day photographs, circa 1938 -1982 Accession No.: PH0550 Summary: Art and documentary photographs of Seattle and the Eastside, and other Washington State locales, circa 1938-1982. Material types: Photographs, negatives, 35 mm color slides. Detailed notes on this collection: Box 10/22 Views from the . Box 14, Item 2192-96 Seattle street scenes, 1967. Box 15, Item 2808-18 Seattle scenes, 1971. Boxes 16-20 Freeway crossings. Lathan vs. Volpe records, 1971-1982 Accession No.: 3554-001

77 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Summary: Concerns lawsuit opposing Interstate 90 (3rd Lake Washington floating bridge and Seattle and Mercer Island segments), ca. 1971-1980, by various Seattle community groups. The original lawsuit was filed by Legal Services on behalf of African Americans facing displacement which would result from highway construction. This case was one of the first to test the application of the National Environmental Policy Act to highways. It was appealed several times to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals San Francisco. The plaintiffs eventually lost on their final appeal. The case has variant names, since the plaintiffs changed somewhat during the course of the appeals, as did the U.S. Transportation Secretary, the defendant. Related local cases are also documented. Relevant topics: I-90, Third Lake Washington Bridge. Material types: Legal records (pleadings, transcripts, background files), correspondence, reports. Additional information available: Lathan v Brinegar, 1974 Adler v Lewis, 1982 Lola Day Papers, 1960-1978 Accession No.: 2746-001 Summary: Lola Day was a volunteer civil rights activist in Bellevue, WA. She worked for open housing, particularly in the area east of Lake Washington. She and her husband were involved in numerous civil rights and anti-war efforts and taught courses in black history and race relations in schools and organizations. Relevant topics: Third Lake Washington Bridge, R.H. Thomson Material types: Correspondence, ephemera, minutes, notes, newsletters, curriculum files, course materials, clippings, speeches and writings, and subject files Detailed notes on this collection: Box 3/18 Third Lake Washington Bridge (I-90); R.H. Thomson Freeway 1967-69; more Margaret C. Tunks papers, circa 1960-1996 Accession No.: 3675 Summary: Margaret Tunks was a civic activist and major leader of the Seattle Freeway Revolt. Relevant topics: Unfortunately, this collection only represents a handful of Margaret's records. Topics include fighting against freeway expansion in Seattle. Material types: Clippings, testimony, writings, correspondence used for her book "Seattle Citizens Against Freeways, 1968-1980."

78 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Richard J. Brooks papers, 1956-2000 Accession No.: 2903-005 Summary: Richard Brooks was a Seattle businessman and environmentalist. He was involved with fighting I-90 freeway expansion. Relevant topics: R.H. Thomson Material types: Correspondence, clippings, statements, speeches, a map of the R.H. Thomson. Box 1/46 Correspondence w/Seattle Mayor Uhlman 1970-74 Box 6/3 RHT Expressway 1964-65 Mapcase Drawer 19 - RHT oversize 1964-65 Seattle Urban League records, 1930-1997 Accession No.: No.0607-001, No.0607-007, No.0607-009, No.0607-010 Summary: Established in 1929 and incorporated in 1936, the Seattle Urban League is an affiliate of the National Urban League that was founded in New York City in 1910. The governing body of the Seattle Urban League is a multi-racial, volunteer board of elected members, representing a broad range of people from the business and civic communities. Material types: Annual reports, case files, clippings, correspondence, ephemera, financial records, minutes, posters, reports, scrapbooks, sound recordings. No.0607-007 Contains a film that aired on KIRO-TV 5-24-1970, reviews 1969 & includes unfavorable living conditions in Central District – homes in ghetto, public demonstrations & social unrest. Box 6/22 - Black Student Union, 1968 Box 9/39 - Freeways / CARHT, 1969 Shirley J. Jeffers papers, 1978-1980 Accession No.: 3581-001 Summary: Shirley J. Jeffers was a citizen activist in Seattle. Relevant topics: I-90, transportation, low cost housing. Material types: Papers, ephemera. Tim Hill papers, 1973-1979 Accession No.: 3056-001

79 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Summary: Tim Hill served on the Seattle City Council, 1968-1979, as the Council's budget expert, and was also chairman of the Finance Committee, 1976-1979. He was an important advocate for the anti-freeway movement. Relevant topics: Seattle City Council, Transportation Committee, I-90, Forward Thrust, Margaret Tunks, and King County Executive files. Material types: Correspondence, memoranda, reports, subject files, and financial records. University of Washington Arboretum records, 1924-1984 Accession No.: 93-153 Summary: Since its inception in the 1920s, the purpose of the University of Washington Arboretum has been to form a collection of trees and plants from around the world as a source for research and public enjoyment. Located south of the school's Seattle campus, the Arboretum is one of the premier arboreta in the U.S. The R.H. Thomson Expressway would have run through the Arboretum. Relevant topics: R.H. Thomson Expressway, Lake Washington Bridge, Empire Way, Washington Highway Department Material types: General correspondence, and project files. Detailed notes on this collection: Box 25/1-2, 7-10 Lk Wash bridge Box 25/3-5 Lk Wash bridge & Empire Way & Plans, 1955-65 Box 25/6 Lk Wash bridge & Empire Way & 2nd Plans, 1964-1970 Box 27/27 Survey of Trees – RHT fwy, 1962 Box 27/28 RHT expressway , 1958-63 Box 50 (Oversize) Lk Wash bridge Box 51 (Oversize) RHT expressway Victor Steinbrueck papers, 1931-1986 Accession No.: No.3252-001, No.3252-003, No.3252-006, No.3252-007 Summary: Victor Steinbrueck was Seattle's best known advocate of historic preservation. He led the battle against the city's redevelopment plans for the Pike Place Market in the 1960s. Steinbrueck also helped lead the campaign in the 1960s that culminated in City Council passage of an ordinance which established the Pioneer Square Historic Preservation District.

80 University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Material types: Campaign materials, correspondence, notes, minutes, transcripts of hearings, daybooks, ephemera, photographs and sketches, film and tape recordings. Detailed notes on this collection: No.3252-001 1968 film, one reel, 4.min, shows downtown from I-5 No.3252-003 Box 2/28, Freeways 1965-1972, may include sketches of Bay Freeway published by Post-Intelligencer No.3252-006 Box 4/7, Freeways, 1973, 4x5 negatives. Seattle Freeway Revolt Activists Collection Accession No.: not currently accessioned Summary: not yet available Material types: Handbills, newsletters, meeting minutes, meeting agendas, posters, organization documents including mailing lists of members, and other ephemera. Selected documents : Arsove, Maynard. “CARHT Chronology.” Unpublished, Seattle, WA., 1969. Arsove, Maynard. The Bay Freeway: A Ten-Point Exercise in Seattle Transportation Planning. Position paper, Seattle, WA., 1970. Tunks, Margaret C. “The History of the R.H. Thomson Bond Issue: Background Materials Submitted for the Preliminary Report of the Montlake Transportation Study.” Unpublished, Seattle, WA., 1970. Tunks, Margaret C. “The Remarkable and Memorable History of the Bay Freeway.” Unpublished, Seattle, WA., 1970.

81 WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (WSDOT) LIBRARY The WSDOT Library and its affiliate libraries exist primarily to serve the information needs of agency employees and WSDOT contractors. Inquiries from the general public are welcome and will be answered as time permits.

The WSDOT Library holds many of the official documents relating to the R.H. Thomson, I-90 and other freeway projects that received state funding. They have historical resources such as biennial reports, the Highway News newsletter, legislative studies, clipping files and many agency publications. Records of the Washington State Highway Department, which became the Department of Transportation after the time of the freeway revolt, are also available here.

Contact Information: WSDOT HQ Library P.O. Box 47425 310 Maple Park Ave. SE, Rm SC-15 Olympia, WA 98504-7425 Phone: (360) 705-7750 Fax: (360) 705-6831 Email: [email protected] Hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM, Monday - Friday

Online Catalog: WSDOT Library Catalog

Reference Tools & Database Help: WSDOT Library Controlled Vocabularies WSDOT Library Knowledge Network

Tips: ● The library is open to the general public but it is best to make an appointment before visiting. This directory provides a list of publications, with their call numbers, that you can access at the library. ● The WSDOT Library holdings are included in the Washington State Library catalog. ● In addition to providing information services within WSDOT, professional library staff is involved in a cooperative effort with transportation librarians nationwide to coordinate the development of a national transportation knowledge network. Within the agency, WSDOT librarians work with other agency staff to develop procedures, which utilize controlled vocabularies to catalog electronic documents. Using the controlled vocabulary will make navigating the materials and performing searches more effective.

82 Washington Department of Transportation Library Title Date Call No. Empire Expressway Crossing of Union Bay, Seattle, Washington : preliminary report for the 1961 HIST 625.7309 EMPIRE 1961 Washington State Highway Commission and the City of Seattle / Worthington Christiani Fenco. Administrative guide to Priority programing for the Washington State Department of Highways. 1962 328.3 H53pri ag The freeways in Seattle; a progress report on construction of Seattle Freeways 1962 WA 388 H53 1 fr. R.H. Thomson Expressway crossing of Union Bay, Seattle, Washington : report for the 1964 HIST 625.7309 R H THO 1964 Washington State Highway Commission and the City of Seattle concerning proposed program of seismological observations / Worthington Christiani Fenco. Highway progress report / by C.G. Prahl. 1964 HIST 388.122 PRAHL 1964 Freeway progress / [Washington State Highway Commission, Department of Highways] 1964 WA 388 H531fre p 1964 wadocs Priority programming, original field data. Washington Department of Highways. 1964 WA 388 H531pri p1 1964 wadocs Analyses of alternate Puget Sound crossings / prepared for the Washington State Highway 1965 WA 388 H535ana a 1965 Commission, Department of Highways by Wilbur Smith and Associates. Highway construction program: Detail of new projects for the biennium / Washington State 1965 WA 388 H531hc wadocs Highway Commision, Department of Highways Recipe for a highway / Washington State Highway Commission, Department of Highways 1965 WA 388 H535rec h 1965 wadocs Financing Washington highways, 1955-1964. 1966 388 H531fin 1964 Design report : Thomson Way crossing of Union Bay, Seattle, Washington 1967 HIST 625.725 WORTHIN 1967 A call to progress: highway needs for the State of Washington. 1967 388 H531cal 1967 Interstate 90, third Lake Washington bridge: lane requirement study with and without rapid 1967 WA 388 H531int n1 1967 wadocs tranist / prepared by Washington State Department of Highways, District No. 7 Program allocations for highways, 1967-1969 biennium / Washington Sate Department of 1967 WA 388 H531prog a 1967 Highways The Urban design report / Bridges / Burke Architects 1969 WA 388 H531udr 1969 Seattle & I-90 / Prepared by the Washington State Department of Highways 1970 HIST 388.1309 WASHING 1970b Summary of user benefits on urban arterials and the interstate freeway in the Seattle 1970 WA 378.4 T687t 14 1970 wadocs metropolitan area / Roy B. Sawhill, Jerome W. Hall University area transportation study / Tudor Engineering Company 1971 388 UNIVERS 1971 Washington highways magazine index: July 1951 to December 1970 / Washington State 1972 R 388.1097 WASHING 1972 Department of Highways An action plan for social, economic and environmental consideration in the planning, 1973 388 T68ACT 1973b location and design of highways / State of Washington Department of Highways.

83 Washington Department of Transportation Library Title Date Call No. Feasibility report, Washington statewide roadway inventory system. [Prepared for] 1973 HIST 614.862 APPLIED 1973 Washington State Department of Highways in cooperation with Washington Traffic Safety Commission and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An action plan for social, economic and environmental consideration in the planning, 1977 388 T68ACT 1977 location and design of highways / State of Washington Department of Highways. Priority array summary, highway development program, 1971-1977 / Washington State 1978 625.7021 WASHING Department of Highways Washington State. Department of Highways. Biennial Report. 1958- HIST 353.9797 WASHING 1958-1960 28th 1960 c.2 Additional Biennial Reports cover the period of the Freeway Revolt. Ask a librarian to see additional years. Highway news / Washington State Highway Commission, Dept. of Highways. 1960- WA 388 H531ne wadocs 1960-61 v9 1961 Highway news / Washington State Highway Commission, Dept. of Highways. 1960- WA 388 H531ne wadocs 1960-62 v9 1962 Thomson Way, City of Seattle: legislative study; report to the Joint Committee on Highways. 1968- LEG STU 1968-7 1967 A program for highway development in the state of Washington for the biennium / 1969- WA 388 H531prog wadocs Washington State Highway Commission, Department of Highways 1973 Administrative guide to Priority programing for the Washington State Department of 328.3 H53pri ag Highways.

Film Material I-90, the final link [videorecording] : Challenge of Mt. Baker Ridge ; Connection to tomorrow. 1987 WSDOT Library Video, VIDEO DVD

84 RAINIER VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY (RVHS) The Rainier Valley Historical Society's mission is to collect, preserve, exhibit and interpret the history and heritage of the Rainier Valley and its people, and to promote public involvement in and appreciation of its history and culture.

RVHS is home to the Seth Jackson Papers. Jackson, an architect, master specifier and civic activist, was heavily involved in community issues including transportation planning. He served on the I-90 Citizens Advisory Committee and was instrumental in advancing I-90 design modifications. The collection contains print and other materials, which were used in political activism, especially related to route and design proposals for I-90 in the 1970s.

Contact Information: Rainier Valley Historical Society 3710 S. Ferdinand Street Seattle, WA 98118 Phone: (206) 723-1663 Email: [email protected] Hours: Tuesday, 1:00-4:00 PM; Friday & Sunday, 10:00 AM-1:00 PM

85 Rainier Valley Historical Society Seth Jackson papers, 1923-2014 Accession No. 2013.004 Summary: Civil activist Seth Jackson was a Mt. Baker resident who was heavily involved in community issues surrounding transportation planning. He was a member of the Central Seattle Community Council Federation as well as the Mt. Baker Community Club as the Chair of the Land Use and Planning Committee for both. He worked with many to eliminate discriminatory redlining in SE Central Seattle and to bring HUD in to provide funding for rehabilitation of those neighborhoods. He also focused heavily on the I-90 project, chairing the sub-committee that wrote the “3-T-3” lane structure now used on the bridge and out to Factoria. He fought with WSDOT for 20 years to push through a plan that would not “pave the lake,” cut off the tip of Mercer Island and dig a trough through the Mt. Baker neighborhood. The collection contains print and other materials which were used in political activism around I-90 construction in the 1970s. Abbreviations used: SJ = Seth Jackson; ST = Seattle Times; PTA = Put Transit Across; LU = Land Use; CSCC = Central Seattle Community Council (Federation); FT = Forward Thrust; MBCC = Mt. Baker Community Club Detailed notes on this collection: Large Format .011-.015 - Feb 1970, I-90 Transit Counter-proposals, hand-drawn illustrations on tissue Folder .016-022 - 3 bumper stickers: OFF THE BRIDGE, $AVE THE 600 MILLION, SWAP I-90 FOR TRANSIT, Mothball I- 90, I-90 Majority 522-3005 Box 1 .032 – LU 1977-78 Mt. Baker; committee and related, Chas Talbot, Roger Pence .033 – LU 1975-76 .034 – LU 1976-77 .035 – Mt. Baker Transit; Mt. Baker News, April 1977; correspondence .036 – Seattle Neighbor Fund; Chas Talbot (note: after UGN defunded CSCCF) .037 – Drafts: Mt. Baker Plan 1977-78; FT Neighborhood Improvement Bonds .038 – Atlantic Plan, Seattle Dept. of Community Development .039 – SUDR (Single Unit Detached Residential), Re-Zoning Proposals Box 2 .040 – CSCC LU policies 1970-72 9/20/70 SJ and Olga Stewart, ED .041 – Zoning Procedural Reform 11/72 .042 – CSCC Newsletters 1972-73; 7/75 memo re: CSCC defunded Thru .051 – (note: more of same)

86 Rainier Valley Historical Society Seth Jackson papers, 1923-2014 Box 3 .052 – CSCC .053 – Model Cities .054 – Race & Violence Report .055 – Action Better City; booklet by Seattle Chapter AIA .056 – CSCC clippings; ST: 7/18/71,Community Power: How Strong? Roger Leed photo .057 – PTA Master copies; some flyers using Dave Lefebvre drawings .058 – ARCO conference, Orcas Island, Sept. 30 – Oct. 2, 1977 .059 – Metro Transit Planning, August 1968 – May 1970; booklet & maps .060 – Seattle General Development policies, 1977 .070 – I-90 Hearing Guide, January 28, 1976; Rainier Room, Seattle Center Box 4 .062 – I-90 1972; Mt. Baker Access Routes, 7/6/72, w/SJ notes; MBCC LU comm.; maps; Model Cities flyer; ST 7/24/72, A3, photo “Center of the I-90 Dispute” .063 – I-90 (1974); KING TV I-90 lunch: guest list/discussion outline w/SJ, Maynard Arsove, staff Emory Bundy, Charles Royer .064 – I-90 (1976); PTA; Argus; Draft EIS comments w/SJ’s LU credits, 1969-76; Margaret Tunks’ “Moment of Truth” .065 – PTA/I-90; 1970-71: CSCC Position on I-90, s/s Junius Rochester; American Jewish Committee, Seattle Chapter.; letter to M.Tunks 1997 .066 – I-90 Press (1970-72); ST: 2/13/72, D4, Joan Thomas, WEC lobbyist quoted; 3/28/71, B1, re: frustration w/homes, has photo of 1318 21st S & map); 12/10/71, A13, photos of I-90 v.1962 vs. v.1971; 6/9/70 Highway Hearing, I-90, 4 nights at Sea. Center; 6/8/70 A13, But what do we do with the auto? Herb Robinson; 5/26/70 Hearing; reprint of “Slaying Dragons” by M.Arsove .067 – PTA/I-90 Press (1975-76); ST 5/21/75, C8, New Group Formed Says SJ .068 – Puget Soundings, March 1977; Will Seattle (I-90) Become Bridge of Babel? By Ted Centerwall, quotes SJ & Anna Rudd; publisher Jr. League of Seattle, Editor Katharine Raff .069 – Mayor’s Advisory Committee on I-90 (met 1970-71, report published Feb. 1971) .070 – Seattle’s General Development Policies, March 1977 .071 – I-90 Project Report, April 1988; by Susan C. Cary, consultant to Japanese business; 41pp., appendices not included, gift to SJ

87 Rainier Valley Historical Society Seth Jackson papers, 1923-2014 Box 5 .072 – I-90 Design Hearing, 6/2/1970 .073 – Atlantic Neighborhood/I-90 Public Meeting, January 1983 .074 – Burke-Ellis paper/NRC-NAS Review, April 1972 .075 – I-90 MBCC & CSCC 1971, Atlantic St.Ctr; memos, draft ltrs, SJ notes, 7/71 CARHT ltr; excellent graphic cartoon (by Lefebrve?) Citizens #1 PTA vs. State vs. Citizens #2; Leschi Improvement Council .079 – I-90 Meeting – Mt. Baker; 2/16/1970 flyer Box 6 .088 – Mt. Baker-I-90 Position Paper; 5/31/79 The I-90 Majority/CSCCF packet, by John Barber; MBCC Statement of Position on the Proposed I-90 Commuter Facility, Mar 1970, 4 pp, 2 drafts, 1 final .089 – Bridges/Burke Architects, I-90 Study .090 – I-90; Hearing on Limited Access, Findings & Order, Saturday 6/19/70, Franklin HS w/SJ notes in red; names, addresses of all commentators, pp 1-19, & submissions, pp 23-38 (many duplications) .091 – I-90; Mayor’s I-90 Advisory Committee – various minutes; SJ notes on 2/25/71 .092 – I-90; Mayor’s I-90 Comm. Book (all minutes included?); invitation per Walt Hundley, Dir., Model Cities to work on comm. 11/2/1970 – 2/4/1971 .093 – Puget Sound Gov’t Conf., July 1975; book draft: survey of mass transit alternatives I-90 w/SJ notes, 148 pp

.094 – PTA 1975-76; meeting agendas, minutes, attendees: Ed Banks, M.Tunks, Bill McCord, +; newsletters .095 – PTA notebook; correspondence; House Transportation Comm. Notes, CSCC I-348; CARHT, CAF & PTA handouts, reprints Box 7 .096 – I-90; FHWA-WN-EIS-75-05-F, PSCOG, SJ notes, PTA flyer .100 – Notes from 2013.004.027; 4/2/71 SJ’s summary re: Mayor’s I-90 Adv. Comm. report .101 – Flyer from 2013.004.024; M.Tunks’ invitation to attend her book give-away, c.1995

88 MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND INDUSTRY (MOHAI) MOHAI is dedicated to preserving, sharing and teaching the diverse history of Seattle, the Puget Sound region and the nation. As Washington State’s largest private heritage organization, the museum engages communities through interactive exhibits, online resources and award-winning public and youth education programs. MOHAI is home to more than 300,000 press photos from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Hours for on-site research are limited. Appointments are required in order to visit the archives. Of particular interest is Box 88, Freeways (see below). Contact Information: Museum of History and Industry 860 Terry Ave N. Seattle, WA 98109 Phone: (206) 324-1126 Hours: Daily, 10:00 AM-5:00 PM Schedule a research appointment: Library Appointment

Some of MOHAI’s photograph collection is available online: MOHAI Digital Collections.

Save the Arboretum rally, May 4, 1 10 969

Seattle Post-Intelligencer Photo Collection - Box 88, Freeways

88/3 - Bay Freeway Sketch 88/5 - Photo of Bay Freeway Sketch, 2/8/1972 Highways, I-90 1 of 4 – Howard Needles (engineers) tunnel renderings in color 2 of 4 – June 4, 1970 City Council Hearing on I-90 “Symbol of Opposition” shows attendee holding up the Seattle Liberation Front’s “Smash I-90” flyer" Aug 20, 1970, Washington State Highway Dept. Engineer, with model presentingphoto “Last night at 2 meetings” .

Marchers in the Save the Arboretum rally, May 4, 1969. Museum of History and Industry 10

89 8. NARRATIVE TIMELINE

This section provides a chronological listing of major events in the evolution of Seattle’s freeway revolt, encompassing administrative, legal and political actions involving the City of Seattle, State of Washington and Seattle citizens. The primary focus is on the three major freeway projects that became the target of citizen opposition: the Mercer Street Connection, which became the Bay Freeway (BAY); the Empire Expressway, which became the R. H. Thomson Expressway (RHT); and the segment of Interstate 90 (I-90) from Mercer Island to Seattle I-5. Several events of broader significance are also included for historical context as well as relevance to highway planning.

The timeline is segmented into the timeframes shown below.

● 1912 - 1944: Early milestones ● 1947 - 1959: Freeway plans emerge ● 1960 - 1964: Route refinements, funding and early resistance ● 1965 - 1967: Planning advances, opposition grows ● 1968: Citizens organize ● 1969: Hearings, rallies, media and more ● 1970 - 1971: I-90, Bay Freeway opposition builds; citizens take legal action ● 1972 - 1974: Voters scrap RHT, Bay Freeways; I-90 saga continues ● 1975 - 1980: I-90 modifications and mediation ● 1981 - 1993: I-90 construction

1912 - 1944 Early milestones

1912 (March 5) RHT: Seattle voters reject the Bogue “Plan of Seattle” which includes a major north-south route through the City’s east side. Over the years, the Seattle Planning Commission recommends varying routes to extend Empire Way north to Bothell Way.

1940 (July 2) I-90: The First Lake Washington Floating Bridge (U.S. 10), the Lacey V. Murrow Bridge, opens with four lanes connecting Seattle and Mercer Island. It is the world’s longest floating concrete pontoon bridge. The unusual draw span bulge accommodates the passage of ships. Eventually, it will become part of the I-90 corridor.

1944 Voters approve Amendment 18 to the Washington State Constitution which creates the State Highway Trust Fund, guaranteeing that gas and vehicle excise taxes will be used exclusively toward highways.

1947 - 1959 Freeway plans emerge

1947 The State Highway Department publishes the Origin-Destination Traffic Survey: Seattle Metropolitan Area, which drives future highway decision-making in the region.

90 1954 RHT: Seattle Engineering Department conducts “Empire Way Extension Studies North of East Madison Street.”

1956 Congress passes the National Interstate and Defense Highway Act, which assures 90% federal funding for qualified highways.

1957 BAY/RHT/I-90: The Seattle City Council adopts the Seattle Comprehensive Plan for 1965, which includes major north-south and east-west freeways and three bridges across Lake Washington. It includes a Mercer Street Connection between the future Seattle Freeway (I-5) and Aurora Avenue (US 99) and depicts Empire Way as a “limited access expressway from Boeing Access Road [near present day I-5] to north of the city limits [about 15 miles].”

1957 (October) RHT: Seattle voters pass a bond measure to fund the Empire Way Expressway. The State Highway Department initiates engineering studies. I-90: The State Highway Department initiates engineering studies for I-90.

1958 (June 30) RHT: The City Council authorizes an agreement with the State to analyze “the contemplated extension of Empire Way as an Expressway, Rainier Avenue to Bothell Way.”

1959 (January 12) RHT: The City Council authorizes a contract with the State Highway Commission and Toll Bridge Authority to connect the Empire Way Expressway (SR 900) and second Lake Washington (Evergreen Point or SR 520) bridge in the north Arboretum.

1959 (August 21) RHT: The Argus publishes an illustration of the elaborate Empire Way Extension- Evergreen Point Bridge (SR 520) Interchange that will “destroy the north … Arboretum.” In October, the Highway Commission supports moving the roadway 200 feet west (the “Route B option") and condemning Montlake neighborhood houses along 26th Avenue East.

1959 RHT: The City and State agree to place the Empire Expressway (SR900), from Bothell Way to the Boeing Access Road at I-5, on the state highway system, assuring 50/50 funding. The State’s share will come from the federal government.

1960 - 1964 Route refinements, funding and early resistance

1960 (January 27) BAY: The Seattle Engineering Department prepares a plan drawing of the Mercer Street Connection, Aurora Avenue to Seattle Freeway.

1960 (March) I-90: To accommodate increasing traffic congestion on the 4-lane US 10 bridge, the direction of one center lane is reversed during the morning and evening commutes to create 3 westbound/1 eastbound lanes and 1- westbound/3 eastbound lanes, respectively.

1960 (March 8) BAY/RHT: Seattle voters approve a roads package, which includes a $1,925,000 bond for the Mercer Street Connection linking Aurora Avenue (U.S. 99) to the Seattle Freeway (I-5) and $14,102,000 in bonds for the Empire Expressway, from East Union Street to NE 92nd at Bothell Way with a “Submerged Tube Crossing at Union Bay.” The total projected cost of the Mercer Connection is $4 million.

91 1961 (May 9) RHT: The City Council prepares to authorize the State Highway Department, which has a faster acquisition process, to purchase Montlake residential properties within the anticipated Route B corridor.

1961 (June 16) RHT: The City Council holds the first State Limited Access I Route Hearing, under Federal guidelines, for a four- to six-lane Empire Expressway along Route B through the edge of Montlake from Aloha to East Calhoun Streets. Seventeen audience members speak for the record. Nine Montlake residents, a Mountaineers’ representative and Victor Steinbrueck object to the loss of homes. The following week, the Council renames the project the R.H. Thomson Expressway. In July, the Council approves Route B, which condemns about 91 homes along the east side of 26th Avenue East.

1961 (December 4) RHT: The City enters into a contract with the State Toll Bridge Authority and Highway Commission that defines responsibilities for the Arboretum/R.H. Thomson Interchange.

1962 (April 21) Seattle’s “Century 21” World’s Fair, with and Space Needle, opens for six months.

1962 (April 30, May 3) RHT: The City Council holds a State Limited Access II Route Hearing for R.H. Thomson Expressway Route B, Aloha to East Calhoun Streets and the 28th Avenue Extension at East Madison Street. The May 3rd hearing is recorded. On June 18, the Council re-adopts the disputed Route B.

1962 (June) RHT: Nine Montlake homeowners in the corridor retain attorney Alfred J. Schweppe who files objections in State Superior Court to the 1961 and 1962 hearings. On appeal, on July 19, 1962, the State Supreme Court rules that the previous hearings gave insufficient consideration to alternative routes and directs the City to hold new hearings.

1963 (March 5) RHT/I-90: The Highway Commission holds the first I-90 Route Hearing on Mercer Island for the 6.9 mile section from I-405 in Bellevue to I-5 in Seattle. They select a route north of the existing U.S. 10, which includes an enormous I-90/R.H. Thomson Interchange in Seattle’s Rainier Valley. The route is later approved by the Federal government and will add 6 lanes to the existing 4-lane roadway for a total of 10 lanes.

1963 (March 24) BAY: The City and Central Association, a consortium of downtown businesses, announce the “Monson Ring Road” concept, designed to encircle and provide easy access and egress to the central business district. The Broad (aka Mercer) Street Connection, the northern border, will be built first.

1963 (August 29) RHT: The Second Lake Washington or Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (SR 520) opens with the R.H. Thomson/Evergreen Point Bridge (SR 520) Interchange in place to connect to the future expressway. The bridge is a toll facility until 1979. In time, the unfinished ramps and four football field-length lanes for the future R.H. Thomson Expressway will be dubbed “The Ramps To Nowhere.”

1963 (September 13) RHT: The City Council holds a State Limited Access Route Hearing on the R.H. Thomson Expressway, Arboretum Interchange to NE 97th Street. Over 400 people, most from the proposed corridor, cram into the Council Chambers with an 180-seat capacity.

1964 (June 11) RHT: For a second time, due to legal action by the Montlake corridor residents, the State Supreme Court orders the City to hold new hearings with better explanations on the Route options. Afterwards, the City Attorney warns the Council it must adopt more formal procedures for certain types of public hearings.

92 1964 (August) I-90: Construction begins on the I-5/I-90 interchange in Seattle.

1965 - 1967 Planning advances, opposition grows

1965 (May 17) RHT: The Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study Director reports that the Thomson route “should be considered as a freeway … from its southern terminus with Interstate 5 to the Bothell area.”

1965 (May 27 and 28, June 18, October 11) RHT: The City Council holds four well-attended State Limited Access Route III Hearings on three sections of the R.H. Thomson Expressway: Aloha to East Calhoun Streets, NE 85th Street to the north shore of Union Bay, and Arboretum Interchange to Union Street. At the May hearing, Attorney Schweppe challenges the valuations used for Arboretum land. In June, he submits an elevated viaduct alternative. Despite citizens’ input at the hearings, the Council re-adopts Route B through the Montlake neighborhood on October 25.

1965 (November) I-90: The Federal government approves sites for new bridges to cross Lake Washington between Seattle and Mercer Island and the East Channel between Mercer Island and Bellevue.

1965 (December 10) RHT: Montlake corridor residents file a Writ of Review in Superior Court. The lower Court declines to review. On appeal, on May 25, 1966, the Supreme Court finds in its review that the City Council’s route hearings are null and void due to a change in State law.

1966 (February) I-90: Construction begins on the I-90/I-405 interchange in Bellevue.

1966 (March) BAY/RHT/I-90: The Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a federally mandated four-county planning body created in 1957, and the State Highway Department release preliminary results of a six-year Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study. It includes a map showing four north-south freeways through Seattle, five bridges crossing Lake Washington and three bridges crossing Puget Sound and recommends eight new I-90 lanes north of the existing four-lane US 10 bridge for a total of 12 lanes.

1966 (Spring) BAY: The Seattle Engineering Department forms a design team, including a local urban design consultant, to assure the Bay Freeway will blend with the urban environment and encourage multiple uses of the area.

1966 (August) The “Forward Thrust Committee of 200,” an organization of influential private citizens, begins developing a package of public works that includes a rapid rail transit system.

1966 (November 22 and 23) RHT/I-90: Seattle’s two daily newspapers publish illustrations depicting plans for I-90. They show eight lanes cutting a 200 foot-wide trench through Mt. Baker Ridge, connecting with a massive I-90/R.H. Thomson Interchange in the upper Rainier Valley (an historically African-American neighborhood) and, finally, ending at I-5. Alarmed community members begin organizing. Seattle’s freeway revolt is born.

1967 (January 3) Governor Dan Evans dedicates the Seattle Freeway (I-5). Between conception in 1952 and completion, landslides, legal actions and citizen activism caused multiple delays. The 8th Avenue Street connection between First Hill and downtown is built due to citizen efforts.

93 1967 (mid-January) RHT/I-90: State Representatives David Sprague and Jonathan Whetzel host a committee hearing in Olympia during which Seattle community representatives express concerns about the proposed trench through Mt. Baker Ridge and enormous R.H. Thomson/I-90 Interchange in the Rainier Valley.

1967 (February 17) RHT: The City Council holds a public hearing on the R.H. Thomson and passes related legislation. The hearing is recorded. BAY: The City Council holds the first Bay Freeway, I-5 to Broad Street, Federal Aid Route Hearing. The proposed elevated, four-lane roadway receives considerable opposition from such groups as the Seattle Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), Allied Arts, Citizens Planning Council and Friends of the Market. Total projected cost is $5 million.

1967 (February 26) BAY: A sketch by Victor Steinbrueck, “The proposed Bay Freeway, from the south looking north,” published in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, illustrates how the proposed elevated viaduct will block off the South Lake Union shoreline from the rest of city.

1967 (June 23) BAY: The City Council holds the second Bay Freeway Federal Aid Route Hearing. Many alternatives are presented, including six by the Seattle AIA, but the Council approves the elevated four-lane design. It is certified later by Federal Bureau of Public Roads, which assures 50% federal funding.

1967 BAY: The State and City contract to fund the Bay Freeway 50/50, with the State’s share to come from the Federal government. The contract is based on a specific drawing, which shows the roadway ending at Dexter Street, with a notation that construction will include connections to the Seattle Center and Aurora in a separate agreement. Total projected cost is $5.6 million.

1967 (April) I-90/RHT: The Central Seattle Community Council and Seattle Urban League co-host a Forum, “Third Bridge… Southern Wall to the Ghetto?” Leschi resident David Rudo initiates Tuesday night networking sessions, which become the “ad hoc Third Lake Bridge Group.”

1967 (June 4) RHT: While the City develops routes and designs for the R.H. Thomson Expressway tunnel beneath Union Bay, UW Professor W.T. Edmondson, a fisheries expert and METRO water quality consultant, raises concerns for damage to Lake Washington waters from the dumping of peat scheduled for removal if a tunnel is built.

1967 (June 15) RHT: Montlake corridor residents ask the Superior Court to stop the condemnation of certain properties for the R.H. Thomson Expressway. On appeal, the State Supreme Court rules that the residents’ claims of error deserve a full trial. On November 3, the Superior Court upholds the 1965 Council hearings but observes that a new Council, pending results of the November election, might not go along with the route. The residents appeal.

1967 (July 20) RHT: The Model Cities Task Force on Physical Planning and the Environment resolves that there should be a restudy of the R.H. Thomson/I-90 Interchange. On August 5, the Model Cities Board adopts the resolution and Mayor Braman sends it to the Highway Department. On August 29, Governor Evans endorses the proposal.

1967 (November) BAY/RHT/I-90: The Puget Sound Governmental Conference releases the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study. It differs little from the 1966 preliminary plan but adds rapid rail transit corridors, one on the Third Lake Washington Bridge and another in the R.H. Thomson corridor.

94 1967 (November 11) Endorsements from a new reform-minded group Choose an Effective City Council (CHECC); help elect Phyllis Lamphere, a civic activist, and State Representatives Tim Hill and Sam Smith. Smith is Seattle’s first African- American Councilmember.

1967 (November 23) RHT/I-90: Leaders of the Central Area Civil Rights Committee, a coalition established in 1963 to promote citywide racial reform, tell the Highway Commission the “mood” of the community is “dangerous” regarding plans for the Third Bridge and Thomson Expressway.

1967 (November 28) I-90: An I-90 Design Team, assembled by the State in May, responds to public comments that include the Citizens Planning Council proposal for a modest I-90 bridge with 2 reversible auto and 2 rail transit lanes. The Design Team criticizes the CPC proposal as an example of “middle-class people … attempting to run the affairs of the poor…”

1967 (December 8) RHT: Mayor Braman announces the hiring of Okamoto-Liskamm (O/L), urban designers; to work with City engineers and corridor communities to revise the R.H. Thomson plans, possibly as a parkway from the Arboretum Interchange to I-90. In early 1968, Braman asks the Council to fund a long-term contract with O/L covering the full length of the proposed fifteen-mile expressway.

1967 (December 10) I-90: Sixteen community organizations, in an Open Letter to State Highway Director Andrews, condemn the State’s Design Team report as “… asking the city to accommodate the freeway and not the redesign of the freeway to accommodate the community.”

1967 (December 12) I-90: State Highway Department holds a second I-90 Access Hearing on Mercer Island. Speakers from the Seattle Municipal League and Citizens Planning Council raise concerns and receive newspaper coverage from their Open Letter to the Department.

1968 Citizens organize

1968 (February 7) RHT: During a Model Cities Task Force meeting, Mayor Braman announces a scaled back R.H. Thomson “parkway” to complement Model Cities programs and states that the Highway Department will eliminate the R.H. Thomson/I-90 Interchange. Okamoto shares concepts for a depressed, six-lane R.H. Thomson parkway with provisions for rapid transit and housing, retail, offices, etc., on platforms atop the parkway, which would integrate with Model Cities plans.

1968 (February 13) RHT/I-90: Voters pass seven Forward Thrust bonds, but fail to approve rapid rail transit, which is proposed to run in the R.H. Thomson right-of-way and on the future I-90 bridge. Rail transit receives a slim 51% majority but far short of the 60% needed for passage.

1968 (March 1) RHT: The City Council meets informally with Central Seattle Community Council Executive Secretary Ruth Brandwein, Ravenna Community Club President Bill Frantilla and State Representative David Sprague, who raise concerns about dislocation, community damage and the need for better public transit.

1968 (March 17) RHT/I-90: The Seattle Times publishes a map with “Proposed Thomson, I-90 routes” and describes “a ‘route hearing’ that established a ‘corridor’ from two to five blocks wide for the Thomson segment between NE 85th Street and the north shore of Union Bay.”

95 1968 (April 2) RHT: The attorney for Montlake corridor residents announces that they are dropping the suit blocking progress on the RH Thomson due to recent proposed changes.

1968 (May 28) RHT: Some 80 Lake City residents attend a community meeting organized by Margaret Tunks with help from the UW Bureau of Community Development. The group chooses the name “Lake City Improves For Tomorrow” (L.I.F.T.) and begins meeting to develop a community needs questionnaire.

1968 (June 4) RHT: Central Seattle Community Council Executive Secretary Brandwein assembles representatives from the R.H. Thomson corridor and other community groups to develop an action plan. They form a new group specifically to oppose construction of urban freeways, Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson (CARHT). The members have a broad array of skills and affiliations. Montlake resident and UW Professor Maynard Arsove agree to serve as President.

1968 s(August 8) I-90: In a new I-90 Report, the Highway Department recommends adding 10 lanes in the trench through Mt. Baker Ridge for a total of 14 lanes, counting the existing 4-lane US 10. The report also proposes a fourth 6-lane bridge at the north end of the lake passing through Juanita and Magnuson Parks that could support rapid rail transit. The Puget Sound Council of Governments (formerly the Puget Sound Governmental Conference) endorses the report.

1968 (October) BAY: The City puts Bay Freeway planning on hold when a domed stadium is proposed for the Seattle Center. After the Council approves the Seattle Center in November, the City joins King County, the Puget Sound Governmental Conference and State to evaluate stadium locations and traffic needs. In December 1969, preliminary designs support a stadium at the Seattle Center and an elevated, 6-lane roadway. Projected road costs have risen to $27.4 million.

1968 (October 2) RHT: At a meeting of the Model Cities Physical Planning and Environment Task Force, David Rudo questions why a proposed survey does not include questions about the R.H. Thomson Expressway.

1968 (October 9) RHT: The City signs a $700,000 contract with Okamoto/Liskamm (O/L) to “determine the final location and alignment” of the R H Thomson. Councilmember Sam Smith casts the lone no vote. During community outreach, many people assume, incorrectly, that O/L will help determine whether or not to build the Thomson. In a related action, the. . Worthington firm is hired to plan the Thomson underwater crossing from the Arboretum Interchange to the north side of Union Bay.

1968 (October 10) RHT: Eight L.I.F.T. members form CAF (Citizens Against Freeways) after hearing a Highway Department spokesman describe route options through their Lake City neighborhood for the 6 - 8 lane Bothell Freeway (SR 522), between I-405, I-5 and the R.H. Thomson Expressway. Margaret Tunks agrees to be the Chair.

1968 (October 15) RHT: CARHT President Maynard Arsove sends an Open Letter to city and state officials calling for an immediate halt to freeway planning and construction and the highest priority on comprehensive mass rapid transit in the Seattle metropolitan area.

1968 (December 9) RHT: Model Cities Program officials, in a letter signed by Director Walter Hundley, “urgently” request the Council to reconsider its decision to construct the R.H. Thomson in light of recent proposals by Okamoto/Liskamm.

96 1968 (December 11) RHT: Having barely learned of State Highway Department plans to hold the SR 522 Route Hearing in January, CAF members organize, publicize and host a forum on “The Bothell-Thomson Highway Crisis.” An estimated 900 Lake City neighbors fill the Jane Addams School hall. After hearing speakers Sam Woods with California Cry, Attorney Robert Beezer, environmentalist Brock Evans and CARHT Vice President Bill Frantilla, many sign up to help. Without explanation, the State does not schedule the Route Hearing in January.

1968 (December 12) RHT: Seattle Times columnist Herb Robinson observes that homeowners along a four-block wide swath between the Rainier Valley and Lake City are experiencing hardships in selling their homes and anxieties over whether their properties will be taken.

1968 (December 15) RHT: The City Council passes a resolution asking the State to delay a decision on the Bothell Freeway (SR-522) corridor until Seattle’s Eastern Corridor study is completed.

1968 (December 19) CARHT endorses the East Side League’s opposition to the Auburn-Bothell Freeway (I-605). On short notice, the newly created League turns out over a thousand people who vigorously oppose ‘Excedrin Headache No. 605’ at a hearing of the Legislature’s Highway Extensions Subcommittee, Joint Highway Committee. I-605 dies in the 1969 Highway Omnibus Bill.

1968 (late December) RHT: Tudor Engineering releases the state-funded Lake Washington Bridge Crossings Study. It proposes Fourth and Fifth Lake Washington bridges with multiple connecting roads and warns that the R H Thomson Parkway, or a comparable north-south corridor, is essential for carrying the additional traffic capacity in the Evergreen Point Bridge Corridor. . .

1969 Hearings, rallies, media and more

1969 (January) RHT: Laurelhurst property owners vigorously oppose property acquisition for the R.H. Thomson Tunnel and Fourth Lake Washington Bridge, presenting petitions with 1500 signatures to the City Council. Laurelhurst residents and CARHT board members Carolyn Corson and Ethel McCroskey run the petition drive. By March, the usually cautious Laurelhurst Community Club writes the Council affirming the same views. I-90: The State Highway Department unofficially divides the I-90 project into two segments: Bellevue (Factoria) I-405 to the Mercer Island west shore and Mercer Island west shore to Seattle I-5. In January 1971, a formal pronouncement follows. The Department selects a Seattle design team to address social, economic and environmental impact concerns and to involve community groups and local agencies. Note: From this point forward, the majority of I-90 entries in this timeline relate to the Seattle segment.

1969 (March 5-10) RHT: In late 1968, R H Thomson corridor resident Donald Gibbs is surprised by an offer from the Department to buy his house. While investigating dilapidated houses in his neighborhood, he discovers that every . one. of them is owned by the Highway Department with short-term tenantsState and no maintenanceHighway leases. He joins CARHT, which orchestrates an Open Letter to the Mayor and City Council protesting this practice, signed by eleven Seattle community councils. On March 8, both major dailies run articles about slumlords and blockbusting, with photos of the run-down houses and the “Montlake Pit,” where demolished houses once stood. On March 10, Mayor Miller proposes the City should manage the houses. Gibbs counters that the houses should be returned to private homes.

1969 (March 31) RHT: After the City Council Streets and Sewers Committee recommends appropriating $3.2 million for a new Okamoto/Liskamm study on the R.H. Thomson, Margaret Tunks rallies citizens for the full Council meeting. Speaking on behalf of CARHT, Maynard Arsove presents a statement opposing funding of engineering studies

97 until basic questions on the Thomson are resolved. The Council vote splits 4-4 and stops funding of the new study. Newly appointed Councilmember Don Wright casts the deciding vote.

1969 (April) I-90: The Highway Department initiates a community outreach program to assist residents in or near the Seattle I-90 corridor, especially those facing displacement and relocation.

1969 (April 14) CARHT, along with the Citizens Planning Council and Federation of Western Outdoor Clubs, write the Mayor and City Council proposing a restudy of the urban transportation plan for Seattle. They note that the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study is an obsolete, “completely highway-dominated study.”

1969 (May 4) RHT: Thousands rally along Azalea Way to Save the Arboretum, enjoy rock music and be roused by Committee Chair Norm Sather, Dave Birkner, Victor Steinbrueck, Rep. Sprague, Rep. Whetzel, Deputy Mayor Ed Devine, CARHT President Maynard Arsove and others. SAVE THE ARBORETUM bumper stickers are distributed. Publicity on Seattle’s African American radio station KYAC helps with turnout.

1969 (May 21) RHT: Mayor Miller appoints a Special Task Force to consider “transportation facilities in the eastern portion of the city.”

1969 (June 25) BAY/RHT/I-90: In anticipation of fall Seattle City Council elections, anti-freeway activists Ben Feigenbaum, Lois Brooks and Margaret Tunks create the Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC), a coalition of neighborhood and anti-freeway groups that will educate, interview and publicly rate political candidates on urban transportation issues.

1969 (August through November) BAY/RHT/I-90: Citizen volunteers assist the Transportation Coordinating Committee in developing and implementing candidate rating questionnaires and interviews. The findings are widely publicized for the primary and general elections. Every Seattle City Council candidate opposes the 4th Lake Washington Bridge; all but one oppose the R.H. Thomson Expressway.

1969 (August 6) RHT: The major dailies feature Arsove and Montlake Community Council President Craig McGee as they renew a push for action on the City’s neglected houses in Montlake. Over the next few weeks, the Council budgets maintenance funds, ends the contract with the State, assumes full oversight of the houses and puts restrictions on future acquisitions.

1969 (August 28) RHT: Okamoto/Liskamm, on behalf of Mayor Braman’s Special Task Force, presents a “Proposed Scope of Work Transportation Planning Study for Eastern Seattle” at a City Council hearing. Citizens are allowed to speak but only on whether or not the study should be done, not its merits. The Council proceeds with the study. The hearing is recorded.

1969 (September 14) RHT/I-90: Hundreds rally at Mt. Virgin Hall in the Rainier Valley to “Save Mt. Baker Ridge” from the I-90 Bridge and the R.H. Thomson/I-90 Interchange. Participants include Sonny Buxton, CARHT, Seattle Urban League, Mt. Baker Community Council, Mt. Baker Action Group and Central Seattle Community Council. OFF THE BRIDGE bumper stickers are distributed.

1969 (October) I-90: Construction begins on the East Channel Bridge, between Mercer Island’s east shore and the eastside of Lake Washington. However, work halts in December 1970.

98 1969 (December to March 1970) BAY/I-90: The State Highway Commission proposes a Memorandum of Understanding (pursuant to Federal regulations). In correspondence between Highway Commissioner Zahn and Seattle Mayor Uhlman, the Mayor agrees to eight lanes for I-90, as well as State plans for SR-522, SR-520 and the Mercer-Roanoke “weave” correction, in return for 50% state financing of the Connecticut and Bay Freeways. The City Council does not sign the Memorandum of Understanding. Their counter-offer is not accepted.

1969 (December 17) RHT: State Engineer Bogart runs the Bothell Freeway (SR-520) Route Hearing at Anderson Junior High in Bothell. Many people from Bothell and Seattle ask for more information, many more wish to be heard but Bogart declines to adjourn and reconvene the hearing on a second date. Instead the meeting runs until 1 a.m. The major dailies cover some of the many viewpoints expressed at the hearing, such as one captured in a Seattle P-I headline, “The Bothell Freeway: A Concrete Pistol.”

1970 -1971 I-90, Bay Freeway opposition builds; citizens take legal action

1970 (January 1) President Nixon signs the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), crafted largely by Washington U. S. Senator Warren Magnuson. It will apply to most federally funded projects.

1970 (January 27) I-90: Overflow crowds speak their minds on I-90 at the Seattle City Council hearing held at the Seattle Center. The Council seeks citizens’ views on the State’s ten-lane extension of I-90 north of the existing U.S. 10 through Mt. Baker Ridge and Seattle’s Central Area. The meeting is recorded.

1970 (February) I-90: A Mercer Island I-90 Citizen Advisory Committee is established. The group publishes a set of developmental goals in April. BAY: King County voters fail to fund a domed stadium at the Seattle Center but work continues on an elevated, six-lane Bay Freeway, possibly to accommodate the anticipated increase in traffic from the proposed 4th Lake Washington Bridge.

1970 (February 10) BAY: The City publishes and distributes the Bay Freeway Design Report.

1970 (Spring) BAY: The State Legislature acts, through RCW 47.16.010 and the Capital Improvements’ Budget for 1971, to remove the Bay Freeway from the state highway system and not seek Federal aid for its construction despite actions in 1961, 1967 and 1970 to assure 50% matching funds. Tunks speculates that highway interests hope to pressure Seattle to be more receptive to new roads in the city.

1970 (April 17) BAY: The City Council holds the third Federal Design and State Limited Access Bay Freeway public hearing to review the February Design Report and hear citizen comments. On April 28, CARHT submits notarized information for the hearing record. In a cover letter to City Council President Carroll, Maynard Arsove cites the Bay Freeway’s adverse environmental and financial impacts, calling it “a northern version of the .” Hearing requirements are also questioned.

1970 (April 22) Environmentalists observe the nation’s first Earth Day.

1970 (May 19) Voters reject all four Forward Thrust bonds including a 2nd try for regional rail transit, which is proposed to run in the R.H. Thomson right-of-way and on the future I-90 bridge. The failure is attributed to a deepening economic recession and massive worker layoffs known locally as the “Boeing Bust.”

99 1970 (May 22) CARHT issues a public call for a moratorium on the planning and construction of freeways in Seattle. In a letter to the Mayor and City Council, Maynard Arsove states that defeat of the rapid transit bond issue and opposition to the Seattle Center stadium site call for an in-depth reappraisal of Seattle transportation plans.

1970 (May 23) I-90: The Highway Department hosts a well-attended public meeting at Mt. Virgin Hall. The Seattle Design Team presents a large display model that shows the proposed I-90 separated and some distance from U.S. 10. No R.H. Thomson Interchange is shown, but it can be added later.

1970 (May 28) I-90: Seven Central Area residents, represented by Legal Services, file Lathan v. Volpe in U.S. District Court seeking to halt I-90 construction, mandate preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), address housing displacement and other statutory requirements. It is the first time the new NEPA law is invoked against highways.

1970 (June 1) BAY/RHT: The Seattle City Council votes to build the Bay Freeway. Separately, it votes to shelve the R.H. Thomson Expressway.

1970 (June 2, 3, 4 and 8) I-90: Seattleites show up en masse for Highway Commission I-90 Design Hearings at the Seattle Center. Considerable opposition is expressed, along with suggestions for substantial design modifications. Citizens Against Freeways distributes a flyer, “This hearing is illegal,” with a map contrasting the relatively modest route approved in 1963 versus the enormous 1970 route, which is well outside of, and much wider than, the Federally-approved route.

1970 (July 13) RHT: The Transportation Coordinating Committee reconvenes to rate candidates for state legislative districts in the Seattle area.

1970 (August 10) RHT: The City Attorney tells the Council that voters must decide on changes from the 1960 R.H. Thomson Expressway bond. To date, the City has spent $2,437,000 for planning, engineering and right-of-way acquisition, owes $1,332,719 to the State for property acquisition and has $10,231,527 in unspent funds. A Mayor’s Task Force recommends a referendum to cancel the R.H. Thomson and reallocate the remaining 1960 bond monies to specified traffic improvements north of Madison Street and in northeast Seattle.

1970 (August 19) I-90: Twenty civic and community groups join as interveners on behalf of the original I-90 plaintiffs, ranging from the Seattle Alliance of Black Student Unions and Young Republicans to neighborhood community councils and CARHT, plus six individuals. Interveners commit to helping to defray costs. Nine attorneys offer their services pro-bono.

1970 (September) I-90: Seattle Mayor Uhlman appoints an I-90 Citizens Design Advisory Committee comprised of well-respected community members representing a broad range of skills, ethnicities and connections.

1970 (September 11) BAY: The City Council holds the final Bay Freeway Federal Design and State Limited Access public hearing. Federal hearing requirements are not fulfilled. No attempt is made to rectify the errors despite the necessity to do so if the Bay is to get 50% Federal funding.

1970 (September 16) BAY: CARHT and CAF send a letter to Mayor and City Council noting serious flaws in the funding and planning process for the Bay Freeway, as uncovered by Margaret Tunks. The letter urges “the Mercer to Broad Street

100 connection be solved by a traffic facility commensurate with goals for a more livable city and in keeping with the spirit and letter of the 1960 voter authorization.”

1970 (October 14) BAY: CARHT sends a letter to Mayor and City Council with an attachment outlining the history of Bay Freeway funding authorization and planning. Noting the significant increase in cost and size since the original 1960 bond issue, the letter urges officials to weigh issues of fiscal responsibility, voter confidence and public trust before voting to authorize funding.

1970 (November) I-90: The U. S. District Court declines to halt work on I-90. The case is appealed.

1970 (December) BAY: The Mayor’s 1971 Capital Improvement Budget breaks down Bay Freeway funding as follows: $6 million from the state (now 20% vs. the 50% promised) with the balance coming from Seattle sources. Total projected cost has increased to $28.1 million.

1971 (January 11) RHT: CARHT presents a formal petition to the City Council to eliminate the R.H. Thomson Parkway from the Seattle Comprehensive Plan. The Council resolves to do so.

1971 (February) I-90: The State circulates its first draft Environmental Impact Statement on the Seattle portion of the I-90 project that includes the new floating bridge.

1971 (March 3) I-90: The Mayor’s Citizens I-90 Design Advisory Committee announces its preference for three auto lanes in each direction plus two transit or rail lanes and incorporation of the existing U.S. 10 corridor. People call their proposal “3-T-3.” If the recommendations are followed, I- through Mt. Baker Ridge. 90 will total eight lanes, tunneled ‒ not trenched ‒ 1971 (April 1) I-90: CARHT and the Citizens Planning Council send a letter to the Mayor, City Council, Department of Community Development and other city officials protesting the Highway Department’s failure to consider recommendations of the Citizens I-90 Design Committee.

1971 (June) Advisory I-90: The State’s Seattle I-90 Design Team recommends a 4-2T-4 design that incorporates the existing four-lane bridge for a total of 10 lanes.

1971 (October 12) I-90: CARHT issues a press release questioning the City Department of Community Development’s collaboration with the State Highway Department to promote an I-90 design that is in conflict with that approved by the Seattle City Council.

1971 (October 19) I-90: CARHT, CAF, and a coalition of 10 community and environmental groups send a letter to Mayor Wes Uhlman urging him to immediately make public the Department of Community Development’s report on I-90. They cite the report’s findings of air and noise pollution in the corridor between Mt. Baker Ridge and Beacon Hill, as well as its recommended lane configuration, which is “...in manifest contradiction to the position unanimously adopted by the Seattle City Council.”

101 1971 (October 29) BAY: CARHT and CAF file suit in State Superior Court arguing that the Bay Freeway has changed substantially since the 1960 vote, is not legal, and work on it should be stopped immediately. From a two-deck, three-lane freeway for $4 million, it is now a single-deck, six-lane elevated freeway costing $28 million and thus, an illegal use of taxpayer monies. Fundraising by the two organizations helps cover the costs.

1971 (November) I-90: The U.S. Court of Appeals halts I-90 construction, orders the State to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act and to prepare a Relocation Assistance Plan. In May 1972, the Court further orders the State to stop buying land in the corridor.

1971 (November 2) Seattle voters overwhelmingly approve the Save the Pike Place Market initiative.

1971 (November 3) BAY: The Superior Court decrees that the 1970 Bay Freeway plans are illegal and the city can only proceed if “the matter is submitted to the voters for their approval and provided that the voters approve the deviations…” I-90: The Leschi Improvement Council files a lawsuit against I-90 alleging certain environmental concerns not covered in the prior federal lawsuit. After a series of appeals, the Court rules against the Leschi group.

1971 (November 24) I-90: The City Council hears testimony on the Highway Commission’s 4-2T-4 design for I-90. A telegram from Federal Highway Administration Director F. C. Turner is read, stating the FHA will not fund a 3-2T-3 design. In December, the Council issues a set of stipulations concerning the I-90 project.

1971 (December 21) I-90: CARHT sends letter to Congressman Henry Ruess, Chairman of the Conservation and Natural Resources Committee, protesting the Federal Highway Administration’s refusal to fund the 3-2T-3 design, noting that this is in violation of federal regulations guaranteeing local participation in the highway planning process.

1971 (December 24) In a letter to the Mayor and King County Planning Committee, CARHT urges “full and careful consideration” of the Shorelands Protection Act before any permit is issued for the I-90 bridge crossing. A number of specific questions and concerns are cited.

1972-74 Voters scrap RHT, Bay Freeways; I-90 saga continues

1972 (January) I-90: The State publishes the Final I-90 E.I.S., Mercer Island to Seattle, and submits it for Court review.

1972 (January 9) BAY: Activists Maynard Arsove, Brock Evans, Roger Leed and Tim Manring form the “Vote No Bay Freeway” Committee to oppose the Bay Freeway (Referendum 1) and support repeal of the R.H. Thomson Expressway (Referendum 2). They hire two former student workers from the “Save the Market” campaign. The media, especially local newspapers, provide broad coverage and commentary, pro and con. Prominent Seattle Times columnist Herb Robinson urges “Yes on Bay Freeway.” Volunteers fan out across the city to doorbell with “Vote No Bay Freeway, Vote Yes R.H. Thomson” campaign literature. Under Seattle’s new public disclosure law, the committee Treasurer files statements with the City Clerk.

1972 (January 26) BAY: While leafleting before a Seattle Sonics game, Maynard Arsove, Tim Manring and eight others from “Vote No Bay Freeway” are forcibly ejected from the Seattle Center Coliseum. They resume leafleting outside the entrance, explaining they are within their rights to do so when asked to leave by a Sonics official.

102 1972 (January 27) I-90: The 13th U. S. Coast Guard District holds a permit application hearing related to the obstruction of a navigable waterway for the third Lake Washington Floating Bridge. Citizens express a variety of concerns in person and writing.

1972 (February) I-90: CARHT member William McCord initiates a complicated appeal process on the City’s issuance of a substantial development permit for the I-90 bridge. Soon after, Christine Foulks and the Washington Environmental Council join the appeal. In December 1973, Washington State Shoreline Hearings Board upholds the permit.

1972 (February 8) BAY/RHT: In a Special Election, a majority of Seattleites vote “NO” to building the Bay Freeway (Referendum 1) and “YES” to revoking bond authorization for the R.H. Thomson Expressway (Referendum 2). A Seattle Public Schools Special Levy is also approved.

1972 (February 23) Following voter termination of the Bay Freeway, CARHT petitions the City Council to remove the freeway “Ring Road” from the Seattle Comprehensive Plan.

1972 (March and beyond) RHT: For the remainder of the decade, the Montlake Community Council lobbies and negotiates until all city- owned properties are finally returned to the private sector or converted to parks.

1972 (July 13) CARHT calls for “dramatic new steps in the present public transportation crisis,” urging the Mayor and City Council to work with other cities to obtain use of Federal Highway Trust Funds for urban public transportation. The letter also proposes creation of a City Transportation Department.

1972 (August) I-90: The U. S. District Court finds the Final I-90 E.I.S. inadequate and orders the State Highway Department to develop a new one. However, the Court finds the June 1970 design hearing valid. Both sides appeal the decision.

1973 (March) I-90: The Board of Review, convened by Governor Dan Evans in July 1972, finds the City and State agree on most issues. In June, a clarification indicates that the construction of a full lid in Seattle is contingent on the availability of federal funding.

1973 (Fall) I-90: I-90 corridor residents, CARHT and others file Lathan v. Brinegar in U.S. District Court in an effort to force the State to maintain its corridor properties. Plaintiffs often return to court due to neglect by the State.

1973 (December) I-90: A three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals orders a new I-90 E.I.S. and a new public hearing. Meanwhile, a separate Appeals panel rules differently in a similar case from . To resolve the conflicting rulings, the 9th Circuit is scheduled to sit en banque with all nine judges hearing arguments from all the parties.

1974 (November) I-90: Several committees involving elected officials are formed to develop a solution to the project’s construction impasse.

103 1975 - 1980 I-90 modifications and mediation

1975 (July) I-90: State Legislature passes House Bill 1141, which includes a schedule for finalizing decisions on I-90. One opinion holds that the bill is in response to a new policy option within the 1973 Federal Aid Highway Act that allows local elected officials to dictate their region's solution. An opposing opinion suggests HB 1141 misinterprets federal law and is not legal.

1975 (December) I-90: The State’s new Draft E.I.S. shows a 4-2T-4-lane design for a total of 10 lanes. It incorporates the existing U.S. 10 corridor, returns to the right-of-way approved in 1963 and reserves the two center lanes for transit. A third level is added inside the tunnel to provide for bicycle and pedestrian passage.

1976 (January 27, 28 and February 11, 12) I-90: The State holds public hearings at the Seattle Center in January and Franklin High School in February. Public comments are taken until March 1st.

1976 (April) I-90: Given persistent disagreements among Seattle, Mercer Island, Bellevue, King County, METRO and Highway Commission officials, Governor Dan Evans appoints a mediation team to determine if substantial areas of agreement can be found. In December, they reach consensus. All parties sign a Memorandum of Agreement for an eight-lane roadway in a 3-2T­-3 configuration plus a bike/pedestrian lane. The plan includes a strong provision for future rapid rail within the transit lanes, if and when funded.

1977 (April) I-90: Washington State Department of Highways publishes the Final Environmental Impact Statement; SR 90 Junction SR 5 to Vicinity Junction SR 405.

1977 (September) I-90: The State files the Final E.I.S. It incorporates a 3-2T-3-lane configuration in tunnels through Mt. Baker Ridge.

1978 (September - October) I-90: The federal government approves the Final E.I.S. The State submits it, along with the full administrative record, to the U.S. District Court and requests the injunction be lifted.

1979 (May) I-90: Work on the East Channel Bridge, halted since December 1970, resumes.

1979 (August) I-90: U.S. District Court rules that the I-90 defendants meet all federal requirements and lifts the 8-year injunction. On appeal, the 9th Circuit Court confirms the District Court ruling.

1979 (September) I-90: A new citizens group, The I-90 Majority, files and circulates Seattle Initiative 21 to “Put Transit Across” Lake Washington. Their effort is based on Federal legislation, which allows local jurisdictions to withdraw money planned for a highway project and substitute the money to build public transit. While Initiative 21 volunteers gather more than enough signatures of registered voters to qualify for the ballot, the initiative is disallowed by the State Supreme Court and never goes before Seattle voters.

1979 (October) I-90: Seattle Mayor Royer proposes pursuing the federal “withdraw and substitute” option to obtain funding for a 2T-2-2 configuration of I-90. The Seattle City Council and adjacent jurisdictions do not endorse Royer’s proposal. Instead, the project proceeds as planned.

104 1981 - 1993 I-90 construction

1981 (July, September) I-90: The new high-level East Channel Bridge is completed and allows passage of ships. Soon after, the hazardous U. S. 10 floating bridge draw span bulge is removed and replaced with a straight roadway.

1982 (May, October) I-90: Seattle Mayor Royer establishes a completely new citizen design advisory committee to oversee I-90 construction. Construction begins on the new Mt. Baker Ridge tunnel.

1983 - 1985 I-90: Construction begins on the Mercer Island portion of the project and the floating bridge pontoons. Center pontoons are placed for the new floating bridge. Construction begins on approach spans connecting the new floating bridge to Seattle and Mercer Island and the new roadway to connect I-90 with I-5.

1986 - 1988 I-90: Work begins on the interior of the Mt. Baker Ridge tunnel, the Mercer Island and Seattle lids and the remaining roadway sections.

1989 (June 4) I-90: The Third Lake Washington or Homer M. Hadley Floating Bridge (I-90) and Second (the world’s largest diameter tunnel through soft earth) open with horse-drawn covered wagons and a stagecoach as part of Washington State Centennial Celebrations. Meanwhile, work continues on replacing the old U.S. 10 floating bridge with a new I-90 floating bridge.

1993 (September 12) I-90: The newly rebuilt First Lake Washington or Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Floating Bridge officially opens with 3 eastbound lanes, 2 transit-carpool-Mercer Island lanes (designed to accommodate future rail transit) and 3 westbound lanes. Interstate 90 from Boston to Seattle is completed.

1994 (July) I-90: Media coverage cites continuing struggles of Judkins Rejected residents to rebuild their neighborhood, just north of I-90 between 23rd Avenue and Martin Luther King Way. The area is still dominated by state-owned properties, which have been neglected for 26 years.

105 9. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE FREEWAY REVOLT

Seattle’s anti-freeway movement arose in different parts of the city as citizens began to realize the potential threats to neighborhoods and quality of life. By the late 1960s, a spirited, broad-based coalition of activists had mobilized in opposition to the R.H. Thomson and other planned freeways.

Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson (CARHT) formed in June 1968; Citizens Against Freeways (CAF) in 1968. Within a year, 11 community councils had joined in opposing the R.H. Thomson Expressway. A wide range of other organizations soon joined the cause, from environmental groups to the Citizens Planning Council, Allied Arts, Black Panthers, League of October Women Voters and more.

Citizen activists were at the forefront in pushing a policy agenda that curbed highway construction and supported a comprehensive, transit-oriented approach to planning. Although organizations differed in mission and focus, as well as the extent of their involvement, many came to know each other and collaborated in different ways and at different points in time. Activists devoted countless hours using the tools of the time: phone calls, letters, leafleting, meetings, speeches, legal research, public rallies, media outreach, fundraising and more.

Two individuals, CARHT President Maynard Arsove, a UW mathematics professor, and CAF President Margaret Tunks, faculty wife, activist and avid researcher, are widely regarded as the movement’s principal leaders. Both were extensively involved over a multi-year period. They were joined by other individuals too numerous to list, whose contributions are reflected in many of the materials referenced in this directory. Maynard Arsove Margaret Tunks

A list of participants and organizations involved in Seattle’s freeway revolt is provided below, culled from both public and private records, as well as personal recollections of those involved. It is not comprehensive, but rather, is intended to illustrate the broad scope of involvement in the freeway revolt.

Anti-Freeway Groups

Citizens Against the R.H. Thomson Expressway (CARHT), 1968-1982 Founders: President Maynard Arsove, Vice Presidents Bill Frantilla and David Rudo

Citizens Against Freeways (CAF) 1968-1989 Founders: Chair Margaret Tunks, Secretary Joan LeFebvre, Publicity Jean Godden, Jack and Lois Brooks, Gary and Laurie Ness Formed to stop proposed urban freeways and advocate for alternative transportation

106 Save the Arboretum Committee, 1969-1970 Norm Sather, Chair

Vote No Bay Freeway Committee, 1972 Founders: Maynard Arsove, Tim Manring, Brock Evans (Sierra Club), Roger Leed (Madrona Community Council) and Anna Rudd, Treasurer Worked to defeat Seattle Referendum 1 and pass Seattle Referendum 2 on February 8, 1972

Transportation Coordinating Committee, 1969-1971 Founders: Margaret Tunks, Ben Feigenbaum (Madrona) and Joan Lefebvre (Lake City) Formed to rate candidates for the Seattle City Council and State Legislature

Washington Coalition for Sensible Transportation, 1972 – 1979 Founders: Margaret Tunks, Seattle, and Cuba O’Neill, Spokane Coordinated lobbying efforts in Olympia among 42 citizen organizations across the state to effect changes in the mechanisms for transportation funding

East Side League, 1969 Formed to oppose I-605 east of I-405

Focus on Freeways, 1968-unknown Elmer Allen, Editor

I-90 Majority and Initiative 21“Put Transit Across” Committee, 1979-1980 Founders: Seth Jackson, Chair (Mt. Baker), John Barber (Leschi) and Margaret Tunks

Note: Predating the above groups, Alfred Schweppe, attorney and former Dean of the University of Washington School of Law, began a series of court proceedings on behalf of Montlake corridor residents that stalled progress on the R.H. Thomson. While some of Schweppe’s personal archives are at the University of Washington, none address his role in freeway .

Community Councils and Associations challenging the planned route

Central Seattle Community Council (Federation) 1954 – unknown Ruth Brandwein, Executive Secretary, 1966-1969 Olga Stewart, Executive Director, 1969-1972 In late 1966, CSCC recognized the threat to central area and corridor communities from the proposed I-90 and R.H. Thomson/I-90 interch, followedange. Then by Allanxecutive Davisecretary Ruth Brandwein used her position to raise awareness and nurture coalitions to oppose these plans. E S

Capitol Hill Community Club Russ Dawson, President, Dean Tougas

Harrison Community Council John Coleman, Edward Beard, Rosie Blake, David Rudo

107 Judkins Rejected Formed to compel highway department to resolve I-90 slumlording

Laurelhurst Community Club Active members included Carolyn Corson and Ethel McCroskey, who delivered 1,500 signatures and a resolution opposing land purchases for highways to City Council.

Leschi Improvement Council Eugene Warren, Wade Vaughn, Elmer Allen, Carl Heller, Leon Bridges, Powell Barnett

Madrona Community Council Barbara Patton, Fred Farmer, David Campbell, Charles M. Maxie

Magnolia Community Club Dr. Roger Thompson

Montlake Community Club Craig McGee, President; Lee Bennett, Robert Bagshaw, David Lagunoff, Bill Burns, President

Mt. Baker Community Action Group Russell Gideon, Chair; Janice Fair, Co-Chair

Mt. Baker Community Club (MBCC) Presidents included David Boerner, Junius Rochester and Chas Talbot. Seth Jackson, an architect and master specifier, played a leadership role as chair of the Land Use and Planning Committees for both the MBCC, 1969-78, and Central Seattle Community Council Federation, 1969-73. As a member of the Mayor’s I-90 Citizen Design Advisory Committee, Jackson insisted that I-90 could and must enter Seattle through a new Mt. Baker Ridge tunnel. The Advisory Committee’s Final Report, March

1971, adopted Jackson’s “3-T-3” proposal. His papers are archived at the Seth Jackson Rainier Valley Historical Society.

Portage Bay-Roanoke Park Community Club Dick Lofgren, President

Ravenna-Bryant Community Association Bill Frantilla, President, Ramesh Gangolli

Floating Homes Association, Inc. Terry Pettus, Secretary

The Shoreline League M.L. Cole, Chairman

University Park Community Council C. W. Cassinelli

108 Yesler-Atlantic Citizens’ Conference

Civic Organizations

Allied Arts Alice Rooney, Director, Fred Bassetti, President; Wendell Lovett and Victor Steinbrueck, UW professors of Architecture. Active in opposing Bay Freeway and advocating for a scaled- down I-90 design.

Choose an Effective City Council (CHECC) Peter LeSourd, Chair Bi-partisan group formed in 1967 to reform the Seattle City Council

League of Women Voters of Seattle Pat Emerson, President, Virginia Gunby, Margaret Tunks, Joan Lefebvre, Jean Godden, Claudia Deibert (Montlake), Peggy Connon Johnson

Loren Miller Bar Association (formerly Loren Miller Law Club)

Mercer Island Jaycees

Mercer Island Design for the Seventies

Municipal League of Seattle and King County Bennett Feigenbaum (former Schweppe firm associate), Wellington Rupp

Seattle Model Cities Program Walter Hundley, Director The Model Cities program was established in 1967 to improve the quality of urban life and assist socially and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in which many African- Americans lived. Model Cities was actively involved in transportation issues, including I-90.

Seattle Urban League Edwin Pratt, Director; Jerome Page, Director; Delores Drokes Long-standing group dedicated to improving the lives of people of color and the poor

Environmental Groups

Clean Air for Washington Porter Kelly, Chair

Federation of Western Outdoor Clubs Brock Evans, Director

The Mountaineers Bill Long

109 Sierra Club, Pacific Northwest Chapter Brock Evans, Northwest Representative

Washington Environmental Council Herman Adalist, Douglass Raff, Director Joan Thomas

Washington Lung Association Janet Chalupnik, Executive Director

Planning, Political Advocacy and Other Groups

Seattle Chapter, American Institute of Architects

Seattle Alliance of Black Student Unions, University of Washington Larry Gossett, founding member

Black Panthers, Seattle Chapter Aaron Dixon, Elmer Dixon, Kathy Howlett

Citizens Planning Council, 1961 -? Robert (Bob) Eyre, Wendell Lovett, Kay Eyre Established in1961 to inform and involve citizens in planning, particularly relating to transportation issues. The CPC strongly opposed the construction of new freeways, including the I-90/3rd Lake Washington Bridge Projects, the Bay Freeway and the R.H. Thomson Expressway.

First Hill Improvement Club Paul Thiry, Seattle Center architect

Legal Services Center, Seattle The Legal Services Center, Inc., was created to provide legal assistance to poor families under the auspices of the federal Legal Services Corporation. In 1970, Legal Services attorney Michael Fox identified seven low-income I-90 corridor residents and filed a class- action suit against the State Highway Department on their behalf. Soon after, a Nixon administration order banned Legal Services from taking on public interest lawsuits. Attorney Roger Leed agreed to step in as the lead attorney. He worked closely with leaders of CAF and CARHT to bring 19 organizational and six individual interveners on board. The interveners also raised private funds to support the year long, precedent-setting case.

University of Washington Faculty Members s Faculty members from a range of departments at the University of Washington provided expertise on the impact of freeways, from urban planning to air pollution and health impacts. Anti-freeway activists sought and used this information to strengthen their arguments; some faculty members also wrote letters and spoke at public hearings. Notable participants included Professors Jerry Schneider and Edgar Horwood of Urban Planning and Civil Engineering; Prof. Peter Breysee, Environmental Health; and Prof. Conway Leovy, Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics.

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